Search

Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is predominantly managed by lifestyle intervention, in the absence of effective pharmacotherapies. Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) is the recommended diet, albeit with limited evidence. Aims: To compare an ad libitum MedDiet to low-fat diet (LFD) in patients with NAFLD for reducing intrahepatic lipids (IHL) by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS). Secondary outcomes include insulin resistance by homeostatic model of assessment (HOMA-IR), visceral fat by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), liver stiffness measurement (LSM) and other metabolic outcomes. Methods: In this parallel multicentre RCT, subjects were randomised (1:1) to MedDiet or LFD for 12 weeks. Results: Forty-two participants (25 females [60%], mean age 52.3 ± 12.6 years) were included, 23 randomised to LFD and 19 to MedDiet.; 39 completed the study. Following 12 weeks, there were no between-group differences. IHL improved significantly within the LFD group (−17% [log scale]; p =.02) but not within the MedDiet group (−8%, p = .069). HOMA-IR reduced in the LFD group (6.5 ± 5.6 to 5.5 ± 5.5, p Conclusions: There were no between-group differences for hepatic and metabolic outcomes when comparing MedDiet to LFD. LFD improved IHL and insulin resistance. Significant improvements in visceral fat were seen within both groups. This study highlights provision of dietary interventions in free-living adults with NAFLD is challenging.

In recent years, low-carbohydrate diets have become highly popular in Korea as a means to lose weight. People following this regime believe that fat and protein can be consumed in unlimited quantities, as long as carbohydrate intake is strictly restricted. However, low-carbohydrate diets are more complex than simply reducing carbohydrate intake. Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials revealed that low-carbohydrate diets are at least as effective as low-fat diets in terms of weight loss, but their cardiovascular effects vary. Low-carbohydrate diets confer more beneficial effects on weight loss and lipid profiles such as triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol but exhibited detrimental effects on lipid profiles such as total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Korean diets are typically high in carbohydrates, where carbohydrate intake is in the range of 50%-80% of total energy. Within this range of carbohydrate intake, high carbohydrate intake was associated with an increased risk of elevated triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels but with a reduced risk of elevated total and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels. The optimal range of carbohydrate intake was depicted by a U-shaped relationship between carbohydrate intake and mortality, with 50%-60% of energy from carbohydrates having the lowest mortality risk. The distribution of macronutrients varied greatly according to age and sex groups in Korea. There is no single diet that can be recommended to all individuals, especially if focusing only on the quantity of macronutrients as opposed to their quality. The health benefits of low-carbohydrate or low-fat diets may depend on the source of protein and fat and the carbohydrate quality.

Objectives: Dietary patterns may have a greater influence on human health than individual foods or nutrients, and they are also of substantial interest in the field of breast cancer prevention. Beyond the adequate balance of macronutrients, evidence indicates that the quality of macronutrient sources may play an important role in health outcomes. We sought to examine the relationship between healthful and unhealthful low-fat dietary patterns in relation to breast cancer. Methods: We used observational data from a Mediterranean cohort study (the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra project). We prospectively followed 10 930 middle-aged women initially free of breast cancer during a median follow-up of 12.1 y. We calculated an overall, an unhealthful, and a healthful low-fat diet score, based on a previously validated 136-item food frequency questionnaire and grouped participants into ter- tiles. Incident breast cancer—overall and stratified by menopausal status—was the primary outcome. It was self-reported by participants and confirmed based on medical reports or consultation of the National Death Index. We used multivariable Cox regression models adjusted for potential confounders. Results: During 123 297 person-years of follow-up, 150 cases of incident breast cancer were confirmed. No signifi- cant associations were observed for overall or premenopausal breast cancer. For postmenopausal women, we observed a significant association for moderate adherence to the unhealthful low-fat dietary score and postmeno- pausal breast cancer (comparing tertile 2 to tertile 1; hazard ratio = 2.18; 95% confidence interval, 1.15 4.13). Conclusions: In conclusion, no clear associations were observed, although more research is needed to address the association between an unhealthful dietary pattern and postmenopausal breast cancer risk.

Objectives Premature coronary artery disease is the most common preventable cause of death in developed countries, and familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is the most common monogenetic disorder of lipid metabolism, predisposing for premature coronary artery. FH is the most common preventable cause of death in developed countries. In 2016, the national lipid screening program in school-age children has been started in Turkey. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of lipid screening program, lipid-lowering treatments, and the challenges of treatments in children diagnosed with FH. Methods Patients diagnosed with FH in the pediatric metabolism outpatient clinic were retrospectively evaluated. Changes in lipid profile with dietary interventions and statin treatments were assessed. The results of cascade screening were analyzed. Results Fifty-one patients diagnosed with FH were enrolled in the study. Twenty-four (47.1%) were female. The mean age of the patients was 9.8 ± 3.2 years. Heterozygous LDLR gene mutation was detected in all patients. Three novel pathogenic variations were revealed with the genetic investigation. Forty-one (80.4%) patients had high adherence to CHILD-2 dietary recommendations. The mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level decreased by 14.5 ± 7.6% after dietary intervention. Parents refused to start statin treatment in 8 (15.7%) patients. Statin treatment was initiated to 22 (43.1%) patients. Mean LDL-C level decreased from 204.1 ± 19.1 mg/dL to 137.0 ± 13.1 mg/dL. In cascade screening, 7 (13.7%) parents without a diagnosis of FH were diagnosed with FH. After the screening program, statin treatment was initiated for 18 (35.3%) parents and 7 (16.3%) siblings. Conclusions We can conclude that screening for FH in children is crucial for diagnosing FH not only in children but also in their relatives. Although statins are safe and effective in achieving the target LDL-C level, we determined significant resistance for initiating statin treatment in patients.

For >50 y, dietary guidelines in the United States have focused on reducing intakes of saturated and total fat. However, rates of obesity and diabetes rose markedly throughout this period, with potentially catastrophic implications for public health and the economy. Recently, ketogenic diets have received substantial attention from the general public and nutrition research community. These very-low-carbohydrate diets, with fat comprising >70% of calories, have been dismissed as fads. However, they have a long history in clinical medicine and human evolution. Ketogenic diets appear to be more effective than low-fat diets for treatment of obesity and diabetes. In addition to the reductions in blood glucose and insulin achievable through carbohydrate restriction, chronic ketosis might confer unique metabolic benefits of relevance to cancer, neurodegenerative conditions, and other diseases associated with insulin resistance. Based on available evidence, a well-formulated ketogenic diet does not appear to have major safety concerns for the general public and can be considered a first-line approach for obesity and diabetes. High-quality clinical trials of ketogenic diets will be needed to assess important questions about their long-term effects and full potential in clinical medicine.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the first cause of chronic liver disease and is also associated with other harmful entities such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, and diabetes. NAFLD is a significant public health concern worldwide, impacting individuals of all ages, and its prevalence is projected to increase in the near future due to its connection with obesity. Intrinsic (genetics) and external (lifestyle) factors may also modulate NAFLD, and, in turn, may partly explain the observed relationship between NAFLD and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although many drugs are been tested to treat NAFLD, to date, no drug has indication to specifically treat this disorder. Thus, the current management of NAFLD relies on lifestyle modifications and specifically on weight loss, physical activity, and the intake of a healthy diet. In the present narrative review, we will discuss the effects of certain dietary patterns on NAFLD incidence and progression.

3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Lyase (HMGCL) deficiency can be a very severe disorder that typically presents with acute metabolic decompensation with features of hypoketotic hypoglycemia, hyperammonemia, and metabolic acidosis. A retrospective chart and literature review of Australian patients over their lifespan, incorporating acute and long-term dietary management, was performed. Data from 10 patients contributed to this study. The index case of this disorder was lost to follow-up, but there is 100% survival in the remainder of the cases despite several having experienced life-threatening episodes. In the acute setting, five of nine patients have used 900 mg/kg/day of sodium D,L 3-hydroxybutyrate in combination with intravenous dextrose-containing fluids (delivering glucose above estimated basal utilization requirements). All patients have been on long-term protein restriction, and those diagnosed more recently have had additional fat restriction. Most patients take L-carnitine. Three children and none of the adults take nocturnal uncooked cornstarch. Of the cohort, there were two patients that presented atypically—one with fulminant liver failure and the other with isolated developmental delay. Dietary management in patients with HMGCL deficiency is well tolerated, and rapid institution of acute supportive metabolic treatment is imperative to optimizing survival and improve outcomes in this disorder.

Low-fat diets and exercise are generally assumed to ameliorate obesity-related metabolic dysfunctions, but the importance of exercise vs. dietary changes is debated. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat/high-sucrose (HF/HS) diet to induce obesity and then either maintained on the HF/HS or shifted to low-fat (LF) diets containing either salmon or entrecote. For each diet, half of the animals exercised voluntarily for 8 weeks. We determined body composition, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity and hepatic triacylglycerol levels. The microbiota composition in cecal and fecal samples was analyzed using 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing. Voluntary exercise improved insulin sensitivity but did not improve glucose tolerance. Voluntary exercise did not reduce adiposity in mice maintained on an HF/HS diet but enhanced LF-induced reduction in adiposity. Hepatic triacylglycerol levels were reduced by voluntary exercise in LF- but not HF/HS-fed mice. Voluntary exercise induced shifts in the cecal and fecal microbiota composition and functional potential in mice fed LF or HF/HS diets. Whereas voluntary exercise improved insulin sensitivity, a switch to an LF diet was the most important factor related to body weight and fat mass reduction.

Recently there has been a considerable rise in the frequency of metabolic diseases, such as obesity, due to changes in lifestyle and resultant imbalances between energy intake and expenditure. Whey proteins are considered as potentially important components of a dietary solution to the obesity problem. However, the roles of individual whey proteins in energy balance remain poorly understood. This study investigated the effects of a high-fat diet (HFD) containing α-lactalbumin (LAB), a specific whey protein, or the non-whey protein casein (CAS), on energy balance, nutrient transporters expression and enteric microbial populations. C57BL/6J mice (n 8) were given an HFD containing either 20 % CAS or LAB as protein sources or a low-fat diet containing CAS for 10 weeks. HFD-LAB-fed mice showed a significant increase in cumulative energy intake (P=0·043), without differences in body weight, energy expenditure, locomotor activity, RER or subcutaneous and epididymal white adipose tissue weight. HFD-LAB intake led to a decrease in the expression of glut2 in the ileum (P=0·05) and in the fatty acid transporter cd36 (PLactobacillus, Parabacteroides and Bifidobacterium were present in significantly higher proportions in the HFD-LAB group. These data indicate a possible functional relationship between gut microbiota, intestinal nutrient transporters and energy balance, with no impact on weight gain.

Dietary fat modulates neuronal health and contributes to age-related nervous system disorders. However, the complex interaction between dietary fat and supplementation and its consequences on neurotoxic pathophysiology has been sparsely explored. The indigenous Alaskan bog blueberry (BB), Vaccinum uliginosum, is known to have anti-inflammatory properties, mostly attributed to its rich polyphenolic content. Here, we evaluate the interplay between dietary fat and BB supplementation on sub-chronic manganese (Mn) exposure that inflicts neurotoxicity and behavioral impairments. In both low-fat and normal-fat diets, BB supplementation attenuated the behavioral and the molecular hallmarks of Mn-induced neurotoxicity. On the contrary, a high-fat diet was found to exacerbate these Mn-induced pathological features. Furthermore, BB supplementation failed to recover the behavioral deficits in mice subjected to a high fat diet in Mn-treated mice. Overall, our results demonstrate the importance of including a dietary regimen comprised of polyphenolic rich supplements with low-fat content in combating age-related neurodegenerative disorders.

Diets for healthy aging have long been an intriguing issue. The current study makes a head-to-head comparison of four dietary patterns and their associations with soluble Klotho (s-Klotho) levels, an aging-related marker. The dietary data of 7906 subjects were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2016. Each participant was given a score or was grouped according to four dietary patterns, namely the Mediterranean adherence diet score (MDS), the low-carbohydrate-diet score, a low-fat diet, and a low-carbohydrate diet. Subsequently, the associations with s-Klotho were examined using linear regression analyses. In addition, we calculated the odds ratio (OR) for aging in different dietary patterns, taking the lowest quartile of s-Klotho as a reference for aging. The MDS was the only dietary pattern that revealed a relationship with s-Klotho levels. The positive association (β coefficient: 9.41, p < 0.001) remained significant when dividing the MDS into tertiles (Tertile 2: β coefficient: 36.87, p < 0.001; Tertile 3: β coefficient: 45.92, p < 0.001) and grouping participants into subsets by sex, age, and BMI. A lower OR for aging was observed in higher MDS groups (Tertile 2: OR = 0.86, p = 0.026; Tertile 3: OR = 0.77, p < 0.001). However, when analyzed separately, merely three out of nine components of the MDS, namely alcohol consumption (β coefficient: 42.54, p < 0.001), fruit (β coefficient: 11.59, p = 0.029), and dairy products (β coefficient: 8.55, p = 0.032), showed a significant association with s-Klotho. The Mediterranean diet adopts a food-based approach, which has the merit of valuing the complex interactions between foods and their constituents, and further brings benefits to healthy aging.

Schistosomiasis remains one of the most important neglected tropical diseases in the world. It mainly affects developing countries, where it often coexists with malnutrition. Despite this, few studies have investigated the relationship between schistosomiasis and malnutrition. Herein, we evaluate the impact of malnutrition on experimental S. mansoni infection. Mice were divided into 5 groups: Control (Ctrl) diet (14% protein and 10% lipids), low-protein 3% (LP 3%), low-protein 8% (LP 8%), low-fat 2.5% (LF 2.5%), and low-fat 5% (LF 5%). Mice were fed with their respective diets and were infected when a difference of approximately 20% in the body weight between mice from any experimental group and mice from the control group was achieved. Nutritional, parasitological, and immunological parameters were assessed either just before infection and/or approximately 50 days later before mice were perfused. Our results showed that the 3% low-protein diet was the only one capable of establishing malnutrition in mice. Mice fed with this diet showed: (i) significant reduction in body weight and serum albumin levels before infection, (ii) decreased levels of all biochemical parameters evaluated before perfusion, (iii) decreased numbers of schistosome eggs trapped in intestines and impaired parasite fecundity, (iv) a delay in the granuloma development with a smaller granuloma area, and (v) reduced levels of IL-4 and IFN-γ in the liver. Our findings demonstrate that low protein supply leads to malnutrition in mice and impacts the cytokine milieu in the liver and granuloma formation. Additionally, the establishment of our murine malnutrition model will enable future studies aiming to better understand the complex relationships between nutrition, immune responses, and infection outcome.

Embargada hasta 18/09/2023 Introduction. Diet is a cornerstone in the secondary cardiovascular prevention, and the most efficient tool for preventing type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Dietary pattern analysis is widely used to examine the relationship between diet and the risk of chronic diseases, and two methods are commonly used for that purpose: a priori-defined dietary scores (based on diets with proven health benefits, like Mediterranean diet scores) and a posterioriderived dietary patterns (obtained through statistical modelling of dietary intake data, such as principal components analysis, PCA). Several dietary pattern methods have been used to characterize the diet of patients with chronic diseases. However, to date, there is a lack of scientific data that compares them directly, in large and long-term trials, in their ability to detect future T2DM incident cases among coronary patients. We have analyzed three a priori and one a posteriori methods, and we have investigated whether any of these methods predicts better which patients will have incident T2DM at 5 years. Hypothesis. Our hypothesis is to investigate whether a diabetes prediction model that includes an a priori-defined dietary pattern (dietary score) has similar predictive ability as a prediction model including an a posteriori-derived dietary pattern (empirically derived dietary pattern using PCA) after a period of 5 years of dietary intervention. Objectives. Main objective: To determine if there is a method of dietary pattern analysis (i.e. a priori-defined dietary score or a posteriori-derived dietary pattern) which predicts with greater reliability the development of T2DM after 5 years of intervention with a Mediterranean diet or a low-fat diet in coronary patients. Secondary objectives include: 1) To study the association between three a priori-defined dietary scores (MEDAS, 14-point Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener; LFDAS, 9-point low-fat diet adherence screener; MDS-Trichopoulou, Mediterranean Dietary Score proposed by Trichopoulou et al.) assessed at baseline and after 1 year of intervention, and the incidence of T2DM after 5 years of follow-up. 2) To investigate the association between the a posteriori-derived dietary patterns using principal component analysis (PCA-dietary patterns) at baseline and after 1 year of intervention, and the incidence of T2DM after 5 years of follow-up. 3) To determine the relationship between these dietary pattern methods and multiple anthropometrical and biochemical parameters related to the development of T2DM. 4) To compare and assess the validity of the selected dietary scores and PCAdietary patterns in our population. 5) To investigate the changes in dietary habits and address the level of adherence to the dietary intervention in the long-term in our population. Methods. All analyses were conducted in the 462 patients without a clinical diagnosis of T2DM at baseline visit in the CORDIOPREV study (NTC00924937). Food intake was assessed with a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). As dietary pattern methods we used three a priori (MEDAS, LFDAS and MDS-Trichopoulou) and one a posteriori (PCA-dietary patterns). To assess associations of dietary pattern methods with T2DM incidence, we used Cox regression, logistic regression or ROC curve analyses. We studied prospective associations of dietary pattern methods with anthropometric and biochemical variables using linear regression analyses. In all studies, we used dietary data of baseline (as raw baseline data information) and 1-year (as information after a stabilization period) visits. To assess the validity of the three dietary scores, we used the dietary data reported on the FFQ as reference method, and we compared these results with those from the MEDAS, LFDAS and MDS-Trichopoulou. The consistency of PCA-dietary patterns was examined. To perform the study of adherence at longterm, dietary data of the 5-year follow-up of the total CORDIOPREV population (n=1002) were used and changes within and between groups (Mediterranean and lowfat diets) were assessed with paired t test and unpaired t test. Results. Main results: Identification of methods predicting T2DM at long-term: The MEDAS (dietary score assessing Mediterranean diet adherence) at year 1 and the Western DP (PCA-dietary pattern characterized by higher loads of red/processed meats, highlyprocessed foods, canned fish, refined bread and sweets) at year 1 were the only methods showing significant associations with incident T2DM in our population. We then compared these two methods regarding their ability to predict the incidence of T2DM after a median follow-up of 60 months. The model including the MEDAS at year 1 together with classical clinical variables and lifestyle factors showed aceptable discrimination ability (AUC=0.733; 95% CI=0.665-0.801; p

Objective Regulator of calcineurin 1 (RCAN1) controls plasticity of the nervous system and depressive conditions by regulating brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) and plays a crucial role in neural and cardiac pathways. The apolipoprotein E gene (ApoE) is a robust risk factor for progression of Alzheimer’s disease. A fatty diet is considered detrimental for metabolic disorders, such as obesity and cardiovascular diseases. Methods We examined the neuronal and cardiac protective roles of RCAN1 in ApoE−/− mice that were fed a high- or low-fat diet with and without voluntary movement for 3 months. Organ weights, laboratory data, histology, RNA expression, and behavior were examined. Results A high-fat diet with exercise improved depressive function, as examined by the forced swimming test, and RCAN1 mRNA expression was induced in the hippocampus. A low-fat diet with exercise resulted in a reduced body weight, higher heart weight/body weight ratio, and lower circulating triglyceride levels compared with a low-fat diet without exercise. RCAN1 mRNA expression was increased in cardiomyocytes in ApoE−/− mice. Conclusions The combination of a high-fat diet and exercise might reduce depressive function, whereas a low-fat diet with exercise leads to cardioprotection. Induction of RCAN1 expression might affect neuroplasticity and cardiac function.

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) comprises cardiometabolic risk factors frequently found in individuals with obesity. Guidelines to prevent or reverse MetS suggest limiting fat intake, however, lowering carbohydrate intake has gained attention too. The aim for this review was to determine to what extent either weight loss, reduction in caloric intake, or changes in macronutrient intake contribute to improvement in markers of MetS in persons with obesity without cardiometabolic disease. A meta-analysis was performed across a spectrum of studies applying low-carbohydrate (LC) and low-fat (LF) diets. PubMed searches yielded 17 articles describing 12 separate intervention studies assessing changes in MetS markers of persons with obesity assigned to LC (

In the past decades, dietary guidelines focused on reducing saturated fat as the primary strategy for cardiovascular disease prevention, neglecting the many other potential effects of diet on health, in particular the harmful effects of sugar. A greater intake of soft drinks (sugar-sweetened beverages), for example, is associated with a 44% increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome, a higher risk of obesity, and a 26% increased risk of developing diabetes mellitus. Carbohydrates comprise around 55% of the typical western diet, ranging from 200 to 350 g/day in relation to a person’s overall caloric intake. For long-term weight gain, food rich in refined grains, starches, and sugar appear to be major culprits. Low-carbohydrate diets restrict daily carbohydrates between 20 and 50 g, as in clinical ketogenic diets. The results of controlled trials show that people on ketogenic diets (a diet with no more than 50 g carbohydrates/day) tend to lose more weight than people on low-fat diets. Moreover, there is no good evidence for recommending low-fat diets, as low-carbohydrate diets lead to significantly greater weight loss (1.15 kg) than did low-fat interventions. However, the magnitude of such a benefit is small. As the quality of ingested carbohydrates seems more important than the quantity for health outcomes, people with metabolic disorders should avoid or substantially reduce low-fiber, rapidly digested, refined grains, starches, and added sugars. So, the consumption of the right carbohydrates (high-fiber, slowly digested, and whole grains), in a moderately lower amount (between 40 and 50% of daily energy content), is compatible with a state of good health and may represent a scientifically-based and palatable choice for people with metabolic disorders.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is closely associated with changes in the composition of the gut microbiota. To date, studies on the gut microbiota have focused on the genus-level composition and microbial gene sets, whereas changes in the microbiota after clinical treatment have remained largely elusive. In the present study, 16 subjects with T2DM were enrolled and treated long-term with a low-fat diet. Stool samples were collected at the initial diagnosis and after 1, 3 and 6 months of treatment, and named as group T0, T1, T2 and T3, respectively. Simultaneously, stool samples from 16 healthy individuals were collected as a control (group C). In addition, 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing was performed to detect differences in the microbiota between the groups. Following the low-fat diet treatment, the patients' fasting plasma glucose, plasma glucose 2 h after challenge, glycosylated haemoglobin A1c and body mass index (BMI) decreased significantly. The composition of the phylum in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus was similar to that in healthy individuals. A total of 23 genera from four phyla, namely Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria, were determined to be different between group T0 and group C, while only 8 genera were different between group T3 and group C. Repeated analysis of variance suggested a complex change during the low-fat diet treatment. The butyrate-producing bacteria Anaerotruncus exhibited a slight increase, while Roseburia was significantly increased at the T1 stage but then gradually decreased at the later stage. In summary, a low-fat diet was effective for patients with T2DM in reducing blood glucose and the BMI, and, to a certain extent, improving the intestinal flora to reach a normal composition. The study was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR; registration no. ChiCTR1900028663).

El objetivo de esta revisión es comparar la eficacia de las dietas bajas en hidratos de carbono y altas en grasa frente a las dietas bajas en grasa en la pérdida de peso corporal. El sobrepeso, la obesidad y sus complicaciones asociadas son un problema de salud pública importante a nivel mundial. La relación entre resistencia a insulina y obesidad es indiscutible, aunque se desconoce exactamente la direccionalidad. Numerosos estudios relacionan índice glucémico y carga glucémica con la obesidad, a través del modelo carbohidratos-insulina. Sin embargo, importantes excepciones cuestionan dicho modelo. Una dieta rica en hidratos de carbono no conduce irremediablemente al desarrollo de obesidad. En el abordaje nutricional del paciente obeso existe una gran variedad de propuestas dietoterapéuticas, entre las que se encuentran las dietas bajas en hidratos de carbono y altas en grasa (LCHF) y las dietas bajas en grasa (LF). Ambos tipos de dieta han mostrado la misma eficacia en la pérdida de peso, pero se desconocen sus efectos adversos a largo plazo, sobretodo a nivel cardiovascular. De acuerdo con la evidencia científica actual, la eficacia de una u otra dieta en la pérdida de peso no se puede relacionar con el perfil genético del individuo ni con el patrón de secreción de insulina. Una dieta baja en hidratos de carbono mejora el perfil lipídico de pacientes obesos de manera más eficaz que una dieta baja en grasa, por lo que podría considerarse su adopción supervisada en pacientes con alteraciones cardiometabólicas. L'objectiu d'aquesta revisió és comparar l'eficàcia de les dietes baixes en hidrats de carboni i altes en greix enfront de les dietes baixes en greix en la pèrdua de pes corporal. El sobrepès, l'obesitat i les seves complicacions associades, són un problema de salut pública important a escala mundial. La relació entre resistència a insulina i obesitat és indiscutible, encara que es desconeix exactament la direccionalitat. Nombrosos estudis relacionen índex glucèmic i càrrega glucèmica amb l'obesitat, a través del model carbohidrats-insulina. No obstant això, importants excepcions qüestionen aquest model. Una dieta rica en hidrats de carboni no condueix irremeiablement al desenvolupament d'obesitat. En l'abordatge nutricional del pacient obès hi ha una gran varietat de propostes dietoterapèutiques, entre les quals es troben les dietes baixes en hidrats de carboni i altes en greix (LCHF) i les dietes baixes en greix (LF). Tots dos tipus de dieta han mostrat la mateixa eficàcia en la pèrdua de pes, però es desconeixen els seus efectes adversos a llarg termini, sobretot en l'àmbit cardiovascular. D'acord amb l'evidència científica actual, l'eficàcia d'una dieta o una altra en la pèrdua de pes, no es pot relacionar amb el perfil genètic de l'individu ni amb el patró de secreció d'insulina. Una dieta baixa en hidrats de carboni millora el perfil lipídic de pacients obesos de manera més eficaç que una dieta baixa en greix, de manera que podria considerar-se la seva adopció supervisada en pacients amb alteracions cardiometabòlics. The objective of this review is to compare the efficacy of low-carbohydrate-high-fat diets versus low-fat diets in body weight loss. Overweight, obesity and its associated complications are a major public health problem worldwide. The relationship between insulin resistance and obesity is indisputable, although the directionality is unknown. Numerous studies relate the glycemic index and glycemic load to obesity, through the carbohydrate-insulin model. However, important exceptions question that model. A diet rich in carbohydrates does not inevitably lead to the development of obesity. In the nutritional approach of the obese patient, there is a wide variety of dietary therapeutic proposals, among which are low-carbohydrate-high-fat (LCHF) diets and low-fat 4 / (LF) diets. Both types of diet have shown the same efficacy in weight loss, but their long-term adverse effects are unknown, especially at the cardiovascular level. According to current scientific evidence, the efficacy of one or another diet in weight loss cannot be related to the genetic profile of the individual or the pattern of insulin secretion. A diet low in carbohydrates improves the lipid profile of obese patients more effectively than a diet low in fat, so it could be considered supervised adoption in patients with cardiometabolic disorders.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is on the rise worldwide representing a public health issue. Its coexistence with obesity and other metabolic alterations is highly frequent. Therefore, current therapy interventions for NAFLD are mainly focused on progressive weight loss through modulation of overall calorie intake with or without specific macronutrient adjustments. Furthermore, other relevant nutritional interventions are built on food selection and time-restricted eating. Since every strategy might bring different results, choosing the optimal diet therapy for a patient is a complicated task, because NAFLD is a multifactorial complex disease. Importantly, some factors need to be considered, such as nutrition-based evidence in terms of hepatic morphophysiological improvements as well as adherence of the patient to the meal plan and adaptability in their cultural context. Thus, the purpose of this review is to explore and compare the subtleties and nuances of the most relevant clinical practice guidelines and the nutritional approaches for the management of NAFLD with a special attention to tangible outcomes and long-term adherence.

Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic risk factors, characterized by abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), hypertension, and insulin resistance. Lifestyle modifications, especially dietary habits, are the main therapeutic strategy for the treatment and management of metabolic syndrome, but the most effective dietary pattern for its management has not been established. Specific dietary modifications, such as improving the quality of the foods or changing macronutrient distribution, showed beneficial effects on metabolic syndrome conditions and individual parameters. On comparing low-fat and restricted diets, the scientific evidence supports the use of the Mediterranean Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet intervention as the new paradigm for metabolic syndrome prevention and treatment. The nutritional distribution and quality of these healthy diets allows health professionals to provide easy-to-follow dietary advice without the need for restricted diets. Nonetheless, energy-restricted dietary patterns and improvements in physical activity are crucial to improve the metabolic disturbances observed in metabolic syndrome patients.

Aim: To analyze the influence of genetics and interactions with environmental factors on adiposity outcomes [waist circumference reduction (WCR) and total body fat loss (TFATL)] in response to energy-restricted diets in subjects with excessive body weight. Materials and Methods: Two hypocaloric diets (30% energy restriction) were prescribed to overweight/obese subjects during 16 weeks, which had different targeted macronutrient distribution: a low-fat (LF) diet (22% energy from lipids) and a moderately high-protein (MHP) diet (30% energy from proteins). At the end of the trial, a total of 201 participants (LF diet = 105; MHP diet = 96) who presented good/regular dietary adherence were genotyped for 95 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously associated with weight loss through next-generation sequencing from oral samples. Four unweighted (uGRS) and four weighted (wGRS) genetic risk scores were computed using statistically relevant SNPs for each outcome by diet. Predictions of WCR and TFATL by diet were modeled through recognized multiple linear regression models including genetic (single SNPs, uGRS, and wGRS), phenotypic (age, sex, and WC, or TFAT at baseline), and environment variables (physical activity level and energy intake at baselines) as well as eventual interactions between genes and environmental factors. Results: Overall, 26 different SNPs were associated with differential adiposity outcomes, 9 with WCR and 17 with TFATL, most of which were specific for each dietary intervention. In addition to conventional predictors (age, sex, lifestyle, and adiposity status at baseline), the calculated uGRS/wGRS and interactions with environmental factors were major contributors of adiposity responses. Thus, variances in TFATL-LF diet, TFATL-MHP diet, WCR-LF diet, and WCR-MHP diet were predicted by approximately 38% (optimism-corrected adj. R 2 = 0.3792), 32% (optimism-corrected adj. R 2 = 0.3208), 22% (optimism-corrected adj. R 2 = 0.2208), and 21% (optimism-corrected adj. R 2 = 0.2081), respectively. Conclusions: Different genetic variants and interactions with environmental factors modulate the differential individual responses to MHP and LF dietary interventions. These insights and models may help to optimize personalized nutritional strategies for modeling the prevention and management of excessive adiposity through precision nutrition approaches taking into account not only genetic information but also the lifestyle/clinical factors that interplay in addition to age and sex.

Obesity is associated with microvascular dysfunction. While low-fat diet improves cardiovascular risk, its contributions on microvascular function, independent of weight loss, is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that nitric oxide (NO)-dependent vasodilation in microvessels is improved by low-fat diets designed for weight loss (LFWL) compared to low-fat weight maintenance (LFWM) diet. Obese adults were randomly assigned to either a LFWL diet (n = 11) or LFWM diet (n = 10) for six weeks. Microvessels were obtained from gluteal subcutaneous fat biopsies before and after the intervention for vascular reactivity measurements to acetylcholine (Ach) and flow, with and without L-NAME or indomethacin. Vascular and serum NO and C-reactive protein (CRP) were also measured. LFWL diet increased flow-induced (FID) and ACh-induced dilation (AChID), an effect that was inhibited by L-NAME. Conversely, LFWM diet did not affect FID or AChID. Indomethacin improved FID and AChID in the baseline and this effect was minimized in response to both diets. Serum NO or CRP did not change in response to either diet. In conclusion, LFWL diet improves microvascular reactivity compared to LFWM diet and increased vascular NO contribution to the improved microvascular dilation. These data suggest that weight reduction on low fat diet is critical for microvascular health.

The Mediterranean diet (MD) prevents cardiovascular disease by different putative mechanisms, including modifications in the blood fatty acid (FA) profile. Polytherapy for secondary cardiovascular prevention might mask the effect of MD on the FA profile. This study was aimed to assess whether MD, in comparison with a low-fat diet (LFD), favorably modifies the blood FA profile in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) on polytherapy. One hundred and twenty patients with a recent history of coronary stenting, randomized to MD or to LFD, completed 3 months of this open-label dietary intervention study. Diet Mediterranean-ness was evaluated using the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MeDAS) score. Both diets significantly reduced saturated FA (p &lt, 0.01). Putative favorable changes in total n-3 FA (p = 0.03) and eicosapentaenoic acid plus docosahexaenoic acid (EPA + DHA, p = 0.04) were significantly larger with MD than with LFD. At 3 months, in the whole cohort, the MeDAS score correlated inversely with palmitic acid (R = −0.21, p = 0.02), and with palmitoleic acid (R = −0.32, p = 0.007), and positively with total n-3 FA (R = 0.19, p = 0.03), EPA (R = 0.28, p = 0.002), and EPA + DHA (R = 0.21, p = 0.02). In CHD patients on polytherapy, both MD and LFD shift FA blood composition towards a healthier profile, with a more favorable effect of MD on omega−3 levels.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is on the rise worldwide representing a public health issue. Its coexistence with obesity and other metabolic alterations is highly frequent. Therefore, current therapy interventions for NAFLD are mainly focused on progressive weight loss through modulation of overall calorie intake with or without specific macronutrient adjustments. Furthermore, other relevant nutritional interventions are built on food selection and time-restricted eating. Since every strategy might bring different results, choosing the optimal diet therapy for a patient is a complicated task, because NAFLD is a multifactorial complex disease. Importantly, some factors need to be considered, such as nutrition-based evidence in terms of hepatic morphophysiological improvements as well as adherence of the patient to the meal plan and adaptability in their cultural context. Thus, the purpose of this review is to explore and compare the subtleties and nuances of the most relevant clinical practice guidelines and the nutritional approaches for the management of NAFLD with a special attention to tangible outcomes and long-term adherence.

A high-fat diet (HFD) can easily induce obesity and change the gut microbiota and its metabolites. However, studies on the effects of high-fat diets on the host have drawn inconsistent results. In this study, the unexpected results showed that the refined HFD increased gut microbiota diversity and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), causing an increase in energy metabolism. Further analysis revealed these changes were caused by the different fiber content in these two diets. Male C57BL/6J mice (4&ndash, 5 weeks old) were fed either HFD or refined low-fat diet (LFD) for 14 weeks. The metabolic rates, thermogenesis, gut microbiome, and intestinal SCFAs were tested. The HFD triggered obesity and disturbed glucose homeostasis. Mice fed HFD ingested more fiber than mice fed LFD (p &lt, 0.0001), causing higher intestinal SCFA concentrations related to the increased abundances of specific bacteria in the HFD group. Also, the HFD increased metabolic heat and up-regulated thermogenesis genes uncoupling protein 1(Ucp-1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-&gamma, coactivator-1&alpha, (Pgc-1&alpha, ) expression in the brown adipose tissue (BAT). It was revealed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing that the HFD increased gut microbial diversity, which enriched Desulfovibrionaceae, Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group, and Mucispirillum, meanwhile, reduced the abundance of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Akkermansia, Faecalibaculum, and Blautia. The predicted metabolic pathways indicated HFD increased the gene expression of non-absorbed carbohydrate metabolism pathways, as well as the risks of colonization of intestinal pathogens and inflammation. In conclusion, the HFD was obesogenic in male C57BL/6J mice, and increased fiber intake from the HFD drove an increase in gut microbiota diversity, SCFAs, and energy expenditure. Meanwhile, the differences in specific nutrient intake can dissociate broad changes in energy expenditure, gut microbiota, and its metabolites from obesity, raising doubts in the previous studies. Therefore, it is necessary to consider whether differences in specific nutrient intake will interfere with the results of the experiments.

Background: Preliminary evidence suggests that diet manipulation may influence motor and nonmotor symptoms in PD, but conflict exists regarding the ideal fat to carbohydrate ratio. Objectives: We designed a pilot randomized, controlled trial to compare the plausibility, safety, and efficacy of a low‐fat, high‐carbohydrate diet versus a ketogenic diet in a hospital clinic of PD patients. Methods: We developed a protocol to support PD patients in a diet study and randomly assigned patients to a low‐fat or ketogenic diet. Primary outcomes were within‐ and between‐group changes in MDS‐UPDRS Parts 1 to 4 over 8 weeks. Results: We randomized 47 patients, of which 44 commenced the diets and 38 completed the study (86% completion rate for patients commencing the diets). The ketogenic diet group maintained physiological ketosis. Both groups significantly decreased their MDS‐UPDRS scores, but the ketogenic group decreased more in Part 1 (−4.58 ± 2.17 points, representing a 41% improvement in baseline Part 1 scores) compared to the low‐fat group (−0.99 ± 3.63 points, representing an 11% improvement) (P

peer-reviewed A higher dietary inflammatory index (DII®) score is associated with inflammation and incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD). We hypothesized that a Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) intervention would reduce DII score. We assessed dietary data from a randomized controlled trial comparing 6-month MedDiet versus low-fat diet intervention, in patients with CHD. We aimed to determine the DII scores of the prescribed diets' model meal plans, followed by whether dietary intervention led to lower (i.e., more anti-inflammatory) DII scores and consequently lower high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and interleukin-6 (hs-IL-6). DII scores were calculated from 7-day food diaries. The MedDiet meal plan had a markedly lower DII score than the low-fat diet meal plan (−4.55 vs. -0.33, respectively). In 56 participants who completed the trial (84% male, mean age 62 ± 9 years), the MedDiet group significantly reduced DII scores at 6 months (n = 27; −0.40 ± 3.14 to −1.74 ± 2.81, P = .008) and the low-fat diet group did not change (n = 29; −0.17 ± 2.27 to 0.05 ± 1.89, P = .65). There was a significant post-intervention adjusted difference in DII score between groups (compared to low-fat, MedDiet decreased by −1.69 DII points; P = .004). When compared to the low-fat diet, the MedDiet non-significantly reduced hs-IL-6 (−0.32 pg/mL, P = .29) and increased hs-CRP (+0.09 mg/L, P = .84). These findings demonstrated that MedDiet intervention significantly reduced DII scores compared to a low-fat diet. However, in this small cohort of patients with CHD this did not translate to a significant improvement in measured inflammatory markers. The effect of improvement in DII with MedDiet should be tested in larger intervention trials and observational cohorts.

Background High-fat (HF) diet is a well-known cause of obesity. To identify principle transcriptional regulators that could be therapeutic targets of obesity, we investigated transcriptomic modulation in the duodenal mucosa following low-fat (LF) and HF meal ingestion. Methods Whereas one group of mice was sacrificed after fasting, the others were fed ad libitum with LF or HF meal, and sacrificed 30 min, 1 h and 3 h after the beginning of the meal. A transcriptome analysis of the duodenal mucosa of the 7 groups was conducted using both microarray and serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) method followed by an Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA). Results SAGE and microarray showed that the modulation of a total of 896 transcripts in the duodenal mucosa after LF and/or HF meal, compared to the fasting condition. The IPA identified lipid metabolism, molecular transport, and small molecule biochemistry as top three molecular and cellular functions for the HF-responsive, HF-specific, HF-delay, and LF-HF different genes. Moreover, the top transcriptional regulator for the HF-responsive and HF-specific genes was peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). On the other hand, the LF-responsive and LF-specific genes were related to carbohydrate metabolism, cellular function and maintenance, and cell death/cellular growth and proliferation, and the top transcriptional regulators were forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) and cAMP response element binding protein 1 (CREB1), respectively. Conclusions These results will help to understand the molecular mechanisms of intestinal response after LF and HF ingestions, and contribute to identify therapeutic targets for obesity and obesity-related diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12986-017-0221-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Rodent models of both aging and obesity are characterized by inflammation in specific brain regions, notably the corpus callosum, fornix, and hypothalamus. Microglia, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system, are important for brain development, neural support, and homeostasis. However, the effects of diet and lifestyle on microglia during aging are only partly understood. Here, we report alterations in microglia phenotype and functions in different brain regions of mice on a high-fat diet (HFD) or low-fat diet (LFD) during aging and in response to voluntary running wheel exercise. We compared the expression levels of genes involved in immune response, phagocytosis, and metabolism in the hypothalamus of 6-month-old HFD and LFD mice. We also compared the immune response of microglia from HFD or LFD mice to peripheral inflammation induced by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Finally, we investigated the effect of diet, physical exercise, and caloric restriction (40% reduction compared to ad libitum intake) on microglia in 24-month-old HFD and LFD mice. Changes in diet caused morphological changes in microglia, but did not change the microglia response to LPS-induced systemic inflammation. Expression of phagocytic markers (i.e., Mac-2/Lgals3, Dectin-1/Clec7a, and CD16/CD32) in the white matter microglia of 24-month-old brain was markedly decreased in calorically restricted LFD mice. In conclusion, LFD resulted in reduced activation of microglia, which might be an underlying mechanism for the protective role of caloric restriction during aging-associated decline.

Weight gain after breast cancer diagnosis portends a poorer prognosis, and the majority of sufferers appear to gain weight. Metabolic syndrome is a common co-condition with breast cancer. The Mediterranean diet has been used to reduce excess weight, metabolic syndrome, and to improve the inflammatory profile, and therefore may offer the breast cancer survivor specific benefits over and above the currently recommended nutrition guidelines to eat a low fat, healthy diet. The aim of this randomised controlled trial was to investigate whether a Mediterranean (MD) or low-fat diet (LF) reduce weight and general health in survivors of stage 1–3 breast cancer through a six-month, six-session education package to support dietary change. A control dietary arm received no intervention. Outcome measures for weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, blood lipids, blood glucose, dietary adherence, 3-day food diary, and PREDIMED questionnaire and quality of life were assessed. Both dietary intervention arms, on average, lost weight over the course of the intervention, with significant (p < 0.05) decreases seen in BMI and waist circumference measurements. The control arm gained weight and significantly (p < 0.05) increased BMI and waist circumference measurements overall (1.10 ± 3.03 kg, 0.40 ± 1.65 kg/m2, and 1.94 ± 2.94 cm respectively). Positive trends in blood biomarkers were observed for the intervention arms. Dietary adherence was sufficient. Nutritional education and group support appears to exert beneficial effects on health in breast cancer survivors, of lesser importance is the type of diet that forms the basis of the education.

Background: Which diet is optimal for weight loss and maintenance remains controversial and implies that no diet fits all patients.Objective: We studied concentrations of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and fasting insulin (FI) as prognostic markers for successful weight loss and maintenance through diets with different glycemic loads or different fiber and whole-grain content, assessed in 3 randomized trials of overweight participants.Design: After an 8-wk weight loss, participants in the DiOGenes (Diet, Obesity, and Genes) trial consumed ad libitum for 26 wk a diet with either a high or a low glycemic load. Participants in the Optimal well-being, development and health for Danish children through a healthy New Nordic Diet (OPUS) Supermarket intervention (SHOPUS) trial consumed ad libitum for 26 wk the New Nordic Diet, which is high in fiber and whole grains, or a control diet. Participants in the NUGENOB (Nutrient-Gene Interactions in Human Obesity) trial consumed a hypocaloric low-fat and high-carbohydrate or a high-fat and low-carbohydrate diet for 10 wk. On the basis of FPG before treatment, participants were categorized as normoglycemic (FPG

Background Epidemiologic evidence, reinforced by clinical and laboratory studies, shows that the rich Western diet is the major underlying cause of death and disability (e.g, from cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes) in Western industrialized societies. The objective of this study is to document the effects that eating a low-fat (≤10% of calories), high-carbohydrate (~80% of calories), moderate-sodium, purely plant-based diet ad libitum for 7 days can have on the biomarkers of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Methods Retrospective analysis of measurements of weight, blood pressure, blood sugar, and blood lipids and estimation of cardiovascular disease risk at baseline and day 7 from 1615 participants in a 10-day residential dietary intervention program from 2002 to 2011. Wilcoxon’s signed-rank test was used for testing the significance of changes from baseline. Results The median (interquartile range, IQR) weight loss was 1.4 (1.8) kg (p 7.5% at baseline, the risk dropped to 5.5% (>27%) at day 7 (p

The Mediterranean diet (MD) is considered a dietary pattern with beneficial effects on human health. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of an MD on urinary metabolome by comparing subjects at 1 and 3 years of follow-up, after an MD supplemented with either extra-virgin olive oil (MD + EVOO) or nuts (MD + Nuts), to those on advice to follow a control low-fat diet (LFD). Ninety-eight nondiabetic volunteers were evaluated, using metabolomic approaches, corresponding to MD + EVOO (n = 41), MD + Nuts (n = 27), or LFD (n = 30) groups. The (1)H NMR urinary profiles were examined at baseline and after 1 and 3 years of follow-up. Multivariate data analysis (OSC-PLS-DA and HCA) methods were used to identify the potential biomarker discriminating groups, exhibiting a urinary metabolome separation between MD groups against baseline and LFD. Results revealed that the most prominent hallmarks concerning MD groups were related to the metabolism of carbohydrates (3-hydroxybutyrate, citrate, and cis-aconitate), creatine, creatinine, amino acids (proline, N-acetylglutamine, glycine, branched-chain amino acids, and derived metabolites), lipids (oleic and suberic acids), and microbial cometabolites (phenylacetylglutamine and p-cresol). Otherwise, hippurate, trimethylamine-N-oxide, histidine and derivates (methylhistidines, carnosine, and anserine), and xanthosine were predominant after LFD. The application of NMR-based metabolomics enabled the classification of individuals regarding their dietary pattern and highlights the potential of this approach for evaluating changes in the urinary metabolome at different time points of follow-up in response to specific dietary interventions.

Objective: To determine whether rats reaching the same body mass, having been fed either a low-fat (LFD) or a high-fat diet (HFD), differ in white adipose tissue (WAT) deposition. Methods: In experiment 1, 22 Sprague-Dawley rats of the same age were divided into 11 rats with body mass below the batch median and fed a HFD, and 11 above the median and fed a LFD. In experiment 2, 20 Sprague-Dawley rats of the same age and starting body mass were randomised to either a HFD or LFD. When all groups reached similar final body mass, WAT was quantified using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), dissection, and plasma leptin. Results: In experiment 1, both groups reached similar final body mass at the same age; in experiment 2 the HFD group reached similar final body mass earlier than the LFD group. There were no significant differences in WAT as assessed by MRI or leptin between the HFD and LFD groups in both experiments. Dissection revealed a trend for higher retroperitoneal and epididymal adiposity in the HFD groups in both experiments. Conclusions: We conclude that at similar body mass, adiposity is independent of the macronutrient composition of the feeding regimen used to achieve it.

Summary Background Diarrhea is part of the postlaparoscopic cholecystectomy syndrome, but is not well defined. Published reports have ignored possible associated factors such as the preoperative excretion pattern, gastrointestinal disorders, personality disorders, the effect of drugs, unsanitary food, and high-fat diets. Purpose The aim of this study was to define the associated factors and predictors of postlaparoscopic cholecystectomy diarrhea (PLCD) at different time intervals after the operation and to identify the possible associated factors and predictors of PLCD. We also aimed to determine the effectiveness of a low-fat diet in these patients and to educate the patients about their diet after the operation. Methods Data were obtained from clinical records and preoperative interviews with patients, who were also interviewed or contacted by telephone 1 week after the operation, and then surveyed by telephone 3 months later using standardized questionnaires. A total of 125 consecutive patients who were adequately informed and who had assented to accepting a prescription of a low-fat diet after undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy participated in this prospective study. Results Thirty-eight patients (25.2%) had diarrhea 1 week after laparoscopic cholecystectomy and seven patients (5.7%) had diarrhea 3 months after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The important predictors of PLCD at 1 week were a low-fat diet ( B = −0.177, p = 0.000) and a high score on a preoperative diarrhea scale ( B = 0.311, p = 0.031). There was no predictor for PLCD 3 months after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Conclusion We advise patients who have undergone laparoscopic cholecystectomy to follow a low-fat diet for at least 1 week to reduce the possibility of diarrhea, especially when they are ≤45 years of age, of male sex, and had a high preoperative tendency for diarrhea.

Background: Cataract is a leading cause of vision impairment worldwide, and surgery is the only available treatment. The process that initiates lens opacification is dependent on the oxidative stress experienced by the lens components. A healthy overall dietary pattern, with the potential to reduce oxidative stress, has been suggested as a means to decrease the risk of developing cataract. We aimed to investigate the hypothesis that an intervention with a Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) rather than a low-fat diet could decrease the incidence of cataract surgery in elderly subjects. Methods: We included 5802 men and women (age range: 55-80 years) from the Prevencion con Dieta Mediterronea study (multicenter, parallel-group, randomized controlled clinical trial) who had not undergone cataract surgery. They were randomly assigned to one of three intervention groups: (1) a MedDiet enriched with extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) (n = 1998); (2) a MedDiet enriched with nuts (n = 1914), and a control group recommended to follow a low-fat diet (n = 1890). The incidence of cataract surgery was recorded yearly during follow-up clinical evaluations. Primary analyses were performed on an intention-to-treat basis. Cox regression analyses were used to assess the relationship between the nutritional intervention and the incidence of cataract surgery. Results: During a follow-up period of 7.0 years (mean follow-up period: 5.7 years; median: 5.9 years), 559 subjects underwent cataract surgery. Two hundred and six participants from the MedDiet + EVOO group, 174 from the MedDiet + Nuts group, and 179 from the control group underwent cataract surgery. We did not observe a reduction in the incidence of cataract surgery in the MedDiet groups compared to the control group. The multivariable adjusted hazard ratios were 1.03 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.84-1.26, p = 0.79) for the control group versus the MedDiet + EVOO group and 1.06 (95% CI: 0.86-1.31, p = 0.58) for the control group versus the MedDiet + Nuts group. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first large randomized trial assessing the role of a MedDiet on the incidence of cataract surgery. Our results showed that the incidence of cataract surgery was similar in the MedDiet with EVOO, MedDiet with nuts, and low-fat diet groups. Further studies are necessary to investigate whether a MedDiet could have a preventive role in cataract surgery., Supported by the official funding agency for biomedical research of the Spanish government, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), through grants provided to research networks specifically developed for the trial (RTIC G03/140, to Ramon Estruch; RTIC RD 06/0045, to Miguel Martinez-Gonzalez and through Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion [CIBEROBN]), and by grants from Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC 06/2007), Fondo de Investigacion Sanitaria-Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (PI04-2239, PI 05/2584, CP06/00100, PI07/0240, PI07/1138, PI07/0954, PI 07/0473, PI10/01407, PI10/02658, PI11/01647, and P11/02505; PI13/00462), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (AGL-2009-13906-C02 and AGL2010-22319-C03), Fundacion Mapfre 2010, Consejeria de Salud de la Junta de Andalucia (PI0105/2007), Public Health Division of the Department of Health of the Autonomous Government of Catalonia, Generalitat Valenciana (ACOMP06109, GVA-COMP2010-181, GVACOMP2011-151, CS2010-AP-111, and CS2011-AP-042), and Regional Government of Navarra (P27/2011). AS-V holds a Miguel Servet I contract (CP12/03299), ISCIII, Spain.

Introduction: Excessive consumption of high fat, high sugar foods may precipitate cognitive decline. This effect may be more pronounced during cognitive development. The present single-blind randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted to examine the effect of a moderate fat, low added sugar (MF/LS) dietary intervention on cognitive function in 8-11 yr old preadolescents with a pre-established high fat, high sugar (HF/HS) dietary pattern. Participants included 17 non-obese (BMI Percentile: 25.4 - 91.3) low to middle income preadolescents randomized to 2 weeks of their usual HF/HS diet (control) or a MF/LS intervention diet. Method: The MF/LS intervention diet was restricted to 25% of calories/day from total fat and 40% of calories/day from total fat and >15.9% of calories from added sugar. All food served was measured to the tenth of a gram. Any uneaten portion of food was weighed to obtain accurate measures of actual intake. NDSR dietary analysis software was used to assess macronutrient, micronutrient and added sugar intakes. Participants were weighed weekly to ensure they remained in energy balance throughout the duration of the study. Pre-post cognitive assessment served as the primary outcome measure. A battery of age appropriate tests from the Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery (CNB) as well as the widely used and a previously validated Trail Making task were selected to assess executive function, speed of processing, working memory, attention and spatial ability. Results: Both ANCOVA and a repeated measures approach were used to evaluate the mean difference of post-intervention scores between conditions, controlling for pre-intervention scores and other covariates including age, gender, sleep and mood. For each statistical approach, 10 tests were run, encompassing each of the cognitive assessments given and, for some, their delayed counterpart. Based on the ANCOVA analysis, participants randomized to the MF/LS intervention had a faster median response time (RT) for correct responses on 2 of the 10 tests analyzed, including the initial facial recognition task and its delayed counterpart. Compared to controls, the intervention group displayed 1) a faster total correct RT while controlling for gender (p = 0.02), 2) a faster true negative RT when controlling for gender and age (p = 0.012), and 3) a faster delayed task median total correct RT when controlling for gender and age (p = 0.005). No significant differences between groups were detected for the other assessments. Based on a repeated measures approach, none of the 10 tests analyzed reached statistical significance. Multiple regression analyses revealed a dose response effect on face recognition RT based on % intake of daily calories from total sugar, added sugar, total fat and saturated fat such that a 10% increase in % calories from total sugar, added sugar and saturated fat decreased processing speed for total correct responses on the initial facial recognition task by 0.58 seconds whereas a 10% increase in % total fat decreased processing speed on the same task by 0.44 seconds. The multivariate regression analyses controlled for gender and pretest scores. Conclusions: A 2-week MF/LS dietary intervention may improve delayed face recognition in low to middle income preadolescents with a pre-established HF/HS dietary pattern. Although the intervention appeared to demonstrate a positive effect on 2 measures of cognitive function (initial and delayed facial recognition), after Bonferroni correction, these results only remained significant for the delayed task median total correct RT when controlling for gender and age (p = 0.005). Thus, study results must be interpreted with caution as they may simply be an artifact of chance finding in the ANCOVA statistical analysis. Further investigation of benefits proffered by decreasing % total sugar, % added sugar, % total fat and % saturated fat intake to preadolescent cognition is warranted. Future work should focus on replicating the present study in a larger sample, using hippocampal-dependent specific tasks.

Hypercholesterolemia is a risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD) and also could contribute to impaired immune response. The National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel recommends a therapeutic lifestyle change (TLC) diet to reduce the risk for CHD. We investigated the effects of changing from a high-fat Western diet to a low-fat diet in accordance with a TLC diet on immune functions of older adults with hypercholesterolemia to determine whether improving the lipid profile via dietary intervention would have beneficial effects on immune functions. In a double-blind study, 18 subjects consumed both a Western diet (38% fat) and a TLC diet (28% fat) for 32 days in a randomized order. Measures of cellular immune responses, including delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response, in vitro lymphocyte proliferation, and interleukin (IL)-2 production, and production of proinflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-6, IL-1beta, and prostaglandin E2, were determined. DTH response and lymphocyte proliferative response increased significantly (29% and 27%, respectively) after consumption of a TLC diet. Our results indicate that consumption of a TLC diet enhances T cell-mediated immune functions in older adults with elevated cholesterol level. This might be a clinically important benefit, considering the decline of T cell-mediated immune functions with aging and evidence of impaired immune function associated with hypercholesterolemia.

Background: Young male adults wishing to join armed forces have to comply with age-matched height and weight standards. Aim: This study aimed to examine the dietary changes adopted by young male adults declared overweight at initial medical examination. Settings and Designs: This was a cross-sectional observational study of candidates reporting for Appeal Medical Board (AMB). Materials and Methods: Nutrient information was collected using a 24-h semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire for food intake both before being declared unfit and before appearing for AMB. Calorie intake and macronutrient consumption were calculated using the Indian Council of Medical Research charts. Statistical Analysis: Microsoft Excel 2016 was used to analyze sample frequencies, percentage, mean (± standard deviation), and median (range), and paired t-test was used for comparing pre- and postdata. Results: Twenty-five male candidates participated in this study. They had reduced weight by a mean of 6.5 ± 2.7 kg by reducing caloric intake from 2884 ± 587.8 kcal to 1624.4 ± 327 kcal. The daily intake of carbohydrates was reduced from 510.2 ± 120.7 to 284.2 ± 67.0 g and fats from 60.46 ± 14.06 to 20.3 ± 3.0 g, whereas protein intake was increased from 64.4 ± 10.7 to 74.6 ± 11.8 g. The candidates had switched to a diet containing fruit, vegetable salad, mung dal, and oatmeal. Amount of calories expended by exercise was approximately 350 kcal/day. Majority had sourced the Internet for information. Conclusions: Young male adults being made unfit for overweight during initial medical examination reduce weight by adopting a low-fat diet.

PurposeThe most effective dietary pattern for breast cancer prevention has been greatly debated in recent years. Studies have examined hypocaloric diets, with particular emphasis on macronutrient composition, yielding inconclusive data. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of calorie-restricted low-fat and low-carbohydrate diets (LFD and LCD, respectively) on circulating adipokines among overweight and obese premenopausal women.MethodsSeventy-nine overweight and obese premenopausal women were randomized to either LFD or LCD, with increased physical activity, for 52 weeks. Serum adiponectin, leptin and the adiponectin-to-leptin ratio (A/L) were measured at baseline, and at weeks 34 and 52 to assess intervention effects.ResultsWhile there were no significant changes in serum adiponectin concentrations following the LCD and LFD interventions, leptin concentrations significantly decreased by week 34 of the intervention period (LCD: 35.3%,P = 0.004; LFD: 30.0%,P = 0.01), with no difference by intervention arm. At week 52, these reductions were statistically non-significant, indicating a return to baseline levels by the end of the intervention. While there were non-significant increases in the A/L ratio following the LCD and LFD intervention arms, the overall trend, across groups, was marginally significant (P = 0.05) with increases of 16.2% and 35.1% at weeks 34 and 52, respectively.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that caloric-restricted LCD and LFD dietary patterns favorably modify leptin and possibly the A/L ratio, and lend support to the hypothesis that these interventions may be effective for obesity-related breast cancer prevention through their effects on biomarkers involved in metabolic pathways.Trial registrationClinical Trial Registration Number:NCT01559194.

Background/Objectives: Although benefits have been attributed to the Mediterranean diet, its effect on glycaemic control has not been totally elucidated. The aim of this work was to compare the effect of two Mediterranean diets versus a low-fat diet on several parameters and indices related to glycaemic control in type 2 diabetic subjects. Subjects/Methods: A multicentric parallel trial was conducted on 191 participants (77 men and 114 women) of the PREDIMED study in order to compare three dietary interventions: two Mediterranean diets supplemented with virgin olive oil (n=67; body mass index (BMI)=29.4 ± 2.9) or mixed nuts (n = 74; BMI = 30.1 ± 3.1) and a low-fat diet (n = 50; BMI = 29.8 ± 2.8). There were no drop-outs. Changes in body weight and waist circumference were determined. Insulin resistance was measured by HOMA-IR index, adiponectin/leptin and adiponectin/HOMA-R ratios after 1 year of follow-up. Results: Increased values of adiponectin/leptin ratio (P = 0.043, P = 0.001 and P < 0.001 for low-fat, olive oil and nut diets, respectively) and adiponectin/HOMA-IR ratio (P = 0.061, P = 0.027 and P = 0.069 for low-fat, olive oil and nut diets, respectively) and decreased values of waist circumference (P = 0.003, P = 0.001 and P = 0.001 for low-fat, olive oil and nut diets, respectively) were observed in the three groups. In both Mediterranean diet groups, but not in the low-fat diet group, this was associated with a significant reduction in body weight (P = 0.347, P = 0.003 and P = 0.021 for low-fat, olive oil and nut diets, respectively). Conclusions: Mediterranean diets supplemented with virgin olive oil or nuts reduced total body weight and improved glucose metabolism to the same extent as the usually recommended low-fat diet. © 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited., This study was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Health (PI1001407, AGL2009-130906-C02-02, AGL2010-22319-C03-02, G03/140, RD06/0045), by Carlos III Health Institute (PREDIMED; CIBERobn), by Public Health Division of the Department of Health of the Autonomous Government of Catalonia in collaboration with Merck Sharp & Dohme Laboratories, by the Government of the Basque Country (IT-572-13) and by the University of the Basque Country (EDUNANOTEK, UFI11/32).

6 páginas, 3 figuras, 3 esquemas, 3 tablas., [ES] Se propuso estudiar la influencia del consumo de dietas pobres en grasa a base de aceite de oliva, girasol o aceite de palma (fracción oleína) sobre la utilización del cobre dietético por dos técnicas diferentes de balance, así como sobre sus contenidos corporales. Se utilizaron siete grupos de ratas Wistar, uno de ellos sacrificado el día primero del experimento, sirvió como control del contenido cúprico corporal inicial; seis grupos de ratas fueron alimentadas durante 15 días con dietas semisintéticas, tres de ellos con las grasas al 8% y los otros tres al 2%. En ellos se estudió el balance global del cobre mediante diferencia entre los contenidos corporales iniciales y finales del elemento y en la última semana por control de la ingesta y la excreción fecal del micronutriente. Se controló también el peso y los contenidos de cobre en carcasa, hígado, bazo, piel, eritrocitos y suero. Las dietas hipograsas mermaron la utilización del cobre mediante una disminución de su ingesta y también por deterioro de la biodisponibilidad del elemento en ellas. Se deprimió su contenido corporal total, el del bazo y el del hígado y las concentraciones en este último órgano, en la piel y en el suero. El aceite de palma (fracción oleína) (8%), frente a los otros dos, produjo un descenso en la digestibilidad del cobre., [EN] The objective of this study was to investigate both the dietary copper utilization and the body copper content in rats fed either low fat diets (2%) or normal fat diets (8%) containing olive oil, sunflower oil and palm oil (olein fraction), by two different balance techniques. Seven groups of Wistar rats were used. One group was killed on the first experimental day being utilized as control of initial body copper content. Six groups of rats were fed, over 15 days, semipurified diets varying only in the fat level, three of them containing 8% of fat, and the other three 2%. The overall copper balance was studied by calculating differences between the initial and final body copper content. During the last week, another copper balance was carried out by monitoring intake and faecal copper excretion. Body mass, and liver, spleen, skin, erythrocytes and serum copper contents were also examined. The copper utilization was lower in 2% fat rats, this was caused by food intake decrease but also by the lower copper bioavailability in 2% fat diets. The corporal, liver and spleen copper contents were reduced, and liver, skin and serum copper concentrations also decreased in the rats fed on 2% fat diets. Palm olein (8%) versus olive and sunflower oil produced a lower efficiency of copper absorption., Este trabajo ha sido realizado dentro del proyecto ALI 92-0289-CO2-02 financiado por la Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnología.

[Background]: Hypertension can be prevented by adopting healthy dietary patterns. Our aim was to assess the 4-year effect on blood pressure (BP) control of a randomized feeding trial promoting the traditional Mediterranean dietary pattern., [Methods]: The PREDIMED primary prevention trial is a randomized, single-blinded, controlled trial conducted in Spanish primary healthcare centers. We recruited 7,447 men (aged 55 to 80 years) and women (aged 60 to 80 years) who had high risk for cardiovascular disease. Participants were assigned to a control group or to one of two Mediterranean diets. The control group received education on following a low-fat diet, while the groups on Mediterranean diets received nutritional education and also free foods; either extra virgin olive oil, or nuts. Trained personnel measured participants’ BP at baseline and once yearly during a 4-year follow-up. We used generalized estimating equations to assess the differences between groups during the follow-up., [Results]: The percentage of participants with controlled BP increased in all three intervention groups (P-value for within-group changes: P, [Conclusions]: Both the traditional Mediterranean diet and a low-fat diet exerted beneficial effects on BP and could be part of advice to patients for controlling BP. However, we found lower values of diastolic BP in the two groups promoting the Mediterranean diet with extra virgin olive oil or with nuts than in the control group., This work was supported by the Official Funding Agency for Biomedical Research of the Spanish Government, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), through grants provided to research networks specifically developed for the trial (RTIC G03/140, to Dr Estruch; RTIC RD 06/0045, to Dr Martínez-González and through Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición [CIBERobn]), and by grants from Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC 06/2007), Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria-Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (PI04-2239, PI 05/2584, CP06/00100, PI07/0240, PI07/1138, PI07/0954, PI 07/0473, PI10/00802, PI10/01407, PI10/02658, PI11/01647, and P11/02505), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (AGL-2009- 13906-C02 and AGL2010-22319-C03), Fundación Mapfre 2010, Agencia Canaria de Investigación, Innovación y Sociedad de la Información-EU FEDER (PI 2007/050), Consejería de Salud de la Junta de Andalucía (PI0105/2007), Public Health Division of the Department of Health of the Autonomous Government of Catalonia, Generalitat Valenciana (ACOM/2012/238, ACOMP06109, GVACOMP2010-181, GVACOMP2011-151, CS2010- AP-111, CS2011-AP-042 ACOMP/2013/159, and ACOMP/213/165), and Regional Government of Navarra (P27/2011). ET is supported by a Rio Hortega post-residency fellowship of the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Spanish Government and by the Fundación Mutua Madrileña (Spain).

Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) treatment options are primarily limited to immunomodulatory therapies in MS non-progressive forms. Nutrition intervention studies suggest that diet may be considered as a complementary treatment to control disease progression. Therefore, dietary intervention may help to improve wellness and ameliorate symptoms of MS patients. Objectives: To assess the effect of a low-fat diet with antioxidant supplementation on biochemical markers of institutionalized patients with progressive forms of multiple sclerosis. Methods: A randomized prospective placebo-controlled study involving 9 participants, 5 of them assigned to the intervention group (low-fat diet and antioxidant supplementation) and the other 4 to the placebo group (low-fat diet). The effect of the dietary intervention, involving diet modification and antioxidant supplementation, was examined for 42 days by measuring anthropometric, biochemical parameters and oxidative stress markers in blood at baseline (day 0), intermediate (day 15) and end (day 42) stages of the treatment. Results: The intervention group obtained C reactive protein levels significantly lower than those observed in the corresponding placebo group at the end of the study. Oxidative stress and inflammatory markers isoprostane 8-iso-PGF2α and interleukine IL-6 values also diminished after dietary intervention in the intervention group. Catalase activity increased significantly in the intervention group prior antioxidant supplementation. No significant differences were observed in other oxida-tive stress markers. Conclusions: The results suggest that diet and dietary supplements are involved in cell metabolism modulation and MS-related inflammatory processes. Consequently, low fat diets and antioxidant supplements may be used as complementary therapies for treatment of multiple sclerosis.

International audience; Background and aims: Benefits of Mediterranean diet on MetS risk have been suggested, but overall prospective evidence in the general population is limited. For the first time, the prospective association of adherence to Mediterranean diet with the 6-y risk of MetS and its components was evaluated in a large cohort in Europe. Methods and results: Subjects included were participants from the Supplementation en Vitamines et Mineraux AntioXydants (SU.VI.MAX) study. Adherence to Mediterranean diet was assessed using traditional Mediterranean diet score (MDS), an updated Mediterranean score (MED) and Mediterranean style-dietary pattern score (MSDPS) calculated from at least three 24-h records. In 3232 subjects, the association between Mediterranean diet scores and 6-y risk of MetS was evaluated. The association between Mediterranean scores and MetS components was also estimated. A lower risk of MetS was observed with increasing MED score (P-trend = 0.001) and MDS (P-trend = 0.03) in multivariate models. The adjusted odds ratios (95% Confidence Interval) for MetS risk were 0.47 (0.32-0.69) and 0.50 (0.32-0.77) in subjects in the highest versus lowest tertile of MED score and MDS, respectively. The MED score was inversely associated with waist circumference, systolic blood pressure and triglycerides, and directly associated with HDL-cholesterol. The MDS was negatively associated with waist circumference and triglycerides, and MSDPS was positively associated with HDL-cholesterol. Conclusions: All Mediterranean diet scores were associated in a potentially beneficial direction with components of MetS or MetS incidence. Our findings support that individuals should be encouraged to follow a Mediterranean dietary pattern for reduction of MetS risk. Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00272428. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

To compare the effects of weight loss by an energy-restricted low-fat diet vs low-carbohydrate diet on serum peptide YY (PYY) levels.8-Week prospective study of 30 obese adults (mean age: 42.8+/-2.0 years, mean body mass index 35.5+/-0.6 kg m(-2)).After 8 weeks, subjects on the low-carbohydrate diet lost substantially more weight than those on the low-fat diet (5.8 vs 0.99 kg, P0.001). Weight loss by either diet resulted in a 9% reduction in both mean fasting serum PYY levels (baseline: 103.5+/-8.8 pg ml(-1), after weight loss: 94.1+/-6.5 pg ml(-1), P0.01) and postprandial area under the curve (AUC) PYY (baseline: (20.5+/-1.5) x 10(3) pg h(-1) ml(-1), after weight loss: mean AUC PYY (18.8+/-1.4) x 10(3) pg h(-1) ml(-1), P0.001). There was a trend towards lower levels of PYY with greater degrees of weight loss.Reduced PYY levels after weight loss by an energy-restricted low-fat or low-carbohydrate diet likely represents a compensatory response to maintain energy homeostasis and contributes to difficulty in weight loss during energy-restricted diets.

The objective of this study was to investigate both the dietary copper utilization and the body copper content in rats fed either low fat diets (2%) or normal fat diets (8%) containing olive oil, sunflower oil and palm oil (olein fraction), by two different balance techniques. Seven groups of Wistar rats were used. One group was killed on the first experimental day being utilized as control of initial body copper content. Six groups of rats were fed, over 15 days, semipurified diets varying only in the fat level, three of them containing 8% of fat, and the other three 2%. The overall copper balance was studied by calculating differences between the initial and final body copper content. During the last week, another copper balance was carried out by monitoring intake and faecal copper excretion. Body mass, and liver, spleen, skin, erythrocytes and serum copper contents were also examined. The copper utilization was lower in 2% fat rats, this was caused by food intake decrease but also by the lower copper bioavailability in 2% fat diets. The corporal, liver and spleen copper contents were reduced, and liver, skin and serum copper concentrations also decreased in the rats fed on 2% fat diets. Palm olein (8%) versus olive and sunflower oil produced a lower efficiency of copper absorption. Se propuso estudiar la influencia del consumo de dietas pobres en grasa a base de aceite de oliva, girasol o aceite de palma (fracción oleína) sobre la utilización del cobre dietético por dos técnicas diferentes de balance, así como sobre sus contenidos corporales. Se utilizaron siete grupos de ratas Wistar, uno de ellos sacrificado el día primero del experimento, sirvió como control del contenido cúprico corporal inicial; seis grupos de ratas fueron alimentadas durante 15 días con dietas semisintéticas, tres de ellos con las grasas al 8% y los otros tres al 2%. En ellos se estudió el balance global del cobre mediante diferencia entre los contenidos corporales iniciales y finales del elemento y en la última semana por control de la ingesta y la excreción fecal del micronutriente. Se controló también el peso y los contenidos de cobre en carcasa, hígado, bazo, piel, eritrocitos y suero. Las dietas hipograsas mermaron la utilización del cobre mediante una disminución de su ingesta y también por deterioro de la biodisponibilidad del elemento en ellas. Se deprimió su contenido corporal total, el del bazo y el del hígado y las concentraciones en este último órgano, en la piel y en el suero. El aceite de palma (fracción oleína) (8%), frente a los otros dos, produjo un descenso en la digestibilidad del cobre.

Background: High amounts of dietary fructose may contribute to dyslipidemia in adults, but there are few data in children. Childhood adiposity is associated with smaller LDL particle size, but the dietary predictors of LDL size in overweight children have not been studied. Objectives: We aimed to determine whether LDL particle size is associated with dietary factors and specifically with fructose intake in normal-weight and overweight children. Design: In a cross-sectional study of normal-weight and overweight 6?14 y-old Swiss children (n = 74), dietary intakes were assessed by using two 24-h-recalls and a 1-d dietary record. Body mass index (BMI) and waist-hip ratio (WHR) were measured, and plasma lipid profile and LDL particle size were determined. Results: Compared with the normal-weight group, overweight children had significantly higher plasma triacylglycerol concentrations, lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations, and smaller LDL particle size (P