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The Gene Ontology (GO) knowledgebase (http://geneontology.org) is a comprehensive resource concerning the functions of genes and gene products (proteins and noncoding RNAs). GO annotations cover genes from organisms across the tree of life as well as viruses, though most gene function knowledge currently derives from experiments carried out in a relatively small number of model organisms. Here, we provide an updated overview of the GO knowledgebase, as well as the efforts of the broad, international consortium of scientists that develops, maintains, and updates the GO knowledgebase. The GO knowledgebase consists of three components: (1) the GO—a computational knowledge structure describing the functional characteristics of genes; (2) GO annotations—evidence-supported statements asserting that a specific gene product has a particular functional characteristic; and (3) GO Causal Activity Models (GO-CAMs)—mechanistic models of molecular “pathways” (GO biological processes) created by linking multiple GO annotations using defined relations. Each of these components is continually expanded, revised, and updated in response to newly published discoveries and receives extensive QA checks, reviews, and user feedback. For each of these components, we provide a description of the current contents, recent developments to keep the knowledgebase up to date with new discoveries, and guidance on how users can best make use of the data that we provide. We conclude with future directions for the project.

The aim of the UniProt Knowledgebase is to provide users with a comprehensive, high-quality and freely accessible set of protein sequences annotated with functional information. In this publication we describe enhancements made to our data processing pipeline and to our website to adapt to an ever-increasing information content. The number of sequences in UniProtKB has risen to over 227 million and we are working towards including a reference proteome for each taxonomic group. We continue to extract detailed annotations from the literature to update or create reviewed entries, while unreviewed entries are supplemented with annotations provided by automated systems using a variety of machine-learning techniques. In addition, the scientific community continues their contributions of publications and annotations to UniProt entries of their interest. Finally, we describe our new website (https://www.uniprot.org/), designed to enhance our users’ experience and make our data easily accessible to the research community. This interface includes access to AlphaFold structures for more than 85% of all entries as well as improved visualisations for subcellular localisation of proteins.

The significance of reduplication in language studies was to construct a linguistics pattern. However, linguists tend to disregard the functions of individual creativity and the core language meaning-making approach at the discourse level. Therefore, we should investigate this intriguing topic more to describe the repetition of words. Many studies analyzed classification reduplication in Acehnese through documentation techniques, in contrast, this current study investigated classifications and meanings of reduplication in Acehnese through observation and interview. Sulaiman's paradigm as the framework stated that reduplication had three parts: complete, affix, and ablaut reduplication. In addition, the researchers used the Ali et al. framework, which suggested eight meanings of reduplication, mainly grammatical meanings. The findings revealed that full reduplication was the most common among the 100 data of utterances. Furthermore, the meanings of reduplications are to convey the collective and distributive meaning, to express resemblance, and to express simultaneously and continuously were not discovered. The current study looked at how people could use morphological perspectives on reduplication in community discussions. Acehnese reduplication may vanish.

Notre contribution s’intéresse à l’activité des enseignant·es en formation en situation d’exercice de l’autorité en la traitant en trois temps. Après avoir montré que la notion de gestion de classe est évolutive et développé en quoi celle d’exercice de l’autorité s’en distingue ou la rejoint, nous considérons les apports de deux paradigmes (behavioriste, constructiviste) et de deux approches (analyse des pratiques, analyse de l’activité) qui se sont succédé dans les recherches et les formations en gestion de classe depuis un demi-siècle. Au regard de ces travaux, nous présentons ensuite les apports de notre recherche empirique, qui s’inscrit dans une entrée « analyse de l’activité ». Nous exposons en quoi cette approche, qui implique la mise en place d’observations filmées suivies d’entretiens d’autoconfrontation, permet de mieux comprendre les préoccupations des enseignant·es au plus proche de leur activité réelle en classe. D’une part, celle-ci nous permet d’identifier deux préoccupations typiques et conjointes chez les enseignant·es en formation : enrôler/maintenir le ou les élève(s) dans la tâche et gérer un ou des comportement(s) d’un ou plusieurs élève(s) perçu(s) comme inapproprié(s). D’autre part, nous décrivons les trois façons dont s’articulent ces deux préoccupations : imbriquées, indépendantes ou incompatibles. Enfin, ces résultats ouvrent la discussion sur plusieurs pistes fécondes pour concevoir des dispositifs de formation articulés aux situations de classe et aux préoccupations des enseignant·es qui entrent dans le métier.

OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between erosive tooth wear (ETW) and possible etiological factors in a group of dental students. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 126 dental students from a public dental school were included in this study. A questionnaire was used to investigate the possible etiological factors related to ETW. The Basic Erosive Wear Examination (BEWE) criteria were used to examine the status of ETW. A univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship between the presence of ETW and explanatory variables. RESULTS Univariable analysis revealed that taking acidic foods and alcohol more than 4-5 times per week increases the odds of ETW by 6.043 and 2.532 times, respectively, and taking dairy products, fruit juice, and milk more than 4-5 times per week decreases the likelihood of ETW by 61%, 66%, and 80%, respectively. The results of multivariable regression analysis showed that the frequency of consumption of especially acidic foods significantly increased the risk of ETW (OR���=���9.981, 95% CI 3.577-27.849, p���

To investigate the effect of some polyphenol-rich plant extracts on the protection of dentine against demineralization, both acting on the dentine and on the salivary pellicle. Dentine specimens (n = 180) were randomly distributed into 6 experimental groups (n = 30/group): Control (deionized water), Açaí extract, Blueberry extract, Green tea extract, Grape seed extract, and Sn2+/F− (mouthrinse containing stannous and fluoride). Each group was further divided into two subgroups (n = 15), according to the site of action of the substance: on the dentine surface (D) or on the salivary pellicle (P). The specimens were submitted to 10 cycles: 30 min incubation in human saliva (P) or only in humid chamber (D), 2 min immersion in experimental substances, 60 min of incubation in saliva (P) or not (D), and 1 min erosive challenge. Dentine surface loss (DSL), amount of degraded collagen (dColl) and total calcium release were analyzed. Green tea, Grape seed and Sn2+/F− showed significant protection, with least DSL and dColl. The Sn2+/F− showed better protection on D than on P, whereas Green tea and Grape seed showed a dual mode of action, with good results on D, and even better on P. Sn2+/F− showed the lowest values of calcium release, not differing only from Grape seed. Sn2+/F− is more effective when acting directly on the dentine surface, while Green tea and Grape seed have a dual mode of action: with a positive effect on the dentine surface itself, but an improved efficacy in the presence of the salivary pellicle. We further elucidate the mechanism of action of different active ingredients on dentine erosion, where Sn2+/F− acts better on the dentine surface, but plant extracts have a dual mode of action, acting on the dentine itself as well as on the salivary pellicle, improving the protection against acid demineralization.

An Internet of Things (IoT) device that can automatically measure water consumption can help prevent excessive water usage or leaks. However, automating too many residences or condominiums with multiple IoT devices can lead to extra energy consumption and more network congestion. We propose controlling the energy consumption of an IoT water consumption management system by dynamically controlling its duty cycle. By analyzing the energy consumption of the developed prototype and its duty cycle variation, we calculated how much energy could be saved by controlling the antenna and the water flow sensor used in the IoT device. While controlling the antenna offered some energy savings, having some way to cut down on the water flow sensor’s consumption can have a dramatic impact on the overall IoT energy consumption or its battery longevity. Our results showed that we could get up to 69% extra energy savings compared to just putting the antenna in sleep mode. There is an observable trade-off in saving so much energy, as we can also see that water reading error rates go up alongside the extra energy savings.

A (re) inserção de pessoas em suporte psíquico não funciona expressamente dada por meio da economia sólida. Considerando a não identificação de estudos de revisão anteriores sobre este tópico, surgi para propor este estudo. O objetivo é caracterizar e analisar literatura relevante sobre economia sólida e saúde mental. Trata-se de uma revisão do scopo realizada em bancos de dados onlineA análise de dois resultados é descrita de forma descritiva. Os fóruns identificaram 42 produções, todas publicadas em português, sendo 25 artigos, 14 dissertações e 3 teses; Os anos de publicação variam entre 2007 e 2020; o predomínio da abordagem qualitativa; Os principais referenciais teóricos dos autores são: economia sólida, desinstitucionalização e reabilitação psicossocial. Ressaltamos a importância deste estudo, uma vez que foi possível identificar e analisar ou que esse campo tenha ocorrido, bem como estabelecer a lacuna que poderá direcionar uma agenda de pesquisa.

Kondisi perekonomian Indonesia sedang mengalami goncangan hebat akibat mewabahnya COVID-19 yang belum bisa dikendalikan. Dampak dari pandemi ini sangat mempengaruhi segala aspek terutama pada aspek kesehatan dan perekonomian, sistem kesehatan nasional masih belum siap menghadapi wabah yang semakin menggila dan lumpuhnya perekonomian. Hal ini berdampak signifikan ke daerah, tidak terkecuali Kota Mojokerto. Secara keseluruhan, hampir semua sektor mengalami dampak dari adanya pandemi ini termasuk sektor UMKM. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis peran penting perempuan yang dapat dilakukan untuk meningkatkan ketahanan ekonomi dalam situasi pandemi COVID-19. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Dalam pengumpulan datanya penelitian ini melakukan observasi, wawancara, studi dokumentasi dan study literature atau studi kepustakaan. Proses analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif. Lokasi penelitian ini berada di Pasar Tanjung Mojokerto dengan responden ibu-ibu pedagang pasar. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa peran penting perempuan yang dapat dilakukan dalam meningkatkan ketahanan ekonomi di masa pandemi adalah dengan mencari pendapatan tambahan, mengelola keuangan rumah tangga, dan melakukan aktivitas lain untuk berbagi peran sebagai sosok perempuan tanpa meninggalkan tugas utamanya. Dukungan dari keluarga sangat dibutuhkan oleh para perempuan dalam meningkatkan ketahanan ekonomi di masa pandemi COVID-19.

The aim was to evaluate the effect of dissolved calcium and phosphate on dissolution rate of enamel, dentin and compressed hydroxyapatite (HA) in citric acid solution as a function of pH. At pH 2.5, dissolution rate of enamel increased significantly by 6% in 20 mmol/L added calcium but, otherwise, dissolution rates of neither enamel, dentin nor HA were significantly affected by 10 or 20 mmol/L calcium. However, enamel dissolution rate was reduced by > 50 mmol/L calcium. At pH 3.25 and 4.0, 10-20 mmol/L calcium inhibited dissolution of enamel by 29-100% and HA by 65-75% but did not affect dentin dissolution. Phosphate (10 or 20 mmol/L) did not inhibit dissolution of enamel, dentin or HA at any pH, but there were increases in dissolution rate of all three substrates at pH 2.5 and, in one test with dentine (at 20 mmol/L phosphate), at pH 3.25. The results suggest that calcium addition to soft drinks and other acidic products such as medications may reduce erosivity against enamel, provided that pH is not too low; that phosphate would not reduce erosivity against enamel; and that neither calcium nor phosphate at these concentrations would reduce erosivity against dentin.

OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the protective impact of acquired enamel pellicle (AEP) engineering with statherin-derived peptide (StatpSpS), considering different AEP formation times. DESIGN A total of 120 native human enamel specimens were divided into 2 main groups: 1) No AEP engineering and 2) AEP engineering with StatpSpS (pretreatment for 1 min; 37 °C, under agitation). Each group was further divided into 4 subgroups: No pellicle, or 1, 60-and-120 min AEP formation times (human saliva; 37 °C). The specimens were then subjected to an erosive challenge (1% citric acid; pH 3.6; 1 min; 25 °C). This procedure was repeated for 5 cycles. Relative surface reflection intensity (%SRI) was measured and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the enamel surface was done. RESULTS All AEP engineering groups protected against initial dental erosion in comparison with No pellicle (p 0.05). Regarding the SEM analysis, in the "No AEP engineering & No AEP" group, a more severe effect of citric acid was observed, with more enamel prism heads and scratches on the surface when compared with the other groups. CONCLUSIONS AEP provides almost instant protection at formation times even as short as 1 min, protecting the native enamel against erosion. Treatment with StatpSpS by itself provides similar protection as the AEP.

Two forms of non-carious dental disorder - erosive tooth hard tissue loss and dental erosion - have been increasingly observed in recent years. Dental erosion is the chemical loss of dental hard substances caused by exposure to acids not derived from oral bacteria. Mechanical forces from, for example, the tongue, the cheeks or toothbrushing, increase loss of partly-demineralized tooth surfaces and the cumulative loss of dental hard tissue is defined as erosive tooth wear (ETW). Dental hard tissue losses which occur because of very frequent acid exposure, such as through increased vomiting, but without mechanical stress, are also assigned to tooth erosion. Without prior softening, practically no loss of enamel takes place due to abrasion with the modern Western diet. The present work is a continuation of earlier work. A total of 226 beverages, food, stimulants as well as medicines and mouthwashes were tested for their erosive potential on premolars and deciduous molars covered with a human pellicle. The influence of temperature, phosphate and calcium was also investigated in additional experiments. The change in hardness before and after immersion in the respective test substance was measured and the erosive potential was classified. For each test product, we determined pH and other properties which were possibly related to erosive potential. There were considerable and sometimes surprising differences between the tested products. The addition of phosphate did not influence the erosive potential of the liquids, but calcium did. A modified erosion scheme is presented, which incorporates these and other new findings.

The sugarcane cystatin 5 (CaneCPI-5) showed protection against erosion and erosive tooth wear (ETW) under several protocols. However, evaluating these conditions in vivo is hard due to the lack of a suitable device. The aim of this study was to use clinically the relative surface reflection intensity (%SRI) by the Reflectometer Optipen to assess the acquired pellicle engineering with CaneCPI-5 rinse for the prevention of initial erosion in vivo. Nine volunteers were distributed in three cross-over phases, according to the rinse used, as follows: 1) Deionized water (negative control); 2) Elmex® (800 ppm Sn2+, 500 ppm F-; positive control); 3) 0.1 mg/mL CaneCPI-5. The following experimental steps were performed: Initially, the volunteers received prophylaxis and the initial %SRI was performed. Subsequently, they rinsed with the solutions (10 mL; 1min), followed by the formation of the acquired enamel pellicle (AEP; 120min). After, the erosive challenge with citric acid 1%, pH 2.5 (10 μL; 10s) was performed (in isolation) on the buccal surface of the maxillary central incisors (right and left). The calcium present in the acid was analyzed by Arsenazo III method. Finally, the final %SRI was performed. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn's tests and Spearman's correlation were used (p

The Gene Ontology (GO) knowledgebase (http://geneontology.org) is a comprehensive resource concerning the functions of genes and gene products (proteins and noncoding RNAs). GO annotations cover genes from organisms across the tree of life as well as viruses, though most gene function knowledge currently derives from experiments carried out in a relatively small number of model organisms. Here, we provide an updated overview of the GO knowledgebase, as well as the efforts of the broad, international consortium of scientists that develops, maintains, and updates the GO knowledgebase. The GO knowledgebase consists of three components: (1) the GO-a computational knowledge structure describing the functional characteristics of genes; (2) GO annotations-evidence-supported statements asserting that a specific gene product has a particular functional characteristic; and (3) GO Causal Activity Models (GO-CAMs)-mechanistic models of molecular "pathways" (GO biological processes) created by linking multiple GO annotations using defined relations. Each of these components is continually expanded, revised, and updated in response to newly published discoveries and receives extensive QA checks, reviews, and user feedback. For each of these components, we provide a description of the current contents, recent developments to keep the knowledgebase up to date with new discoveries, and guidance on how users can best make use of the data that we provide. We conclude with future directions for the project.

Resume – Dans cet article, nous croisons deux entrees : l’entree activite, qui s’appuie sur des enquetes collaboratives soutenues par la video, et l’entree cognitive, qui s’appuie sur des questionnaires et de l’experimentation. Les verbalisations produites dans le cadre des enquetes collaboratives ainsi que les reponses recoltees par les questionnaires refletent des conceptions implicites, dont les processus sous-jacents font l’objet d’etudes en sciences cognitives. Dans cet article nous mettons les concepts cles relatifs au developpement professionnel des enseignants en regard avec ceux relatifs au developpement conceptuel et nous analysons les points de convergence et de tension. Outre une analyse theorique, nous portons un regard croise sur les corpus et methodologies existants, en analysant les atouts des differentes approches. Enfin, nous concluons en proposant un dispositif de recherche qui pourrait permettre aux deux entrees d’interagir de maniere complementaire.

Aim: To provide recommendations for dental clinicians for the management of dental caries in older adults with special emphasis on root caries lesions.Methods: A consensus workshop followed by a Delphi consensus process were conducted with an expert panel nominated by ORCA, EFCD, and DGZ boards. Based on a systematic review of the literature, as well as non-systematic literature search, recommendations for clinicians were developed and consented in a two-stage Delphi process.Results: Demographic and epidemiologic changes will significantly increase the need of management of older adults and root caries in the future. Ageing is associated with a decline of intrinsic capacities and an increased risk of general diseases. As oral and systemic health are linked, bidirectional consequences of diseases and interventions need to be considered. Caries prevention and treatment in older adults must respond to the patient's individual abilities for self-care and cooperation and often involves the support of caregivers. Systemic interventions may involve dietary counselling, oral hygiene instruction, the use of fluoridated toothpastes, and the stimulation of salivary flow. Local interventions to manage root lesions may comprise local biofilm control, application of highly fluoridated toothpastes or varnishes as well as antimicrobial agents. Restorative treatment is often compromised by the accessibility of such root caries lesions as well as the ability of the senior patient to cooperate. If optimum restorative treatment is impossible or inappropriate, long-term stabilization, e.g. by using glass-ionomer cements, and palliative treatments that aim to maintain oral function as long and as well as possible may be the treatment of choice for the individual., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

AIMS To compare the dental caries prevalence using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) and the caries risk by Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA) in individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) and normoactives (NAs). METHODS AND RESULTS Sixty children and adolescents aged 6-12 years (30 CP/30 NA) were clinically evaluated by one calibrated examiner using two-digit ICDAS criteria and converted into components of dmf/DMF indices: d2mf2/D2MF2 (enamel and dentin lesions) and d3mf3/D3MF3 (dentin lesions). An adapted CAMBRA was used for risk classification. The mean d2mf2s/d2mf2t and D2MF2S/D2MF2T for CP were 17.0 �� 16.8/7.5 �� 4.3 and 10.7 �� 17.6/5.3 �� 5.8, respectively, and for NA were 17.2 �� 16.9 /6.9 �� 4.8 and 11.1 �� 11.7/5.5 �� 4.7, respectively. The mean d3mf3s/d3mf3t and D3MF3S/D3MF3T for CP were 10.1���� 16.7/3.0 �� 4.1 and 4.9 �� 15.6/0.2 �� 0.4, respectively, while for NA the mean values were 9.8 �� 13.0/3.5 �� 3.8 and 2.1 �� 5.7/0.9 �� 2.0, respectively. There were no statistically differences for caries prevalence and risk in both groups (p��>��0.05). CONCLUSIONS Dental caries was highly prevalent in CP and NA children and adolescents. Enamel and dentin lesions and high caries risk were the most common condition.

Aim This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the diagnostic performance of commonly used methods for occlusal caries diagnostics, such as visual examination (VE), bitewing radiography (BW) and laser fluorescence (LF), in relation to their ability to detect (dentin) caries under clinical and laboratory conditions. Materials and methods A systematic search of the literature was performed to identify studies meeting the inclusion criteria using the PIRDS concept (N = 1090). A risk of bias (RoB) assessment tool was used for quality evaluation. Reports with low/moderate RoB, well-matching thresholds for index and reference tests and appropriate reporting were included in the meta-analysis (N = 37; 29 in vivo/8 in vitro). The pooled sensitivity (SE), specificity (SP), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) and areas under ROC curves (AUCs) were computed. Results SP ranged from 0.50 (fibre-optic transillumination/caries detection level) to 0.97 (conventional BW/dentine detection level) in vitro. AUCs were typically higher for BW or LF than for VE. The highest AUC of 0.89 was observed for VE at the 1/3 dentin caries detection level; SE (0.70) was registered to be higher than SP (0.47) for VE at the caries detection level in vivo. Conclusion The number of included studies was found to be low. This underlines the need for high-quality caries diagnostic studies that further provide data in relation to multiple caries thresholds. Clinical relevance VE, BW and LF provide acceptable measures for their diagnostic performance on occlusal surfaces, but the results should be interpreted with caution due to the limited data in many categories.

Objective: As a preventive measure, tin (Sn2+)-containing products have a great potential to prevent enamel surface loss during erosive challenges, but adverse effects of high Sn2+ concentrations, such as astringent feeling of the teeth, are reported. Therefore, the main aim of this in vitro study was to develop a solution with lower Sn2+ concentrations that can still prevent dental erosion. Methods: A total of 162 enamel specimens were prepared from human premolars, which were selected from a pool of extracted teeth. The specimens were randomly distributed to 9 groups (each group n = 18 enamel specimens) according to the different test treatments: a humid chamber (no treatment) as the negative control, the commercial Elmex® Erosion Protection mouth rinse as the positive control, and 7 solutions either with lower Sn2+ concentrations and/or containing flavoring. The experiment included 4 cycles, consisting of pellicle formation by incubating the specimens with 200 μL of human saliva at 37°C for 1 h, then placing the specimens in the treatment for 2 min (60 mL, 30°C, shaking at 70 rpm), and later submitting them to an erosive challenge for 1 min in citric acid (60 mL 1%, pH 3.6, 30°C). Surface hardness was measured with a Vickers diamond and surface reflection intensity was measured with a reflectometer. Results: The control group performed significantly worse than all other solutions containing Sn2+. In general, there were no significant differences among the Sn2+-containing groups, and they presented similar protective effects on the enamel even when Sn2+ concentrations were reduced and flavorings were added. Conclusion: Sn2+ concentrations in mouth rinses may be lowered to 200 ppm without compromising the anti-erosive properties of the solution.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the DIAGNOdent Pen (KaVo, Biberach, Germany) with respect to the fluorescence detection and quantification of microorganisms after the use of root canal solutions. Forty roots from extracted bovine incisors were divided into four groups (n = 10) according to the contamination time (7 or 14 days) and irrigating solution (5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) or 2% chlorhexidine (CHX)). Prior to contamination, the fluorescence of root dentin were evaluated at three depths (3, 8, and 12 mm). The roots were autoclaved and contaminated with Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis). After contamination and the use of irrigating solutions, the number of colony-forming units (CFUs) and the fluorescence were determined. The number of CFUs obtained in 14-day biofilms was higher (P

ZusammenfassungSchmelz und Dentin bestehen zum größten Teil aus dem harten mineralischen kristallinen Material „Apatit“. Die Zahnoberfläche steht in ständigem Austausch mit ihrer Umgebung: mit dem Speichel, dem Biofilm Plaque und allem, was in den Mund hineingelangt. Dazu gehören kariogene und erosive sowie die Remineralisation fördernde Substanzen.Stoffe aus der Zahnhartsubstanz werden in die umgebende Flüssigkeit abgegeben und Stoffe aus der Umgebung in den Zahn aufgenommen und in das Kristallgitter eingelagert oder adsorbiert. Damit die Zähne intakt bleiben, darf nicht mehr Material abgegeben werden als auch wieder eingebaut wird: es herrscht ein dynamisches Gleichgewicht. Um neue Schäden (wie z. B. Karies oder Erosionen) zu verhindern, muss ein für die Zähne günstiges Gleichgewicht aufrechterhalten werden. Dies kann durch entsprechende Ernährung und Mundhygiene entscheidend beeinflusst werden. Auch Fluorid hat durch seine Eigenschaften eine positive Wirkung auf dieses Gleichgewicht. Während kieferorthopädischen Behandlungen kommt es insbesondere im Bereich der Front- und Eckzähne nicht selten zu kariösen Läsionen. Die Brackets sind eine Retentionsstelle für den Biofilm und die üblich verwendeten Hilfsmittel (Zahnbürste mit Zahnpaste zu Hause, Napf mit Paste in der Praxis) erreichen wichtige Stellen nicht. Neue Methoden wie die Guided Biofilm Therapy (GBT) und Hilfsmittel für eine bessere Reinigung der Bracketumgebung werden vorgestellt.

Background: The analysis and interpretation of data generated from patient-derived clinical samples relies on access to high-quality bioinformatics resources. These are maintained and updated by expert curators extracting knowledge from unstructured biological data described in free-text journal articles and converting this into more structured, computationally-accessible forms. This enables analyses such as functional enrichment of sets of genes/proteins using the Gene Ontology, and makes the searching of data more productive by managing issues such as gene/protein name synonyms, identifier mapping, and data quality. Objective: To undertake a coordinated annotation update of key public-domain resources to better support Alzheimer’s disease research. Methods: We have systematically identified target proteins critical to disease process, in part by accessing informed input from the clinical research community. Results: Data from 954 papers have been added to the UniProtKB, Gene Ontology, and the International Molecular Exchange Consortium (IMEx) databases, with 299 human proteins and 279 orthologs updated in UniProtKB. 745 binary interactions were added to the IMEx human molecular interaction dataset. Conclusion: This represents a significant enhancement in the expert curated data pertinent to Alzheimer’s disease available in a number of biomedical databases. Relevant protein entries have been updated in UniProtKB and concomitantly in the Gene Ontology. Molecular interaction networks have been significantly extended in the IMEx Consortium dataset and a set of reference protein complexes created. All the resources described are open-source and freely available to the research community and we provide examples of how these data could be exploited by researchers.

Frente aos impactos causados pela pandemia de COVID–19 tem-se inaugurado experiências em diversas áreas profissionais, dentre as quais se destaca a Terapia Ocupacional. Identifica-se contribuições da área a partir da universidade pública e a produção de ações integradas de gestão, ensino, pesquisa, extensão e produção acadêmica. A partir do relato de experiências vividas na Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), ilustra-se como a dinamicidade do momento que tem convocado a (re)pensar a função social da universidade e imposto a necessidade de adotar novas reflexões e estratégias para a continuidade e/ou reorientação do trabalho para responder demandas de proporções pandêmicas, na interação entre docentes e discentes. Além disso, nota-se que o fomento de ações de apoio, acolhimento e cuidado, para além de questões administrativas e de caráter acadêmico pedagógicas, têm sido uma diretriz comum.AbstractConsidering the impacts caused by CoVid–19 pandemic, experiences have been opened in several professional areas, among which the occupational therapy performance stands out. Identify themselves contributions from public universities and from integrated actions of management, teaching, research, extension and academic production. From lived experience's at the Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar) reports, it is illustrated how the moment's dynamism called us to (re) think the university social function and imposed the need to adopt new reflections and strategies for continuity and / or work reorientation , in response of pandemic proportions demands, in the interaction between teachers and students. In addition, it is noted that promoting support, welcoming and care actions, beyond the administrative and pedagogical issues, have been a common guideline.Key words: Teaching; Search; Extension; Pandemic; Professional qualification. ResumenAnte los impactos causados por la pandemia de COVID-19, se han lanzado experiencias en varias áreas profesionales, entre las cuales se destaca la Terapia Ocupacional. Identifica contribuciones para la disciplina desde la universidad pública y la producción de acciones integradas para la gestión, la enseñanza, la investigación, la extensión y la producción académica. A partir de la narrativa de experiencias vividas en la Universidad Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), se ilustra cómo el dinamismo del momento que llamó a (re)pensar la función social de la universidad e impuso la necesidad de adoptar nuevas reflexiones y estrategias para el continuidad y/o reorientación del trabajo para responder a demandas de proporciones pandémicas, entre la interacción de docentes y alumnos. Además, se observa que la promoción de acciones de apoyo, acogida y atención, además de cuestiones pedagógicas administrativas y académicas, ha sido una guía común.Palabras clave: Enseñanza; Investigación; Extensión; Pandemia; Formación profesional.

Estudos apontam que jovens podem exercer trabalhos informais por necessidade não por desejo pessoal, o que pode acarretar impactos negativos na saúde mental. O objetivo do artigo foi apontar abordagens, destacar problemáticas e realizar reflexões sobre juventude, trabalho informal e saúde mental, através do mapeamento de estudos científicos. Realizou-se uma revisão de escopo pelo modelo de Arksey e O’Malley para mapear/sintetizar os estudos. Foram encontrados 51 artigos com a expressão: "informal work" OR "informal workers" OR "informal sector" OR "informal job" OR informality AND "mental health" AND "young adult" OR "young adults" OR young OR youth e 2640 teses e dissertações. Após as exclusões das duplicações, ensaios teóricos, revisões, trabalhos indisponíveis e estudos em que os títulos e resumos não abordavam a temática central, analisou-se 6 artigos científicos e 3 dissertações na íntegra. Os estudos são de anos diversos, a maioria quantitativos e investigam associações entre trabalhos informais/precários/desemprego e sintomas psiquiátricos. Questões geracionais não foram consideradas indicadoras de peculiaridades sobre o assunto nos artigos, mas duas dissertações trouxeram essa discussão. Foram inexistentes artigos que priorizam percepções do trabalhador sobre sua condição de trabalho/saúde, todavia, uma das dissertações analisadas abordou as condições sociais e o trabalho precário como sugestivos a problemas de saúde. Indica-se como necessário realizar reflexões que articulem saúde mental a condições políticas/socioeconômicas, considerando o trabalho como determinante de saúde/doença e a juventude como detentora de idiossincrasias que influenciam nas reflexões sobre o tema.

Objectives Biallelic variants in solute carrier family 24 member 4 (SLC24A4) have been previously reported to cause non-syndromic autosomal recessive amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) of the pigmented hypomaturation type (MIM #615887). We here describe a novel variant in SLC24A4 causing mild enamel hypomaturation defects also in heterozygous individuals. Materials and methods In the present pedigree analysis, a large consanguineous Syrian family with AI of the hypomaturation type was investigated by clinical and dental evaluation, and exome and Sanger sequencing. Dental histological investigations of seven primary and two permanent teeth were performed. Results Homozygous variants in SLC24A4 (c.1604G>A; p.Gly535Asp) were identified in five individuals with brown discolorations and irregular pits and grooves of the teeth. Severe attritions, occlusal abfractions, and the radiological lack of contrast between enamel and dentin point out a mineralization defect. Histological dental investigations confirmed the clinical diagnosis of AI of the hypomaturation type. In two heterozygous individuals, a mild hypomaturation defect was present with white and light brown enamel discolorations. Conclusions This is the first report of heterozygous SLC24A4 variants causing mild hypomaturation defects, providing confirmatory evidence that the function of SLC24A4 in calcium transport has a crucial role in the maturation stage of amelogenesis. Clinical relevance The present report is expanding the clinical phenotype of SLC24A4 variants to more severe forms of amelogenesis imperfecta. An autosomal-dominant inheritance pattern with mild clinical phenotypes in heterozygotes has to be considered.

Resumo O estudo tem como foco a relação entre os Centros de Atenção Psicossocial Álcool e outras drogas (CAPS AD) e à Atenção Básica por meio do Apoio Matricial. O objetivo do estudo foi identificar dificuldades e facilitadores do apoio matricial, com base na perspectiva dos profissionais matriciados e matriciadores, e analisar a dinâmica de trabalho destes profissionais pelo viés do Apoio Matricial. Optamos pela pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa. A coleta de dados se deu por meio da realização de dois grupos focais, um com os oito profissionais matriciadores dos CAPS AD e outro com os sete profissionais matriciados das UBS, participantes da pesquisa. Os dados foram analisados com base na técnica de análise temática que permitiu a identificação das categorias de análise: Dificuldades e facilitadores do processo de apoio matricial e Especificidades que permeiam as estratégias de cuidado com pessoas que fazem uso problemático de álcool e outras drogas. Os resultados apontam que os profissionais reconhecem que a metodologia do Apoio Matricial apresenta potencialidades ainda não alcançadas, mas em constante construção. Faz-se necessária uma ética de trabalho acolhedora, não estigmatizante e resolutiva, superando a lógica da especialização e da fragmentação das ações de saúde mental. Abstract The study focuses on the relationship between the Centers for Psychosocial Care Alcohol and other drugs (CAPS AD) and Basic Care through the Matrix Support. The objective of the study was to identify difficulties and facilitators of the matrix support, based on the perspective of the professionals who receive the matrix support and the professionals who offer the matrix support and analyze the work dynamics of these professionals through the Matrix Support bias. We opted for qualitative research. Data collection took place through two focus groups. One group had eight CAPS AD professionals who offer the matrix support and the other had seven UBS (basic healthcare units) professionals who receive the matrix support. The data were analyzed using the thematic analysis technique that allowed the identification of the analysis categories: Difficulties and facilitators of the matrix support and Specificities that permeate care strategies of alcohol and drug problematic users. The results indicate that the professionals recognize that the Matrix Support methodology presents potential not yet achieved but in constant construction. A warm, non-stigmatizing, and resolutive work ethic is necessary, overcoming the logic of specialization and the fragmentation of mental health actions.

This essay brings a theoretical thought on the phenomenon of social emancipation and Occupational Therapy, based on the theories developed by Boaventura de Sousa Santos, specifically the Epistemologies of the South, and the Ecology of Knowledge. It relies on the sociology of absences, and on the concept of abyssal thinking, to reflect on the misuse of the experience of the people who benefit from Occupational Therapy, examining three modes of non-existence production: the one resulting of the logic of monoculture of knowledge and rigor of knowledge, the one related to the logic of social classification, and the one based on the productivist logic. It presents the ecologies as a way to overcome the absences, particularly the ecology of knowledge, the ecology of recognition, and the ecology of productivity, discussing the possibilities inside Occupational Therapy. It points out the sociology of emergencies and translation work as possible ways for social emancipation, and the implications of cosmopolitan rationality for Occupational Therapy.

Controversial results showing that deciduous teeth are more susceptible to erosion than permanent teeth might be related to study designs. We investigated how different conditions (pH: 3.0, 4.0, 5.0; acid agitation: gentle or vigorous; acid exposure times: 1-5 min) affect the susceptibility of both teeth to erosion. Enamel specimens (90 deciduous, 90 permanent) were distributed into groups (n = 15 permanent, n = 15 deciduous) according to acid pH (pH 5, 4 or 3) and agitation (gentle or vigorous) during erosive challenge. Both milder (less incubation time, gentle agitation, and higher pH) and more severe (longer incubation times, vigorous shaking, and lower pH) conditions were used. Demineralization was measured by relative surface microhardness (rSMH) and calcium released to the acid. Demineralization increased gradually for both teeth with increasing incubation time, agitation (gentle or vigorous), and with decreasing acid pH. The differences between deciduous and permanent teeth depended on the protocol design and assessment method. Under milder conditions, demineralization was better detectable with rSMH. Under more severe conditions, differences were more perceptible with calcium analyses. Differences exist in the susceptibility to erosion between deciduous and permanent teeth, but they are only distinguishable when the appropriate assessment method is used for the specific erosive condition.

Resumo Introdução Os Serviços Residenciais Terapêuticos (SRTs) representaram grande avanço no processo de desinstitucionalização brasileiro. Porém, faz-se necessário investir nas discussões que contribuam para que esses dispositivos sejam espaços potentes de habitação e de valorização da subjetividade de seus moradores. Objetivo Investigar a participação e o exercício da autonomia dos moradores de SRTs do tipo II, a partir da sua própria percepção. Método Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa, exploratória e documental, realizada por meio de coleta de dados documentais e de entrevistas. Participaram do estudo 8 moradores de SRTs tipo II. O material produzido foi submetido à análise temática. O conceito do Cotidiano embasa o estudo, a partir das perspectivas da terapia ocupacional, da Teoria do Cotidiano de Agnes Heller e da Reabilitação Psicossocial. Resultados A institucionalização prolongada está estreitamente relacionada com a pouca participação e autonomia dos participantes em seu cotidiano, com a pouca ou inexistente apropriação do SRT e com a percepção que eles têm de si como pacientes, e não como moradores de suas casas. O exercício da autonomia pelos participantes é relacionado ao seu desempenho e funcionalidade na realização das atividades diárias e à assistência integral pré-estabelecida para o SRT tipo II. Conclusão Concluiu-se que a terapia ocupacional traz contribuições fundamentais relacionadas à participação e à autonomia de pessoas que, devido às institucionalizações prolongadas, encontram-se em situação importante de cronificação. A participação nas atividades cotidianas e a possibilidade do exercício de autonomia no SRT são o primeiro passo rumo à definitiva possibilidade de inclusão social de seus moradores.

OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the preventive effect of a chitosan gel containing CaneCPI-5 against enamel erosion and erosion + abrasion in situ. METHODS Sixteen volunteers participated in a crossover, double-blind protocol, comprising 4 phases: (1) no treatment (Nt); (2) chitosan gel (Cg); (3) chitosan gel + 12,300 ppm NaF (Cg + NaF); and (4) chitosan gel + 0.1 mg/mL CaneCPI-5 (Cg + Cane). Volunteers wore an appliance containing 4 specimens. Once/day, they applied the gel (except for Nt) (4 min/specimen). Erosive challenges were performed extra-orally (0.1% citric acid, 90 s, 4 × /day; ERO). Specimens were also abraded (toothbrush, 15 s/specimen, 2 × /day; ERO + ABR). Enamel wear was assessed by profilometry and relative surface reflection intensity (%SRI). Two-way RM-ANOVA/Sidak's tests and Spearman's correlation were used (p

This article aims to reflect on the power of actions and services in the field of mental health within the Brazilian public health system, aiming to promote emancipatory practices, especially in the context of setbacks experienced with the current New National Policy on Mental Health, which opposes to the precepts of the Psychiatric Reform. Anchored in theoretical elements about emancipation, the sociology of absences and the sociology of emergencies, we discuss mutual help and support groups, voice ombudsmen groups, social centers and solidarity economy initiatives, which aim to overcome the logic of the monoculture of knowledge, valuing the knowledge of users and adopting horizontalized and self-managed practices. Such experiences need to be systematized, experienced and multiplied so that the development of care networks with emancipatory potential is possible.

This study evaluated the combination of a sugarcane cystatin (CaneCPI-5) and sodium fluoride (NaF) in acquired pellicle engineering for the prevention of dental erosion in vitro. Seventy-five human enamel specimens were prepared and divided into 5 treatment groups (n = 15/group): Deionized water (Control); Elmex™ (SnCl2/NaF/AmF); 0.1 mg/mL CaneCPI-5; 500 ppm NaF; and CaneCPI-5+NaF (Combination). The specimens were individually treated (200 μL; 2 min; 37°C), then incubated in human saliva (200 μL; 1 h, at 37°C) for acquired pellicle formation. Afterward, the specimens were submitted to an erosive challenge (1% citric acid [CR], pH 3.6, 10 mL, 2 min, 25 °C). This sequence was conducted 5 times. Percentage of surface microhardness change (%SMC), relative surface reflection intensity (rSRI), and calcium released to the CR were measured and analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test (p < 0.05). In general, all the treatments (SnCl2/NaF/AmF, CaneCPI-5, NaF, and Combination) significantly protected the enamel when compared the control group. Regarding %SMC and rSRI, the Combination was the most effective treatment, reducing the %SMC significantly (p < 0.01) when compared to all the other treatments, although this difference was not significant in the CR analysis. All treatments demonstrated a protective effect on enamel against dental erosion; however, the combination of CaneCPI-5 with NaF showed a greater protection.

Propolis is increasingly being discussed as an alternative to commonly used antiseptics. This in vitro study focused on the ethanolic extract of green Brazilian propolis (EEPg) as an additive in an oral health care product. We investigated (i) a potential inflammation-modulation activity of EEPg when a periodontal or Candida biofilm was exposed to monocytic (MONO-MAC-6) cells, (ii) the adhesion of oral pathogens to gingival keratinocytes and (iii) the antimicrobial and antibiofilm effect of different toothpaste formulations. EEPg decreased the levels of interleukin (IL)-1β and increased IL-10 in MONO-MAC cells challenged with a periodontal biofilm. In contact with TIGK cells, EEPg reduced the numbers of adherent Porphyromonas gingivalis to 0.5% but did not affect the adhesion of Candida albicans. The frequent brushing of a cariogenic biofilm with a toothpaste supplemented with EEPg reduced the surface microhardness loss of enamel specimens. Mixing an experimental erythritol toothpaste with 25 and 50 mg/mL of EEPg confirmed the antibacterial activity of EEPg against oral bacteria and particularly inhibited periodontal biofilm formation. The suggested toothpaste formulations seem to have potential in the prevention of caries, gingivitis and periodontitis and should be evaluated in further in vitro research and in clinical trials.

Background: Specular reflection can be used to quantify dental erosion, and might also provide similar results for caries. This study assessed the possibility of using specular reflection intensity (SRI; quantitative lesion activity assessment) to measure the progression of initial enamel caries lesions. Methods: Two hundred native enamel specimens and flat ground enamel specimens (n=100 each) were subjected to a 4-species biofilm caries model during 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks (n=20 each), to induce ‘active’ enamel caries lesions. Afterwards, to induce ‘inactive’ lesions, all specimens were continuously remineralized and brushed twice daily for 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks. Change in specular reflection intensity (%SRI), visual caries detection (ICDAS) and visual caries severity assessment were performed for all active lesions and during the remineralization phase. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were taken for qualitative analysis. Results: For active lesions, %SRI dropped from 100% to about 80% in native enamel, and to about 15% in polished enamel. Remineralization/brushing increased %SRI in native enamel, but not in polished enamel. The comparison with visual caries scores yielded a better linear relationship of %SRI with early enamel lesion where caries was induced for up to 6 weeks. Conclusion: The use of the optical reflectometer for the assessment of caries lesion activity seemed to work better for early caries lesions and for polished specimens.

Objectives To provide consensus recommendations on how to intervene in the caries process in adults, specifically proximal and secondary carious lesions. Methods Based on two systematic reviews, a consensus conference and followed by an e-Delphi consensus process were held with EFCD/ORCA/DGZ delegates. Results Managing an individual’s caries risk using non-invasive means (oral hygiene measures including flossing/interdental brushes, fluoride application) is recommended, as both proximal and secondary carious lesions may be prevented or their activity reduced. For proximal lesions, only cavitated lesions (confirmed by visual-tactile, or radiographically extending into the middle/inner dentine third) should be treated invasively/restoratively. Non-cavitated lesions may be successfully arrested using non-invasive measures in low-risk individuals or if radiographically confined to the enamel. In high-risk individuals or if radiographically extended into dentine, for these lesions, additional micro-invasive (lesion sealing and infiltration) treatment should be considered. For restoring proximal lesions, adhesive direct restorations allow minimally invasive, tooth-preserving preparations. Amalgams come with a lower risk of secondary lesions and may be preferable in more clinically complex scenarios, dependent on specific national guidelines. In structurally compromised (especially endodontically treated) teeth, indirect cuspal coverage restorations may be indicated. Detection methods for secondary lesions should be tailored according to the individual’s caries risk. Avoiding false positive detection and over-treatment is a priority. Bitewing radiographs should be combined with visual-tactile assessment to confirm secondary caries detections. Review/refurbishing/resealing/repairing instead of replacing partially defective restorations should be considered for managing secondary caries, if possible. Conclusions An individualized and lesion-specific approach is recommended for intervening in the caries process in adults. Clinical significance Dental clinicians have an increasing number of interventions available for the management of dental caries. Many of them are grounded in the growing understanding of the disease. The best evidence, patients’ expectations, clinicians’ expertise, and the individual clinical scenario all need to be considered during the decision-making process.

Background: The first clinically detectable stage of caries lesion is a non-cavitated white spot lesion (WSL). The detection of early stages of caries lesions allows non-invasive management by fluoride usage, oral hygiene and diet control. There is a lack of information in the literature regarding the prevalence of these caries lesions in preschool children, which is important especially for public health strategies. Objective: The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review with meta-analysis to verify the WSLs prevalence in primary teeth of preschool children. Methods: A literature search with MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Open Gray databases was conducted. Included studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Meta-analyses were performed using random effects model, for prevalence of pooled WSLs and subgroups analyses. Results: The search strategy identified 4922 potentially relevant articles, with final inclusion of 16 studies. The pooled prevalence of WSLs in primary teeth was 14.0% (95% CI: 8.0-24.0), without publication bias (p=0.2668). For subgroup analyses, an increase in WSLs prevalence for children of low-income economy (24.0%; 95% CI: 20.0-28.0), for age >31 months (22.0%; 95% CI: 12.0-37.0), for validated visual criteria assessment (20.0%; 95% CI: 11.0-33.0), and for tactile assessment with ball-ended probe (26.0%; 95% CI: 11-50.0) were detected. Conclusion: It is suggested that the prevalence of WSLs in primary teeth of preschool children increases in countries with low income economy, with age greater than 31 months or texture assessment with visual validated criteria or ball-ended probe. PROSPERO Registration: Protocol number #CDR42017078434.

While air polishing with abrasive powders has been proved efficient for sub- and supragingival application, only few studies concerning the quality of supragingival biofilm removal using the low -abrasive erythritol powder (EP) exist. The aim of the present randomized controlled trial was to clinically compare the efficacy of supragingival air polishing using EP in comparison with the rubber cup method, and to juxtapose the corresponding biofilm regrowth rates.Thirty-two young adults, suspending oral hygiene for 48 hours, were enrolled in the present double-blind short-term investigation. Using a split-mouth design, tooth polishing was conducted by means of either air polishing or rubber cups with prophylaxis paste (control). While 16 participants received air polishing in the second and fourth quadrants (and rubber cup prophylaxis in the first and third ones), the reverse sequence was applied with the remaining 16 subjects. Biofilms were assessed using the modified Quigley-Hein index (QHI), and QHI sum scores achieved both prior to and immediately after the polishing procedure, as well as 24 hours later, were assessed using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey's HSD to test multiple pairwise comparisons.Both methods revealed a significant reduction of QHI scores (P.001). Compared to the rubber cup method, air polishing resulted in significantly lower scores, both after tooth cleaning and after 24 hours (P.001).Supragingival biofilm removal by means of air polishing combined with low-abrasive erythritol seems to be more efficacious than the traditional polishing method, and should improve oral health care.

The basic function of toothpastes is biofilm removal in order to prevent caries and gingivitis. Toothpastes should provide maximal fluoride availability, optimal abrasivity, and ingredients that do not interfere with fluoride release but should have additional beneficial effects. Further, the effect on cells of the oral cavity is of the utmost importance. We investigated several biological parameters of a new toothpaste (AirFlow-AF) that contains fluoride, xylitol and erythritol but no sodium lauryl sulfate and compared them to commercially available toothpastes (Zendium-Ze, Sensodyne-Se, OdolMed-OM, OralB-OB). The half lethal concentration (LC50) as well as the proliferation behavior on gingival (GF), periodontal ligament (PDL), and mouse fibroblast cells (L929) were was tested. The mean LC50 values of AF on GF, PDL, and L929 were 16.2, 10.9, and 9.3, respectively. In comparison, the four other toothpastes showed mean LC50 values of 1.5 (OB), 1.2 (OM), 1.4 (Se), and 27.7 (Ze) on GF. Mean LC50 values on PDL and L929 were 1.0 and 0.2 (OB), 3.7 and 0.9 (OM), 1.2 and 0.6 (Se), and 25.4 and 5.6 (Ze), respectively. Proliferation behavior mainly confirmed the LC50 values. While cells after stimulation with AF returned to almost unimpaired proliferation behavior at 6%, cells were still strongly impaired after stimulation with all tested commercially toothpastes. AF showed high biocompatibility with different cell types.

To investigate the effect of toothpastes on dentine surface loss and tubule occlusion, and the association of toothpaste-related factors to each of the outcomes. One hundred and sixty human dentine specimens were randomly distributed into 10 groups, according to different toothpastes. The specimens were submitted to artificial saliva (60 min), citric acid (3 min), and brushing abrasion (25 s; totalizing 2 min in toothpaste slurries). This was repeated five times and two outcome variables were analyzed: dentine surface loss (dSL; μm) and tubule occlusion by measurement of the total area of open tubules (Area-OT; μm2). Data were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests (α = 0.05); bivariate and multivariate regressions were used to model the association of the chemical (pH, concentration of F−, Ca2+, and PO43− and presence of Sn2+) and physical (% weight of solid particles, particle size, and wettability) factors of the toothpastes to both outcome variables. Toothpastes caused different degrees of dSL and did not differ in Area-OT. All chemical and physical factors, except the presence of Sn2+, were associated with dSL (p

Reversible data hiding with automatic contrast enhancement methods provide an interoperable way to reduce the storage requirement for automatic image enhancement applications: original image can be recovered from the enhanced image without any additional information. Unlike the previous work, where the goal was to maximize the contrast, the proposed method increases the contrast to an appropriate level using an idea called brightness preservation. This is achieved by using an adaptive bin selection process based on the original brightness. Extensive experimental results verify that the enhanced images produced using the proposed method are visually and quantitatively superior than the existing work.

Objective: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of activated irrigation with different modes of erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) laser a...