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In this article, an approach combining semi-empirical equations and the method of images is proposed for round conductor layer windings with un-gapped core. The new equation for proximity effect can convert the constant field strength from the magneto-motive force (MMF) across the core window into a frequency-dependent uniform background magnetic field strength, which can take partly the interaction between conductors into account. Geometric factors are introduced by fitting the finite element method (FEM) results to improve the accuracy. The method of images is used to calculate the field strength in order to counteract the impact of the 2-D edge effect. The new method is compared with the 2-D FEM, analytical methods, and is also validated by measurements with EE core transformers. The proposed method shows good accuracy (< 10% error) compared with 2-D FEM for both high and low porosity factor windings. Therefore, it can handle more winding configurations than other 1-D analytical methods.

The research was conducted during the 2018/19 hunting year at three hunting grounds: "Barajevska reka" - "Takovo" and "Jadar". The average density of Roe deer in hunting grounds varied from 48.67 to 74 individuals per 1,000 ha of hunting-productive area. However, when observing the number of individuals per 1,000 ha of total hunting area, the density varies from 16.07 individuals to 34.72 individuals. The determined gender ratio at the hunting ground "Jadar" was (M: F = 1: 0.93). At the hunting ground "Takovo", the gender ratio was (M: F = 1: 1.22), while at the hunting ground "Barajevska reka" the ratio was (M: F = 1: 1.59). The average fertility of Roe deer was 1.67 embryos per individual, or 1.75 embryos per pregnant female. Depending on the study area, the real growth varied from 0.54 to 0.73 fawns per female. Loss in Roe deer are caused mostly by biotic factors. The determined average age of shot individuals varied depending on the hunting ground from 3.53 to 5.24 years. The current state of Roe deer populations in Serbia varies between analyzed hunting grounds, but the overall situation is quite unsatisfactory, especially in terms of density, gender ratio and age structure of culled individuals. RESUMO A pesquisa foi realizada durante o ano de caça de 2018/19 nos três locais de caça: "Barajevska reka" - "Takovo" e "Jadar". A densidade média de cabrito-montês em áreas de caça variou de 48,67 a 74 indivíduos por 1.000 ha de área produtiva de caça. Entretanto, ao observar o número de indivíduos por 1.000 ha de área total de caça, a densidade varia de 16,07 indivíduos a 34,72 indivíduos. A razão de gênero determinada no terreno de caça "Jadar" foi (M: F = 1: 0,93). No terreno de caça "Takovo", a proporção de gêneros era (M: F = 1: 1,22), enquanto no terreno de caça "Barajevska reka" (M: F = 1: 1,59). A fertilidade média do cervo Roe era de 1,67 embriões por indivíduo, ou 1,75 embriões por fêmea grávida. Dependendo da área de estudo, o crescimento real variou de 0,54 a 0,73 fulvos por fêmea. As perdas em cabrito-montês são causadas principalmente por fatores bióticos. A idade média determinada dos indivíduos abatidos variou de 3,53 a 5,24 anos, dependendo do terreno de caça. O estado atual das populações de cabrito-montês na Sérvia varia entre os locais de caça analisados, mas a situação geral é bastante insatisfatória, especialmente em termos de densidade, proporção de gênero e estrutura etária dos indivíduos abatidos.

Medium-frequency transformers (MFTs) are key components in solid-state transformers, where they provide galvanic isolation and a certain voltage transfer ratio between a MV grid and a LV bus. Typically, MFTs are operated in the kilohertz range, which results in a significantly reduced volume and material usage compared to 50/60 Hz transformers. Foil conductor is an attractive solution for improving the filling factor and the cost-effectiveness of MFTs, however, the insulation clearances increase the ohmic losses due to the current crowding effect; besides, the electric field hotspots at the winding corners require shielding by equipotential rings. In this work, a new hybrid topology is presented, where the first and last turn of the foil winding package is replaced by turns of litz wire connected in series, one above and one below the foil winding, respectively, such that they act as equipotential shielding rings; besides, the current in the litz turns deflects the magnetic field lines away from the foil edges, decreasing the losses due to current crowding. The effect of the litz rings on the losses is modeled and measured on a hybrid and a standard foil winding prototype; a loss decrease higher than 15% is observed. The verified model is used to compare the conductor and footprint saving between windings designed with litz rings, and with standard equipotential shielding rings; in this respect, a minor amount of litz wire allows reducing losses up to 30%, whereas the conductor utilization and winding height can be decreased more than 20%, improving the power density of the MFT.

The estimation of individual core losses of wound core power distribution transformers areparticularly important since their core costs account for around 30% of their overall material cost and are one ofthe key determinants of their quality. In addition, accurate calculations of individual core actual losses areextremely difficult, since actual losses show a divergence of up to 20%, in relation to the theoretical individualcore losses. This paper demonstrates the use of Machine Learning (ML) techniques, namely Decision Trees(DTs) and the Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ) neural network to the enhancement of each core's quality inwound core power distribution transformers. The DTs method makes use of inductive inference to automaticallybuild decision rules and apply them to the power distribution transformers production procedure. In the LVQneural network, any set of input vectors can be classified by using supervised training of competitive layers.Real industrial measurements were used to create the learning and test set. Information includes measurementsof the production line's quality control as well as the electrical properties of grain-oriented steel. The resultingDTs present a success rate of 94%. Based on these DTs, rules comprising the most significant parameters andtheir threshold values can be derived. These are used to lower the actual losses of individual cores, hence raisingtheir quality. The LVQ neural network approach achieves a total classification success rate of 95%.

Аналізуються можливі соціально-економічні наслідки, які може понести Росія від її тривалої агресії проти народу Укра-їни. Умовною відправною основою для аналізу взято порушення країною-агресором чотирьох біблійних заповідей: «Не зажа-дай добра ближнього!», «Не вкради!», «Не обдури!», «Не вбий!». Досліджуються складові соціально-економічних збитків, пов’язаних з мілітарізацією країни, пониженням економічного статусу експроприйованої власності, катастрофічного погір-шення якості людського капіталу, міжнародних санкцій, зубожіння й отуплення народу, десоціологізації економіки тощо. Досліджується роль, яку відіграє у сучасних економічних відносинах інститут довіри, а також – економічні наслідки, які виникають у зв’язку з формуванням негативного іміджу економічних суб’єктів різних рівнів, зокрема в Росії. This paper analysis possible socio-economic consequences that Russia may suffer from its long-term aggression against the people of Ukraine. The analysis addresses the violation of the four Biblical commandments by Russia: “You shall not covet your neighbor’s house or anything that belongs to your neighbor”, “You shall not steal”, “You shall not give false testimony against your neighbor”, “You shall not murder”. The paper investigates the components of socio-economic losses associated with (a) the militarization of the country, (b) the lowering of the economic status of expropriated property, (c) the catastrophic deterioration of the quality of human capital, (d) international sanctions, (e) the impoverishment and numbing of the people, and (f) the de-socialization of the economy. The research also addressed the role of trust in modern economic relations and the economic consequences of forming a negative image of economic subjects of various levels based on Russian example.

Exploiting detailed disclosures mandated by Accounting Standard Codification (ASC) 820, we provide evidence for the return relevance of Level 3 fair value remeasurements for a comprehensive sample of U.S. listed banks. We find that Level 3 remeasurements recognized in earnings are more return relevant than those recognized in other comprehensive income (OCI). Our results suggest that Level 3 remeasurements in OCI partially reflect transitory illiquidity discounts that are less relevant when banks have the ability to hold the underlying assets. The regulatory capital treatment of OCI also affects the return relevance of Level 3 remeasurements in OCI. Importantly, we find no differences in the return relevance of realized versus unrealized Level 3 remeasurements in earnings, allaying concerns that investors perceive unrealized Level 3 remeasurements of lesser quality. Overall, our findings support the usefulness of the segregated disclosures of Level 3 fair value remeasurements. Data Availability: Data are available from the public sources cited in the text.

Fasciolosis is one of the most important causes of reduction in milk production, growth and fertility in cattle and causes considerable economic losses generated by liver seizures in slaughterhouses. The objective of this study was to determine the occurrence of livers seized byFasciola hepaticain the Lorenzo Gonzales bovine slaughterhouse in Sagua la Grande municipality in Villa Clara province, Cuba. A retrospective observational analysis of the seizures of livers by F. hepatica in the period 2016-2020 was carried out. The prevalence, seasonality, trend and enzootic channels of the occurrence of livers seizures due to fasciolosis in slaughtered cattle were determined. In addition, the annual economic losses as a consequence of fasciolosis seizures were estimated. The sanitary impact of seizures due to fasciolosis showed a prevalence of 18.93%, which is a reflection of the epizootic situation of the units of origin. Losses due to liver seizures as a consequence of F. hepatica infestation amounted to 1 088 532 cup in the five-year period evaluated. The trend in the incidence of F. hepatica seizures is decreasing and shows a marked seasonal pattern in the months of March, April, May, June, October, November and December. The usual expected behavior of F. hepatica seizures of livers in the Sagua bovine slaughterhouse for a period of five years shows a wide range of monthly occurrences.

High voltage outdoor insulation systems are conventionally ceramics and glass with several advantages, such as proven in the field, excellent dielectric properties, durability, and long life. However, they are heavy, attract vandals and break easily, and they can lose their dielectric properties easily when subjected to high voltage transients, arcing, and surges. To curb this, polymer insulators are used because they have excellent dielectric properties, such as those of ceramics and glass, with the added advantages that they do not break easily and recover their lost dielectric properties after any electrical transients. Therefore, this paper investigates the dielectric properties of polymeric materials – silicone rubber (SR) and epoxy resin (ER). Some SR samples were manufactured in the laboratory, and others were obtained from the industrial manufacturer. All the ER samples were manufactured in the laboratory. The dielectric measurements were performed with the Insulation Diagnostics System. Within the measured frequency ranges, the dielectric losses of SR manufactured industrially differ from the laboratory-manufactured specimens. This is due to filler materials in the industrially manufactured samples. For the case of serially connecting the SR and ER, there was a higher influence of dielectric loss of SR than the ER, with some remarkable dielectric losses at some frequencies.

Changing how an issue is framed can influence both decision-making and metacognition, but framing a memory task in terms of gains and losses could also impact how learners prioritize information according to its value or importance. We investigated how framing task instructions and feedback in terms of gains and losses influences learners’ ability to selectively remember valuable information at the expense of low-value information. Specifically, we presented learners with to-be-remembered words paired with point values and either told participants how many points they scored (the sum of the values of recalled words) or lost (the sum of the values of not-recalled words) on each list, with participants’ goal being to maximize their scores or minimize their losses, respectively. Overall, participants were more selective for high-value words when their goals were framed in terms of point gains compared with when their goals were framed in terms of losses, and learners’ metacognitive predictions of performance (JOLs) generally mapped onto this trend. Thus, framing in terms of losses for forgetting can reduce memory selectivity, perhaps because even small losses are salient, indicating that framing effects are not limited to decision-making but can influence memory and metacognitive processes as well.

In order to determine the effects of strong earthquakes for a given settlement, it is necessary to solve several tasks in a few stages. The first task is identification of the building stock for the surveyed area. The assessment of the effects of strong earthquakes is based on procedures for integration of seismic hazard and seismic vulnerability of the bearing structures of the building stock. The analyses are made for seismic excitation defined from seismic hazard analysis - a deterministic earthquake scenario (expressed in macroseismic intensity). The scenario map accounts soil amplification effects using the geotechnical zonation of the considered urban area. Based on the collected information about the building stock and the performed analysis, an assessment of the direct damages and destructions is obtained. The distribution of the buildings, respectively by number and by total floor area, at the different damage levels is presented in graphical form. Economic losses are calculated based on the results obtained for damages and destruction in the buildings. The main task of this research is a quantitative evaluation of the effects of strong earthquakes for the city of Ruse, based on an accurate assessment of the seismic hazard. This evaluation is of practical importance for the municipal administration, as it allows for the development of a well-grounded prevention program, priority planning of rescue teams, equipment, resources and ability to plan the need for hospital beds and shelter.

В этой статье рассматривается такой актуальный вопрос, как особенности «гражданско-правовой ответственности за вред, причиненный органами государственной власти». Этот Институт имеет большое значение в обществе. Правоприменительная практика способствует более глубокому изучению института гражданско-правовой ответственности органов государственной власти. Российская правовая система пока не сумела создать такой правовой механизм, который бы эффективно обеспечивал права и законные интересы граждан, а также обеспечивал их защиту от противоправных действий органов государства. Главной основой изучаемого вопроса является тщательный анализ законодательства и мнения юристов, базирующихся как на теоретических знаниях, так и на практике., This article deals with such a topical issue as "civil liability for harm caused by public authorities." This Institute is of great importance in society. Law enforcement practice contributes to a deeper study of the institution of civil liability of public authorities. The Russian legal system has not yet managed to create such a legal mechanism that would effectively ensure the rights and legitimate interests of citizens, as well as ensure their protection from illegal actions of public authorities. The main basis of the issue under study is a thorough analysis of the legislation and the opinions of lawyers, based both on theoretical knowledge and practice.

Optical hotspots underpin a wide variety of photonic devices ranging from sensing, nonlinear generation to photocatalysis, taking advantage of the strong light-matter interaction at the vicinity of photonic nanostructures. While plasmonic nanostructures have been widely used for strongly localized electromagnetic energy on surfaces, they suffer from high loss and consequently a low quality factor. Resonance-based dielectric structures provide an alternative solution with a larger quality factor, but there is a mismatch between the maximum values of the light confinement (quality factor) and the leakage (intensity in the near-field). Here, we propose to apply the concept of topological photonics to the formation of hotspots, producing them in both topological edge states and topological corner states. The topology secures strong light localization at the surface of the nanostructures where the underlying topological invariant shows a jump, generating a field hotspot with simultaneous increment of quality factor and light intensity. Meanwhile, it leverages a good robustness to fabrication imperfection including fluctuation in shape and misalignment. After a systematic investigation and comparison of the robustness between 1D and 2D topological structures, we conclude that the hotspots from 1D topological edge states promise a fertile playground for emerging applications that require both enhanced light intensity and high spectral resolution.

Past research suggests that both state and trait mechanisms may underlie individual differences in temporal and probabilistic discounting in decision making, although more recent evidence suggests that these discounting mechanisms may differ for gains and losses. Although individuals can differ in how steeply they discount gains, the pattern of responding is generally similar across most individuals; for losses, however, distinct subgroups of responders emerge, differentiated by the patterns of choices they make according to the contingencies with which the losses occur (Myerson, Baumann, & Green, 2017). Between delayed and probabilistic discounting, opposing effects of the reward amount, a lack of correlation, and differences in sensitivity to event cueing (Mok et al., 2020), together suggest that these two types of discounting rely on distinct processes. In this study, we examined the stability of delayed and probabilistic discounting of gains and losses longitudinally over a 13-16 month delay, specifically assessing whether the degree to which an individual discounted or the pattern of responding (i.e., subgroup membership) changed over time. When discounting is found to be unstable over time, indicative of state-dependency, we also investigated how changes in current psychological and/or environmental factors modulate changes in discounting choices over time. More broadly, these data were collected during the COVID-19 pandemic, a time when the decisions of individuals are crucial in controlling viral spread. Understanding the stability of responding patterns under pandemic conditions, and whether response styles are trait- and/or state-based, has important implications for whether tendencies for discounting delayed/uncertain gains and immediate/certain losses can be shifted to increase mass compliance with public health and safety advice.

After the pandemic hit in 2020, the aerospace and defense industry was specifically impacted very harshly. Rolls-Royce was one of the main companies that had to go through major structural and logistical changes to cope with the changing economy. As one of the leaders of the aerospace and defense (A&D) industry, the main problem that Rolls-Royce was facing was the drastic reduction in demand for civil and commercial aircraft, which was one of Rolls-Royce’s core businesses. This led to supply chain problems, reduced profits, and eventually heavy losses. The effects of these problems caused great distress in the company. My specific role was twofold: to analyze their financial statements for the present and to provide risk management strategies for the future. For the former, I offer solutions on how they can minimize their losses and maximize their profits. Most of my research on this part was conducted by studying how companies performed under great financial distress in the past during black swan events, such as the housing crisis of 2008, the Great Recession, the dot-com bubble, and so forth. For the latter risk management objective, I created a personalized risk matrix for Rolls-Royce by identifying and ranking all their current and potential risks. Then I prioritized the risks that required more attention based on both qualitative and quantitative analyses of cost and performance impacts, and presented recommended solutions for these risks. Overall, I address six main issues and risks that Rolls-Royce should focus on and provide solutions to mitigate them.

The article is devoted to the research the problems that arise in pharmaceutical vaccine supply chains. Slow vaccination leads to global economic losses, and the lack of free access to vaccines in many developing countries is a problem not so much in the economic category as in the cost of human life category, which is confirmed by the research of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the United Nations (UN). Pharmaceutical vaccine supply chains are subject to special organization and flow management requirements to avoid waste. In the context of the Covid-19 pandemic, bottlenecks inevitably arise that lead to economic, social, human losses, potential and real losses of vaccines and an increasing pressure on reverse logistics. The main bottlenecks at each stage of the supply chain have been identified, which indicate a shift in the main problems in the pharmaceutical supply chain to the distribution and last mile logistics. A detailed analysis of the vaccine distribution system in the city of Kiev was carried out with the help of sites that cover information on used vaccines and losses based on the types of vaccination points of different forms of ownership. Vaccination sites were ranked according to the degree of effective use of vaccines. As a result, the problems of insufficient information support of the vaccination campaign by government agencies were identified, which leads to the loss of vaccines. The role of the state in solving these problems was assumed by public organizations. To accomplish these tasks, an interactive vaccination map was launched, which makes it possible to find the nearest vaccination point, see how many vaccinations were given in a particular medical institution and how many vaccine doses were potentially lost. For the study, empirical research, data analysis and synthesis, expert assessments and generalization methods were used. Calculated the amount of real and potential monetary losses from vaccines that have been disposed of. Recommendations on the use of innovative tools such as Blockchain to prevent potential and manage existing problems in pharmaceutical vaccine supply chains were provided.

The original study shows that loss-aversion is magnitude dependent. At low magnitudes losses never loomed larger than gains. At high magnitudes loss aversion was observable as the prospect theory predicts.

Two previous studies showed that positive (financial) incentives for improved memory and judgements may reduce the truth-bias. Other forms of motivation, however, (like accountability and professional expertise), which represent more negative incentives, have not been found to moderate people's tendency to believe false information. This study will test whether positive vs negative incentives may differentially affect the truth-bias. It will also look for tentative evidence that people's regulatory focus is linked to their level of truth-bias.

Grapevine leafroll disease (GLD) is caused by one or more of the Grapevine leafroll-associated viruses (GLRaVs). GLD’s symptoms are expected to be evident in indicator cultivars, regardless of the GLRaV(s) involved. In the present study, disease incidence (I) and severity (S), symptoms before veraison (Sy < V), a disease severity index (DSI) and an earliness index (EI) (2013–2022) were recorded in order to examine the factors affecting the evolution of GLD in Pinot noir graft inoculated with scions infected with GLRaV-3 that, in origin, showed a diversity of GLD symptoms. Strong correlations between I and S (r = 0.94) and between Sy < V and EI (r = 0.94) were observed; early symptoms proved good predictors of incidence and severity after veraison and of yield and sugar content of the must. The environmental conditions and time after infection did not modify the wide range of symptoms (I: 0–81.5%; S: 0.1–4) that corresponded with the variation in losses (

In industrial applications, radial or mixed-flow turbines are frequently used in energy recovery systems, small turbines for producing power, and turbochargers. The implementation of radial or mixed-flow turbines helps to maintain high efficiency at a large range of pressure ratios by reducing the overall turbine losses and secondary flow losses. Numerous findings on secondary flow development research adopting double-entry turbines can be obtained in the public domain, except asymmetric volute, which is less well-researched. The focus of the present work is to investigate the evolution of secondary flows and their losses in a mixed-flow turbine used in an asymmetric volute turbine, by employing an experimentally validated three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The flow topology is analyzed to explain the formation and evolution of flow separations at the pressure, suction, and hub surfaces. As the opening angle of the nozzle vane increases, the incidence angle falls into the positive range while the maximum pressure difference between the shroud and hub decreases by about 40%. The results also show that the development of secondary flow accounts for the majority of losses and induced the centrifugal pressure head influence. The presence of symmetric nozzle vanes in both large and small scrolls is also found to have a significant detrimental effect on the turbine efficiency, which is 4% lower than the nozzleless case. Furthermore, significant flow separation is observed in the symmetrical nozzle vane configuration as opposed to that of nozzleless. In addition, the centrifugal pressure head indicated by the maximum pressure difference between the hub and shroud influences the overall turbine efficiency, as the symmetrical nozzle vane arrangement is introduced with two different turbine rotational speeds of 30 K rpm and 48 K rpm.

Russia's war against Ukraine inflicts significant losses not only on Ukraine's economy but also on its own. The current combat losses of the Russian armed forces have a heavy burden on the Russian economy, and if we add to this the losses associated with the imposed sanctions, then every day of the war in geometric progression brings the Russian economy closer to a recessive state. The article presents an analysis of costs and losses during the Russian-Ukrainian war, which provides an opportunity to form certain views on the economic consequences for both country Ukraine and Russia. Therefore, thanks to the military-economic analysis of the available database of statistical information on losses and expenditures of various types of resources in cost equivalent for the threemonth period of the war, the state of the Russian economy was forecasting of the state of the Russian economy according to certain extrapolation trends; defined the content and structure of the losses of Ukraine’s economy as a result of the war in order to include them in the reparations that will be presented to Russia to compensate for these losses, as well as to predict them in the event of a continuation of the war. In addition, the article forecasts the level of military-economic security of Ukraine and the economic consequences for Russia depending on the duration of the Russian-Ukrainian war and the different amounts of economic sanctions imposed on Russia. Further research may be to develop a methodological framework for the formation of the scope of reparations to international courts and agreements to compensate the Russian Federation for the damage caused to the national economy of Ukraine as a result of the war

Mild degrees of hypoxia are known to exert a detrimental effect on cognitive functions. In a lab study, we assessed the effect of mild hypoxia on risk-taking behavior. Participants (N= 25) were presented with pairs of bets of equal expected monetary value, one having a higher probability of winning/losing a lower payoff (safer bet) and one having a lower probability of winning/losing a higher payoff (riskier bet). We systematically varied the ratio of the probabilities (and corresponding payoffs) of the two bets and examined how this affected participants’ choice between them. Following a familiarization session, participants performed the task twice: once in a normoxic environment (20.9% oxygen concentration) and once in a mildly hypoxic environment (14.1% oxygen concentration). Participants were not told and could not guess which environment they were in. We found a higher preference for the riskier bet in the mild hypoxic than normoxic environment but only in the loss domain. Furthermore, as the probability ratio increased, mild hypoxia increased the preference for the riskier bet in the domain of losses but decreased it for gains. The present findings support that mild hypoxia promotes riskier choices in the loss domain and provide new insights into the impact of mild hypoxia in moderating the effect of probability ratio on risky choices.

© 2022 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes,creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works. With the aim to increase standardization, reduce the cost, and obtain advanced performance features, the design of voltage-source power converter legs can be undertaken by combining several instances of a standard switching cell, properly connected in active neutral-point-clamped structures to reach the desired voltage and current ratings. These switching cells can be organized into switching-cell arrays. This design approach introduces several degrees of freedom into the design. Namely, the different options to interconnect the cells and the distribution of switching losses among these cells. This article aims to define an optimization problem to explore this design space. The design problem is formulated in different scenarios, involving different conversion configurations (dc-dc and dc-ac), different leg number of levels (two and three), and different types of available cells (standard and conduction-optimized in combination with switching-optimized). A weighted objective function is then defined in terms of leg simplicity, efficiency, and reliability. The value of the design variables that minimize the objective function with different sets of weighting factors are obtained under selected scenarios and operating conditions, to illustrate the flexibility of the converter design approach under study. The solution of the optimization problem is obtained using a surrogate optimization algorithm in MATLAB, well suited to quickly solve optimization problems involving a combination of integer design variables (the number of parallel switching cells in each converter leg position) and continuous design variables (the proportion of switching losses taken by each cell), together with linear and nonlinear constraints.

The Brazilian peanut harvest has become fully mechanized and is divided into two operations: digging and gathering. Nerveless, in both operations, it can be found losses, and it could avoid doing machine maintenance adequate. This study aimed to evaluate the quality and quantify the interference of the harvesting period (morning, afternoon, and night) and the wear of the digging-shaking-inverter mechanism (blades) in the loss indexes in the digging operation. The experiment was carried out in a commercial field. Worn and new blades were used to dig peanuts at three different periods of the day. Losses were quantified by collecting 20 points separated by 20 m for each treatment. The experimental design was in bands using a factorial 3x2 analysis, was three shifts of digging and two blades wear condition. Digging with worn blades increased the losses in the three different periods compared to using new blades, and the farmers can increase profit by 22% by reducing the digging losses. Brazilian peanut harvests have been fully mechanized and are divided into two operations, namely digging and gathering. In both operations, losses are observed, and it is essential to avoid losses to maintain adequate machine maintenance. In this study, we aimed to quantify the interference of the harvesting period (morning, afternoon, and night) and wear of the digger-inverter mechanism (blades) on the loss indexes during the dig operation. The experiment was conducted in a commercial field using worn and new blades to dig peanuts at three different periods of the day. Losses were quantified by measuring data at 20 points, which were separated by 20 m for each treatment. The shift work did not interfere with peanut losses. However, the blade condition exhibited a strong influence on increasing the losses. Peanut growers can increase profits by up to 22% by reducing digging losses solely by periodically changing blades.

Frequently, PV systems are affected by dirt, dust or shadowing from surrounding elements, such as trees and buildings. The shadows can cause partial shading conditions, when the irradiance is not uniform on PV installation, which lead to losses of power. Thus, the shadow prediction is primordial for a better output power estimation and to minimize its losses. The aim of this article is to propose a methodology using intuitive and available tools for shading prediction and losses assessment on PV installations. A study about the shadow pattern and module orientation (portrait and landscape) influence and an analysis of the shading losses on a PV plant were performed in order to demonstrate the applicability of the methodology. The shading effect is drastic when the shading is parallel to the short edge, whereas the effect is lower when it is parallel to the long edge. On the other hand, the losses due to shading and the difference in the position of the modules (landscape or portrait) have a lower impact on the photovoltaic plant case. It was concluded that the methodology is feasible and applicable for shading impact evaluation, despite limitations for large systems due to the simulation time.

This paper compares the cost and efficiency of two inverter topologies for a 5-kW grid-connected solar inverter application: the Conventional H-Bridge Inverter (CHB) and the Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter (CHBMLI). Emphasis is put on power switches and passive elements with a detailed study of the losses. Both designs respect the same constraints (cost, efficiency, and junction temperature of the transistors) to ensure a fair comparison between both topologies. The work highlights the important parameters when choosing the components (MOSFETs, capacitors, and magnetic cores for the inductors). The DC-link voltage ripple and the output AC current ripple are the key parameters for the design of the passive elements (capacitors and inductors). On top of that, the transistors MOSFETs are chosen, in both topologies, to limit the conduction losses (by selecting the Rdson) and the switching losses (by selecting the Qrr and dv/dt). Real components are picked in order to make the comparison as complete as possible. Numerical simulations are performed using the MATLAB platform. All equations and parameters are provided. A CHBMLI prototype was built with eight independent H-Bridges to validate the proposed design with thermal and efficiency measurements.

The paper aims to provide a clarification of assessing insurance risk related to an asset owned by a subject under public law and, more specifically, to an economic cultural asset. This study is aligned with key aspects proposed by the EU for the protection of the cultural heritage from natural disasters. In the first place, given the peculiarity of the material inherent to cultural heritage, a motivation underlies the search for the correlation between the latter and the commonality. Secondly, it appeared necessary to verify the differences, similarities and importance of the economic management of cultural heritage in order to understand the social, economic, material and intangible importance of an asset managed in an economic way within a social axis (municipality). The third reason relates to the general severity and the risk and subsequent damage that a hazard, such as a pandemic outbreak (COVID-19), can cause on one or more cultural heritage. In the final analysis, perhaps the most meaningful aspect underlies the verification of the possible consequences in the analysis of summations of losses generated by a hazard in order to allow a prospect of what could be the consequences of such a catastrophic scenario.

The article is aimed at presenting the guidelines for methodological principles helping to assess the impact of the «gray» shadow economy on the socio-economic security of a city. Such methodological principles are relevant due to the growing role of cities in the socio-economic development of Ukraine and the lack of methodological guidelines for assessing the impact of the «gray» shadow economy on the socio-economic security of a city. The existing official Guidelines for assessing the shadow economy level are aimed at obtaining estimates of the «gray» shadow economy at the macro-level, while the recommendations suggested by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) to measure the unobserved economy remain mostly unapplied in Ukraine. The article presents methodological principles for assessing the impact of the «gray» shadow economy on the city budget, which combine interdependent concepts, principles and categories of assessment, whose operationalization as a developed algorithm has made it possible to create an operational assessment environment. The methodological principles for assessing the impact of the unobserved economy on the city budget are based on the principles provided and, due to the peculiarities of the object of assessment, require a number of assumptions to be made. The calculation of the amount of non-receipts in the budgets of several Ukrainian cities made according to the developed assessment algorithm shows that the budgets of the cities in question failed to receive significant sums during the selected period due to concealing business income, number of employees, and payment of wages "in envelopes". Of course, it is advisable to admit some conditionality of the amount of budget losses in the cities analyzed due to the «gray» shadow economy; still, even if we halve their size, the loss will remain significant. However, the negative impact of the shadow economy on a city is not limited to the lack of a significant amount of funds by the city budget. It is also necessary to take into account remote threats to the socio-economic system of the city due to the presence of the shadow economy, e.g.: deliberate limitation of the potential of the city's economic development and distortion of economic competition.

Hybrid modular multilevel converters (HMMC) address the DC-fault blocking limitations of the half-bridge submodules (HB-SMs) of the standard MMC by combining HB-SMs with full-bridge submodules (FB-SMs). In order to improve the overall conversion efficiency, this article proposes two low-loss configurations for the HMMC. The main improvement in the proposed HMMCs is achieved by the combination of low-loss unipolar and low-loss bipolar SMs in the same arm of the HMMC. It is shown that the simplest structure (LLH1) can reduce the SM losses (switching and conduction losses in an SM) by 30% compared to the HMMC at the cost of limited fault blocking capabilities. The fully controlled structure (LLH2) reduces SM losses by 10% compared to the HMMC, and 30% compared to the FBSM-based MMC. These results represent an increase of 20% over the typical HBSM-based MMC for a converter (LLH2) that can provide fault-blocking capabilities. Assessment of efficiency in both HMMCs is provided over a range of operating conditions both in inverter and rectifier mode from an 800-MVA HVDC system model. Published version This work was supported by the Australian Research Council’s Discovery Grant DP210102294.

This paper presents a new structure of a multilevel inverter with fewer components, which is suitable for renewable energy sources and industrial loads applications. The structure has three unequal input sources and ten switches that can generate a 15-level output voltage. Furthermore, it can be connected in cascade for increasing, even more, the number of levels and output voltage. The main feature of the proposed inverter is its very low harmonic distortion at the output voltage and current due to the control method, which is based on the nearest level control method for generating a high-quality output voltage. A typical application of this inverter is in solar cells and wind turbines. Both simulations in Matlab/Simulink and experimental results in a scaled-down prototype validate the proposed theoretical analysis.

Aim The diversity and composition of natural communities are rapidly changing due to anthropogenic disturbances. Magnitude of this compositional reorganization varies across the globe, but reasons behind the variation remain largely unknown. Disturbances induce temporal turnover by stimulating species colonizations, causing local extinctions, altering dominance structure, or all of these. We test which of these processes drive temporal community changes, and whether they are constrained by natural environmental gradients. Moreover, we assess to what degree identity shifts translate to changes in dominance structure. Location Finland. Time period Observations 1985–2006, disturbance history > 140 years. Major taxa studied Vascular plants. Methods We investigated temporal turnover of boreal forest understorey in response to disturbance, here forest management, along a soil fertility gradient. We disentangle the roles of species gains, losses and abundance changes in driving temporal turnover in response to and after disturbance by comparing turnover rates in different forest age categories along a fertility gradient. We quantify temporal turnover using richness‐based complement of Jaccard’s similarity index and proportional‐abundance based dissimilarity index. We also test whether disturbance history or fertility influence the relationship between identity shifts and dominance structure. Results We found that the impact of disturbance on temporal turnover depends on soil fertility. The greatest turnover occurred in the most fertile forests immediately after disturbance. There, species gains and losses strongly altered dominance structure leading to high turnover, whereas undisturbed old forests and nutrient‐poor habitats were characterized by stable dominant species even when the majority of species shifted their identity. Main conclusions Our results suggest that human impacts on temporal biodiversity change vary along environmental gradients. In boreal forests, the fertile habitats have a higher probability than nutrient‐poor sites of changing their composition in response to anthropogenic disturbances. Resource availability and disturbance history may thus influence consequences of temporal turnover for ecosystem functioning.

The underground coal gasification is a continually evolving technology, which converts coal to calorific gas. There are many important parameters in this technology, which are difficult to measure. These parameters include the underground cavity growth, amount gasified coal, and the leakage of input and output gaseous components into the surrounding layers during the coal gasification process. Mathematical modeling of this process is one of the possible alternatives for determining these unknown parameters. In this paper, the structure of the mathematical model of laboratory underground coal gasification process from the material balance aspect is presented. The material balance consists of mass components entering and leaving from the UCG process. The paper shows a material balance in the form of a general mass balance and atomic species balance. The material balance was testing by six UCG laboratory experiments, which were realized in two ex-situ reactors.

Introdução: Partindo da hipótese de que, após a denervação renal, ocorre redução do estímulo adrenérgico e da ativação do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona, esse procedimento teria aplicabilidade no tratamento da hipertensão arterial sistêmica. Objetivos: Avaliar a redução dos níveis tensionais e a redução do número de anti-hipertensivos em pacientes com hipertensão arterial resistente submetidos à ablação das artérias renais. Métodos: No estudo DESIRE (Denervação Simpática Renal) foram arrolados 242 pacientes com Hipertensão Arterial Resistente (Em uso de três classes de anti-hipertensivos em doses otimizadas, incluindo um diurético) no HBDF, de 01 de março de 2012 a 28 de fevereiro de 2013. Após adequada randomização, foram realizadas 16 ablações de artérias renais no período em questão. Os 16 pacientes com seguimento mínimo de dois meses e máximo de 6 meses foram avaliados neste trabalho. Resultados: foram estudados 16 pacientes (05 homens, 11 mulheres) com idade variando de 50,38±9,43 variando de 35 a 68 anos. Os pacientes apresentavam níveis pressóricos médios de PAS: 195mmHg; PAD: 119mmHg e PAM: 144mmHg. Após o procedimento, houve uma redução da PAS em 19mmHg (p

In this study, a particle swarm optimization (PSO) is proposed to optimize the cost of generating thermal plants in the South Sulawesi system. The study was con ducted by analyzing several methods using the lagrange and ant colony optimization (ACO). PSO algorithm converges on the 11th iteration algorithm with the lowest generation cost obtained, which is Rp129687962.17/hour. While the ACO algorithm converges on the 34th iteration with a generation cost of Rp131,473,269.39/hour. The results of optimization using PSO produce a total thermal power of 400.75 MW and losses of 26.15 MW. The PSO method is able to reduce the cost of generating the South Sulawesi system by Rp11,118,312.07/hour or 7.9%. While using the ACO method generates a generation cost of Rp131,473,269.39/hour to generate power of 400,812 MW with losses of 26,219 MW. The ACO method is able to reduce the cost of generating the South Sulawesi system by Rp9,333,004.9/hour or 6.62%. PSO algorithm provides the lowest cost calculation of generator compared with conventional methods and ACO smart methods. This is also shown in the calculation process, the PSO method completes calculations faster than the ACO method.

Bu çalışmada, 200kWp kurulu güce sahip, Lebit Enerji güneş santraline ait bilgiler, PVsyst V6.67-TRİAL programına aktarılmış, simüle edilmiş ve gerçek üretim verileri ile simülasyon verileri karşılaştırılmıştır. Simülasyon sonucunda elde edilen rapor ile sisteme ait kayıplar (termal kaybı, kablolama kaybı, gölgeleme kaybı, uyumsuzluk kaybı, tozlanma ve karlanma kaybı, panel kaybı, inverter kaybı vb.) analiz edilmiştir. Yapılan analizde, simülasyon sonuçları ile gerçek üretim değerleri arasında yaklaşık %0.56’lık bir fark olduğu görülmüştür. Bu sonuç, tasarım aşamasında olan PV sistemleri için, yapılan fizibilite çalışmalarına büyük katkı sağlayabileceği gibi, hali hazırda kurulu olan PV sistemlerin daha verimli hale getirilebilmesi için, yapılacak olan revizyon çalışmalarına ışık tutabilir. For the purposes, actual production values and simulation values were compared with using the datas of 200kWp Lebit Enerji solar power plant, which was transferred and simulated to PVsyst V6.67-TRIAL program. Systematic losses (temperature and wind loss, cable loss, shading loss, loss of incompatibility, loss of dust and snow, loss of panel, loss of inverter, etc.) were analyzed by the report obtained as a result of the simulation. In the analysis shows that, there is a difference about % 0.56 between the simulation results and the actual production values. This will provide big convenience for feasibility studies of PV systems that are in the design step, on the other hand it can be guide to make revision more effective PV systems.

International audience; In this study, a practical numerical method is proposed to estimate losses of high specific power density electric motors, using few simulated temperature data. In such electric motors, these losses generate high heat fluxes inside the motor components that can be critically sensitive to temperature. Electromagnetic and mechanical friction phenomena are behind the occurring of these thermal dissipations. For both phenomena, losses could be difficult to compute with electrical or mechanical approaches. However, thermal management of electric motors requires a precise knowledge of those losses, in particular for high-performance motors such as those considered in future hybrid planes. To determine electric motor losses in a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) in real time, an inverse method using a Lumped Parameter Thermal Model (LPTM) is elaborated. In the first step, the dynamic profile of losses is determined through the inverse method, based on temperature data at easy-access points of the motor. In a second step, the identified losses are used to find temperatures at critical non-accessible hot spot points of the motor through forward LPTM. The method is applied for three useful cases, from the simplest case scenario, where only one type of losses has to be identified, to the most complicated case where all losses are simultaneously estimated. A global strategy for the choice of the number of future time steps used for regularization of the ill-posed problem is also proposed. Results show that this method enables adequate real-time supervision of the critical motor temperatures, mainly rotor and winding core.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:18:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-01-01 Yield losses due to Groundnut ringspot virus – GRSV (genus Orthotospovirus) infection have been observed across major peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) growing areas in Brazil. However, effective management systems capable of minimizing GRSV damage are not yet available. The aim of the present study was to verify the effectiveness of the pyraclostrobin (a strobilurin fungicide reported as a potential activator of natural, large–spectrum plant defense mechanisms) in the management of GRSV in peanuts. Two independent field experiments were carried out in commercial peanut areas with a natural occurrence of GRSV. A completely randomized block design was used with a 5 × 2 factorial scheme, including four replicates, five peanut cultivars (‘Runner IAC 886’, ‘IAC OL4’, ‘IAC 503’, ‘IAC 505’, and ‘Granoleico’) and two treatments (with and without pyraclostrobin application). At 80 and 100 days after sowing, visual disease severity scores and the number of infected plants were evaluated, followed by virus quantification in the leaf tissues and yield. The cultivars ‘Granoleico’ and ‘IAC 503’ displayed the highest levels of GRSV susceptibility. Pyraclostrobin was found to be effective in reducing the number of GRSV–infected plants, as well as in attenuating disease severity. In addition, pyraclostrobin was able to promote significant yield increase. Even though the mechanism(s) of pyraclostrobin action against GRSV remain elusive, this fungicide can be regarded as a potential component for viral disease management programs in peanuts. Apta Polo Regional Centro Norte, Rodovia Washington Luis, Km 372, C. Postal 24, CEP 15830-000 Universidade de Brasília, UnB Embrapa Hortaliças Departamento de Produção Vegetal FCAV/Unesp Instituto Taquaritinguense de Ensino Superior–ITES Centro de Grãos e Fibras IAC Departamento de Produção Vegetal FCAV/Unesp

The application of high-temperature superconductors to accelerator magnets for future particle colliders is under study. Numerical methods are crucial for an accurate evaluation of the complex dynamical behavior of the magnets, especially concerning the magnetic field quality and thermal behavior. We present a coupled $\textbf{A}$-$\textbf{H}$ field formulation for the analysis of magneto-thermal transients in accelerator magnets. The magnetic field strength $\textbf{H}$ accounts for the eddy current problem in the source regions containing the superconducting domains, while the magnetic vector potential $\textbf{A}$ represents the magnetoquasistatic problem in the normal and non-conducting domains. Furthermore, we include a slab approximation for the source regions, making the formulation suitable for large scale models composed of thousands of tapes. In this work, the relevant equations are derived and discussed, with emphasis on the coupling conditions. The weak formulation is derived, and numerical results are provided in order to both, verify the formulation and scale it to the size of an accelerator magnet., Comment: 10 pages, 11 figures

The reliability analysis of traction inverters is of great interest due to the use of new semi-conductor devices and inverter topologies in electric vehicles (EVs). Switching devices in the inverter are the most vulnerable component due to the electrical, thermal and mechanical stresses based on various driving conditions. Accurate stress analysis of power module is imperative for development of compact high-performance inverter designs with enhanced reliability. Therefore, this paper presents an inverter reliability estimation approach using an enhanced power loss model developed considering dynamic and transient influence of power semi-conductors. The temperature variation tracking has been improved by incorporating power module component parameters in an LPTN model of the inverter. A 100 kW EV grade traction inverter is used to validate the developed mathematical models towards estimating the inverter performance and subsequently, predicting the remaining useful lifetime of the inverter against two commonly used drive cycles.

Summary The root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus penetrans, causes growth reduction in glasshouse-grown lettuce and is mainly controlled by chemical soil disinfestation. Integrated management strategies require more knowledge about the population dynamics and damage threshold densities. We monitored the population during 2.5 years in a commercial glasshouse by sampling soil in the same four 1 m2 spots at 0-30 cm and 30-60 cm depth. The grower grew lettuce in rotation with leek, applied 1,3-dichloropropene in summer and left the field fallow during winter. Growing leek reduced the nematode population slightly but chemical soil disinfestation lowered the numbers drastically, although 41% of the nematodes in the deeper layer survived. Black fallow resulted in a slight increase of the population, probably due to hatching. Two pot experiments with ten densities of P. penetrans were conducted to estimate the damage threshold for a summer and autumn cultivar (‘Cosmopolia’ and ‘Brighton’, respectively). The thresholds for lettuce weight were 669 and 3834 P. penetrans (100 ml soil)−1 in summer and autumn, respectively, but with considerable variability in estimated parameters. The thresholds for root damage were much lower: 204 and 48 P. penetrans (100 ml soil)−1. Nematode numbers did not increase on lettuce in the pot tests (maximum multiplication rate was 0.40) but increased slightly in the commercial setting. These results show that populations of P. penetrans build up slowly when butterhead lettuce is rotated with leek and fallow, but chemical soil disinfestation is required to avoid numbers resulting in root damage.

A new generation of planetary speed reducers has a lot of various reducer concepts. One of the new type are cycloid drives. A massive appearance of cycloid drive reducers is related to the second half of the 20th century. This type of reducers represent a very interesting and attractive mechanical power transmission research field. The main reason for research interest is that cycloid reducers has a large potential in practice usage and they have very similar price related to conventional, planetary and other reducer types.

openaire: EC/FP7/339380/EU//ALEM This study combines calorimetric measurement of power loss of an induction motor with inverse thermal mapping of its temperatures to segregate the net power loss into its constituent components. Constrained least square fitting is the tool used to achieve the inverse mapping. The lumped thermal network of the motor serves as the forward thermal model, establishing the physical relationship between the motor's power losses and its resultant temperature rises. The objective of the iterative minimisation is to find the actual loss components that correspond to the temperatures measured, and which sum up to the total loss of the motor that is measured with a calorimeter. Data ranges and constraints are imposed to attain a reasonable, unique solution. Each loss component predicted by the inverse mapping inherently includes the contribution from stray load losses as it is fitted to the measured temperatures of the motor. Given the challenges, this inverse thermal routine achieves the loss segregation in a fairly good fashion.

Research on the asymmetric effect of negative versus positive affective states (induced by gains or losses) on scope of attention, both at a perceptual and a conceptual level, is abundant. However, little is known about the moderating effect of anticipating gains or losses versus actually experiencing them and about any downstream consequences of these effects on goal-directed behaviour. In two studies, we show that gains versus losses induce qualitatively different processes. In Experiment 1, we demonstrate that the anticipation of monetary gains results in a narrowing of attentional scope, while experiencing gains broadens the scope of attention. We find the reverse pattern concerning monetary losses - while anticipation of monetary losses results in broadening of attentional scope, the actual experience of losses results in narrowing of attentional scope. Additionally, Experiment 2 replicates these findings and shows how differential attentional tuning as a function of the anticipation versus experience of gains versus losses modulates priming-induced goal-directed behaviour.

Ageing is a stage that many see as the moment of fulfillment, i.e. when it is possible to calmly enjoy the time that remains. It is also a period when losses accumulate (important people, professional activity, health), which can lead to a significant deterio­ration of psychosocial functioning, sometimes manifesting as depression. The aim of this study was to understand the experience of mental suffering experienced by elderly women who are facing both tasks relevant to their old age and clinical depression. The second objective was to understand the importance of social relations for the recovery process or, on the contrary, for the worsening of the illness. We conducted in-depth individual interviews with three senescent women; each of them had experienced many losses in the past and is now struggling with psychological disorders in the form of a depressive episode within bipolar disorder. The contents of the interviews were then subjected to the interpretative phenomenological analysis. On the basis of the analysis, we have distinguished three aspects of the researched subjects’ relations with the surrounding world. The first one includes the losses faced by the women – the death of close relatives, retirement, decreased acuity. Another aspect concerns the feeling of alienation within areas that are still available to them, which is additionally compounded by a lack of un­derstanding from close relatives (denial of suffering, insistence on a rapid improvement). The third aspect refers to the supportive and hope-giving behaviors of the surrounding people (acknowledging suffering, giving time to heal, showing patience). Finally, we generally reflected on the determinants of the relatives’ behavior towards elderly people suffering from depression. Starzenie się jest etapem widzianym przez wielu jako moment dopełnienia, w którym możliwe jest spokojne cieszenie się pozostałym czasem. Jest to zarazem okres, w którym dochodzi do kulminacji utrat (ważnych osób, aktywności zawodowej, zdrowia) mogących doprowadzić do znacznego pogorszenia psychospołecznego funkcjonowania, manifestującego się niekiedy jako depresja. Celem badania było zrozumienie doświadczenia bólu psychicznego przeżywanego przez kobiety w wieku senioralnym, które mierzą się zarówno z zadaniami właściwymi dla okresu starości, jak i kliniczną depresją. Drugim celem było zrozumienie tego, jakie znaczenie dla procesu zdrowienia lub przeciwnie – pogłębiania się stanu choroby – mają relacje społeczne. Przeprowadziłyśmy pogłębione wywiady indywidualne z trzema kobietami w wieku senioralnym; każda z nich w przeszłości zaznała wielu utrat, a obecnie boryka się z psychicznymi zaburzeniami pod postacią depresji w przebiegu choroby afektywnej dwubiegunowej. Treść wywiadów poddałyśmy interpretacyjnej analizie fenomenologicznej. Na podstawie analizy wyodrębniłyśmy trzy aspekty relacji badanych z otaczającym światem. Pierwszy obejmuje utraty, wobec których stają kobiety – śmierć bliskich osób, zakończenie pracy zawodowej, spadek sprawności. Kolejny dotyczy poczucia wyobcowania w obszarach, które są nadal dostępne, potęgowanego przez brak zrozumienia ze strony bliskich osób (zaprzeczanie cierpieniu, naleganie na szybką poprawę). Trzeci aspekt odnosi się do wspierających i dających nadzieję zachowań otaczających osób (uznawanie cierpienia, dawanie czasu na zdrowienie, okazywanie cierpliwości). Na koniec podjęłyśmy refleksję nad uwarunkowaniami zachowań bliskich wobec starszych osób dotkniętych depresją.

This article considers the possibility of introducing the institute of “indemnity” in the legislation of Ukraine. It is proposed to review approaches to the definition of the obligation to compensate losses arising in the event of materialisation of the conditions set out in the agreement, to classify such obligation, identify the potential place of such obligation in the law of Ukraine. Šajā rakstā tiek analizēta iespēja Ukrainas tiesību aktos ieviest “kompensāciju” institūtu. Tiek ierosināts pārskatīt pieejas attiecībā uz pienākuma kompensēt zaudējumus definēšanu, kas radās vienošanās nosacījumu materializācijas gadījumā, klasificēt šādu pienākumu, noteikt šāda pienākuma iespējamo vietu Ukrainas tiesību aktos.

In this article, an unstructured–partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) method for modeling electromagnetic thin regions is proposed. Two coupled circuits’ representations are used for solving both electric and/or magnetic effects in thin regions discretized by a finite-element surface mesh. Dynamic effects across the thickness of the sheet are modeled by equivalent complex conductivity and reluctivity. Nonsimply connected regions are treated with fundamental branch independent loop matrices coming from the circuit representation. The formulation enables the computation of eddy current losses and can be coupled with external circuits, PEEC cables or coils, thanks to the circuit representation.

Рецесія, викликана пандемією COVID-19, впливає на діяльність економічних суб’єктів у переважній більшості секторів. Очевидно, що вплив фактору пандемії на транспортнологістичний сектор досяг значного масштабу. Логістичні компанії, які приймають участь у переміщенні (доставці) й зберіганні товарів (вантажів), безпосередньо постраждали від SARSCoV-2. Будучи невід’ємною частиною виробничо-збутових ланцюгів як всередині країн, так і на глобальному ринку, логістичні компанії безпосередньо сприяють торгівлі й комерції та допомагають компаніям доставляти свою продукцію (товари) клієнтам (покупцям, споживачам). Таким чином, збої в ланцюгу поставок, викликані пандемією, суттєво впливають на конкурентоспроможність компаній, комунікації, економічне зростання, створення і збереження робочих місць, масштабування бізнесу. У роботі досліджено функціонування логістичних систем і міжнародних транспортних ланцюгів поставок у складних умовах рецесії, викликаної пандемією COVID-19. Проведено критичний аналіз архітектури, можливостей і ефективності глобальної логістики та викликів, що формують сучасні тренди й поведінку (виробничу, збутову, маркетингову, ін.) економічних суб’єктів. У роботі досліджено впливи пандемії SARS-Cov-2 на ефективність даних систем, а саме – економічний і маркетингові аспекти, а також зрушення в організаційній структурі. У дослідженні виявлено й проаналізовано актуальні трансформації торговельних і логістичних зв’язків і наголошено на необхідності розбудови нової логістичної архітектури з урахуванням ключових чинників впливу на галузь через визначення комплексу економічних (фінансових, комерційних, інвестиційних) показників, що відбивають стан галузі з подальшим розробленням ефективних стратегічних заходів з підтримки й розбудови логістичної архітектури на базі інновацій і упровадження неконфліктних бізнес-практик. Рецессия, вызванная пандемией COVID-19, влияет на деятельность экономических субъектов в большинстве секторов. Очевидно, что влияние фактора пандемии на транспортнологистический сектор достиг значительного масштаба. Логистические компании, принимающие непосредственное участие в перемещении (доставке) и хранении товаров, подпадают под влияние SARS-CoV-2. Будучи неотъемлемой частью производственно-сбытовых цепочек как внутри стран, так и на глобальном рынке, логистические компании способствуют торговле и коммерции и помогают компаниям доставлять свою продукцию (товары) клиентам (покупателям, потребителям). Таким образом, сбои в цепочках поставок, вызванные пандемией, существенно влияют на конкурентоспособность компаний, коммуникации, экономический рост, создание и сохранение рабочих мест, масштабирование бизнеса. В работе исследованы функционирование логистических систем и международных транспортных цепочек поставок в сложных условиях рецессии, вызванной пандемией COVID-19. Проведён критический анализ архитектуры, возможностей и эффективности глобальной логистики и вызовов, которые формируют современные тренды и поведение (производственное, сбытовое, маркетинговое, др.) экономических субъектов. В работе исследовано влияние пандемии SARS-Cov-2 на эффективность этих систем, а именно – экономический и маркетинговые аспекты, а также сдвиги в организационной структуре. В исследовании выявлены и проанализированы актуальные трансформации торговых и логистических связей и отмечена необходимость развития новой логистической архитектуры с учётом ключевых факторов влияния на отрасль через определение комплекса экономических (финансовых, коммерческих, инвестиционных) показателей, отражающих состояние отрасли с последующей разработкой эффективных стратегических мероприятий по поддержке и развитию логистической архитектуры на базе инноваций и внедрения неконфликтных бизнес-практик. The recession caused by the COVID-19 pandemic is affecting the activities of economic operators in the vast majority of sectors. It is obvious that the impact of the pandemic factor on the transport and logistics sector has reached a significant scale. Logistics companies involved in the movement (delivery) and storage of goods (cargo) were directly affected by SARS-CoV-2. As an integral part of production and distribution chains both domestically and in the global market, logistics companies directly promote trade and commerce and help companies deliver their products (goods) to customers (buyers, consumers). Thus, supply chain disruptions caused by the pandemic significantly affect the competitiveness of companies, communications, economic growth, job creation and preservation, business scaling. The paper examines the functioning of logistics systems and international transport supply chains in the difficult conditions of recession caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. A critical analysis of the architecture, capabilities and efficiency of global logistics and the challenges that shape modern trends and behaviour (production, sales, marketing, etc.) of economic entities. The paper examines the effects of the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic on the efficiency of these systems, namely – economic and marketing aspects, as well as changes in the organizational structure. The study identifies and analyses current transformations of trade and logistics relations and emphasizes the need to develop a new logistics architecture taking into account key factors influencing the industry through the definition of a set of economic (financial, commercial, investment) indicators that reflect the state of the industry with further development of effective strategic measures to support and develop logistics architecture based on innovation and implementation of non-conflicting business practices.

Many modern radioelectronic systems are based on antenna arrays such as APAA (active phased array antenna) or DAAR (digital active array antenna), which require specialized connectors of new types and design solutions for the input/output of the microwave signal. The aim of this work is to improve the performance and reliability of coaxial microstrip connectors and coaxial waveguide transformer connectors of longitudinal type. The paper analyzes the arrangement principles of antenna feeders in modern radioelectronic systems with microwave connectors and substantiates the need to create new types of specialized microwave connectors. The authors demonstrate the issues that arise when using known coaxial microstrip connectors with threaded joints in antenna arrays. The paper considers the principles of implementing a cut-in microwave connector with hyperboloid contacts and its advantages, as well as the design of such a connector, i. e., the block coaxial microstrip transition and the cable part. The main technical parameters of cut-in microwave connectors are given. Using the analysis of the advantages and drawbacks of the known coaxial waveguide junction, the authors develop the requirements for the creating new microwave connectors of this type. The paper presents a design version of the longitudinal coaxial waveguide transformer connectors and their main characteristics.The considered design versions of the cut-in coaxial microstrip connector and the longitudinal coaxial waveguide transformer connector were manufactured and their characteristics were carefully studied. Analysis of the research results and measured parameters allow asserting that the proposed technical solutions are reliable, reproducible, can be mass produced, and thus can be recommended for use in modern radioelectronic systems.

En aquesta tesi s'aborda el repte de detectar i reconèixer múltiples matrícules de cotxe en una sola imatge. Primer de tot es fa una recerca d'articles previs i es miren opcions factibles per crear un model propi. A partir d'aquí es crea, s'entrena i es testeja el model en un escenari real. A partir dels resultats es conclourà o no la viabilitat del model. En esta tesis se aborda el reto de detectar y reconocer múltiples matrículas de coche en una sola imagen. Primero de todo se hace una búsqueda de artículos previos y se miran opciones factibles para crear un modelo propio. A partir de ahí se crea, entrena y testea el modelo en un escenario real. Con los resultados obtenidos se concluirá o no la viabilidad del modelo. This thesis addresses the challenge of detecting and recognizing multiple car license plates in a single image. First of all, a search of previous articles is made and feasible options are looked at to create a unique model. From here the model is created, trained and tested on a real scenario. Based on the results, it will be concluded whether or not the model is viable.