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The regional development programs promoted by the national governments and international multilateral agencies, like the World Bank and the Inter American Development Bank, are oriented to public policies under which public goods, like public services and infrastructures, are supplied to underdeveloped regions, many in Latin America. More a more evidences are pointing to the fact that success of these programs depends in a good part of externalities, which are related to the changes in the form of networking and values among the stakeholders in the territory. These externalities are defined as the Social Capital. As externalities, they are not directly evaluated in the projects economic and social impact, but accepted to exist and the planners of the projects do acknowledge the importance of social networking, although never assessed. Several approaches have been proposed for the assessment of the Social Capital. For managing development projects, the Woolcock approach is considered one of the more interesting. The objective of the research project described in this paper is to measure up front the social capital of a given regional development project, from the project plans before implementation, and to compare the social capital results with those of the benefits according to the drafted project framework agreed upon the multilateral agencies and the region authorities. The regional program selected is the "Programa de Desenvolvimiento da Zona da Mata" (PROMATA) in the State of Pernanbuco Brazil, under the sponsor of the Inter American Development Bank. The project was designed to induce development in which community resources were to be mobilized, with the intention of getting the stakeholders involved as proponents and protagonists of social change in their territories. That social based bottom-up framework was a very interesting opportunity to observe the social capital component given the profile of the project. The research was carried out with the project just finished, which provided the background to compare the up-front analysis with the changes in the social network and values observed. The drafted project plans, including all programs and actions to be implemented, and the preliminar budget, are evaluated using a modified Regnier Abacus by a panel of experts in International Development Projects adapted to reflect the Social Capital model based on Woolcock attributes. The results were processed using Correspondence Analysis and Bayes Model to produce the indexes associated with Woolcock attributes reflected in the decision matrices used to represent the Social Capital status.

This study compares the total suspended sediment (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) dynamics of two major inter-tropical rivers, the Congo in Central Africa and the Orinoco in South America, focusing on sampling undertaken during the period 2006-2010. Both rivers are characterized by similar mean annual discharges into the Atlantic Ocean, on its eastern and western margins, respectively. For both rivers, the results presented are placed in the context of the available longer-term hydrological time series (Congo: 1903-2010; Orinoco: 1926-2010). The key features of the recent records of material flux for both rivers were established and compared with other published data from the 20th century. The available discharge time series show that the rivers are characterized by similar maximum monthly discharges (Congo: 75500m(3) s(-1); Orinoco: 85500m(3) s(-1)) and similar inter-annual variability (Congo: 1.69; Orinoco: 1.66). However, contrasts in low-flow regime (minimum low flows: Congo: 23000m(3) s(-1); Orinoco: 2300m(3) s(-1)) and seasonal variability (Congo: 3.3; Orinoco: 37.2), as well as in material fluxes were identified. Specific suspended sediment yields for the Orinoco (89t km(-2) yr(-1)) were very significantly higher than those for the Congo (9.4t km(-2) yr(-1)). These differences are mainly explained by contrasts in the physiographic characteristics of the two river basins, such as their contrasting relief. The differences between the TSS fluxes calculated for the Orinoco in this study and those indicated by published data from the second half of the 20th century can be explained by the impact of the hydroelectric dams built in the foothills of the Andean Cordillera. Changes in the TSS fluxes of the Congo are mainly explained by the impact of climatic change on total runoff.

Este trabajo pretende investigar como se comporta un modelo de crecimiento del empleo en un territorio geográficamente cerrado considerando tanto su vertiente espacial, y el efecto de rebosamiento espacial de la variable endógena de empleo, como su vertiente temporal considerando el comportamiento de las variables empleo y recursos en diferentes ejercicios económicos sucesivos. Esto último permite incorporar el efecto de relación temporal entre las variables permitiendo derivar otros indicadores temporales que según el modelo faciliten una explicación del comportamiento del empleo en el tiempo. Para evaluar el modelo se ha tomado como piloto una subcomarca de acentuado carácter rural de Palencia, y se ha utilizado la modelación SUR Espacial.

La harinosidad de la manzana es un aspecto de difícil definición y apreciación externa por parte del consumidor e incluso del experto, pero que devalúa la calidad del fruto y merma su consumo. En este articulo se resume la investigación de mercado hecha con un enfoque behaviourista entrevistando a 187 fruteros del área de Madrid metropolitano. Se les preguntó por aspectos como el concepto de harinosidad, donde, cuando, por qué. cómo se vende la manzana harinosa. También como se podría evitar y el efecto que tiene la llegada a nuestros mercados de las frutas del Hemisferio Sur

We use fits to recent published CPLEAR data on neutral kaon decays to $\pi^+\pi^-$ and $\pi e\nu$ to constrain the CPT--violation parameters appearing in a formulation of the neutral kaon system as an open quantum-mechanical system. The obtained upper limits of the CPT--violation parameters are approaching the range suggested by certain ideas concerning quantum gravity., Comment: 9 pages of uuencoded postscript (includes 3 figures)