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Additional file 1: Supplementary Figure 1. Gene ontology functional enrichment maps from the CGGA dataset.

The photon spectrum from free-electron laser (FEL) light sources offers valuable information in time-resolved experiments and machine optimization in the spectral and temporal domains. We have developed a compact single-shot photon spectrometer to diagnose soft X-ray spectra. The spectrometer consists of an array of off-axis Fresnel zone plates (FZP) that act as transmission-imaging gratings, a Ce-YAG scintillator, and a microscope objective to image the scintillation target onto a two-dimensional imaging detector. This spectrometer operates in an energy range which covers absorption edges associated with several atomic constituents carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and neon. The spectrometer's performance is demonstrated at a repetition rate of 120 Hz, but our detection scheme can be easily extended to 200 kHz spectral collection by employing a fast complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) line-scan camera to detect the light from the scintillator. This compact photon spectrometer provides an opportunity for monitoring the spectrum downstream of an endstation in a limited space environment with subelectronvolt energy resolution., Comment: 14 pages, 5 figures, 1 table

This paper proposes a bioinspired spiny foot for wall-climbing robots. Inspired by the fluid-filled sac under the lamella in gecko's foot, a fluid-filled sac with soft membrane is designed to ensure that the contact force between spiny foot and the climbing surface are evenly distributed among all spines. Each spine has two degrees of freedom, and the tangential motion and normal motion of all spines are actuated by two fluid-filled sacs respectively. When the spiny foot tries to adhere on the rough surface, spines move along the surface to find a proper asperity and engage on it. Although the moving displacements of spines are different, the tangential forces as well as the normal forces acted on spines are almost the same due to the constant hydraulic pressure in sacs behind them. With this load-sharing capacity, the spiny foot's adhesion property is significantly improved, and it could be used in improving the climbing stability and load-capacity of climbing robots.

This is the accepted manuscript version of the work published in its final form asLiu, G., Du, H., Sailikebuli, X., Meng, Y., Liu, Y., Wang, H., Zhang, J., Wang, B., Saad, M. G., Li, J., & Wang, W. (2021). Evaluation of storage stability for biocrude derived from hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae. Energy & Fuels, 35(13), 10623–10629. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.1c01386. Deposited by shareyourpaper.org and openaccessbutton.org. We've taken reasonable steps to ensure this content doesn't violate copyright. However, if you think it does you can request a takedown by emailing help@openaccessbutton.org.

A new guard limiter (GL) with tungsten tiles is developed for the 4.6 GHz lower hybrid waveguide antennas (LHWA) on experimental advanced superconducting tokamak (EAST). The tungsten blocks assembly with copper chromium zirconium (CuCrZr) pipes employed for the LHWA lateral protections, which are accommodated to the LHWA profiles. The tungsten block with a wedge-shape in the toroidal cross section is designed to reduce the high temperature particle flux from LHWA side. The explosive welding technology is applied for fabricating the connecting water tanks between the main pipes and the cooling branches. The eddy current analysis under the vertical displacement event and the disruption of plasma indicates the maximum current is 1100A. The GL temperature field and structural stress are estimated using finite element method (FEM) based on ANSYS code. It is found that there is the peak temperature zone located on each center of the 12 sub waveguides zones. It indicates that the GL can be operated at peak power density with 12.92MW/m2 coming from the 4.6 GHz LHWA. It is also confirmed that the frame supports are safety for the GL structure based on the mechanics analysis.

Additional file 3. Variables stratified by MGMT status and radiotherapy dose.

Lower divertor, as the most critical part of experimental advanced superconducting tokamak (EAST), has functions of protecting the vacuum vessel, particles exhausting, and heat load handling. Doped graphite with SiC coating is adopted as plasma-facing material, which is bolted to active water-cooling heat sink by an M8 screw with a soft graphite sheet inserted between graphite tile and heat sink to improve the capacity of heat transmission currently. In order to guarantee excellent performance of lower divertor, every striking target, which contains 27th graphite tiles, must be inspected for its assembly quality before being installed in EAST device. This paper introduces a rapid nondestructive inspection method for EAST lower divertor by infrared (IR) thermography. The poor assembly quality, such as unevenness of contact surface of graphite tile or heat sink, overlap of the soft graphite sheet, and unqualified values of torque, can be detected qualitatively by comparison of the surface temperature evolution of graphite tiles in symmetric positions of the same divertor target when water flowing in the tube welded into heat sink is changed from hot to cold. The 3-D thermal finite-element analyses are performed to simulate the case of target with excellent assembly quality and defect-free tiles and as a reference for the experimental observations obtained by IR thermography eventually.

Shot peening and peen forming are respectively used to strengthen and form a component by blasting numerous shots on the component. A large number of analytical and numerical researches have focused on revealing the effects of various peening parameters. The shot impacting positions are usually supposed as a regular or random distribution, but there is a lack of intermediate measurand to connect the regular and random peening effects. This paper is aimed to estimate the peening effects of different peening patterns with different measurands, such as peening coverage and impacting density. Two types of 3D finite element (FE) models with regularly and randomly distributed shots are developed with dynamic-implicit solver of Abaqus. A theoretical equation for calculating random peening coverage is developed to calculate the coverage within an area with symmetry boundaries. The simulation results reveal the evolutions of indentation size, peening coverage and stress field. The equivalent forces on the cross section of plate corresponding to the induced stresses of regular and random peening are compared under the same coverage and impacting density respectively. Peen forming experiments with strict boundary constraints are performed to verify the simulation methods and agreement is observed.

Peen forming processing is widely used for shaping a large thin-walled component by introducing compressive stresses in surface layer. To predict the peening stress, expensive and time-consuming analyses were needed in experiments and numerical simulations. This paper is aimed to calculate the random peening effects based on the results of single and repeated impacts. Three kinds of finite element simulation models are adopted, including repeated impacts and two shots apart impacts as well as random peening models. With the repeatedly impacting simulations, the stress fields under different repeated numbers are obtained. With the two shots apart impacting simulations, the interactions of adjacent impacts are revealed and a size of isoeffect region of one impact obtained. Comparing the results of the repeated impacts and of random peening simulations, an expression is proposed to calculate random peening stresses with peening coverage less than 90% from the stresses of single and twice repeated impacts. Comparisons of the calculated and simulated stresses of random peening shows the same tendency and depth of compressive stress as well as the close magnitude of maximum compressive stress. The equivalent stretching force and bending moment of the calculated stress are in good agreement with the values of random peening simulation. The simulated results are verified with experimentally measured dimple sizes and resultant curvatures of peened plates.

The guard limiter (GL) with graphite tiles of 4.6 GHz Lower Hybrid Antennas (LHA) has experienced the discharges in EAST tokamak. Much more hot spots were observed on the surface of GL tiles during the 2015–2016 campaigns. The serious ablations of GL induced by the hot spots limit the superconductor current, the plasma density and the heating power at higher parameter operations. In this paper, the GL issues are introduced with the original design. The previous improvements on the GL tiles are discussed with the ablation problems. In particular, the hotspots and the heat affected zones are discussed to predict the GL profile in accordance with the physical estimation. A trimmed region with a bevel angel of 11° is applied to avoid the heat load deposition at millimeter magnitude, which is caused by the fast electrons hitting due to the LHA heat driving. As a result, the GL ablations are confirmed to be reduced to the minimum. Moreover, it indicates that the plasma hitting would contribute most on the tiles fracture in the mid plane of the GL. In addition, new design activities on the tungsten GL are summarized in the engineering design. The new GL would be expected in the year 2017.

The modular multilevel converter has been widely used in the field of flexible HVDC project in recent years because of its high output voltage quality, low harmonic content, low switching frequency and low loss. In view of its special topology, it is necessary to study and analyze the fault characteristics of MMC-HVDC and design the protection. Therefore, the fault mechanism of DC side positive or negative line to ground fault and line to line fault in MMC-HVDC are analyzed in this paper, and the fault simulation study in PSCAD/EMTDC is conducted. We summarized the fault characteristics of these two kinds of faults and put forward the protection strategy. The simulation results verify the correctness of the fault mechanism analysis and the effectiveness of the protection strategy.

The effects of pretreatments with ultrasound (UP), heat (HP), and combinations of heat-ultrasound (HP-UP) and ultrasound-heat (UP-HP) on the flesh enzymolysis of clam (Aloididae aloidi) and the flavor characteristics of hydrolysates were investigated. The optimum UP pretreatment conditions for the hydrolysis were obtained at ultrasound power of 500 W, ultrasound time of 20 min, and liquid/solid (L/S) ratio of 2:1 (v/w), yielded 41.33% of hydrolysis degree (DH). Among the different pretreatments, the UP pretreatment had the highest DH value, while the HP-UP pretreatment obtained the highest soluble peptide content. The UP pretreatment efficiently enhanced the contents of taste-active components, including free amino acids, 5′-nucleotides, and succinic acid. The HP pretreatment promoted the formation of pleasant volatile compounds and reduced the content of unpleasant volatile compounds, such as 1-octen-3-ol and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol. The combined HP-UP pretreatment was an effective method for improving the enzymatic hydrolysis of clam and the flavor of hydrolysate.

In order to optimize the coil design of electric vehicle (EV) high power resonant wireless power transfer (WPT) system and improve its transfer efficiency, an equivalent circuit model of two-coil series-series topology is analyzed in this paper. Four optimal factors that affect the system transfer efficiency are proposed, i.e. the number of coil turns, the mean radius of coils, the transfer distance and the load. Based on the consideration of the equivalent series resistance of the coils, it can be found that the number of coil turns, the mean coil radius, and the load have the optimal values for the optimal transfer efficiency, while the shorter the transfer distance is, the higher the transfer efficiency is. By using the simulation software COMSOL, similar relationships between four factors and the transfer efficiency can be achieved with the calculation results. Moreover, by repeating the calculation using the simulation coil resistance, the differences between the calculation results and the simulation results are explained. Therefore, the WPT coil optimal method with proposed four optimal factors is verified through calculation and simulation.

This paper presents a study of bioinspired wall-climbing robot (WCR) using spiny toes. The first part of the paper describes a design of a flexible spiny toe inspired by the features of a typical wall-climbing insect Serica orientalis Motschulsky’s tarsal system. A simple contact model of the spiny toe is proposed by considering the contact asperities as spheres. With the help of the finite element method (FEM), the stiffness matrices as well as the directional adhesive properties of the spiny toe are obtained. A single spiny toe and its array are fabricated via fast prototyping. The adhesive forces and pull-off positions of the single toe are measured with a homebuilt apparatus using displacement-control method under different compressive deformations. As for the spiny array, the effect of the dragging path on the adhesive forces is evaluated. The results show that, both the single toe and array exhibit directional adhesive features. The value of compressive deformation of the single toe influences the contacting angle, as a consequence the directional adhesive behavior is achieved. When forming an array with numerous spiny toes, the adhesive ability is strengthened, which is also affected by the random distribution of the surface asperity height. In the second part of the paper, a prototype of bioinspired WCR is designed and fabricated based on a fully understanding of the spiny contact mechanism. The robot has two feet, each of which has spring-actuated gripper. An inchworm gait is generated according to the trajectory planning of the feet. Using the proposed spiny arrays, the robot archives scaling on vertical and inverted rough surfaces, and can also transition between vertical and ceiling walls. The performance of the prototype of bioinspired WCR shows promising in developing an intelligent and maneuverable WCR system in practical applications.

Candida albicans is the most prevalent opportunistic fungus of humans and animals. While most studies focus on human isolates, they rarely focus on poultry isolates. In this study, C. albicans strains were recovered from poultry in the southern Hebei Province (China) and identified. Molecular typing and analyses were performed to understand the molecular epidemiology and genetic relatedness of the strains. The fungi were isolated from live birds with presumed candidiasis or their corpses. The isolates were identified based on morphology, differential medium culture, and rDNA internal transcribed spacer sequencing. The identified C. albicans strains were analyzed by ABC genotyping and multilocus sequence typing. Clonal groups were identified using the eBURST (version 3.0) software, and an UPGMA phylogenetic tree was constructed using the MEGA (version 6.06) software. Overall, 72 isolates were divided into three genotypes (A, B, and C), 48 novel sequence types (STs), five groups with 10 singletons, and four clades. Results indicated that candidiasis is common in poultry in the southern Hebei Province, and that the genetic composition of the C. albicans poultry population from the area is relatively complicated. Based on the eBURST analysis for the STs in this study and others, we suggest that C. albicans poultry isolates were relatively independent but not completely separated from human isolates. The strains with the same or closely related genotypes but recovered from both birds and humans could have transferred and evolved between the two types of host.

Gas drainage for the single and low gas permeability coal seam is the key technical problem hampering efficient coal mine gas drainage and without which mining safely cannot be realised in China. To solve this problem, this paper presents an engineering method for enhanced coalbed methane recovery based on high-pressure hydraulic flush from floor tunnels. The first step is to evaluate when the likelihood of coal and gas outburst reaches dangerous levels according to coal seam parameters (including coal seam gas contents, gas pressure, permeability and geological conditions). With these parameters in place, the second step is to determine and optimise borehole parameters, such as the effective influencing radius of hydraulic flush, hydraulic flush space between drills and borehole number to make sure that the coal seam stress is fully released and permeability is dramatically increased. What is also included in this step is the employment of a high-pressure hydraulic flush of coal from boreholes drilled fr...

In recent years, coal mines in China have seen accidents caused by sudden release of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), with higher severity. Based on recent local and overseas research on the origin of hydrogen sulfide and the comparative analysis of isotopes, the paper presents three formation models of hydrogen sulfide: bacterial sulfate reduction (BSR), thermo-chemical sulfate reduction (TSR) and igneous activity, as well as the characteristics for identification. This paper analyzes and categorizes the formation models of some hydrogen sulfide in coal seams in China. Some suggestions were put forward for future research of H2S in coal mines in China.

Methods based on flow measurement and pressure measurement were employed in this paper to determine pressure relief scope of gas drainage boreholes for coal and gas outburst prevention and control. In order to measure the extent of pressure relief, the principle to choose proper sites was set up based on general gas geology features. The data acquired from underground testing showed that the risk of coal and gas outbursts has been eliminated in the scope of pressure relief. The exclusive method developed in the research could be utilized as the guidance for the future optimization of parameters for hydraulic flushing borehole arrangement

The time-resolved infrared absorption spectra obtained upon 355 nm laser photolysis of the gas phase (η6-C6H6)Cr(CO)3 are presented. (η6-C6H6)Cr(CO)2 is produced upon absorption of a single ultroviolet photon. The bands observed at 1917 and 1981 cm-1 are assigned to B1 and A1 terminal carbonylstretching modes of (η6-C6H6)Cr(CO)2 with local C2v symmetry. The bond angle of OC-Cr-CO in (η6-C6H6)Cr(CO)2 is estimated to be 101°. The rate constant for reaction of (η6-C6H6)Cr(CO)2 with CO is determined as (3.4 ± 0.2) × 105 Torr-1 s-1 at 80°C.

Fluid viscosity is a very important factor for fluid dispensing, and it has important effect on the volume and velocity of the fluid that jetting from the nozzle outlet. This paper analyses the force that the fluid gives to needle both with low and high viscosity situation and establishes formulas. This paper compared the equivalent velocity based on fluid kinetic energy cumulative volume and fluid mean flow velocity on the condition of low viscosity and high viscosity and through comparison draws out the influence that the fluid viscosity affects on the fluid dispensing. The results well reflect the influence of the fluid viscosity effecting on fluid dispensing, and also show that the needle has long run duration in the same displacement when the fluid viscosity is high. On the high viscosity conditions, the cumulative volume and fluid mean flow velocity is less than the low viscosity situation accordingly, but their accretion process is coincident.

A method for characterization of spatial coherence of X-ray radiation from a single diffraction pattern using non-redundant arrays of slits (NRA) is presented. Using NRAs the spatial coherence of the X-ray beam at the XUV X-ray beamline P04 of the PETRA III storage ring was measured.