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Inter-organelle contacts enable crosstalk among organelles, facilitating the exchange of materials and coordination of cellular events. In this study, we demonstrated that, upon starvation, autolysosomes recruit Pi4KIIα (Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase II α) to generate phosphatidylinositol−4-phosphate (PtdIns4P) on their surface and establish endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-autolysosome contacts through PtdIns4P binding proteins Osbp (Oxysterol binding protein) and cert (ceramide transfer protein). We found that the Sac1 (Sac1 phosphatase), Osbp, and cert proteins are required for the reduction of PtdIns4P on autolysosomes. Loss of any of these proteins leads to defective macroautophagy/autophagy and neurodegeneration. Osbp, cert, and Sac1 are required for ER-Golgi contacts in fed cells. Our data establishes a new mode of organelle contact formation – the ER-Golgi contact machinery can be reused by ER-autolysosome contacts by re-locating PtdIns4P from the Golgi apparatus to autolysosomes when faced with starvation. Abbreviations: Atg1: Autophagy-related 1; Atg8: Autophagy-related 8; Atg9: Autophagy-related 9; Atg12: Autophagy-related 12; cert: ceramide transfer protein; Cp1/CathL: cysteine proteinase−1; CTL: control; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ERMCS: ER-mitochondria contact site; fwd: four wheel drive; GM130: Golgi matrix protein 130 kD; Osbp: Oxysterol binding protein; PG: phagophore; PtdIns4K: phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase; Pi4KIIα: Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase II α; Pi4KIIIα: Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase III α; PtdIns4P: phosphatidylinositol−4-phosphate; PR: photoreceptor cell; RT: room temperature; Sac1: Sac1 phosphatase; Stv: starvation; Syx17: Syntaxin 17; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; VAP: VAMP-associated protein.

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Additional file 1: Supplementary Table S1. The distribution and clinical type of confirmed cases in mainland China.

The optimal model and simulating model of the Hanjiang cascade reservoirs operation with one day as its calculating period are established to coordinate the contradictions between power generating and shipping. The optimal model is solved by progressive optimality algorithm method adopting the theory of large system decomposing and coordinating. By analyzing the water allocation results obtained from six schemes, which are two cascades, four cascades and seven cascades joint operation considering shipping or not, the contradiction degree between power generating and shipping is investigated and some joint operation schemes are proposed.

The microwave test method of transmission line can be applied to study the characteristics of wave absorption by plasma. With this method, how the parameters of microwave plasma generator, the medium being argon, and the vacuum environment affect the variation trends of plasma return loss, which imply the plasma jet attenuation of reflected electromagnetic wave, is studied in vacuum environment. Experimental results show that when the mass flow rate and output power of plasma generator are 52.5mg/s and 52W, respectively, microwave plasma jet can absorb the energy of reflected electromagnetic wave maximally at the frequency near 5GHz. With the output power increasing and the environment pressure decreasing, the wave attenuation of plasma will be increased. The plasma jet will attenuate reflected wave maximally with appropriate generator parameters.