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Retiboletus cyanescens Yan C. Li & Zhu L. Yang, sp. nov. Figures 2 a–d, 3 MycoBank: 845728 Etymology: cyanescens referring to the context in stipe staining indistinct blue when injured. Type: China. Yunnan Province: Anning County, alt. 2050 m, 15 July 2021, Y. C. Li 2967 (holotype: KUN-HKAS 122939). Diagnosis: Retiboletus cyanescens can be distinguished from the other species in Retiboletus by the combination of the gray to blackish pileus, the white, grayish white to yellowish gray stipe which is yellowish to brownish yellow downwards, the entirely reticulate stipe surface, the cream basal mycelium, the bluish discoloration in the middle part of the stipe when injured, the palisadoderm pileipellis, and the subtropical to temperate distribution. Description: Basidiomata small to medium-sized. Pileus 3–10 cm in diameter, subhemispherical to applanate, surface dry, finely subtomentose, dark brown (5F8), brown (5E8), black (4F2), or brown-gray (4C2) in the center and brownish (5B4-5) or grayish (4B2) towards margin. Context whitish (4A1) to cream (4A3), without color change when injured. Hymenophore adnate to slightly decurrent, or sometimes depressed around apex of stipe when mature; surface initially whitish (4A1) and then dirty white or grayish (4B1); pores angular to roundish, 0.5–1.5 mm wide; tubes up to 4–6 mm in length, concolorous or a little paler than hymenophoral surface, without color change when injured or sometimes with rust brownish spots when touched. Stipe 3–7 × 0.3–0.7 cm, clavate to subcylindrical, flexuous, solid; surface grayish white (4B2) to pale range (5A3), covered with blackish to dark brown reticulum, without color change when hurt; context white (4A1) to cream (4A3) at upper part and cream to yellowish (4A2) downwards, staining indistinct blue in the middle part when injured; basal mycelium cream (4A3) without color change when injured. Taste and odor mild. Basidia 28–40 × 9–12 μm, clavate, thin-walled, 4-spored, hyaline to yellowish in KOH. Basidiospores [100/5/5] (9.5) 10–13 (14.5) × 4–5 μm, [Q = (2.11) 2.30–3.13 (3.25), Q m = 2.60 ± 0.18], sub- fusiform and inequilateral with slightly suprahilar depression in side view, elongate fusoid or narrowly oblong in ventral view, slightly thick-walled (up to 0.5 μm), brownish or pale brown in KOH, olive-brown to brown in Melzer’s reagent, smooth. Hymenophoral trama boletoid; hyphae cylindrical, 3–14 μm wide, hyaline to yellowish in KOH, yellowish to yellow in Melzer’s reagent. Cheilocystidia 27–37 × 5–7 μm, fusiform or subfusiform, thin-walled, brownish to pale yellow-brown in KOH; surface without encrustations. Pleurocystidia relatively big, 44–65 × 6–10 μm, fusiform or subfusiform, thin- to slightly thickwalled (up to 0.5 μm), concolorous with cheilocystidia; surface without encrustations. Caulocystidia forming the reticulum over the stipe surface, morphologically similar to cheilo- and pleurocystidia. Pileipellis a trichoderm about 150 μm thick, composed of more or less vertically arranged to slightly interwoven, brown to dark brown hyphae, 6–16 μm wide; terminal cells 21–38 × 6–16 μm, narrowly clavate to subcylindrical or subfusiform, sometimes narrowly mucronate, rostrate, thin-walled, yellowish brown to brownish in KOH, yellow-brown to brown in Melzer’s reagent. Pileal trama composed of thin-walled hyphae, 3–9 μm wide, hyaline to yellowish in KOH, yellowish to yellow in Melzer’s reagent. Clamp connections absent in all tissues. Habitat, ecology and distribution: Solitary on the ground in subtropical to temperate forests dominated by plants of the family Fagaceae; currently known from southwestern China. Additional specimens examined: China. Yunnan Province: Kunming City, Anning County, alt. 2050 m, 15 July 2021, Y.C. Li 2975 and Y.C. Li 2980 (KUN-HKAS 122940 and KUN-HKAS 122941, respectively); Lijiang County, Wenbi Mountain, alt. 2400 m, 14 July 2019, C. Huang 013 (KUN-HKAS 106692); Kunming City, Kunming Institute of Botany, alt. 1980 m, Z.L. Yang 5698 (KUN-HKAS 79637)., Published as part of Li, Jin, Wang, Zhen, Liu, En-De, Yang, Zhu L. & Li, Yan-Chun, 2022, Morphological and molecular data reveal Retiboletus cyanescens sp. nov. and the new subgenus Nigroretiboletorum (Boletaceae), pp. 232-242 in Phytotaxa 572 (3) on pages 237-238, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.572.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7322210

Retiboletus Manfr. Binder & Bresinsky, Feddes Repert 113(1–2): 36 (2002). Type: Retiboletus ornatipes (Peck) Binder & Bresinsky, Feddes Repert 113(1–2): 37 (2002). Description: Basidiomata small to medium-sized. Pileus subhemispherical to broadly convex, sometimes applanate; surface dry, velutinous, tomentose to matted tomentose, brown, yellow-brown, yellowish brown, grayish brown, gray, blackish gray, or black, sometimes with an olive, grayish green or blackish green tinge; margin always incurved; context yellow, pale yellow to light yellow, or white to grayish white or pallid gray to cream, unchanging or staining yellow, yellowish brown, pale brown, brown, blackish brown, or ferrugineous when injured. Hymenophore poroid, adnate or slightly depressed around apex of stipe; pores angular, grayish white, pale yellow, yellow to light yellow, unchanging or usually staining yellowish brown, brown to dark brown or pale orange when injured; tubes grayish white or yellowish to light yellow, unchanging or usually staining yellowish brown, pale brown, brown to dark brown when injured. Stipe central, subcylindric, solid, usually flexuous; surface dry, yellowish, yellow to brownish yellow or grayish white, gray, blackish yellow to blackish, always with yellow tinge downwards; surface always covered with concolorous or much darker reticulum; context yellow to bright yellow, or white to cream or grayish on the upper part, but with distinct yellow tinge downwards, unchanging or staining vivid yellow to yellowish brown or pale brown, brown to blackish brown or indistinct blue when injured; annulus absent. Basal mycelium white or yellow. Odor indistinct. Basidiospores smooth, subfusiform to ellipsoid. Cheilo- and pleurocystidia abundant, fusiform or subfusiform to fusoid-ventricose. Pileipellis subrepent to trichodermium composed of vertically arranged or interwoven thin-walled hyphae. Clamp connections absent in all tissues. Ecology and distribution: Known from northern Central America and East Asia, associated with species of the families Fagaceae and Pinaceae. Notes: The genus Retiboletus can be easily distinguish from other genera in Boletaceae by the grayish black or yellow tinged pileus, the concolorous stipes covered with reticulum or sometimes granular-like squamules, the yellow to bright yellow or white to grayish or cream hymenophore, and white or yellow basal mycelium. Species of the genus Boletus share the reticulate stipe with Retiboletus, but the surface of the immature poroid hymenophore of Boletus is covered with a layer of tangled white hyphae (Cui et al. 2016). The genus Retiboletus receives high bootstrap support values as a monophyly in present and former studies. Species of this genus cluster into two major clades corresponding to two subgenera, i.e., R. subg. Nigroretiboletorum and R. subg. Retiboletus, Published as part of Li, Jin, Wang, Zhen, Liu, En-De, Yang, Zhu L. & Li, Yan-Chun, 2022, Morphological and molecular data reveal Retiboletus cyanescens sp. nov. and the new subgenus Nigroretiboletorum (Boletaceae), pp. 232-242 in Phytotaxa 572 (3) on page 236, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.572.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7322210, {"references":["Cui, Y. Y., Feng, B., Wu, G., Xu, J & Yang, Z. L. (2016) Porcini mushrooms (Boletus sect. Boletus) in China. Fungal Diversity 81: 189 - 212. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 015 - 0336 - 7"]}

Key to the species of Retiboletus in China 1. Hymenophore bright yellow to brownish-yellow, stipe yellow to orange-yellow, mycelium on the base of stipe yellow to brownishyellow.................................................................................................................................................................................................2 1. Hymenophore whitish to grayish white, stipe black to blackish or grayish-black, mycelium on the base of stipe whitish to grayishwhite...................................................................................................................................................................................................3 2. Basidiomata medium-sized to large, pileus up to 15 cm in diam.; distributed in subtropical to temperate forestes................................................................................................................................................................................................................... R. kauffmanii 2. Basidiomata small to medium-sized, pileus up to 10 cm in diam.; distributed in tropical forestes..................................... R. sinensis 3. Pileus smoky-gray to gray or black to grayish black, always with an olivaceous tinge; context of pileus white to grayish white with olivaceous tinge, staining brownish to fuliginous when injured; context of stipe dark green to olivaceous when cut, staining brownish to fuliginous when injured..................................................................................................................................................4 3. Pileus without olivaceous tinge; context of pileus white to grayish white without olivaceous tinge, color unchanged when hurt; context of stipe white to grayish white in the upper part and grayish yellow to brownish yellow at base, color without discoloration or sometimes staining brown when injured........................................................................................................................................5 4. Pileus smoky-gray to gray with olivaceous tinge; hymenophore initially white and then lilac to purplish; basidiospores 9–11 × 4–5 μm...................................................................................................................................................................................... R. zhangfeii 4. Pileus black to grayish black with olivaceous tinge; hymenophore white to grayish white without lilac to purplish tinge; basidiospores relatively small 8–10.5 × 3.5–4 μm............................................................................................................................. R. nigrogriseus 5. Basidiomata distributed in tropical forests; pileipellis a palisadoderm composed of vertically arranged broad hyphae up to 15 μm wide....................................................................................................................................................................................................6 5. Basidiomata distributed in subtropical forests, or subtropical to temperate forests; pileipellis a palisadoderm composed of vertically arranged broad hyphae up to 16 μm wide, or a trichoderm composed of interwoven hyphae up to 8 μm wide...............................7 6. Pileus brown to blackish brown; basidiospores 9.5–11 × 4–4.5 μm; basidia 23–29 × 8–10 μm; pleurocystidia 40–60 × 9–11 μm.................................................................................................................................................................................... R. pseudogriseus 6. Pileus pale brown to grayish brown; basidiospores relatively large measuring 10–12.5 × 4.5–5 μm; basidia relatively large measuring 35–40 × 10–12 μm; pleurocystidia relatively large measuring 50–80 × 9–14.5 μm................................... R. brunneolus 7. Basidiomata distributed in subtropical forests; pileipellis a palisadoderm composed of vertically arranged broad hyphae up to 16 μm wide..............................................................................................................................................................................................8 7. Basidiomata distributed in subtropical to temperate forests; pileipellis a trichoderm composed of interwoven hyphae up to 8 μm wide....................................................................................................................................................................................................9 8. Pileus black to blackish; basidiospores small mostly 8–10.5 × 3–4.5 μm; context in stipe without grayish green discoloration when injured....................................................................................................................................................................................... R. ater 8. Pileus dark brown, brown, black, or brown-gray in the center and brownish or grayish towards margin; basidiospores large mostly 10–13 × 4–5 μm; context in stipe with grayish green discoloration when injured..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... R. cyanescens 9. Pileus grayish brown to grayish black; basidiospores 9–12 × 3.5–4 μm.............................................................................. R. fuscus 9. Pileus grayish brown to brown without black tinge; basidiospores relatively large mostly 10–13.5 × 4–5 μm........... R. sinogriseus, Published as part of Li, Jin, Wang, Zhen, Liu, En-De, Yang, Zhu L. & Li, Yan-Chun, 2022, Morphological and molecular data reveal Retiboletus cyanescens sp. nov. and the new subgenus Nigroretiboletorum (Boletaceae), pp. 232-242 in Phytotaxa 572 (3) on pages 240-241, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.572.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7322210

Retiboletus cyanescens Yan C. Li & Zhu L. Yang, sp. nov. Figures 2 a–d, 3 MycoBank: 845728 Etymology: cyanescens referring to the context in stipe staining indistinct blue when injured. Type: China. Yunnan Province: Anning County, alt. 2050 m, 15 July 2021, Y. C. Li 2967 (holotype: KUN-HKAS 122939). Diagnosis: Retiboletus cyanescens can be distinguished from the other species in Retiboletus by the combination of the gray to blackish pileus, the white, grayish white to yellowish gray stipe which is yellowish to brownish yellow downwards, the entirely reticulate stipe surface, the cream basal mycelium, the bluish discoloration in the middle part of the stipe when injured, the palisadoderm pileipellis, and the subtropical to temperate distribution. Description: Basidiomata small to medium-sized. Pileus 3–10 cm in diameter, subhemispherical to applanate, surface dry, finely subtomentose, dark brown (5F8), brown (5E8), black (4F2), or brown-gray (4C2) in the center and brownish (5B4-5) or grayish (4B2) towards margin. Context whitish (4A1) to cream (4A3), without color change when injured. Hymenophore adnate to slightly decurrent, or sometimes depressed around apex of stipe when mature; surface initially whitish (4A1) and then dirty white or grayish (4B1); pores angular to roundish, 0.5–1.5 mm wide; tubes up to 4–6 mm in length, concolorous or a little paler than hymenophoral surface, without color change when injured or sometimes with rust brownish spots when touched. Stipe 3–7 × 0.3–0.7 cm, clavate to subcylindrical, flexuous, solid; surface grayish white (4B2) to pale range (5A3), covered with blackish to dark brown reticulum, without color change when hurt; context white (4A1) to cream (4A3) at upper part and cream to yellowish (4A2) downwards, staining indistinct blue in the middle part when injured; basal mycelium cream (4A3) without color change when injured. Taste and odor mild. Basidia 28–40 × 9–12 μm, clavate, thin-walled, 4-spored, hyaline to yellowish in KOH. Basidiospores [100/5/5] (9.5) 10–13 (14.5) × 4–5 μm, [Q = (2.11) 2.30–3.13 (3.25), Q m = 2.60 ± 0.18], sub- fusiform and inequilateral with slightly suprahilar depression in side view, elongate fusoid or narrowly oblong in ventral view, slightly thick-walled (up to 0.5 μm), brownish or pale brown in KOH, olive-brown to brown in Melzer’s reagent, smooth. Hymenophoral trama boletoid; hyphae cylindrical, 3–14 μm wide, hyaline to yellowish in KOH, yellowish to yellow in Melzer’s reagent. Cheilocystidia 27–37 × 5–7 μm, fusiform or subfusiform, thin-walled, brownish to pale yellow-brown in KOH; surface without encrustations. Pleurocystidia relatively big, 44–65 × 6–10 μm, fusiform or subfusiform, thin- to slightly thickwalled (up to 0.5 μm), concolorous with cheilocystidia; surface without encrustations. Caulocystidia forming the reticulum over the stipe surface, morphologically similar to cheilo- and pleurocystidia. Pileipellis a trichoderm about 150 μm thick, composed of more or less vertically arranged to slightly interwoven, brown to dark brown hyphae, 6–16 μm wide; terminal cells 21–38 × 6–16 μm, narrowly clavate to subcylindrical or subfusiform, sometimes narrowly mucronate, rostrate, thin-walled, yellowish brown to brownish in KOH, yellow-brown to brown in Melzer’s reagent. Pileal trama composed of thin-walled hyphae, 3–9 μm wide, hyaline to yellowish in KOH, yellowish to yellow in Melzer’s reagent. Clamp connections absent in all tissues. Habitat, ecology and distribution: Solitary on the ground in subtropical to temperate forests dominated by plants of the family Fagaceae; currently known from southwestern China. Additional specimens examined: China. Yunnan Province: Kunming City, Anning County, alt. 2050 m, 15 July 2021, Y.C. Li 2975 and Y.C. Li 2980 (KUN-HKAS 122940 and KUN-HKAS 122941, respectively); Lijiang County, Wenbi Mountain, alt. 2400 m, 14 July 2019, C. Huang 013 (KUN-HKAS 106692); Kunming City, Kunming Institute of Botany, alt. 1980 m, Z.L. Yang 5698 (KUN-HKAS 79637).

Retiboletus Manfr. Binder & Bresinsky, Feddes Repert 113(1–2): 36 (2002). Type: Retiboletus ornatipes (Peck) Binder & Bresinsky, Feddes Repert 113(1–2): 37 (2002). Description: Basidiomata small to medium-sized. Pileus subhemispherical to broadly convex, sometimes applanate; surface dry, velutinous, tomentose to matted tomentose, brown, yellow-brown, yellowish brown, grayish brown, gray, blackish gray, or black, sometimes with an olive, grayish green or blackish green tinge; margin always incurved; context yellow, pale yellow to light yellow, or white to grayish white or pallid gray to cream, unchanging or staining yellow, yellowish brown, pale brown, brown, blackish brown, or ferrugineous when injured. Hymenophore poroid, adnate or slightly depressed around apex of stipe; pores angular, grayish white, pale yellow, yellow to light yellow, unchanging or usually staining yellowish brown, brown to dark brown or pale orange when injured; tubes grayish white or yellowish to light yellow, unchanging or usually staining yellowish brown, pale brown, brown to dark brown when injured. Stipe central, subcylindric, solid, usually flexuous; surface dry, yellowish, yellow to brownish yellow or grayish white, gray, blackish yellow to blackish, always with yellow tinge downwards; surface always covered with concolorous or much darker reticulum; context yellow to bright yellow, or white to cream or grayish on the upper part, but with distinct yellow tinge downwards, unchanging or staining vivid yellow to yellowish brown or pale brown, brown to blackish brown or indistinct blue when injured; annulus absent. Basal mycelium white or yellow. Odor indistinct. Basidiospores smooth, subfusiform to ellipsoid. Cheilo- and pleurocystidia abundant, fusiform or subfusiform to fusoid-ventricose. Pileipellis subrepent to trichodermium composed of vertically arranged or interwoven thin-walled hyphae. Clamp connections absent in all tissues. Ecology and distribution: Known from northern Central America and East Asia, associated with species of the families Fagaceae and Pinaceae. Notes: The genus Retiboletus can be easily distinguish from other genera in Boletaceae by the grayish black or yellow tinged pileus, the concolorous stipes covered with reticulum or sometimes granular-like squamules, the yellow to bright yellow or white to grayish or cream hymenophore, and white or yellow basal mycelium. Species of the genus Boletus share the reticulate stipe with Retiboletus, but the surface of the immature poroid hymenophore of Boletus is covered with a layer of tangled white hyphae (Cui et al. 2016). The genus Retiboletus receives high bootstrap support values as a monophyly in present and former studies. Species of this genus cluster into two major clades corresponding to two subgenera, i.e., R. subg. Nigroretiboletorum and R. subg. Retiboletus

Retiboletus subg. Retiboletus Type: Retiboletus ornatipes (Peck) Binder & Bresinsky, Feddes Repert 113(1–2): 37 (2002). Diagnosis: Retiboletus subg. Retiboletus differs from R. subg. Nigroretiboletorum by its yellow to light yellow hymenophore and context, which is unchanging or staining yellow to yellowish brown when injured. Description: Basidiomata small to large-sized. Pileus subhemispherical to broadly convex, sometimes applanate; surface dry, velutinous to tomentose to matted tomentose, yellowish brown, gray brown to brown or yellow, sometimes with olive tinge; margin incurved; context pale yellow to light yellow, unchanging or staining yellow to yellowish brown in color when injured. Hymenophore poroid, adnate or slightly depressed around apex of stipe; pores angular pale yellow, yellow, to light yellow, usually changing yellowish brown to brown or pale orange when injured; tubes yellowish to light yellow, usually changing yellowish brown, pale brown when injured. Stipe central, subcylindric, solid, usually flexuous; surface dry, yellowish, yellow to brownish yellow, prominently and coarsely reticulate nearly to base or the upper; reticulum brownish black or yellow to light yellow; context yellow, unchanging or changing vivid yellow or yellowish brown in color when injured; annulus absent. Basal mycelium yellow. Odor indistinct. Basidiospores smooth, subfusiform to ellipsoid; Cheilo- and pleurocystidia abundant, fusiform or subfusiform; Pileipellis a trichoderm composed of vertically or interwoven thin-walled hyphae; Stipitipellis hymeniform, composed of thin-walled hyphae with narrowly or broadly clavate, subfusiform or fusiform terminal cells. Clamp connections absent in all tissues. Ecology and distribution: Known from northern Central America and East Asia, associated with species of the family Fagaceae and the family Pinaceae. Currently known species: Retiboletus brevibasidiatus Raspé & Chuankid (2021: 297), R. flavoniger (Halling, G.M. Muell. & L.D. Gómez) Binder & Halling (2002: 30), R. kauffmanii, R. ornatipes, R. retipes, R. sinensis N.K. Zeng & Zhu L. Yang (2016: 363)., Published as part of Li, Jin, Wang, Zhen, Liu, En-De, Yang, Zhu L. & Li, Yan-Chun, 2022, Morphological and molecular data reveal Retiboletus cyanescens sp. nov. and the new subgenus Nigroretiboletorum (Boletaceae), pp. 232-242 in Phytotaxa 572 (3) on pages 236-237, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.572.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7322210, {"references":["Chuankid, B., Vadthanarat, S., Thongbai, B., Stadler, M., Lumyong, S., David, K. & Raspe, O. (2021) Retiboletus (Boletaceae) in northern Thailand: one novel species and two first records. Mycoscience 62: 33 - 44. https: // doi. org / 10.47371 / mycosci. 2021.05.003"]}

Retiboletus subg. Nigroretiboletorum Yan C. Li & Zhu L. Yang, subg. nov. MycoBank: 845727 Etymology: the epithet refers to species of this subgenus with gray, grayish-brown or black colored pileus. Type: Retiboletus griseus (Frost in Peck) Binder & Bresinsky, Feddes Repert 113(1–2): 37 (2002). Diagnosis: Retiboletus subg. Nigroretiboletorum differs from R. subg. Retiboletus by its white, grayish white or pallid gray to cream context, unchanging or staining pale brown, brown, blackish brown, or ferrugineous when injured, and the white to grayish white or grayish pink to dark purple hymenophore, which is unchanging or staining pale brownish, brown, dark brown or ferrugineous when injured. Description: Basidiomata small to medium-sized. Pileus subhemispherical to convex, sometimes applanate; surface dry, densely subtomentose, grayish brown, pale brown to blackish brown or grayish white to blackish; margin incurved; context white, grayish white or pallid gray to cream, unchanging or staining pale brown, brown, blackish brown, or ferrugineous when injured. Hymenophore poroid, adnate or slightly depressed around apex of stipe; pores angular to roundish, white to grayish white or grayish pink to dark purple, unchanging or staining brownish, brown, dark brown or ferrugineous when injured; tubes grayish white or gray-white when young, then gray, grayish yellow, or lilac, unchanging or staining pale brown, brown, or dark brown when injured. Stipe central, subcylindrical, solid, usually flexuous; surface dry, grayish white, gray to blackish, but with yellow to gray-yellow tinge downwards; surface often covered with concolorous or much darker reticulum, sometimes without indistinct reticulum; context white, cream to grayish on the upper part, but yellowish to cream downwards, unchanging or staining pale brown, brown, blackish brown, ferrugineous or indistinct blue when injured; annulus absent. Basal mycelium white or cream. Odor indistinct. Basidiospores smooth, subfusiform to ellipsoid. Cheilo- and pleurocystidia subfusiform or fusiform, abundant. Pileipellis a trichoderm composed of more or less vertically arranged, or sometimes slightly interwoven hyphae. Clamp connections absent in all tissues. Ecology and distribution: Known from North and Central America and East Asia, associated with plants of the families Fagaceae and Pinaceae. Currently known species: Retiboletus ater, R. brunneolus, R. fuscus, R. griseus, R. nigerrimus (R. Heim) Manfr. Binder & Bresinsky, R. nigrogriseus, R. pseudogriseus, R. sinogriseus, R. vinaceipes B. Ortiz, Lodge & T.J. Baroni, R. zhangfeii and the newly described species R. cyanescens., Published as part of Li, Jin, Wang, Zhen, Liu, En-De, Yang, Zhu L. & Li, Yan-Chun, 2022, Morphological and molecular data reveal Retiboletus cyanescens sp. nov. and the new subgenus Nigroretiboletorum (Boletaceae), pp. 232-242 in Phytotaxa 572 (3) on page 237, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.572.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7322210

Camellia hainingii S.X.Yang et Y.S. Huang, sp. nov., (Figs. 1 & 2). Type:— CHINA. Guangxi: Daxin County, Encheng National Nature Reserve, on limestone in the evergreen broad-leaved forest, elev. 180 m, 15 September 2020, S . X. Yang, P. M. Ye and F. Y. Wu 6389 (holotype KUN barcode 1541643; isotypes KUN, PE, IBK, IBSC, K). Diagnosis: — Camellia hainangii is very similar to C. pachyandra Hu (1938: 131), but differs by its abaxially glabrous (vs. pubescent along the midvein) leaf, glabrous (vs. pubescent) petiole, perules (bracteoles and sepals) 9–11 (vs. 6) with dense pubescent (vs. glabrous) inside; stamens 80–110 (vs. 40–50), inner filaments thin (vs. thick), ovary glabrous (vs. dense tomentose), capsule surface furfuraceous (vs. smooth) (Table 1; Fig. 2). Arbor, 5–12m tall; young branches reddish brown, glabrous; terminal buds glabrous or subglabrous. Leaves thinly leathery, oblong or narrow elliptic, 7.5–11.0 (–13.0) × 2.5–3.5 (–4.5) cm, apex acuminate to caudate with a tip ca. 1.0 cm long, base cuneate, margin sharply serration, adaxial surface dark green, shining and glabrous, abaxial surface yellow-green, glabrous, scattered dark brown cork-warts (sensu Sealy 1958), lateral veins 7–10 pairs, midvein, lateral veins and reticulate veins sunken adaxially and protruding abaxially, semitransparent; petiole 7–10 mm long, glabrous. Flowers axillary, solitary, subsessile, white or yellowish-white, 2.0–2.5 (–3.0) cm in diam; bracteoles and sepals 9–11, ovate, broad ovate to suborbicular, increasing in size upwards, 1.5–4.0 × 2.0–5.0 mm, abaxially green, glabrous, adaxially densely yellowish-white pubescent, margin narrow scarious and ciliate. Petals 6–8 in 2–3 whorls, outermost 2–3 sepaloid, the rests petaline, glabrous on both sides, suborbicular to elliptic, 6.0–13.0 × 6.0 mm, slightly connate at the base. Stamens numerous (80–110), 8.0–10.0 mm long, glabrous; outer filaments basally connate ca. 1/2–3/5 into a tube and adnate to the corolla for ca. 1.5 mm, inner filaments distinct, slender. Pistil ca. 4.0 mm long; ovary subglobose, 3-loculed, glabrous; style 3, free, very short, 1.5–2.0 mm long, glabrous. Capsule subglobose, grayish brown, ca. 2.0 cm in diam; pericarp, Published as part of Ye, Pin-Ming, Huang, Yu-Song, Huang, Jian-Feng, Liu, En-De, Ma, Jin-Lin & Yang, Shi-Xiong, 2022, Camellia hainingii, a new species of Theaceae in China, pp. 291-296 in Phytotaxa 558 (3) on pages 291-292, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.558.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7003113, {"references":["Hu, H. H. (1938) Notulae systematicae ad florem Sinensium IX. Bulletin of the Fan Memorial Institute of Biology (Botany) 8: 129 - 137.","Sealy, J. R. (1958) A revision of the genus Camellia. The Royal Horticultural Society, London, 239 pp."]}

Background This study aims to determine whether palliative bypass surgery (choledochojejunostomy and gastrojejunostomy), which has a lower incidence of complications and mortality, remains an option for elderly patients with resectable periampullary carcinoma. Methods The clinical data of elderly patients with resectable periampullary carcinoma who had been admitted to Qilu Hospital and had undergone palliative bypass surgery in recent years was collected. Factors concerning these patients, including surgical duration, intraoperative haemorrhage, the incidence of complications, mortality, and survival rate, were compared to those in patients who had received radical surgery. Results Surgical duration, intraoperative haemorrhage, the incidence of complications, pancreatic fistula, abdominal infections, pneumonia, and postoperative hospital stay were found to be more apparent in patients in the radical surgery group than in patients in the palliative bypass surgery group and the difference was statistically significant (P

Yu, Xiang-Qin, Liu, En-De, Liu, Zhen-Wen, Xiao, Bo, Ma, Jin-Lin, Yang, Shi-Xiong (2021): Camellia luteocalpandria (Theaceae), a new species and the first discovery of sect. Calpandria in China. Phytotaxa 489 (2): 223-228, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.489.2.11, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.489.2.11

Camellia luteocalpandria S.X.Yang & E.D. Liu, sp. nov. (Figs. 1 & 2) Type:��� CHINA. Yunnan: Malipo Xian, in the riverside forest, elev. 600 m, 18 October 2020, S . X. Yang, E. D. Liu, W Fang, J. Zou & C. H . Wang 6415 (holotype KUN [KUN1498270]; isotypes AA, K, KUN, P, PE). Diagnosis:��� Camellia luteocalpandria differs from other two species in sect. Calpandria in its petals yellow (not white) and the filament 1-whorled, all united into a tube for their whole length (not 2-3-whorled, inner ones free or partly united)., Published as part of Yu, Xiang-Qin, Liu, En-De, Liu, Zhen-Wen, Xiao, Bo, Ma, Jin-Lin & Yang, Shi-Xiong, 2021, Camellia luteocalpandria (Theaceae), a new species and the first discovery of sect. Calpandria in China, pp. 223-228 in Phytotaxa 489 (2) on page 224, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.489.2.11, http://zenodo.org/record/5756565

// Liu Enyu 1, * , Wang Na 2, * , Zhao Chuanzong 1 , Wang Ben 1 , Wu Xiaojuan 3 , Wang Yan 3 , Li Zequn 1, 4 , Hong Jianguo 1 , Wang Jiayong 1 , Liang Benjia 1, 4 , Peng Cheng 1 , Zhu Min 1 , Zhang Zongli 1 1 Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, P.R. China 2 Department of Dermatology, Shandong Provinical Institute of dermatology and venereology, Jinan 250012, Shandong, P.R. China 3 Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, P.R. China 4 Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Public Health, Jinan 250012, Shandong, P.R. China * The First two authors have contributed equally to this work Correspondence to: Liu Enyu, email: liuenyu120@sina.com Zhang Zongli, email: zhangzongli120@sina.com Zhu Min, email: zhuminqilu@sina.com Keywords: gallbladder cancer, integrin β6, pStat-3, immunohistochemistry, tumorigenesis Received: April 28, 2016 Accepted: November 01, 2016 Published: January 02, 2017 ABSTRACT Background: Both phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(pStat-3) and integrin αvβ6 can play vital role in the development and progression of cancer. However, little is known about their expression correlation and clinical significance in gallbladder cancer(GBC). Objective : The aim of our present study was to investigate the expression of pStat-3 and integrin αvβ6, two proteins’ correlation and their clinical significance in GBC tissues. Results: The expression of pStat-3 and integrin αvβ6 were both significantly associated with T stage, lymph node metastasis status, TNM stage (P=0.008, P=0.000, P=0.000 and P=0.036, P=0.001,P=0.000,respectively). IHC and Western blot showed their expressions in GBC tissues were higher than that in paraneoplastic tissues. Moderate positive correlation existed between the two proteins (r =0.349, P

In this paper, the frequency distribution of DBH and DBH of masson pine and oak trees in mixed forest was simulated by using normal distribution, and the relationship between DBH and tree height was fitted by 11 common curve models. The power model can well simulate the relationship between DBH and tree height.

In this paper, the frequency distribution of DBH and DBH of oak plantation was simulated by using normal distribution, and the relationship between DBH and tree height, DBH and crown area was fitted by 11 common curve models. The relation between DBH and tree height was well simulated by S model and cubic curve model. The relationship between DBH and crown area was simulated by cubic and quadratic models.

A facile energy-saving route is developed for fabricating Sb2Te3-Te nanocomposites and nanosized Te powders. The fabrication route not only avoids using organic chemicals, but also keeps the energy consumption to a minimum. The fabrication procedure involves two steps. Energetic precursors of nanosized powders of Sb and Te are produced at room temperature followed by hot pressing at 400°C under 70 MPa for 1 h. The resulting Sb2Te3-Te nanocomposite exhibits enhanced power factor. The dimensionless figure of merit zT value of the Sb2Te3-Te nanocomposite is 0.29 at 475 K.

Combining the advantages of Chan algorithm and Taylor series expansion method, the article has proposed an improved localization algorithm in the LTE positioning system. The algorithm eliminates much deviation of the positioning results in Chan algorithm, offers the optimized result as the initial value of Taylor series expansion method, then get the weighted sum of the positioning of the results of the two kinds of algorithm, finally put the final result as the location of the mobile station coordinates. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively improve the positioning precision in the noise environment.

Bronchiolitis is one of the most common lower respiratory diseases in infants. A correlation between the severity of bronchiolitis and a co-infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) as well as other viruses has not yet been elucidated. The purpose of this study was to clarify the impact of RSV co-infection with other viruses on the severity of bronchiolitis and airway inflammation. One hundred and twelve hospitalized children with clinical symptoms of bronchiolitis were prospectively enrolled in this study. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were analyzed to identify RSV, human bocavirus, human metapneumovirus and nine other respiratory viral pathogens. Inflammatory cell counting and concentrations of cytokines/chemokines were also evaluated. The severity of the disease was further determined on the basis of symptom score and duration of hospitalization. Viral pathogens were detected in 84 samples (75%). RSV was detected in 62 samples (55.36%), 31 of which also possessed other viruses. No difference was found between children with bronchiolitis that had RSV as the sole infecting viral agent and those that were infected with RSV and other viruses with respect to the prevalence of symptoms prior to admission to the hospital, the duration of hospitalization and the diagnosis of severe bronchiolitis. The median cellularity, concentrations of cytokines and cell counts of nasopharyngeal aspirates were similar between the two groups of children. The severity of bronchiolitis is not dependent on the co-infection of RSV with other respiratory viruses.

It is well known that both eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) and integrin αvβ6 can contribute to malignant behavior of colon cancer. We have found that integrin αvβ6 and eIF4E were co-expressed and positively correlated in colon cancer tissues. Recently, deregulation of the protein synthesis apparatus has begun to gain attention as a major participant in cancer development and progression. However, the regulation of integrin β6 expression at translational level has never been investigated before. In present study, gene-silencing technique for eIF4E by small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used in all the subsequent experiments, in order to investigate whether eIF4E could translationally regulate expression of integrin β6 in colon cancer SW480 and HT-29 cell lines. Additionally, the subsequent effects of eIF4E knockdown on cellular malignant behavior were observed. siRNA in SW480 and HT-29 transfectants. Subsequently, protein expression of β6 was markedly suppressed, while mRNA expression of β6 showed no significant variation before and after eIF4E RNA interfering. Therefore, it could be seen that eIF4E could upregulate the expression of β6, without effect on β6 mRNA expression. More importantly, after treated with eIF4E siRNA, cellular migratory capacity on fibronectin of HT-29 and β6-transfected SW480 as well as their survival to 5-FU was decreased distinctly. Expression of integrin β6 could be translationally regulated by eIF4E, which subsequently contributed to tumor malignancy through enhancing cellular migration, survival, anti-apoptosis, and chemoresistance of colon cancer in vitro. Thus, targeting eIF4E in integrin αvβ6 expressing tumors can be a potential therapeutic strategy for patients with colon cancer.

An X-band silicon-based 2×2 phased array T/R module was developed based on MEMS technology and three-dimensional heterogeneous integration technology such as through-silicon via (TSV). The module uses a transceiver integrated multifunction chip solution and is packaged in two layers of silicon: upper layer integrated low noise amplifier, power amplifier, switch, power modulation driver, PMOS and other chips; lower layer integrated multi-function chip, serial-to-parallel chip, logic operation chip. Two-layer silicon package are stacked by solder balls. The T/R module sample’s size is 20mm×20mm×3mm. The test results show that at 8-12GHz, the transmit power is higher than 29dBm, the transmit gain is 20dB, the receive gain is 29dB, the noise figure (NF) is 3dB, and the switch isolation is 37dB.

Most existing classification studies use spectral information and those were adequate for cities or plains. This paper explores classification method suitable for the ALOS (Advanced Land Observing Satellite) in mountainous terrain. Mountainous terrain mapping using ALOS image faces numerous challenges. These include spectral confusion with other land cover features, topographic effects on spectral signatures (such as shadow). At first, topographic radiometric correction was carried out to remove the illumination effects of topography. In addition to spectral features, texture features were used to assist classification in this paper. And texture features extracted based on GLCM (Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix) were not only used for segmentation, but also used for building rules. The performance of the method was evaluated and compared with Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC). Results showed that the object-oriented method integrating spectral and texture features has achieved overall accuracy of 85.73% with a kappa coefficient of 0.824, which is 13.48% and 0.145 respectively higher than that got by MLC method. It indicated that texture features can significantly improve overall accuracy, kappa coefficient, and the classification precision of existing spectrum confusion features. Object-oriented method Integrating spectral and texture features is suitable for land use extraction of ALOS image in mountainous terrain.

To improve the wavelength calibration accuracy of a solar absolute irradiance spectra-radiometer,a wavelength calibration scheme that a linear CCD was used as position sensor to control the wavelength was presented.The wavelength calibration was implemented from 0.4 μm to 1.0 μm.Based on the install configuration of the instrument and the parameters of Fery prism,the relationship between wavelength and CCD pixels was described and the calibration and calculation methods were depicted in detail.The selection of devices,the designs of a clock driver and an output signal processor for CCD were introduced.For wavelength calibration in a lab,a tunable laser was used as source,and the relationship between CCD pixels and center wavelength was confirmed and verified by spectral scanning.Furthermore,the outdoor measurement was developed and the results were compared with that of a visible-short wave infrared spectrometer.Experimental results indicate that the precision of wavelength orientation is better than 0.5 nm,and the absorbing peak of spectral curve measured is accord with the absorbing spectra of typical atmosphere exactly.The feasibility of spectral scanning scheme and the reasonability of electronic design of CCD were demonstrated finally.

To recognize the poses of parts to be measared by a Coordinate Measuring Machine(CMM) corrcetly and rapidly,a single-camera stereo vision recognization method based on the translation of CMM was proposed,and its principle,pose parameter solution and recognization procedure were studied.According to the double-camera stereo vision principle,an image of the measured part was capured with a CCD camera driven by the CMM along its X axis or Y axis on two different positions correspondly.Thus,the single-camera stereo vision measurement for the part was realized with the proposed matching method on two images with the same feature point,and the 3D coordinates of each feature point in the camera coordinate system were obtained.Then,by using the camera calibration parameters,3D coordinates of each feature point in the machine coordinate system were calculated.Finally,combining with the 3D coordinates of each feature point in the CAD coordinate system for the part,the pose parameters of the part were solved.The recognization system was set up,and an experiment was conducted.The results show that the recognized translation pose parameters of the experiment part txl tyl and tzl are 32.65 mm,-90.23 mm,and 13.27 mm,respectively;and the rotation angle pose parameter AX,AY and AZ are 38°,4° and 5°,respectively.Moreover,the recognization time is 1.818 s.Experiment result shows that the recognization method discussed above is correct and pratical,and meets the measuring requirement in real time.

Measurements of carbon stock and carbon distribution of Mytilaria laosensis plantation are useful for assessing its carbon sink capacity and developing appropriate multi-purpose forest management model in subtropical area.In this paper,the concentration,storage and allocation of carbon for the Mytilaria laosensis plantation were investigated through biomass harvesting.Two dominant,three intermediate and two suppressed trees were destructively sampled.Stems were cut at the soil surface.Total tree height(from ground to the terminal bud,H),length of live crown,diameter at breast height(DBH),diameter at the base of live crown were measured and recorded immediately.The live crown was marked as three sections(top,middle and bottom),and all new leaves,old leaves,new branches,old branches from each canopy position were cut and weighted separately.Stem were cut into 2 m sections and weighted.At the end of each stem section,a 5cm thick disk was cut,weighted and taken into lab for moisture content determination.The root system were divided into stump,coarse root and fine root(5mm in diameter) and weighted at the field.From each component approximately 500—1000g of fresh mass were randomly sampled and placed in a labeled bag for moisture content determination.Three standard plots were sampled in the 20-year-old Mytilaria laosensis plantation and three 1 m×1 m subplots were sampled along the diagonal.The litter layer was divided into fresh layer and humus layer.The fresh mass of the litter layer in the three 1m×1m subplots were determined,and about 500—1000g were taken into lab for moisture and carbon content determination.Three soil sampling profiles were set in each standard plot.The soil profile were divided into six layers: 0—10cm,10—20cm,20—40cm,40—60cm,60—80cm and 80—100cm.Soil bulk density were measured and the soil samples(500—1000g) in each soil profile were sampled and mixed into one sample for soil moisture and carbon concentration determination for each plot.The results showed that carbon concentration in different organs of Mytilaria laosensis ranged from 51.73% to 55.75%,which in the order as follows: new foliagenew branchold foliagestemolder branchstumpcoarse rootfine root.The carbon concentration of the fresh litter layer was higher compared to the decomposing litter layer.Carbon concentration in the 0—100cm soil decreased with the increasing of soil depth from 4.10% to 0.62%.The total carbon storage in the 20-year-old Mytilaria laosensis plantation was 331.61 t/hm2.The carbon stocks of tree,litter,and soil layer were 154.07,2.74,and 174.80 t/hm2,respectively.The annual net carbon storage of the Mytilaria laosensis plantation was 14.77 t/hm2,which equals to a mitigation of 54.16t CO2,where the tree,litter,and soil layer accounted for 60.73%,6.16%,and 33.11%,respectively.

To improve the resolution of projective image of a Thin Film Transistor-Liquid Crystal Display(TFT-LCD),a method was proposed by using a piezo-stage to drive the TFT-LCD movement in X and Y directions to implement the pixel-multiplexing of the TFT-LCD.The hardware configuration of the TFT-LCD was introduced,and the principle of improving the resolution of projective image by the pixel-multiplexing was presented.On the basis of accuracy demand of displacement movement to be 10 nm,the moving mechanism that can achieve a higher precision was chosen.Furthermore,three kinds of test schemes were proposed to prove the obtained results,and a experimental platform was constructed to verify the correction and efficiency of test principle.Experimental results show that the image resolution projected by the TFT-LCD has been doubled in X and Y directions,respectively,and total pixels are four times that of traditional imaging method.Proposed method changes the situation that the resolution of a star simulator is limited by that of the display device.

Doppler asymmetric spatial heterodyne spectroscopy (DASH) technique with the advantages of high spectral resolution and high phase sensitivity can be considered as a combination of the spatial heterodyne spectroscopy (SHS) technique and the Michelson interferometer technique, which is very suitable for high-precision passive measurement of Doppler velocity. Since a larger optical path difference offset in one of the spectrometer arms corresponds to a higher phase shift sensitivity while suffering a lower contrast of the interferogram, there is an optimum path difference offset for measuring the phase shift and thus the Doppler shift is most sensitive. By comprehensively considering the trade-off between the contrast and the phase shift sensitivity of the interferogram, in this paper we carry out theoretical analysis on the optimum path difference offset. Based on the efficiency function which is defined as the product of the optical path difference and the contrast of the interferogram, the mathematical expressions of the optimum path difference offset for the Gaussian and Lorentz type emission spectral lines are theoretically deduced, respectively. In order to verify these two mathematical expressions, a simulation analysis about the phase shifts of the interference fringes for a single Gaussian type emission spectral line is carried out. The simulation result is consistent with the theoretical value calculated by the deduced mathematical expression. In addition, concerning the complexity of the traditional data processing method for resolving the Doppler velocities of multiple spectral lines, a simplified data processing method based on partial interference fringes is proposed. In general, a single spectral line should be distinguished and isolated from multiple spectral lines in the traditional data processing method. If the distribution of the spectral lines in the passband is too dense, a DASH spectrometer with high enough spectral resolution will be needed. The proposed processing method, retrieving the Doppler velocity from multiple spectral lines without isolating a single line in frequency domain, can not only effectively reduce the calculation of data processing, but also lower the requirement for the spectral resolution of the DASH spectrometer. Combining it with the adaptive frequency-tracing algorithm, the simulation calculations of the Doppler velocity measurement process of the single and multiple spectral lines are conducted. The results show that without taking the noise into account, the maximum resolving errors derived from the proposed data processing method for single and multiple spectral lines are similar, both within 0.005 m/s. It indicates that the proposed data processing method can fully meet the accuracy requirement of practical application and shows the prospect of wide applications in the field of passive Doppler velocity measurement.

A novel soft chemical approach was developed to synthesize tin oxide-based powders. The microstructure, morphology, and electrochemical performance of the materials were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and electrochemical methods. The results show that the particles of tin oxide-based materials form an interconnected network structure like mesoporous material. The average size of the particles is about 200 nm. The materials deliver a charge capacity of more than 570 mA·h·g−1. And the capacity loss per cycle is about 0.15% after being cycled for 30 times. The good electrochemical performance indicates that tin oxide-based materials are promising anodes for lithium ion batteries.

Through high-resolution research of sedimental chronology and the sediment environmental indexes, such as graininess, minerals, magnetic parameters, pigment content, organic carbon and chronology in Ds-core and Ws-core in Nansihu Lake, the authors analyze the formation cause of the Nansihu Lake and its water environmental changes. Historical documents are also analyzed here in order to reach the conclusion. Researches indicate that the Nansihu Lake came into being about 2500 aBP and its evolution succession can be divided into four stages. In this evolution process, several scattered lakes merge into one large lake in the east of China. This process is distinctively affected by the overflow of the Yellow River, the excavation of the Grand Canal and other human activities.

The loess mounds are a newly discovered type of landforms on the Laizhou Bay plain south of the Bohai Sea. Research shows that they were formed in the late period of the late Pleistocene when the Bohai Sea was exposed in the period of late Wumu glacial age and changed into plain. As the exposed area is not protected by vegetation, the sediments at the sea bottom are blown and transported southward by strong north winds, and deposit on the coastal plains. As thick loess is accumulated, the loess mound landforms are formed in the direction of down wind.

A modified wet chemical route for low-temperature syntheiss of the calcium stannate CaSnO3, a potential material for dielectric applications is reported. Firstly, a precursor CaSn(OH)6 was prepared using tin tetrachloride, calcium chloride and sodium hydroxide at room temperature. Then the precursor was annealed at relatively low temperature of 600 °C to obtain CaSnO3. The phase identification, thermal behavior and surface morphology of the samples were characterized by element analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric (TG) analysis and derivative thermo-gravimetric (DTG) analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in detail. The results show that CaSnO3 obtained by this method possesses a cubic perovskite structure with average grain size of 5 µm.

Lime-treated soil samples were made by mixing lime and Xigeda soil with different contents of lime. In order to evaluate the effects of contents of lime on the mechanical property and strength of lime-treated Xigeda soil, the conventional triaxial compression tests were performed on 24 sets of samples under drained and undrained conditions. The results demonstrated experimentally that: (i) the cementation between soil particles due to different contents of lime has great influence on the stress-strain, pore water pressure development, volumetric deformation and strength characteristics; (ii) the strength of the lime-treated soil has increased greatly. However, with the increase of content of lime the strength of the lime-treated soil is increased nonlinearly; and (iii) when the content of lime increases, Xigeda soil samples behave softening easily and dilate obviously under low confining pressure and have higher strength and contract relatively slightly under high confining pressure. Finally a new expression of strength index of lime-treated soil, varying with the content of lime, was proposed.

Three well-known spatial interpolation approaches, namely, kriging, inverse distance weighted, and slpine, were evaluated and used to identify hot-spots of soil available P in a hilly area. This study aims to evaluate different well-known spatial interpolation approaches for soil available P in a hilly area. Average Standard Error, Root Mean Square Error, Root Mean Square Standardized Error, and Mean Error were used to evaluate the performance of different methods. The krigingplus second trend effect model performed better than the inverse distance weighted and spline techniques in predicting soil available P spatial variability. The analyses of statistical and kriged map indicated that a general deficiency of soil available P in the study area.

Seed deterioration is an irresistible physiological phenomenon. The aim to study seed deterioration is to see if seed deterioration can be retarded artificially and the higher seed vigor of fine varieties be maintained. The change of seed deterioration occurs in almost every system, and affects many kinds of enzyme and almost all organelle, as a result, the seed loses its vigor. The reason of seed deterioration and the lost of seed vigor are mainly studied and discussed in this paper. According to the external and internal two kinds of theory advanced by E. H. Roberts, Much deep discussions are made from the view of biochemistry.

A laboratory test on the effects of differents simulated tide-inundated times with 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 h x d(-1) on the growth of Avicennia marina seedlings was conducted. The ten growth information indices including chlorophyll, root vigor, growth, biomass and photosynthetic rate were mensurated. The principal components analysis was made combining the ten growth information indices. The 210 d experimental results showed that the chlorophyll, root vigor, growth and biomass would rise first and then fall as the extension of the inundate time; and they changed suddenly at the threshold inundate time 16 h x d(-1). The growth and biomass of Avicennia marina seedlings with more than 16 hours tide-inundated time per day were less than them with no more than 16 hours tide-inundated time per day. The maximum value of stem increment each month, leaf blade increment each month, dry weight of stem, dry weight of root and total biomass were under the 10 hours tide-inundated time per day. It concluded that Avicennia marina seedlings would grow adaptively with less than 16 hours tide-inundated time per day, 8-12 hours of tide-inundated time per day is the most suitable for the growth of Avicennia marina seedlings, while 16 h x d(-1) is a critical tide-inundated time when the plant responded to be obviously inadaptable.

The transmitter and receiver of Bi-SAR are mounted on two separated platforms, and motion error of platforms is more serious than monostatic SAR, which has a drastic effect on the quality of the resulting Bi-SAR imagery. In order to improve the focusing results of Bi-SAR, motion compensation should be involved in the processing of Bi-SAR data. In this paper, we develop an Bi-SAR algorithm based on phase-tracking to deal with the motion error. The imaging results of real Bi-SAR data prove it to be effective.

Protein F (PF) is a surface plasminogen (Plg) receptor on the nontypeable Haemophilus influenza (NTHi). Plg via its lysine binding sites (LBS) can bind to PF. Apolipoprotein(a) [Apo(a)] is one component of Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)]. It has Kringle (K) domains, which contain LBS and has a high homology with Plg. Therefore, we speculated that Lp(a) might bind to Plg receptor on the surface of NTHi, subsequently competitively inhibiting the interaction of NTHi with Plg. In this study, recombinant PF (rPF) and its C-terminal lysine residue-deleted variant (rPFΔK) were expressed in E. coli BL21. The interactions of rPF with Plg and Lp(a) were tested by ELISA. The results showed that rPF could bind to Plg and Lp(a). The binding capacity of rPF was significantly higher than that of rPFΔK. The interactions of rPF with Plg and Lp(a) could be inhibited by EACA. 2 mmol/L of EACA significantly inhibited the binding of rPF to Plg, while 0.2 mmol/L of EACA could significantly reduce the binding of rPF to Lp(a). 50 ng/100 μL Lp(a) could significantly inhibit the interaction of rPF with Plg. In addition, affinity chromatography assay followed by Western biotting was also used to study the interaction. In overall, C-terminal lysine residue of rPF and the lysine binding sites (LBS) of Plg and Lp(a) should be responsible for these specifically bindings. Lp(a) could combine with rPF consequently inhibiting the interaction of Plg with rPF. This revealed that Lp(a) might play a role in anti-NTHi infection.

This thesis seeks to apply the following concepts to study public relations in Shanghai: 1) Models of public relations in different types of organizations; 2) The roles of individual public relations practitioners; 3) The impact of culture on public relations practice in Shanghai. ​Master of Mass Communication

In this paper, a new technique of on-line PD (partial discharge) detection for a XLPE power cable is described. The authors particularly discuss the PD signal selection, collection and display techniques.

Aim To explore the hematopathologic features of large granular lymphocytic leukemia (LGLL). Methods Peripheral blood smears, bone marrow aspirates and bone marrow biopsies were studied. Immunophenotypic analysis was carried out by flow cytometry. T-cell receptor g gene rearrangement was studied by PCR method. Results Of 38 patients, 25 were T-LGLLs and 13 were NK-LGLLs. Large granular lymphocytes (LGLs) were observed in 24 of 38 (63.2%) peripheral blood smears and 21 of 38 (55.3%) bone marrow aspirate specimens. The most frequent pattern of lymphoid distribution in bone marrow sections was interstitial (25/25 in T-LGLLs and 11/13 in NK-LGLLs, respectively) and intravascular distribution was seen in 10 cases of T-LGLLs. Flow cytometry showed an immunophenotype of CD3+ CD4- CD8+ CD56-CD57+ of the tumor cells in 19 cases of T-LGLLs (19/25). The immunophenotypeofNK-LGLLs was CD2+ sCD3- CD4- CD56+ CD57-. Clonal T-cell receptor g gene rearrangement by PCR was detected in 16 cases of T-LGLLs (16/25), while a germline configuration was revealed in all the NK-LGLL cases. Discussion Hematopathologic features of most LGLLs are distinct. Morphologic, immunophenotypic and molecular analysis of both peripheral blood and bone marrow specimens are essential and complementary in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of LGLLs.

INTRODUCTION: Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a newly identified human parvovirus that was originally isolated from children with lower respiratory tract disease. The impact of HBoV on childhood persistent wheezing has not been identified. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to study the impact of HBoV on childhood persistent wheezing. METHODS: In this study, a total of 40 tracheal aspirates were obtained by bronchofibroscope from children with persistent wheezing who had been wheezing for at least >4 weeks. HBoV was detected by polymerase chain reaction. A rapid immunofluorescence method was used for diagnosis of respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, influenza A and B, and parainfluenza 1, 2, and 3. RESULTS: In 40 children with persistent wheezing, 13 (32.5%) had DNA sequences that were HBoV-positive. Age of the patients with HBoV-positive infection ranged from 1 month to 2 years. The results of polymerase chain reaction products sequencing proved that these 13 samples were exactly identical to the sequence of HBoV published in GenBank (accession Nos. DQ988934 and DQ457413). Two children with HBoV infection were found to have coinfection with respiratory syncytial virus. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirmed that HBoV is a common pathogen for children with lower respiratory infection and might particularly be attributed to persistent wheezing. However, more studies should be performed to study the mechanism of HBoV on chronic airway inflammation.