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The apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons in sensory cortex receive primarily top-down signals from associative and motor regions, while cell bodies and nearby dendrites are heavily targeted by locally recurrent or bottom-up inputs from the sensory periphery. Based on these differences, a number of theories in computational neuroscience postulate a unique role for apical dendrites in learning. However, due to technical challenges in data collection, little data is available for comparing the responses of apical dendrites to cell bodies over multiple days. Here we present a dataset collected through the Allen Institute Mindscope’s OpenScope program that addresses this need. This dataset comprises high-quality two-photon calcium imaging from the apical dendrites and the cell bodies of visual cortical pyramidal neurons, acquired over multiple days in awake, behaving mice that were presented with visual stimuli. Many of the cell bodies and dendrite segments were tracked over days, enabling analyses of how their responses change over time. This dataset allows neuroscientists to explore the differences between apical and somatic processing and plasticity.

The dependence of the temperature and composition on thermal conductivity of steel, and its influence in the optimal profile for a fin of constant cross section to be used in air cooled condenser is presented. In Air Cooled Condensers (ACC), air is used as refrigerant, which forces the need for fins to improve the heat transfer process leading to appreciable increments in the costs of the installation. Therefore, developing better fins profile will allow optimizing the operation, maximizing the heat transfer and minimizing the manufacturing cost of the fins. To this objective, in the present paper, three geometric parameters, thickness, height and surface of heat transfer of the fin, this parameters influence directly the optimal obtained profile for conditions of maximum heat flux and optimal Biot number. The study was accomplished for fins of constant cross section. In a future work, fins of variable cross sections will be considered.

View factor calculation is a key point in radiation heat transfer between surfaces. In thermal engineering it is required to compute the view factor between complex geometries, which include several parallel and inclined surfaces. Currently, no analytical expressions are available for this purpose, so the use of Summation and Reciprocity Rules (SR) is required, however, when analyzing complex geometries, the handling of SR is extremely laborious. Therefore, this work aims to develop an equation for the calculation of the view factor in the radiative heat transfer of two arbitrary rectangular inclined or parallel surfaces, using the advantages provided by vector calculus. The exact solutions obtained with contour integration were compared with the values calculated via the Algebra Factor (AF) using the Hottel and Hamilton-Morgan Solution and with the results computed from numerical integration of the quadruple integral using Simpson's rule 1/3 with five intervals. The lack of similar precedents in the technical literature reinforces the practical and scientific nature of the proposed method of analysis.

Pancreatitis is the disease that affects the organ of the pancreas and should be given early attention, since its complications are quite lethal and can involve other organs. This research work provides a compilation of important information that expresses, through its development, the most common complications associated with pancreatitis, especially in its hemorrhagic presentation, as well as the necessary treatments used in this condition. In the course of pancreatitis, the first two to four days of symptoms are the most important because this is the period during which 15% to 25% of patients progress to its severe form. According to clinical and experimental data, this period is characterized by an initial state of hypovolemia. The morbidity of severe acute pancreatitis is known to occur in two stages. The first two weeks are characterized by a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), which results from the release of inflammatory mediators. Organ failure is common and usually occurs even in the absence of infection. The early mortality rate is 42 to 60%. The second stage begins approximately two weeks after symptom onset and is characterized by sepsis-related complications resulting from infection of pancreatic necrosis. Therefore, there is an association with systemic complications, such as pulmonary failure, renal failure, and cardiovascular failure, known as multiple organ failure syndrome (MOFS).

BackgroundThe values of viral load in COVID-19 disease have gained relevance, seeking to understand its prognostic value and its behavior in the course of the disease, although there have been no conclusive results. In this study we sought to analyze serum viral load as a predictor of clinical outcome of the disease, as well as its association with inflammatory markers.MethodsAn observational and retrospective study in a private hospital in North Mexico, patients with SARS-COV-2 infection confirmed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were followed through clinical outcome, viral load measurement, quantification of inflammatory markers and lymphocyte subpopulations. For the analysis, multiple regression models were performed. Results: We studied 105 patients [47 (SD 1.46) years old, 68.6% men]. After analysis with multiple regression models, there was an association between viral load at admission and vaccination schedule (β-value=-0.279, p= 0.007), age (β-value= 0.010, p = 0.050), mechanical ventilation (β-value= 0.872, p = 0.007), lactate dehydrogenase (β-value= 1.712, p= 0.004), D-dimer values at admission (β-value= 0.847, p= 0.013) and subpopulation of B lymphocytes at admission (β-value= -0.527, p= 0.042). There was no association with days of hospitalization, use of nasal prongs or high flux mask. Peak viral load (10 days after symptoms onset) was associated with peak IL-6 (β-value= 0.470, p= 0.011). Peak viral load matched with peak procalcitonin and minimal lymphocyte values. C-reactive protein peak was before the peak of viral load. The minimum value viral load was documented on day 12 after symptom onset; it matched with the minimum values of IL-6 and ferritin, and the peak of D-dimer.ConclusionsSARS-COV-2 admission viral load is associated with vaccination status, mechanical ventilation, and different inflammatory markers.

A new simplified method for the cost assessment analysis of shell-and-tube heat exchangers (STHE) is presented in this paper. A comparison was carried out between the values obtained by the proposed method with the FOB average real cost for a total of 410 heat exchangers, with heat transfer surfaces ranging between 5 to 1150 m2. It was found that the proposed method correlates well with an average error of 10.1% , for 84.15% of the available data. The method presents a lower adjustment in the range , with an average error of 12.9%, for 82.97 % of the available data. The best adjustments are located in the range, with an average error of only 8.0%, for 80.95 % of the available data. In all cases, the agreement of the proposed method is good enough to be considered satisfactory for practical design.

Introduccion: No hay datos de las caracteristicas epidemiologicas del cancer de mama en pacientes atendidas en medio privado en Mexico. Metodos: Se realizo un estudio retrospectivo de mujeres atendidas en un centro privado de tercer nivel de la Ciudad de Mexico, de 2001 a 2016, y se realizo una comparacion con datos del Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia (InCan). Resultados: Se incluyeron 240 pacientes con una mediana de edad de 52 anos. El subtipo histologico mas comun fue el carcinoma ductal y la mayoria correspondieron al inmunofenotipo luminal. El tumor se detecto mediante escrutinio radiologico en el 34%, y en el 41.7% de los casos el tumor se diagnostico in situ o en etapa I, comparado con la serie del InCan, donde el 48% son etapas III y IV (p < 0.01). De los casos detectados por autopalpacion, la mitad tenian metastasis ganglionares, frente al 7% en los casos detectados por escrutinio (p < 0.001). En el 60% se realizo cirugia conservadora y en el 13% mastectomia con reconstruccion inmediata. La sobrevida libre de enfermedad a 5 anos supera el 90%. Conclusiones: La epidemiologia del cancer de mama coincide con las estadisticas del InCan. Existe una diferencia significativa en las etapas clinicas de presentacion, atribuida a la disparidad en el acceso al escrutinio

Heteroresistance – in which a clonal bacterial population contains a cell subpopulation with higher resistance to antibiotics than the main population – is a growing clinical problem that complicates susceptibility determination and threatens therapeutic success. Despite the high prevalence of heteroresistance in clinical settings, the underlying genetic mechanisms that stably maintain heterogeneous bacterial populations are poorly understood. Using fluorescence microscopy, single-cell microfluidics, and quantitative image analysis, we show that random replication and segregation of multicopy plasmids produce populations of bacterium Escherichia coli MG1655 in which cells with low-and high-plasmid copy numbers stably co-exist. By combining stochastic simulations of a computational model with high-throughput single-cell measurements of blaTEM-1 expression, we show that copy number variability confers the bacterial population with transient resistance to a lethal concentration of a β -lactam antibiotic. Moreover, this surviving, high plasmid copy minority is capable of regenerating a heterogeneous bacterial population with low and high plasmid copy numbers through segregational instability, rapidly alleviating the fitness burden of carrying large numbers of plasmids. Our results provide further support for the tenet that plasmids are more than simple vehicles for horizontal transmission of genetic information between cells, as they can also drive bacterial adaptation in dynamic environments by providing a platform for rapid amplification and attenuation of gene copy number that can accelerate the rate of resistance adaptation and can lead to treatment failure.

Supplier selection is a crucial activity in the supply chain management, and fundamentally it is a multi-criteria decision-making problem. However, the interaction of the criteria, the uncertain regarding to subjectivity and the imprecise information generally present in the provider selection process is still an open issue. The main purpose of this paper is to arise a new method to support the provider selection process. In this sense, this paper introduces the intuitionistic fuzzy version of dimensional analysis under a group decision making and multi-criteria environment applied to suppliers selection. Likewise, a set of decision makers reveal their preferences about the criteria and options in evaluation by mean of a linguistic grade that are mapped via intuitionistic numbers. Consequently, the importance of each decision maker and criteria is considered in the method. Hence, the methodology assumes that exist a choice better than the rest which is called ideal alternative. Each choice in evaluation, is compared with that ideal to induce an index of similarity. Additionally, the alternative with highest index of similarity is proposed as solution to the supplier selection problem. The method offer a systematic mode to deal with the interrelationship between the criteria attached into the decision making sphere. Finally, a numerical example is addressed to supplier selection to facilitate the understanding of the proposed method.

The anatomy of the mammalian visual system, from the retina to the neocortex, is organized hierarchically1. However, direct observation of cellular-level functional interactions across this hierarchy is lacking due to the challenge of simultaneously recording activity across numerous regions. Here we describe a large, open dataset-part of the Allen Brain Observatory2-that surveys spiking from tens of thousands of units in six cortical and two thalamic regions in the brains of mice responding to a battery of visual stimuli. Using cross-correlation analysis, we reveal that the organization of inter-area functional connectivity during visual stimulation mirrors the anatomical hierarchy from the Allen Mouse Brain Connectivity Atlas3. We find that four classical hierarchical measures-response latency, receptive-field size, phase-locking to drifting gratings and response decay timescale-are all correlated with the hierarchy. Moreover, recordings obtained during a visual task reveal that the correlation between neural activity and behavioural choice also increases along the hierarchy. Our study provides a foundation for understanding coding and signal propagation across hierarchically organized cortical and thalamic visual areas.

El trastorno del aprendizaje (TA) es conceptualizado como afectaciones en el aprendizaje de las habilidades académicas que incluyen: lectura, matemáticas y escritura. Los niños entrenados explícitamente en habilidades de manipulación de fonemas obtienen mejores resultados que aquellos que no. En el presente estudio se proponen estrategias dirigidas a habilitar la ruta fonológica a través de ejercicios en conciencia fonológica utilizando tareas de síntesis, segmentación, adición, omisión, sustitución de sílabas y fonemas, así como tareas de conciencia de rimas las cuales permiten modificar la precisión y velocidad lectora y en muchos otros casos la comprensión lectora. EMB es una niña de 11:.7 años de edad, la evaluación neuropsicológica arrojó que EBM cumple con los criterios diagnósticos de TA en sus tres áreas. Se llevaron a cabo 120 sesiones 2 veces por semana con una duración de una hora aproximadamente. Se diseñaron tareas de síntesis, segmentación, adición, omisión y sustitución de sílabas y fonemas y tareas de detección de sílabas y fonemas en rimas. EMB mostró ligeras mejoras en cada uno de los procesos en los que quería que hubiera mejoría; sin embargo, como se pudo observar al concluir la última fase del tratamiento, donde se implementó la correspondencia grafema-fonema, EMB logró tener una mejoría considerable en comparación que sólo con la aplicación de tareas fonológicas.

Los materiales elaborados a partir de aleaciones con memoria de forma (SMA) son clasificados como "materiales inteligentes", pues presentan características como : alta relación fuerza / peso, bajo peso y accionamiento silencioso. El Nitinol es una aleación metálica con una relación de 50% Ni - 50% Ti (NiTi) que se entrena en memoria y forma,la cual es ampliamente utilizada para imitar el comportamiento de los músculos humanos, pues al calentarse se contraen, debido al efecto de memoria de forma, y regresan a su forma al enfriarse. Una de las maneras de emplear el NiTi en aplicaciones biomédicas y caracterizar el material, es a partir del diseño de actuadores a base de SMAs. Este trabajo presenta algunos métodos para la caracterización de actuadores con SMA y además hace una revisión, definido antes para usar las aplicaciones biomédicas desde el descubrimiento del NiTi y la implementación en sistemas de rehabilitación actuales.

The new product development process (NPDP) is crucial for maintaining business up and running in manufacturing corporations worldwide. NPDP helps firms improve their profits, where stakeholder attention is mostly focused. NPDP Risk Assessment (NPDP-RA) is a vital activity to achieve a successful new product launch. However, managing different kinds of risks over the process presents enormous challenges; thus, risk assessment over NPDP still shows gaps, even when different tools are employed to identify, mitigate, and eliminate risks throughout the process. The identified gaps are mainly produced because the uncertainty added by the individuals assessing the risks, and the currently used tools are generally focused on a single phase of the NPDP, disregarding the stakeholders’ project objectives. This paper presents the main NPDP risks for stakeholders through the NPDP phases; likewise, the integration of Pythagorean fuzzy dimensional analysis – failure mode and effect analysis and value stream mapping (PFDA-FMEA-VSM). This novel integrated method is intended to improve the manner to perform the NPDP-RA for stakeholders. A practical example is presented to demonstrate the proposed integration of PFDA-FMEA-VSM for stakeholders at NPDP of electronic devices project.

MgH2 with a theoretical capacity of 2036 mAh/g has been studied using LiBH4 as solid electrolyte with remarkable results. However, LiBH4 conductivity is reduced drastically from ~10−3 to ~10−8 Scm−1 when operating at temperatures below ~117 °C, due to the crystal structural transition. This change in the conductivity limits the range of operating temperatures of the battery. In order to have all-solid-state lithium ion batteries operating at room temperature, some alternatives were explored in this work. In this study, different batteries compositions were tested for operating temperatures from 30 °C to 120 °C, using LiBH4, 3LiBH4·LiI and 80Li2S–20P2S5 to find a workable configuration for all-solid-state lithium-ion battery with MgH2 as the active material for the working electrode. The cell MgH2/3LiBH4·LiI/Acetylene Black carbon | 80Li2S–20P2S5 | Li, shown the best performance with an initial capacity of 1570 mAh/g operating at 30 °C.

In this article, an Extended State Observer (ESO) based Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) scheme is applied to the Pendubot system for a trajectory tracking tasks. The tangent linearization of the system allows to implement the control scheme taking advantage of the differential flatness property, while including a cascade configuration. The proposed method assumes a limited knowledge of the underactuated system where the control input gain and the order of the system are the only needed data. The scheme is experimentally tested leading to accurate tracking results.

BackgroundAlthough much of the public health effort to combat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has focused on disease control strategies in public settings, transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) within households remains an important problem. The nature and determinants of household transmission are poorly understood.MethodsTo address this gap, we gathered and analyzed data from 22 published and prepublished studies from 10 countries (20 291 household contacts) that were available through 2 September 2020. Our goal was to combine estimates of the SARS-CoV-2 household secondary attack rate (SAR) and to explore variation in estimates of the household SAR.ResultsThe overall pooled random-effects estimate of the household SAR was 17.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 13.7–21.2%). In study-level, random-effects meta-regressions stratified by testing frequency (1 test, 2 tests, >2 tests), SAR estimates were 9.2% (95% CI, 6.7–12.3%), 17.5% (95% CI, 13.9–21.8%), and 21.3% (95% CI, 13.8–31.3%), respectively. Household SARs tended to be higher among older adult contacts and among contacts of symptomatic cases.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that SARs reported using a single follow-up test may be underestimated, and that testing household contacts of COVID-19 cases on multiple occasions may increase the yield for identifying secondary cases.

This paper presents a brief review on the current applications and perspectives on the stability of complex dynamical systems, with an emphasis on three main classes of systems such as delay-free systems, time-delay systems, and systems with uncertainties in its parameters, which lead to some criteria with necessary and/or sufficient conditions to determine stability and/or stabilization in the domains of frequency and time. Besides, criteria on robust stability and stability of nonlinear time-delay systems are presented, including some numerical approaches.

In this paper, a delayed control strategy for a class of nonlinear underactuated fourth-order systems is developed. The proposal is based on the implementation of the tangent linearization technique, differential flatness, and a study of the σ-stabilization of the characteristic equation of the closed-loop system. The tangent linearization technique allows obtaining a local controllability property for the analyzed class of systems. Also, it can reduce the complexity of the global control design, through the use of a cascade connection of two second-order controllers instead of designing a global controller of the fourth-order system. The stabilizing behavior of the delayed controller design is supported by the σ-stability criterion, which provides the controller parameter selection to reach the maximum exponential decay rate on the system response. To illustrate the efficiency of the theoretical results, the proposal is experimentally assessed in two cases of study: a flexible joint system and a pendubot.

Purpose: After colorectal cancer (CCR) treatment, adequate follow-up is recommended to improve overall survival. We aimed to assess the adherence to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network clinical practice guidelines on post-treatment surveillance for CRC at the National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubiran in Mexico City, Mexico. Methods: We included patients with stage I-III CRC treated between January 2014 and December 2016. We evaluated adherence to surveillance during the first three years after completion of CRC treatment or until recurrence, whichever came first. We defined adequate compliance with guidelines as ≥2 physician visits annually for three years, ≥2 serum carcinoembryonic antigen blood tests annually for two years, and at least one colonoscopy during the three-year surveillance period. Results: Overall-three-year adherence to surveillance recommendations was 53.8% (n=49). Colonoscopy was the component with the highest adherence with 91.2% (n=83) of the patients, followed by medical visits with 71.4% (n=65) of the patients. During the three-year period of follow-up, 23% (n=21) of patients lost follow-up. Three-year recurrence rate was 6.6% (n=6). In a bivariate analysis, we did not find any significant association between clinical and demographic factors and adherence to surveillance.Conclusions: At our institution, compliance to the guidelines on post-treatment surveillance is higher than the reported at similar centers in other world regions, though there is a decreasing trend in adherence during the study period. More evidence is needed to understand the potential barriers to surveillance and implement strategies to improve compliance to surveillance and the survival of patients.

This paper describes the design and construction of an energy replenishment service station for a quadrotor. The prototype includes a small number of actuators, making it a low-cost solution. The system consists of three batteries: two charged and one discharged (within the quadrotor). Once the quadrotor lands, the battery with the highest charge is selected, which is then exchanged for the discharged battery. In order to perform this action, position control is used, in which the desired value depends on the location of the sensor that detects the highest voltage. In addition, the system has a mechanical design that facilitates the coupling of the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) with the structure for battery exchange, ensuring that the discharged battery is always in the same position. Furthermore, the design of a mechanism to release and hold the battery placed in the quadrotor is presented, which works by means of voltage and force sensors that identify the instant that the battery is discharged and when the UAV has landed on the exchange platform, thus initiating the exchange process. Likewise, the criteria for selecting the elements used, acquiring and processing signals, and routines for changing batteries are detailed.

We present a series of experiments with droplets of aqueous cyclodextrin-surfactant solutions, in which the volume is reduced after the equilibrium spherical shape is reached. The final shape of the drop after this perturbation is found to be dependent on the concentration of inclusion complexes in the bulk of the solution. These inclusion complexes are formed by two cyclodextrin molecules and one surfactat molecule. We propose a model to describe these dynamical processes. Dipole–dipole interactions on the surface of the drop trigger a competition between water surface tension and dipole–dipole interaction energies. The results of the model reproduce the spherical and rod-like shapes found in the experiments.

Manufacturing corporations has the acceptance of the Outsourcing Process (OP) to improve industrial activities as well as to archive the revenue objectives, and with this, Risk Analysis (RA) tools are constantly used to assure expected results. Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) is one of preferred RA tools, moreover, it is proven that FMEA adds uncertainty because of the human participation at the RA, afterward it is demonstrated that Pythagorean Fuzzy Dimensional Analysis – FMEA – Value Stream Mapping (PFDA-FMEA-VSM) method removes the uncertainty in RA, likewise it aids to the stakeholders for decision making, giving more advantages improving the use of the resources on the project. This document exhibits a real case scenario in a manufacturing firm applying PFDA-FMEA-VSM method adapted for manufacturing OP. The application of PFDA-FMEA-VSM shows solid RA results, removing the human intervention uncertainty added to the risk ranking, gives advantages to the stakeholders for visualize the main risks in detailed diagram, as well as make easier to take better decisions on where to apply resources and mitigate risks during OP.

This study aims to develop systematic research about augmented reality (AR) problems, challenges, and benefits in the current applications of five fields of interest. Articles were selected from scientific, technical, academic, and medical databases of digital journals and open access papers about AR. Therefore, the method used to develop the investigation was PRISMA, which allowed us to observe interesting facts and coincidences about complexities and successful cases of AR implementation in the disciplines of education, marketing, medicine, entertainment, and industry. The summary provided in this study was the result of the exploration of 60 recent articles found and selected by relevance using the PRISMA method. The main objective of this paper is to orient and update researchers regarding current applications, benefits, challenges, and problems in AR implementation for future studies and developments.

Despite technological advances in the analysis of digital images for medical consultations, many health information systems lack the ability to correlate textual descriptions of image findings linked to the actual images. Images and reports often reside in separate silos in the medical record throughout the process of image viewing, report authoring, and report consumption. Forward-thinking centers and early adopters have created interactive reports with multimedia elements and embedded hyperlinks in reports that connect the narrative text with the related source images and measurements. Most of these solutions rely on proprietary single-vendor systems for viewing and reporting in the absence of any encompassing industry standards to facilitate interoperability with the electronic health record (EHR) and other systems. International standards have enabled the digitization of image acquisition, storage, viewing, and structured reporting. These provide the foundation to discuss enhanced reporting. Lessons learned in the digital transformation of radiology and pathology can serve as a basis for interactive multimedia reporting (IMR) across image-centric medical specialties. This paper describes the standard-based infrastructure and communications to fulfill recently defined clinical requirements through a consensus from an international workgroup of multidisciplinary medical specialists, informaticists, and industry participants. These efforts have led toward the development of an Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise (IHE) profile that will serve as a foundation for interoperable interactive multimedia reporting.

Identification of the structural connections between neurons is a prerequisite to understanding brain function. We developed a pipeline to systematically map brain-wide monosynaptic inputs to specific neuronal populations using Cre-driver mouse lines and the recombinant rabies tracing system. We first improved the rabies virus tracing strategy to accurately identify starter cells and to efficiently quantify presynaptic inputs. We then mapped brain-wide presynaptic inputs to different excitatory and inhibitory neuron subclasses in the primary visual cortex and seven higher visual areas. Our results reveal quantitative target-, layer- and cell-class-specific differences in the retrograde connectomes, despite similar global input patterns to different neuronal populations in the same anatomical area. The retrograde connectivity we define is consistent with the presence of the ventral and dorsal visual information processing streams and reveals further subnetworks within the dorsal stream. The hierarchical organization of the entire visual cortex can be derived from intracortical feedforward and feedback pathways mediated by upper- and lower-layer input neurons, respectively. This study expands our knowledge of the brain-wide inputs regulating visual areas and demonstrates that our improved rabies virus tracing strategy can be used to scale up the effort in dissecting connectivity of genetically defined cell populations in the whole mouse brain.

In this work, it is proposed a Switched Differential Neural Networks structure (SDNN) to model the human physiological response in a virtual stimuli scenario. Two physiological variables are assessed: electrocardiography and electrodermal activity, which provide a reflex response after stimuli. The proposed approach is focused on the representation of two discrete primary states, relaxation and stress as the response of the virtual stimuli. A switched dynamic approach is set, in which the trigger of an stimuli generates a change in the heartbeat rate as well as in the skin conductivity, constructing the switch between the mentioned states. The SDNN allows to obtain a model structure whose dynamics corresponds to the rate of change of the physiological variables, given as result a particular class of uncertain switched systems. The proposed non-parametric identification in this switched structure is implemented and experimentally assessed showing appropriate convergence rates in, both, switching regions and the continuous states.

In this article, the analysis and implementation of an alternative Flat Filtering Control for a class of partially known fourth order flat systems is given. The Flat filtering control uses the cascade property of the system, which leads to a simplified control design in which high order time derivatives are algebraically simplified in terms of low order measurable states and the subsequent integral compensation. The control proposal is implemented and validated experimentally in a fourth order mechanical system (rotatory flexible joint) with accurate tracking results.

To understand how the brain processes sensory information to guide behavior, we must know how stimulus representations are transformed throughout the visual cortex. Here we report an open, large-scale physiological survey of activity in the awake mouse visual cortex: the Allen Brain Observatory Visual Coding dataset. This publicly available dataset includes the cortical activity of nearly 60,000 neurons from six visual areas, four layers, and 12 transgenic mouse lines in a total of 243 adult mice, in response to a systematic set of visual stimuli. We classify neurons on the basis of joint reliabilities to multiple stimuli and validate this functional classification with models of visual responses. While most classes are characterized by responses to specific subsets of the stimuli, the largest class is not reliably responsive to any of the stimuli and becomes progressively larger in higher visual areas. These classes reveal a functional organization wherein putative dorsal areas show specialization for visual motion signals.

In the present work, the design of a high-precision luminosity sensor (HPLS) is shown. On sunny and clear days, the design allows the sun position to be determined with 99.7% accuracy; in the presence of clouds (partly sunny or cloudy conditions), the most clear area, which represents the area with the greatest amount of direct solar radiation at the moment, is determined. In both cases (clear and cloudy sky conditions), the above is achieved through the location in real time of the maximum luminosity point (MLP) in the sky through the construction of luminosity gradients, which are obtained under the acquisition and processing of the output signals of a set of sensors constituting the HPLS. The distribution of the sensors is determined through optical and geometric analyses. The HPLS is validated through a set of experiments in which the search and signaling of the MLP were carried out on a sunny day and on days where partly sunny and cloudy conditions were present. Finally, a technical comparative analysis between the HPLS and other sensors is presented; the cost of the HPLS is $293.50 USD (obtained in a calculation performed in this work), and a cost comparison with some commercial sensors is presented as well.

The mechanical properties of lipid monolayers and their responses to shear and compression stresses play an important role in processes such as breathing and eye blinking. We studied the mechanical properties of Langmuir monolayers of a model mixture, composed of an unsaturated lipid, 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-phosphoethanolamine (POPE), and a saturated lipid, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-phosphocholine (DPPC). We performed isothermal compressions and sinusoidal shear deformations of these mixed monolayers. Also, the different phases were observed with Brewster angle microscopy. We found that the mechanical behavior is affected by the miscibility of both lipids. In the two-phase region, the compression elastic modulus increases with the amount of the LC phase but does not follow the predictions of a simple effective medium model. The discrepancies arise from the fact that, upon compression, the domains grow at a rate faster than the compression rate but not fast enough to reach thermodynamic equilibrium. Before reaching the LC phase, domain percolation is observed and compression and shear moduli become equal to those of the pure LC phase. Most of the monolayers behave as viscoelastic fluids at the frequencies investigated. A minimum in the compression modulus and shear viscosity was observed for mixtures close to equimolar composition, with the minimum being accompanied by a change in domain shapes.