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Introduction/Background Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy has been recently widely investigated in endometrial (EC) and cervical cancer (CC). Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging is rapidly gaining popularity despite being a relatively new technique associated with lack of uniformity in the application of the method used across centers. The aim of presented systematic review is to gather evidence regarding different technical aspects and their impact on the effectiveness of indocyanine green (ICG) use during SLN mapping. Methodology A computer literature search using Medline was conducted for studies in EC and CC patients published in between January 2010 and May 2019. The initial search came up with 207 articles, of which 91 articles used ICG as a tracer. Results 7446 patients were included in the final analysis, ranging from 1 to 472 patients per study. The main surgical approach was laparoscopy, followed by robotic surgery, laparotomy, hysteroscopy and natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery. The overall SLN detection rate using ICG ranged from 64% to 100% for cervical, from 83% to 100% for fundal and from 33% to 100% for hysteroscopic injections. Sensitivity and negative predictive value varied from 77,8% to 100% and 83% to 100%, respectively. The most common site of injection was the cervix injected submucosally and intrastromally in two quadrants. There is a large variation in the size of the needle, dilution solvent, concentration, dosage and volume of ICG injected as well as the time when the dye is injected and the period between injection and beginning of the dissection. Conclusion ICG shows a high overall detection rate as well as sensitivity and specificity in SLN mapping in patients with EC and CC. The differences in results obtained in particular studies suggest that the details of injection procedure might influence the success rate in SLN detection. Disclosure Nothing to disclose.

Methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) is a substance that inhibits migration of neurons in the embryonic brain. After intraperitoneal injection of two different doses of MAM to pregnant rats, microcephaly with or without complete development of the cerebral cortex was observed in every litter. High MAM doses (30 mg/kg) resulted in the lack of superficial layers (II-IV) of the cerebral cortex when the deep layers (V, VI) were seen. The claustrum was present but composed of loosely packed, medium-size, triangular or fusiform neurons with anarchic oriented long axes. After administration of low MAM doses (14 mg/kg) two different parts (medial and lateral) of the insular claustrum were observed. Our results suggest that neurons of the insular claustrum create two different subpopulations of cells, which were similar to that observed in primitive insectivore (e.g., hedgehog), but fuse in development.

The morphology of the claustrum in Galloway syndrome was investigated. Galloway syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disease that causes microcephaly and is associated with kidney pathology. The brain examined was small, and the external surface of the hemispheres was lissencephalic, with an abnormal gyrification pattern. The whole cerebral cortex showed severe pathological changes, but the most affected area was the cortex lying on the medial aspect of the temporal lobe, especially the entorhinal cortex. In addition, the paraamygdalar and temporal parts of the claustrum were intensively changed. These results may confirm the opinion that the claustrum is a cortico-dependent structure and that the limbic cortex receives large projection from its ventral parts.

Cyto- and myeloarchitectonics as well as acetylcholinesterase activity of the nucleus limitans thalami--an important part of the nociceptive system--were studied in insectivora (Sorex araneus, Erinaceus europaeus, Talpa europaeus), rat, rabbit, cat, monkey and man. Our results suggest that nucleus limitans is phylogenetically a rather new structure. In insectivora and in the rat we could not find any evident group of neurons resembling nucleus limitans. In the rabbit and cat nucleus limitans is composed of few layers of elongated cells. In macaca and man it is a larger, more complicated structure possessing various types of neurons, and arranged into many layers.