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Hybrid structures consisting of carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) and metal have been widely applied in aircraft manufacturing. Numerous holes need to be made in order to assemble the structures. Due to the small size of CFRP chips and the dry cutting conditions, improperly dealing with chips can increase tool wear, degrade hole quality, and contaminate to environment and health. In this study, an assisted chip removal system, mainly including an exhaust hood, a vacuum cleaner, and a tool holder, was used for helical milling of CFRP and titanium alloys (CFRP/Ti stacks). The geometry of the chip exhaust hood model was designed and optimized to clear and collect cutting chips using finite element method (FEM). Based on this system, pressurized air was pumped into cutting areas through the inner cooling channels in the tool. Then, the performance of the assisted chip removal system was evaluated in helical milling of CFRP/Ti stacks under different chip collecting conditions. Results showed that this system had a good ability of chip removal and preventing chips returning into the hole. And the pressurized air could promote chips remained in the hole to be removed and provide cooling effect to cutting tool. As a result, tool wear was reduced, the cutting force and cutting temperature were decreased, and hole quality was improved. Results proved the assisted chip removal system can help to further improve the hole-making process of CFRP/Ti stacks.

piRNAs are a class of small non-coding RNA molecules, which interact with the PIWI family and have many important and diverse biological functions. To provide guidelines and contribute to piRNA research, Liu et.al. reviewed the four types of identification models on piRNA-related molecules (piRNA, piRNA cluster, piRNA target and disease-related piRNA) and presented an overview of piRNA databases. They found the precision of 2lpiRNApred was the highest in datasets of model organisms, piRNN had a better performance of datasets of non-model organisms and 2L-piRNA had the fastest recognition speed of all tools. The review might assist researchers in selecting appropriate tools or datasets for their studies, reveal potential problems and shed light on future bioinformatics studies.

The molecular chaperone HSP90 plays an essential role in cancer occurrence and development. Therefore, it is an important target for the development of anticancer drugs. 1,3-Dibenzyl-2-aryl imidazolidine (8) is a previously reported inhibitor of HSP90; however, its anticancer activity is poor. In this work, chemical modification of 8 led to the discovery of 2,4-diarylimidazoles and 2,4-bis(benzyloxy)-5-arylpyrimidines as two types of novel HSP90 N-terminal inhibitors. 16l and 22k exhibited antiproliferative activity against multiple breast cancer cell lines with IC50 values at the low micromolar level. 16l and 22k induced significant degradation of the client proteins AKT and ERK and a lower level of the heat shock response in comparison with tanespimycin (17-AAG). 22k exhibited a strong affinity for the HSP90α N-terminus with an IC50 value of 0.21 μM. A molecular docking study revealed that 16l and 22k successfully bind to the geldanamycin binding site at the N-terminus of HSP90α.

The molecular chaperone HSP90 plays an essential role in cancer occurrence and development. Therefore, it is an important target for the development of anticancer drugs. 1,3-Dibenzyl-2-aryl imidazolidine (8) is a previously reported inhibitor of HSP90; however, its anticancer activity is poor. In this work, chemical modification of 8 led to the discovery of 2,4-diarylimidazoles and 2,4-bis(benzyloxy)-5-arylpyrimidines as two types of novel HSP90 N-terminal inhibitors. 16l and 22k exhibited antiproliferative activity against multiple breast cancer cell lines with IC50 values at the low micromolar level. 16l and 22k induced significant degradation of the client proteins AKT and ERK and a lower level of the heat shock response in comparison with tanespimycin (17-AAG). 22k exhibited a strong affinity for the HSP90α N-terminus with an IC50 value of 0.21 μM. A molecular docking study revealed that 16l and 22k successfully bind to the geldanamycin binding site at the N-terminus of HSP90α.

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-pic-10.1177_09544062211027199 for Machine learning approach to improve vapor recovery: Prediction and frequency converter with a new vapor recovery system by Yajun Liu, Shenchao Zhang and Zhendong Liu in Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-pic-10.1177_09544062211027199 for Machine learning approach to improve vapor recovery: Prediction and frequency converter with a new vapor recovery system by Yajun Liu, Shenchao Zhang and Zhendong Liu in Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science

Hydrodynamic lubrication is an ideal state of lubrication in that friction and wear hardly occur. The friction pair of piston ring-cylinder liner is one of the most important friction pairs in a flowmeter. With the development of flowmeter aiming at high-precision and high-stability, how to make the piston ring-cylinder liner system maintain a good lubrication condition has great importance in terms of reducing the friction and wear. In this paper, a hydrodynamic lubrication mathematical model on the surface of piston ring was established. And the finite difference method(FDM) and successive over relaxation method(SOR) were adopted to solve the mathematical model numerically. The dimensionless average pressure of the lubrication film was taken as the criterion to estimate the hydrodynamic lubrication performance of the piston ring, and the effects of different flow rate conditions, different fluid viscosities and different minimum film thicknesses on the lubrication film pressure distribution were investigated respectively. The numerical analysis results reveal that: (a) the average pressure decreases with the increase of minimum film thickness, under the condition of the same minimum film thickness, when the medium is diesel, the average pressure is greater than the average pressure when the medium is gasoline; (b) the lubrication film pressure increases with the increase of flow rate, and the flow regime of the lubrication film changes with the change of flow rate; (c) as the viscosity increases, the pressure increases as well, for the same leakage clearance, the higher the viscosity, the larger load-carrying capacity of the clearance lubrication film. These results provide a guidance for lubrication design of piston ring-cylinder liner friction pair.

Due to the rapid development of electricity consumption and market, more and more related devices need to be used for the increasing users, the scale and structure of the secondary power distribution network have therefore become increasingly great and complex, lead to the result that line losses become higher line losses In order to better manage secondary power distribution network and reduce line losses, the paper proposed a new intelligent line losses management system for secondary power distribution network line losses. The system is built based on SSM framework and uses front-end and backend separation method. SSM framework is the integration of Spring, Spring MVC and Mybatis and thus has combined advantages of the three frameworks. The front-end is based on Bootstrap framework, and back-end is based on and SSM framework. In the system, data processing module, theoretical line losses calculation module and line losses evaluation module are built to calculate line losses and create the standards of line losses evaluation, while line losses management module is used for visualizing and monitoring the line losses situation which can be the reference of governance, planning and development of distribution network line losses problems. Finally, the system can help us make significant contribution to improving the benefits of power utilities, reducing energy waste, solving the environment pollution problem, and thus building an energy-saving and environmentally-friendly future.

A novel and efficient way for conversion of CO2 and H2O into ethanol over a commercial Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst with the assistance of negative corona discharge plasma was presented in this work. The low-temperature production rate and selectivity of ethanol were effectively enhanced by combining catalyst with plasma. The production rate of ethanol increased with increasing of input power and water vapor content, while decreased with the increase of flow rate of CO2. XRD and XPS results revealed that metallic copper was partly or completely oxidized after reaction and FTIR results uncovered that on the oxidized copper CO2 adsorbed as carboxylate (COO−) which finally hydrogenated to ethanol. The synergistic effect of partly oxidized copper combined with plasma could promote the dissociation of methanol to form ethanol, which resulted in the high selectivity of ethanol.

Background: The most effective lumbar interbody fusion (LIF) technique for degenerative spondylolisthesis remains controversial. Methods: This is a retrospective study. This comparative analysis included consecutive patients with grade-1 degenerative spondylolisthesis who underwent oblique LIF (OLIF) or minimally-invasive transforaminal LIF (MI-TLIF) at the Department of Spine Surgery, our hospital(January 2016 to August 2017). Patient satisfaction (Japanese Orthopaedic Association score), visual analog scale (VAS) scores for back and leg pain, Oswestry disability index (ODI), radiographic outcomes including anterior/posterior disc heights (ADH/PDH), foraminal height (FH), foraminal width (FW), cage subsidence, cage retropulsion and fusion rate were assessed during a 2-year follow-up. Results: The OLIF and MI-TLIF groups comprised 36 patients (age, 52.1±7.2 years; 27 women) and 45 patients (age, 48.4±14.4 years; 24 women) respectively. Satisfaction rates at 2 years exceeded 90% in both groups. The OLIF group had less intraoperative blood loss (140±36 vs. 233±62 mL), lower back pain VAS score (2.42±0.81 vs. 3.38±0.47) and ODI score (20.47±2.53 vs. 27.31±3.71) at 3 months (with trends toward lower values at 2 years), but higher leg pain VAS scores at all postoperative time points than the MI-TLIF group (all P

Aiming at the delamination of bricks in powder compacting process, causes of delamination and force analysis on powder compaction are studied. Meanwhile, a mathematics model is established. Based on this model, a measure to reduce the delamination is proposed: increase the compressing velocity and pressure and decrease the raising velocity and height. The sequence of these influential factors is analyzed by orthogonal test. The correctness of the model is verified in the test and a best parameter combination has been put forward. The quality of production and production efficiency can be ensured in the powder compaction.

The conical silo and wedge-shaped hopper in the discharge system of ceramic press are important devices for storing and transferring ceramic powder. The conical silo stores ceramic powder and delivers the powder to the wedge-shaped hopper, which distributes the powder evenly in the grating. In order to provide sufficient supply quantity for brick pressing or improve the production efficiency of brick pressing, it is necessary to accurately predict the discharge rate of conical silo and wedge-shaped hopper. Based on dynamic arching theory and considering the influence of structure size, this paper deduces the prediction model of discharge rate of conical silo and wedge-shaped hopper, and proves the accuracy of the prediction model through discharge experiment.

The high speed blend machine is a new type of home appliance that can produce a variety of beverages. Its biggest feature is the high juice rate caused by the high speed of the motor, high nutrient retention and high absorption rate after breaking the wall. In the process of using the high speed blend machine, the design of different brands of high speed blend machine is not enough, and the skin residue of fruit and vegetable materials remains, which makes the crushing effect of the material unsatisfactory and affects the taste of drinking. Therefore, the research on the crushing performance of the high speed blend machine to improve the breaking rate of the fruit and vegetable materials has practical application value. We established a simplified model of the high speed blend machine by Solidworks software. We established control equation of the flow field based on the multiple reference system method, and then used the FLUENT software to simulate the flow field of the material. We analyzed the velocity distribution and the turbulent energy distribution of the flow field in the blend machine cavity, and summarized the motion law of the fluid in the cavity. The juice making performance was analyzed by changing the blade structure and the rotational speed. The feasibility of the numerical simulation results was verified, so as to provided basis for the improvement of the structure and control mode of household food processor.

There is growing evidence of the position of microRNAs (miRs) in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), thus our objective was to discuss the impact of miR-129-5p regulating nerve injury and inflammatory response in AD rats by modulating SOX6 expression. The AD rat model was established by injecting Aβ(25-35) into the brain. The pathological changes, ultrastructure, number of neurons, cell degeneration and apoptosis of hippocampal tissue were observed in vivo. MiR-129-5p, SOX6, IL-1β, TNF-α, Bcl-2 and Bax expression in serum and hippocampal tissues were detected by ELISA, RT-qPCR or western blot analysis. The successfully modeled hippocampal neuronal cells of AD were transfected with miR-129-5p mimic, SOX6-siRNA or their controls to figure out their roles in proliferation, apoptosis and inflammatory reaction in vitro. Low expression of SOX6 and high expression of miR-129-5p in vivo of rats would shorten the escape latent period and increase the times of crossing platforms, alleviate the pathological injury, inhibit neuronal apoptosis and reduce the inflammatory reaction. Up-regulation of miR-129-5p and down-regulation of SOX6 promoted proliferation, suppressed apoptosis and degraded the inflammatory reaction of neuronal cells in vitro. Up-regulation of SOX6 reversed the expression of miR-129-5p to reduce the damage and inflammatory response of the cell model of AD. Our study presents that up-regulation of miR-129-5p or down-regulation of SOX6 can reduce nerve injury and inflammatory response in rats with AD. Thus, miR-129-5p may be a potential candidate for the treatment of AD.

To introduce a new robot-assisted surgical system for spinal posterior fixation which called TiRobot, based on intraoperative three-dimensional images. TiRobot has three components: the planning and navigation system, optical tracking system and robotic arm system. By combining navigation and robot techniques, TiRobot can guide the screw trajectories for orthopedic surgeries.In this randomized controlled study approved by the Ethics Committee, 40 patients were involved and all has been fully informed and sign the informed consent. 17 patients were treated by free-hand fluoroscopy-guided surgery, and 23 patients were treated by robot-assisted spinal surgery.A total of 190 pedicle screws was implanted. The overall operation time were not different for both groups. None of the screws necessitated re-surgery for revised placement. In the robot-assisted group, assessment of pedicle screw accuracy showed that 102 of 102 screws (100%) were safely placed (This randomized controlled study verified that robot-assisted pedicle screw placement with real-time navigation is a more accuracy and safer method, also revealed great clinical potential of robot-assisted surgery in the future.

The fundamental for upper cervical spinal surgery is screws fixation progress, however, anatomical variations of atlantoaxial vertebrae are wide, and the region is adjacent to important organ such as spine cords, oblongata and vertebral artery, all of which make the fixation harder. Robot-assisted navigation can make up for the above shortcomings, and has the potential to more improve the screw placement accuracy.We recently designed a robot system called TiRobot, which is based on intraoperative three-dimensional images. TiRobot has three components: the planning and navigation system, optical tracking system and robotic arm system. By combining navigation and robot techniques, TiRobot can guide the screw trajectories for orthopedic surgeries.TiRobot has been used in upper cervical surgeries with the approval from the Ethics Committee. There were 7 screws inserted during the surgeries, 1 screw for posterior C1- 2 trans-articular fixation, 1 screw for anterior odontoid fixation and 5 for C1 or C2 pedicel fixation. All surgeries were smoothly performed using TiRobot. According to the post-operation CT image data, all the screw placements were sufficient because there was no perforation of the spinal canal or any unexpected malposition. According to the Gertzbein-Robbins classification, all screws fell into group A. Furthermore, there was a discrepancy between the planned and the actual placements at the entry points and the end points. The average deviation in entry point and end point were 1.21 +/- 0.45mm and 1.19 +/- 0.36mm. These safe and accurate results make TiRobot the first medical robot could be used in upper cervical spinal surgery.

Coriolis mass flowmeter is widely used in various fields due to its high accuracy, but it still needs to be improved in some special conditions. This paper proposes a deep learning-based signal processing method for Coriolis mass flowmeter. Firstly, we set up an experimental platform to collect data, taking the vibration signal as the input feature and the mass flow as the sample label. Secondly, we designed networks with different structures (including LSTM, RNN and ANN) and adopted batch normalization to speed up convergence. Finally, Bayesian model fusion and moving average were used to reduce generalization error. Experiment results prove that the model with LSTM layer is better than other single models and the mean square error of the optimized model reduces to 0.0047, which is far superior to the calibrated meter (0.1200). These findings that get rid of traditional methods are expected to break through existing bottlenecks.

To use unique nematicidal mechanism of Stropharia, the strain 1.2052 was evaluated for its potential to control the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita on tomato. In vitro, the inhibition rate in 24 h of Stropharia sp. 1.2052 isolate was 100% for second-stage juveniles of M. incognita and Panagrellus redivivus, 41.81% for Caenorhabiditis elegans and 99.25% for Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, respectively. In pot experiments, isolate 1.2052 reduced the root-knots to 68.16 to 84.19% in one month and 45.28 to 88.24% in two months after treatment, respectively. The reduction of nematodes in soil ranged from 26.39 to 61.18% compared to the negative control. There were significant efficacies for control of root knot nematodes on tomato. Key words: Stropharia, Meloidogyne incognita, biological control, root-knot nematodes.

This work presents a novel writing style-based approach to detect multi-account users on User-Generated Content (UGC) sites. Unlike existing works which emphasize feasibility and privacy leakage, we focus on precise writing style-based multi-account detection. Specifically, we leverage a one-class classification-based approach to detect multi-account behaviors, in which a mutual similarity measurement is defined to increase detection precision. In addition to traditional features used in writing style detection, we also extract bigrams, trigrams, part-of-speech, and grammatical relations. We evaluate our methodology based on datasets crawled from 3 popular OSNs (i.e., Twitter, Facebook, and Google+). Experimental results demonstrate that compared with the most recent achievements, our method not only improves the average detection precision to almost 90%, but also increases both recall and F-measure to 90% and even better.

The main component of the flow-meter in a fuel dispenser is a piston with Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) O-ring seals moving in a cylinder with stainless steel liner. So wear of PTFE seal is a key factor to determine the accuracy and the life of a flow meter. This paper reports the effect of different pressure conditions on the wear rate of the PTFE seals in a gasoline dispenser system. The pressure signals at the meter inlets were detected by pressure transducers, which were sampled and analyzed by the computer data processing system. The wear of PTFE O-ringseal was measured after the flow-meter recorded a value over one million liters. It is shown that bigger the variation in pressure higher is the wear rate of PTFE. This also leads to early failure of sealing systems. A possible explanation is also made in this paper based on the formation of PTFE transfer film on the counterface of the stainless steel.

Many species of Paecilomyces are entomogenous fungi and several are efficacious toward nematodes. To study the potential of Paecilomyces species in controlling nematodes, fungal extracts of 40 Paecilomyces spp. were evaluated for their nematicidal activity against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and Panagrellus redivivus. The extracts of six Paecilomyces spp. exhibited the nematicidal activity against P. redivivus, and 11 species exhibited the nematicidal activity against B. xylophilus. The methanol extract of strain 1.01761 incubating on Czapek solid medium killed more than 95% P. redivivus in 24 h at 5 mg/ml, and the filtrate of strain 1.01788 cultured in Sabouraud's broth medium resulted in 90% mortality of B. xylophilus in 24 h at 5 mg/ml. A novel nematicidal compound 4-(4'-carboxy-2'-ethyl-hydroxypentyl)-5,6-dihydro-6-methylcyclobuta[b]pyridine-3,6-dicarboxylic acid, was isolated from Paecilomyces sp. YMF1.01761. The LD(50) value of the compound within 24 h against P. redivivus was 50.86 mg/L, against Meloidogyne incognita was 47.1 mg/L, and against B. xylophilus was 167.7 mg/L.

We quantified molecular specificity of Cy5.5-GX1 in vivo with dynamic fluorescence imaging to better understand its kinetic properties. According to whether or not free GX1 was injected and when it was injected, twelve of BGC-823 xenografted mice were randomly divided into three groups and underwent a 60 minute dynamic fluorescence scanning. Combined with a principal-component analysis, the binding potential (Bp) of the probe was determined by both Logan graphical analysis with reference tissue model (GARTM) and Lammertsma simplified reference tissue model (SRTM). The sum of the pharmacokinetic rate constants (SKRC) was quantified by the Gurfinkel exponential model (GEXPM). Cy5.5-GX1 specifically targeted tumor both in vitro and in vivo. We obtained similar quantification results of Bp (GARTM Bp = 0.582 ± 0.2655, SRTM Bp = 0.618 ± 0.2923), and obtained a good linear relation between the Bp value and the SKRC value. Our results indicate that the SKRC value is more suitable for an early-stage kinetic data analysis, and the Bp value depicts kinetic characteristics under the equilibrium state. Dynamic fluorescence imaging in conjunction with various kinetic models are optimal tools to quantify molecular specificity of the Cy5.5-GX1 probe in vivo.

This paper is devoted to the $L^p$ ($p>1$) solutions of one-dimensional backward stochastic differential equations (BSDEs for short) with general time intervals and generators satisfying some non-uniform conditions in $t$ and $��$. An existence and uniqueness result, a comparison theorem and an existence result for the minimal solutions are respectively obtained, which considerably improve some known works. Some classical techniques used to deal with the existence and uniqueness of $L^p$ ($p>1$) solutions of BSDEs with Lipschitz or linear-growth generators are also developed in this paper., 16 pages

This review summarizes the 179 compounds from fungi that have shown to possess nematicidal activities. These compounds belong to diverse chemical groups and they are mainly isolated from a variety of deuteromycete, ascomycete and basidiomycete fungi. Some of them have been patented as nematicidal agents. We review and classify these compounds based on their structural types. Their nematicidal activities are described and their potential roles in natural environments and in the biocontrol of nematodes are discussed.

The discrete time transfer matrix method for multi-rigid-body systems is improved based on the structural characteristics of the robotic arm and the relations between motion transfer and force transfer. A new multi-body system transfer matrix modelling method applicable to serial robots is proposed, and a unified model for a manipulator with n joints is developed. This model contains characteristics of both kinematics and dynamics. In view of the motion transformation relation of the robotic arm between joint space and the operational space, the solution and the procedure are proposed for forward kinematics of the system model. Numerical simulation of a 2R planar manipulator is performed. The simulation results validate the feasibility of the modelling method and illustrate it to be superior to the current methods.

Coprinus xanthothrix was found to have nematicidal activity. Xanthothone was isolated from culture extract guided by activity assay, which was identified as a novel natural product. Two other compounds were also isolated. These compounds showed nematicidal activity, with LD50 value of 125–250 ppm both against Panagrellus redivivus and Meloidogyne incognita.

Nematode-trapping fungi are “carnivorous” and attack their hosts using specialized trapping devices. The morphological development of these traps is the key indicator of their switch from saprophytic to predacious lifestyles. Here, the genome of the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora Fres. (ATCC24927) was reported. The genome contains 40.07 Mb assembled sequence with 11,479 predicted genes. Comparative analysis showed that A. oligospora shared many more genes with pathogenic fungi than with non-pathogenic fungi. Specifically, compared to several sequenced ascomycete fungi, the A. oligospora genome has a larger number of pathogenicity-related genes in the subtilisin, cellulase, cellobiohydrolase, and pectinesterase gene families. Searching against the pathogen-host interaction gene database identified 398 homologous genes involved in pathogenicity in other fungi. The analysis of repetitive sequences provided evidence for repeat-induced point mutations in A. oligospora. Proteomic and quantitative PCR (qPCR) analyses revealed that 90 genes were significantly up-regulated at the early stage of trap-formation by nematode extracts and most of these genes were involved in translation, amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, cell wall and membrane biogenesis. Based on the combined genomic, proteomic and qPCR data, a model for the formation of nematode trapping device in this fungus was proposed. In this model, multiple fungal signal transduction pathways are activated by its nematode prey to further regulate downstream genes associated with diverse cellular processes such as energy metabolism, biosynthesis of the cell wall and adhesive proteins, cell division, glycerol accumulation and peroxisome biogenesis. This study will facilitate the identification of pathogenicity-related genes and provide a broad foundation for understanding the molecular and evolutionary mechanisms underlying fungi-nematodes interactions.

Multifilter banks that have all properties of arbitrary order vanishing moment, optimum time-frequency resolution, symmetry and orthogonality together are constructed for the first time. Thus overcome the shortcoming of the present orthogonal optimum time-frequency resolution multifilter banks that have only 2-order vanishing moment. Due to the excellent properties, application experiments in image compression showed that, our multifilter banks outperform the best tools known as multiwavelet SA4, CL and Jiang's optimum time-frequency resolution J_EX2 in compressing with texture image.

Three kinds of Enhanced Boiling Microstructures(EBMS) were fabricated. A series of pool boiling experiments were carried out to estimate the performance of all kinds of EBMS. According to the results of pool boiling experiments, the best EBMS, which have the lowest wall superheat and highest Critical Heat Flux (CHF), was chosen as the most important part of a new designed Two-phase Closed Loop Thermosyphons(TCLT). The aim of the TCLT is to dissipate high heat flux of some electronic devices. The TCLT was composed of an evaporator, a condenser, a subcooler and connecting tubes. A series of dissipating heat experiments of the TCLT were carried out. Results show that thermal resistance of the TCLT can reach minimum value 0.077°C/W, and the highest heat flux that the TCLT can transfer is 44.2W/cm2 when pure water is the working fluid.

In the application of multiwavelet in image processing, the properties such as orthogonality, symmetry, vanishing moment, regularity, optimum time-frequency resolution (OPTFR) are very important. Through the algorithm we designed that synthetically used the method of parameterization, genetic algorithm and compound Simpson formula, we constructed multiwavelets which are better than the present ones in those properties. Application in image processing showed that the denoising performance of some of our multiwavelets are better than the best multiwavelets of Jiang’s J_EX2 and CL when dealing with smooth image and texture image.

Tacit knowledge is difficult for multinational companies (MNCs) to manage because of the high cost in cross-boder transfer. By introducing a model which is adapted from Nonaka 's knowledge creation spiral, this paper demonstrates the mechanics of tacit knowledge creating and integrating of MNCs'. A "ba" is defined as a real or virtual place for knowledge fermenting. Tacit knowledge can be created more often in the creating ba, and effectively integrated sequentially in the standardized fermenting ba, systematized fermenting ba, training and validating ba. According to the model, strategies, desire to share and learn, organizational synergy, culture, knowledge tools and other suggestions to manage tacit knowledge in MNCs are provided.

The enhancement of optical sum-frequency generation (SFG) is calculated in Kretschmann's ATR configuration with the excitation of two counter-propagating SPWs. The experimental result is in good agreement with the theoretical calculation.

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in snow plays an important role in river ecosystems that are fed by snowmelt water. However, limited knowledge is available on the DOC content in snow of the Chinese Altai Mountains in Central Asia. In this study, DOC in the snow cover of the Kayiertesi river basin, southern slope of Altai Mountains, was investigated during November 2016 to April 2017. The results showed that average concentrations of DOC in the surface snow cover (1.01 ± 0.52 mg L−1) were only a little higher than those in glaciers of the Tibetan Plateau, European Alps, and Alaska, but much higher than in Greenland Ice Sheet. Depth variations of DOC concentrations from snowpack profiles indicated higher values in the surface layer. During the observation period, scavenging efficiency for DOC in snow cover is estimated to be 0.15 ± 0.10, suggesting that DOC in snow can be affected more by the meltwater during ablation season than during accumulation season. The average mass absorption cross section at 365 nm and the absorption Ångström exponent of DOC were 0.45 ± 0.35 m2 g−1 and 2.59 ± 1.03, respectively, with higher values in March and April 2017. Fraction of radiative forcing caused by DOC relative to black carbon accounted for about 10.5%, implying DOC is a non-ignorable light-absorber of solar radiation in snow of the Altai regions. Backward trajectories analysis and aerosol vertical distribution images from satellites showed that DOC in the snow of the Altai Mountains was mainly influenced by air masses from Central Asia, Western Siberia, the Middle East, and some even from Europe. Biomass burning and organic carbon mixed with mineral dust contributed significantly to the DOC concentration. This study highlights the effects of DOC in the snow cover for radiative forcing and the need to study carbon cycling for evaluation of quality of the downstreams ecosystems.

WOS:000348457603853; International audience; no abstract

Light‐absorbing impurities (LAIs) in snow of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau (TP) and their climatic impacts are of interest not only because this region borders areas affected by the South Asian atmospheric brown clouds but also because the seasonal snow and glacier melt from this region form important headwaters of large rivers. In this study, we collected surface snow and snowpit samples from four glaciers in the southeastern TP in June 2015 to investigate the comprehensive observational data set of LAIs. Results showed that the LAI concentrations were much higher in the aged snow and granular ice than in the fresh snow and snowpits due to postdepositional processes. Impurity concentrations fluctuated across snowpits, with maximum LAI concentrations frequently occurring toward the bottom of snowpits. Based on the SNow ICe Aerosol Radiative model, the albedo simulation indicated that black carbon and dust account for approximately 20% of the albedo reduction relative to clean snow. The radiative forcing caused by black carbon and dust deposition on the glaciers were between 1.0–141 W m−2 and 1.5–120 W m−2, respectively. Black carbon (BC) played a larger role in albedo reduction and radiative forcing than dust in the study area, enhancing approximately 15% of glacier melt. Analysis based on the Fire INventory from NCAR indicated that nonbiomass‐burning sources of BC played an important role in the total BC deposition, especially during the monsoon season. This study suggests that eliminating anthropogenic BC could mitigate glacier melt in the future of the southeastern TP.

This book comprises contributions on recent developments in China from a law and economics perspective. For the first time Chinese and European scholars jointly discuss some important attributes of China’s legal and economic system, and some recent problems, from this particular viewpoint.