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The project's major objective is the development of a solar-powered vehicle. A car that relies entirely or partially on solar power is referred to as a solar car. In solar automobiles, photovoltaic (PV) cells are frequently employed for converting sunlight into power. Solar cars are designed with environmental preservation in mind because they don't emit any greenhouse gases or other pollutants when they're in use. Solar-powered cars have the potential to significantly reduce our dependency on fossil fuels, which would delay their depletion and help to moderate the worst effects of climate change. One of the most difficult aspects of designing and manufacturing solar cars is striking the correct balance between the vehicle's weight and the size of its solar panel array. A car's ability to absorb solar energy from the sun improves with the size of its solar panel array; however, a larger array also makes the car heavier, which can reduce efficiency. In this project, we'll look into how a charge controller may be used to regulate how much electricity a solar panel array generates and how it gets to a battery pack. The energy subsequently stored will be used to power a PMSM motor. We will use a motor controller to regulate the direction and speed of the car's motion. We will also go over the steps involved in putting the mechanical parts of the car together. Finally, we'll show you how to join the electrical system to the mechanical frame of the car.

In the industrial era, agriculture continues to be a strong force capable of altering any nation’s economy. In this context, the inflation will strive heavily upon its agricultural produce. In the looming threat of climate change induced draughts, the issue of water scarcity and consequent depreciation of soil-moisture levels continues to haunt farmers impacting both quantity and quality of produce. The present measures which are being employed to enhance retention levels of soil-moisture are chemical-based, and could lead to environmental consequences and health hazards. This research strives for a sustainable natural solution by studying the potential of Fenugreek seed husk extract as an alternative replacement. The study strives to take advantage of the presence of mucilage with hydrophilic galactomannan within fenugreek seeds. Soil-moisture sensors enabled with Wi-Fi modules and RTC timers were employed to facilitate smart monitoring and real-time determination in the lab-scale studies for loamy soil. The comparative performance analysis with synthetic hydrogel concludes the research highlighting benevolence of natural hydrogel in enhancing soil-moisture levels.

This new feature deals with the actuating of the bus doors automatically using advanced timers, relays & specialized microprocessors to assist the driver to close these doors without closing in on the passengers effectively trapping them between powerful pneumatic doors as opposed with the existing manually operated technology where these accidents are prevailing as happenstance all-around and the country and the driver has to react to it manually, after realizing what is happening to their passenger because of a seemingly extenuated problem. Thus adding this piece of hardware to an existing component not only improves safety and assurance to property and personnel but takes off one more thing the driver has to worry about extensively while driving a multi axle vehicle carrying more than fifty passengers. This also allows passengers to have more feasible egress during an event of any emergencies including but not limited to smokes, collisions etc. After many avenues of analysis it is submitted for the future reference and use of next generation vehicles. Keywords: pneumatic cylinder, solenoid valve, microcontroller

The shafts are known as the familiar mechanical components which are mostly used in automobiles to transmit torque and rotational forces from the prime mover i.e. engine. The steel that are used to make these kinds of the shafts leads to consumption of fuel due to its weight. To avoid these kinds of circumstances composite materials are used. As the composite materials posses very high stiffness, low weight, ability to resist corrosion and energy absorption capabilities. In this study, the above characteristic of the composite materials are utilized by fabricating the mechanical drive shaft using a composite combo of E-glass fiber CSM (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%) and IPN resins and an experimental testing of this shaft is done by using torsional testing machine. A similar shaft is modelled in CATIA V5 and the numerical analysis is also performed in ANSYS to cross check the results of experimental analysis. Finally the optimum range to which the E-glass fiber is to be mixed with IPN resins is determined.

Ho doped Ag2S thin films were grown on the glass substrate by chemical bath deposition (CBD) method at room temperature. The bath contained aqueous solution of silver nitrate, thiourea, EDTA, ammonia and holmium nitrate. Silver nitrate was used as a silver (Ag+) ion source; thiourea as sulfur (S−) ion source, EDTA was a complexing agent while ammonia was used to maintain pH, Ho(NO3)3 was taken as a source of Ho ions. The optical absorption edge of undoped (pure) and Ho doped silver sulfide films was determined between 324 nm and 298 nm showing blue shift as compared to bulk Ag2S. Band gaps calculated from Tauc plot also showed an increase in values for doped samples. The increase in band gap indicates reduced particle size in the prepared Ho doped films. The photoluminescence emission peaks were observed at around 578 nm to 601 nm wavelength and excitation peaks were found at 351 nm to 294 nm for undoped and doped films. The SEM micrograph consists of globular ball type and flower type structures observed in the prepared films of Ho doped Ag2S.

The complexity of providing secure access, protecting critical data and end-user privacy in cloud data centre is leading to a demand for a new approach in network and data security. Recently, blockchain technology is being used in claims management to provide a decentralized and secure solution. The issue of security is crucial in the Virtual machine authorization in the cloud data centers. In the traditional approach of VM authorization, SSH key and IP address is given to the user to log into virtual machines. This opens much vulnerability as it might get spoofed or sniffed from the network, leading to accesses of private data to intruder. In this work, we propose a method which intends to aid in the security of the VM authorization using claims-based authorization system in conjunction with Blockchain based decentralized storage. Furthermore, the proposed system automates the process of launching a VM in OpenStack orchestration software.

This study focused on investigational approach to comprehend the performance of copper slag, silica fume and fly ash replaced with aggregates in reinforced beam with certain percentage of replacement. For performing the study, four beams with different proportions of alternate mixtures were moulded. The beams were cast as control beam (CB), Beam 1, Beam 2 and Beam 3. Control beam (CB) is constructed as a conventional beam without replacement, and Beam 1, Beam 2 and Beam 3 are constructed with 10, 20 and 30% substitution of copper slag, 5, 10 and 15% alternative of silica fume and 5, 10 and 15% part substitute of fly ash for fine aggregate and cement, respectively. The values from the investigation exposed that the Beam 3 beam has high ultimate load comparatively 21.1% higher than traditional beam and the fracture found in the bending member indicates that Beam 3 has the capacity to carry higher bending stress with too lesser shear failure. The validation approach was done using the “ABAQUS” software. The outcome got from ABAQUS software was compared to experimental results.

Ho doped (Cd-Ag)S semiconducting thin films have been grown on the glass substrate by chemical bath deposition method at room temperature. The semiconducting films were grown in bath containing aqueous solution of silver nitrate, cadmium acetrate, thiourea, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic (EDTA), triethanolamine (TEA), ammonia and holmium nitrate. Silver nitrate is used as the silver (Ag) ion source, cadmium acetate as the cadmium (Cd) ion source, thiourea for sulphur ion source; EDTA and TEA are the complexing agents while ammonia is used for maintaing pH. Ho(NO3)3 is taken for the Ho ion. The absorption spectra of the prepared thin films fall in the UV region. Absorption edge of spectra shifted toward lower wavelength side as compared to the undoped films of (Cd-Ag)S and the increase in Ho volume in the prepared sample further shifted the edge towards lower wavelength. Band gaps calculated from tauc’s plot also showed increase in values for doped samples. Increase in band gap is indicated of reduced particle size of the prepared Ho doped films. The Photoluminescence emission peaks of all the prepared films around 575–600 nm wavelength and excitation peaks are found at 260–276 nm. The SEM studies of Ho doped (Cd-Ag)S films show the globular ball type particles grouped together and also flakes type structure observed in 8 ml Ho doped films. Particle size estimated from micrograhs are ranging from 60 to 180 nm.

This work aimed to study the dilution effect of steam, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen on the unstretched laminar burning velocity and burned gas Markstein length of premixed (100-Z) % (CH4 + (2O2)/ϕ) + Z%(H2O/N2/CO2) mixtures at 300–453 K, 1–4 bar, equivalence ratio (ϕ)- 0.6–1.4, and Z was varied from 40 to 60% for steam and kept constant at 50% for CO2/N2. Expanding spherical flames method was used. Nonlinear stretch extrapolation schemes were used to extract the burning velocity and Markstein length. All conditions were simulated using the 1D planar flame model in CHEMKIN with GRIMech3.0 and FFCM-1 reaction mechanisms. Present mixture formulation led to the comparison of the absolute dilution effect of each diluent at an identical mixture and thermodynamic conditions. Addition of 50% diluents significantly suppressed the flame propagation. It was the highest for CO2 (87% as compared to no dilution) due to the simultaneous reduction in flame temperature and its kinetic effect, and it was followed by steam (69%) and N2 (61%), and their suppression effect was primarily due to the reduction in the flame temperature. All the studied mixtures were stable to preferential diffusional instability as their: (a) Markstein length was positive and (b) the effective Lewis number of the mixtures were well higher than the critical Lewis number. Predicted LBV with GRIMech3.0 compared well with the experiments than FFCM-1. As the LBV increased beyond 150 cm/s, predicted LBV of both GRIMech3.0 and FFCM-1 showed significant deviation with the measurements.

The hydration of ordinary Portland cement was measured on the respect of the setting time, compressive strength and morphology measurements in the presence of 0%, 10%, 20% and 30 wt% copper slag. These samples were cured in distilled water, seawater and groundwater. The results show that the replacement rates of copper slag (0%, 10%, 20% and 30 wt.%) raises the compressive strength and brings down the setting time. Both these findings suggest that at an early stage, seawater accelerates cement hydration but slows the later stage of hydration.

This study focus on the removal of textile dyeing effluent by analyzing the physio-chemical parameters such as color, turbidity, pH, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). Activated carbon is used for removing color from the wastewater collected from silkworm textile industry, Bishnupur, West Bengal. We have used activated carbon made with coconut shell which is ecofriendly and low in cost. The results of the analysis were compared with the water quality standards of BIS (Bureau of Indian Standard) for further application of the treated water in agricultural field. Also, this paper included the case study on textile dyeing industry in Bankura district, West Bengal, India and its impacts of pollution load in the environment.

This paper showcases the application of Neural Networks for manipulation. Algorithm based approaches work well although are limited in their ability to find solutions sometimes. The tedious task of programming a manipulator can be replaced with Neural Networks which can learn how to solve Inverse Kinematics. We present a pick and place scenario using Neural Network to solve Inverse Kinematics. Their ability to learn from examples make them a good candidate to solve the inverse kinematics problem. For this purpose, a unique configuration of 5 DOF arm is designed to suit industrial needs. To train the network, a dataset of random joint positions is created and forward kinematics is derived for the corresponding joint angles. The joint variables are then fed to a path planner in Simulink and then the process is simulated.

Affinity Propagation (AP) is a recently proposed clustering technique, widely used in literature, which finds the cluster center by exchanging real messages between pairs of data. These messages are calculated on the basis of similarity matrix. Accordingly, the similarity matrix is considered an essential procedure of the AP. Negative Euclidean distance is used as a similarity measure, in order to construct the similarity matrix of the AP. However, most data points lie in the non-Euclidean space which becomes difficult for the Euclidean distance to acquire the real data structure. The performance of AP might be degraded if this drawback occurs. A clustering method is proposed here called Intuitionistic Fuzzy Affinity Propagation (IFAP) that uses an intuitionistic fuzzy similarity measure to construct the similarity matrix among data points. Subsequently, the similarity matrix is fed into the AP procedure, and the cluster center will emerge after a couple of iterations. The numerical experiment is demonstrated. Results show that the IFAP outperforms the other clustering method.

The gears are the essential components used in mechanical power transmission in both automobile and industrial machinery. At present, the composite materials are playing a major role in the replacement of conventional materials. The reason for replacing the conventional materials with composite material is that, the composite material posses light weight to stiffness ratio. In this study, the mechanical behavior of composite gears made up of IPN polymer matrix with reinforcement of different carbon fiber proportions. The main objective is to make spur gears using carbon fiber reinforced with interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) resins in various proportions of carbon fiber Chopped strand Mat (CSM) (5%,10%,15%,20%). The study investigates that, the fabricated spur gear of different proportion of IPN and carbon fiber using gear testing rig. Out of this results, the 10% CSM reinforced IPN gears have shown the significant wear reduction as compared with the remaining set of proportions.

The project explores the potential of a voice activated visual and auditory navigation assistant for human users in unfamiliar locations. Although the project was tested on the campus of American International University - Bangladesh (AIUB), it is expected to hold a much more significant impact in public areas such as hospitals, airports, and shopping-malls. Visitors who are unsure of the location of a specific office or department inside a large area, will find the service rewarding. Adapting the design based on human-machine interaction was a primary objective and the project can be considered successful in this category based on the feedback of the users. The technical aspects of the project involved designing a robot that takes auditory input from a user and synthesizes the speech to match for keywords in the database and replies using pre-recorded messages to direct the user to the desired location. The system also supplements the user with a visual aid for directions to the destination. Furthermore, an Android app was also developed as an additional feature for returning users who wish to seek further navigational assistance.

The objective was to understand the effect of change in the composition of combustible (CC)/ non-combustible components (NCC) on the unstretched laminar burning velocity (LBV), burned gas Markstein length (Lb) and Lewis number (Le) of premixed producer gas (PG)-oxygen mixtures. Design of composition and flame stability aspects based on Le are presented in part-1. PG comprised of CC(CH4:CO:H2) + NCC(CO2:N2) and the extent of variation was identified from 800 compositions reported in 123 research works. In this work, forty-five PG mixtures were studied where CC:NCC varied from 25:75–45:55, CO2:N2 from 0:100–100:0 and CH4:CO:H2 from 25:25:50–50:25:25. Spherical flame method was used to measure the LBV at 1 bar, 300 K and ϕ = 0.8 in a 4.5L spherical chamber. Validation experiments were performed with (50%H2 + 50%CO)-air mixtures and it compared well with the literature and computational data. Unstable mixtures identified by effective (volume-based model) and critical Lewis numbers corroborated well with the experimental burned gas Markstein length.

Part-1 reported the extent of variation in each species in producer gas (PG) mixture(s) after a thorough literature study. Forty-five PG variants were identified to analyse the effect of each species on the combustion characteristics of PG-O2 mixtures. Spherical flame method was used for measuring laminar burning velocities and burned gas Markstein lengths of PG at 1 bar, 300 K and ϕ = 0.8 in a 4.5 L spherical chamber. Extrapolation (linear and non-linear) and non-extrapolation based schemes were used to estimate unstretched flame speed. LBV extracted from all three schemes were in good agreement within ±4.92%. Only H2/CO-rich-PG-O2 mixtures having mole fraction of combustible components (CC) less than 20% displayed negative Lb values and their effective Lewis numbers were less than the respective critical values and were corroborated with experimental results. CH4-rich-PG-O2 mixtures were unconditionally stable. Their LBV was the highest at most conditions due to high flame temperatures, with exception to LBV of H2-N2-rich-PG-O2 mixtures at 45%CC owing to large thermal diffusivities. LBV varied non-linearly as CO2 in non-combustible components (NCC) increased beyond 50% and its suppressing effect was the highest in CH4-rich-PG. Simulations were performed using 1D expanding spherical flame model in COSILAB with GRI-Mech3.0. Simulated LBV showed a deviation of ±13.2% with experimental values at 45%CC. Unstretched LBV obtained from non-extrapolation-mapping method which involved simulation results showed good agreement with experiments. Combustion of PG with higher H2, CO and N2 content and relatively lesser amounts of CH4 and CO2 were stable to preferential diffusion effects and predictable to fluctuations in composition.

Technology has blended itself with the everyday life of humans. People aren’t finding greater efficiency despite the field of science and technology has progressed well. Traditionally goods are moved and distributed in and around an industry manually by humans. By using an automated material handling system this problem was reduced to a certain percentage. Even though there is no efficient method to deliver the products directly to the end-user like the patients in the hospitals. So,a robotic system that transports materials all over the workplace has been designed. The serviceability of the system is based on themaster-slave concept. This system can be used in mining operations to carry materials on a rail.To make the design economical, low-cost parts are used which makes it ideal for production on an industrial scale which will aid in many applications like drug delivery systems in hospitals and also material carrying robots in mine.

Dyes are harmful for living organisms. Nerium oleander was used to degrade the synthetic Congo red dye. Optimization process was carried out for better degradation of synthetic dye using Placket-Burman design. Among the six parameters (Temperature, Incubation time, pH, Agitation speed, Biomass concentration, Dye concentration), pH (5), Temperature (35°C) and Incubation time (60 min) were found to increase the dye degradation (92.33%). The global optimum levels of dye degradation were analyzed using Plackett-Burman design. The effects of pH, Temperature and Incubation time on degradation were further optimized by statistical analysis using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). RSM was used to optimize dye degradation by implementing the Central Composite Design (CCD). The optimal conditions for higher degradation were pH: 5, Temperature: 35°C, and Incubation time: 90 min. Under these conditions, the model predicted a dye degradation of 98.23%. Verification of the optimization showed that dye degradation of 97.18% was observed under the optimal conditions in the shake flasks experiment.

The effective rainfall received plays a huge role in the growth of crops in agriculture during all stages of crop growth. There may be times when the effective rainfall received may not be enough to support crop growth and thus knowledge about it beforehand can help farmers in estimating the amount of water that has to be supplied through irrigation. Prediction of effective rainfall and crop water needs is a very challenging task which requires meticulous and scrupulous analysis of a profound list of factors such as temperature and humidity. In the past effective rainfall has been computed by taking three major factors into consideration, the humidity, temperature and the received rainfall. Many mathematical models have been proposed over the ages and many of them are still applied to find the effective rainfall. Here the effective rainfall is computed by performing a series of complex mathematical computations which have been broken up into simpler steps and given as an estimated figure. Important factors such as land evaporation transpiration rates, humidity, groundwater characteristics, and temperature have been considered to ascertain the effective amount of rainfall received in a designated area in a simpler way. This technique can be used to predict the amount of effective rainfall and in turn can also be used to predict the crop water needs for any particular area. For now this method is applied to determine the effective rainfall and crop water needs in Bijapur district of Karnataka to maximize crop yield and to avoid problems such as over irrigation of crops in that area.

QQ plots for all tested triats in this study. (PDF 360Â kb)

There are a number of machines available now for floor cleaning. In that many, used for a specific purpose like mopping, vacuum cleaning and combination of both. But all these are operated manually with the help of humans. Nowadays, the technology has developed a lot and a new invention has come to overcome the existing model. Earlier, the moping and vacuum cleaner are combined with a single machine for cleaning the floor. This machine was big and operated manually with human with the continuous movement. But in this project, the movement with the machine was stopped and operated using Wi-Fi signal. With the help of circuit connections, this model was developed in a compact manner for floor cleaning. This floor cleaning machine was designed simply and can be handled very easily by everyone. This helps the people to clean the floor easily in every part of the area by sitting in a place. Here we used Arduino mega 2560 for controlling the working of this machine.