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The pollution of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in edible oils is a serious problem. In the current study, we attempt to remove dibutyl phthalate ester (DBP) from evening primrose oil (EPO) with modified activated clay. The activated clay, commonly used for de-coloration in the oil refining process, was modified by chitosan and hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB). The modifications were characterized by SEM, XRD, and FT-IR. We further tested the DBP adsorption capacity of CTAB/chitosan-clay and found that the removal rate was 27.56% which was 3.24 times higher than with pristine activated clay. In addition, the CTAB/chitosan-clay composite treatment had no significant effect on the quality of evening primrose oil. In summary, the CTAB/chitosan-clay composite has a stronger DBP adsorption capacity and can be used as a new adsorbent for removing DBP during the de-coloration process of evening primrose oil. La contaminación por ésteres de ácido ftálico (PAEs) en los aceites comestibles es un problema grave. En el presente estudio, intentamos eliminar el éster de ftalato de dibutilo (DBP) del aceite de onagra (EPO) con arcilla activada modificada. La arcilla activada, comúnmente utilizada en la decoloración en el proceso de refinación de los aceites, fue modificada con chitosán y bromuro de hexadecil trimetil amonio (CTAB). Las modificaciones se caracterizaron mediante SEM, XRD y FT-IR. Además, probamos la capacidad de adsorción de DBP de CTAB / chitosán-arcilla y descubrimos que la tasa de eliminación era del 27,56%, que era 3,24 veces mayor que la arcilla activada pura. Además, el tratamiento compuesto de CTAB/chitosán-arcilla no tuvo un efecto significativo sobre la calidad del aceite de onagra. En resumen, el compuesto CTAB/chitosán-arcilla tiene una capacidad de adsorción de DBP más fuerte y se puede utilizar como un nuevo adsorbente para eliminar DBP durante el proceso de decoloración del aceite de onagra.

This study examined levels of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) protein in 40 laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma specimens using immunohistochemistry. Correlations between HIF-1α immunoreactivity and patient age, tumour lymph node metastasis stage, histological grade (extent of differentiation), and alcohol and smoking history were evaluated. Of the tumour tissues obtained, 35 (87.5%) were located in the glottic area and five (12.5%) in the supraglottic area. All patients were male and aged between 35 and 71 years; 12 (30.0%) presented with lymph node metastases, 24 (60.0%) had cancer classified as T1 or T2, and 16 (40.0%) as high clinical stage (T3 or T4). The pattern of HIF-1α protein localization in tumour tissues, when present, was mixed nuclear/cyto plasmic, with positive HIF-1α expression in 27 patients (67.5%). Differences in HIF-1α levels in samples from different tumour stages and in those with lymph node-positive versus lymph node-negative cancers were statistically significant.