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The amounts and characteristics of carbon (C) transported by streams and rivers are strongly connected to attributes of their associated watersheds. However, the factors controlling how different land uses influence the sources and inputs of organic and inorganic C to headwater streams are not fully understood. In order to assess how land use practices specifically influence headwater stream C, the concentrations and isotopic (natural δ13C and ∆14C) signatures of dissolved inorganic C (DIC), dissolved organic C (DOC), and particulate organic C (POC) were measured between October 2008 and August 2009 in streams of six small watersheds of differing land use. Bayesian mixing models were used to estimate contributions of potential C sources to stream DIC, DOC, and POC pools. Mixing model results indicate that sources of C to streams in tilled and non-tilled corn watersheds were dominated by C4 plant biomass and soil organic C. In all other watershed types stream C was dominated by C3 plant biomass. In addition, δ13C and Δ14C values of forested stream C were unique from values in the corn, pasture, and large mixed use watersheds, and showed greater contributions from modern-aged C3 biomass. Relative to other watershed types, tilled corn agriculture showed the greatest effect on both the sources and amounts of stream C. In the tilled corn watersheds, total C (DIC + DOC + POC) fluxes were 314% higher than in the non-tilled corn watershed and 39–76% higher than in all other watersheds. Thus, land use and agricultural practices can serve as strong controls over the sources and fluxes of organic and inorganic C to streams.

Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom put a new face on EPW operations that our nation has not witnessed before. The Army's capability to conduct long-term detainee operations, versus the traditional short term EPW operations, was put to the test. Our nation saw a new category of prisoner emerge, commonly referred to as a "detainee." Detainee operations in the 21st century is a complex endeavor, multi-faceted and complicated by emerging national policy, numerous categories of detainees, recent Supreme Court decisions and the development of new military doctrine, all initiated to address the issues that arose out of the multiple investigations into the detainee abuses at Abu Ghraib. It is absolutely essential that we conduct detainee operations correctly in future wars to prevent the strategic and operational impact that the abuses at Abu Ghraib had on our nation. The intent of this paper is to explore the impact of long-term detainee operations and why it should be an important planning factor in future conflicts. Getting it right will prevent further damage to the United States image and reputation abroad and ensure we are a nation committed to honoring the Geneva Conventions and other applicable laws of war.

Background: Studies investigating the potential utility of novel small molecule dual MerTK and Flt3 inhibitors (MRX TKIs1) as therapy for AML and ALL will be presented. Methods: MerTK and Flt3 phosphorylation were measured using enzymatic and cell-based assays. Induction of apoptosis was determined using flow cytometry and colony-forming potential was assessed in methylcellulose or soft agar cultures. Orthotopic xenografts were generated in NOD/Scid/IL-2 gamma mice using a luciferase-expressing derivative of the 697 B-ALL cell line, the Molm14 AML cell line, or a Molm14 derivative with the FLT3-ITD D835Y or F691L mutation. Orthotopic patient-derived xenografts (PDX) were generated from primary AML samples. Inhibition of MerTK in bone marrow leukemia cells was assessed by immunoblot. Disease burden was measured using bioluminescence imaging or flow cytometry and median survival was determined. Results: MRX TKI inhibited MerTK and Flt3 with nanomolar potency and had limited off-target activity against 300 other kinases. MRX TKI decreased pro-survival signaling, induced apoptosis, and reduced colony-forming potential in leukemia cells. In B-ALL xenografts, MRX TKI inhibited MerTK phosphorylation in leukemic blasts leading to a dose-dependent reduction in tumor burden and a 2- to 3-fold increase in survival. MRX TKI also increased sensitivity to methotrexate, a chemotherapy currently used for treatment of ALL, resulting in reduced tumor burden and a 50% increase in survival compared to either agent alone. In a MerTK-expressing AML PDX, treatment with MRX TKI resulted in disease regression in blood, spleen, and bone marrow and a 2-fold increase in survival. MRX TKI was similarly effective in xenograft models of FLT3-ITD AML. Importantly, MRX TKI has activity against clinically-relevant FLT3 mutants that mediate resistance to current FLT3 TKIs. Conclusions: The very high potency, relative selectivity, oral bioavailability, target inhibition, and therapeutic efficacy mediated by MRX TKIs in MerTK and FLT3-dependent murine models, both alone and in combination with chemotherapy, support continued development of a dual MerTK/Flt3 inhibitor for treatment of acute leukemia.

This study utilized telemetric systems to sample microbes and pathogens in forest, burned forest, rangeland, and urban watersheds to assess surface water quality in northern New Mexico. Four sites included remote mountainous watersheds, prairie rangelands, and a small urban area. The telemetric system was linked to dataloggers with automated event monitoring equipment to monitor discharge, turbidity, electrical conductivity, water temperature, and rainfall during base flow and storm events. Site data stored in dataloggers was uploaded to one of three types of telemetry: 1) radio in rangeland and urban settings; 2) a conventional phone/modem system with a modem positioned at the urban/forest interface; and 3) a satellite system used in a remote mountainous burned forest watershed. The major variables affecting selection of each system were site access, distance, technology, and cost. The systems were compared based on operation and cost. Utilization of telecommunications systems in this varied geographic area facilitated the gathering of hydrologic and water quality data on a timely basis.

To determine clinical and patient-centered factors predicting non-elective hospital readmissions.Secondary analysis from a randomized clinical trial.Nine VA medical centers.Patients discharged from the medical service with diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, and/or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Non-elective readmission within 90 days.Of 1378 patients discharged, 23.3% were readmitted. After controlling for hospital and intervention status, risk of readmission was increased if the patient had more hospitalizations and emergency room visits in the prior 6 months, higher blood urea nitrogen, lower mental health function, a diagnosis of COPD, and increased satisfaction with access to emergency care assessed on the index hospitalization.Both clinical and patient-centered factors identifiable at discharge are related to non-elective readmission. These factors identify high-risk patients and provide guidance for future interventions. The relationship of patient satisfaction measures to readmission deserves further study.

The Committee on Human Factors organized the Workshop on Application Principles for Multicolored Displays to examine a subset of problems associated with the current use of color in displays. Multicolored displays are used in a variety of civilian and military systems, and the rapid expansion of the field has technical developments from diverse fields. A great number of complex, interacting factors determine the effectiveness of a color display system. Although many of these factors characterize visual displays in general, many others are specifically related to the production and use of color. The latter include both human visual-perceptual factors and color display hardware characteristics that cannot reasonably be treated in isolation. There is substantial evidence that people prefer color. The significantly higher sales of color television sets and color photographic film and the almost exclusive production of motion pictures in color are examples of the preference. Since color will probably be used, even demanded, in displays, whether essential or not, a high priority should be given to employing it effectively-even though multicolored displays are not necessary or advantageous for all applications.

The conductors in the earth-grid of a large electric power station must withstand for the maximum fault duration, current due to the worst case unbalanced fault. The fault duration and the worst case fault current may be calculated by well known means. However, the division of fault current when it is injected into the earth grid is difficult to determine with confidence. The authors describe a scale modelling experimental technique, which can yield improved data on the division of fault return current within an earth grid. Some results are quoted taken on a 1 : 400 scale model of the earth grid of the Liddell power station of the Electricity Commission of New South Wales, Australia.

The isotopic composition of lead was measured in 16 chondrites and 1 achondrite, and the lead contents were determined by isotope dilution. Lead was isolated by volatilization in vacuo and purified by anion exchange procedures. Total procedural blanks (∼10 ng) are small relative to quantities of lead analyzed (≥ 1 μg). The best least squares isochron for the chondrites is (207Pb/204Pb) = (4.718 ± 0.001) + (0.5991 ± 0.0032) (206Pb/204Pb), corresponding to a mean formation age of 4.505 ± 0.008 Gy (using the most recent half-life values). Individual chondrites yield distinctly different model ages, with a range of ∼50 My about the mean, but this may be due in part to variations in initial lead. The least squares 208Pb/204Pb-206Pb/204Pb correlation line indicates a mean 232Th/238U atomic ratio of 3.54 for the suite of chondrites. The Norton County achondrite point does not lie on the isochron for chondrites and yields an age of 4.550 ± 0.003 Gy, confirming Rb-Sr indications that achondrites may have been formed ∼50 My earlier than the chondrites. The chondrite isochron does not pass through the presently accepted value for primordial lead, based on Canyon Diablo troilite, indicating the possible necessity for a more complicated evolutionary model, with the chondrites forming ∼50 My later than that iron meteorite. Volatilization of radiogenic lead during chondrule formation might introduce variations in the initial lead of meteorites formed at about the same time.

Since 1951, the alpine habitat of the Black Rosy Finch (Leucosticte tephrocotis atrata) has been visited in many mountain ranges for the purpose of determining the breeding range of this species. The distribution of this species has long been uncertain. Available information is scattered and some of it remains unpublished in the form of museum specimens. This report adds new findings and summarizes existing data on distribution.

THE present paper is based on field work in Lower California during parts of the years 1923, 1924 and 1925. In that time five trips were made by the writer, in the interest of the Natural History Museum, San Diego, California, into the Northern District of the peninsula. The dates of the trips, which were made from San Diego in the company of various persons, and their furthest destinations were: April 6 to 21, 1923, to Santa Catarina Landing; May 31 to June 29, 1923, to Sierra San Pedro Martir; June 26 to July 27, 1924, to Sierra Juarez; February 18 to March 3, 1925, to San Quintin; April 27 to June 29, 1925, to Aguaita. All work was done with the cordial and generous support of the Mexican Government, whose respresentative, the late Prof. Jose M. Gallegos of the Department of Estudios Biologicos, was in official charge of the second 1923 and the 1924 trips. Other coworkers in the field include Griffing Bancroft of the San Diego Society of Natural History, who financed the first 1923 trip, Clinton G. Abbott, Director of the Natural History Museum, San Diego, and Mrs. May Canfield of the San Diego Society of Natural History, whose cooperation has made these notes possible. The attached list is in no sense intended to cover all the birds of the region; it includes only those species to which some reference that seemed worthy of record was made in the field notes. On trips necessarily of such short duration, it would be several years before a comprehensive survey could be made even of the Northern District. Nevertheless, sufficient interesting observations have so far been made it would seem, to warrant, publication of the ornithological findings to date. The topography of the territory is affected by various factors which are of interest to the naturalist. In the foot-hill area, between Sierra San Pedro Martir and the Pacific Ocean, where most of the field work covered by this paper has been done, diverse influences converge. From the south there is the influence of the

The theory of variable permeability torque measuring devices, such as that described by Beth and Meeks in 1954, is developed. Certain design requirements and methods for such instruments are set down. Experimental results on an improved version of their instrument are given for torques up to about 75 in.‐lb in a ½‐in.‐diam shaft, and indicate that accuracies between 1% and 5% may be expected.

Thallium and Pb204 contents were determined by stable-isotope-dilution analysis in 16 chondrites, one achondrite, and Apollo 11 and 12 lunar fines. Meteoritic thallium contents vary over a large range, 0.02 to 100 ppb, corresponding to the fact that thallium is a highly fractionated volatile element. Lunar thallium contents are less than 5 ppb. The Tl205/Tl203 ratio was determined in most of the samples, with precision ranging from 0.03% to several percent depending mainly on the amount of thallium present. No variations from the terrestrial ratio were observed. The chondritic isochron slope for Pb205 (13.8-m.y. half-life) is less than or equal to 0.00009 (99% confidence level), corresponding to an interval of at least 60 m.y. and possibly exceeding 120 m.y. between the termination of s-process nucleosynthesis and the lead-thallium fractionations.