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Clinicians often encounter soft tissue swellings in children, which can be benign or malignant in nature. Significant emphasis placed on radiological findings may skew clinical judgement. This cascade often leads to overlooking other differential diagnoses and the natural history of these soft tissue masses. We discuss the case of a 2-year-old child with a swelling over her left upper back. Swelling was first noticed at 6 months old, and grew progressively larger after age of one. Two ultrasounds performed reported the mass as an infantile hemangioma. It reached a point where the child could no longer lie supine due to the huge size of the mass. MRI of the back was ordered, and findings were suggestive of a posterior chest wall soft tissue sarcoma with lung metastases. Histopathological examination of tissue obtained from trucut biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma stage 4. In this scenario, the natural history of soft tissue swelling was atypical of hemangioma. However, there was lapse in clinical judgement, as radiological findings were consistent with diagnosis, not once but twice. This conglomeration of factors led to unfortunate delay in diagnosis. When faced with soft tissue swellings in children, a thorough correlation between history, clinical examination, and imaging studies required to form holistic picture, for betterment of patient outcome.

Background Many rural communities in Malaysian Borneo and Southeast Asia are at risk of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria. Multiple factors contribute to infection, however, a deep understanding of illness causation and prevention practices among at-risk communities remains limited. This study aims to document local knowledge on malaria causation and preventive practices of rural communities in Sabah, Malaysia, using photovoice—a participatory research method. Methods From January to June 2022, a photovoice study was conducted with rural communities in Matunggong subdistrict, Malaysia, to explore their experiences with and local knowledge of non-human primate malaria and prevention practices. The study included (1) an introductory phase in which participants were introduced to the photovoice method; (2) a documentation phase in which participants captured and narrated photos from their communities; (3) a discussion phase in which participants discussed photos and relevant topics through a series of three focus group discussions (FGDs) per village; and (4) a dissemination phase where selected photos were shared with key stakeholders through a photo exhibition. A purposively selected sample of 26 participants (adults > 18 years old, male, and female) from four villages participated in all phases of the study. The study activities were conducted in Sabah Malay dialect. Participants and the research team contributed to data review and analyses. Results Rural communities in Sabah, Malaysia possess local knowledge that attributes non-human primate malaria to natural factors related to the presence of mosquitoes that bite humans and which carry “kuman-malaria” or malaria parasite. Participants revealed various preventive practises ranging from traditional practises, including burning dried leaves and using plants that produce foul odours, to non-traditional approaches such as aerosols and mosquito repellents. By engaging with researchers and policymakers, the participants or termed as co-researchers in this study, showcased their ability to learn and appreciate new knowledge and perspectives and valued the opportunity to share their voices with policymakers. The study successfully fostered a balance of power dynamics between the co-researchers, research team members and policymakers. Conclusion There were no misconceptions about malaria causation among study participants. The insights from study participants are relevant because of their living experience with the non-human malaria. It is critical to incorporate rural community perspectives in designing locally effective and feasible malaria interventions in rural Sabah, Malaysia. Future research can consider adapting the photovoice methodology for further research with the community toward building locally tailored-malaria strategies.

In the past period, due to the rapid development of next-generation sequencing technology, accumulating evidence has clarified the complex role of the human microbiota in the development of cancer and the therapeutic response. More importantly, available evidence seems to indicate that modulating the composition of the gut microbiota to improve the efficacy of anti-cancer drugs may be feasible. However, intricate complexities exist, and a deep and comprehensive understanding of how the human microbiota interacts with cancer is critical to realize its full potential in cancer treatment. The purpose of this review is to summarize the initial clues on molecular mechanisms regarding the mutual effects between the gut microbiota and cancer development, and to highlight the relationship between gut microbes and the efficacy of immunotherapy, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and cancer surgery, which may provide insights into the formulation of individualized therapeutic strategies for cancer management. In addition, the current and emerging microbial interventions for cancer therapy as well as their clinical applications are summarized. Although many challenges remain for now, the great importance and full potential of the gut microbiota cannot be overstated for the development of individualized anti-cancer strategies, and it is necessary to explore a holistic approach that incorporates microbial modulation therapy in cancer.

Neoantigens recognized by cytotoxic T cells are effective targets for tumor-specific immune responses for personalized cancer immunotherapy. Quite a few neoantigen identification pipelines and computational strategies have been developed to improve the accuracy of the peptide selection process. However, these methods mainly consider the neoantigen end and ignore the interaction between peptide-TCR and the preference of each residue in TCRs, resulting in the filtered peptides often fail to truly elicit an immune response. Here, we propose a novel encoding approach for peptide-TCR representation. Subsequently, a deep learning framework, namely iTCep, was developed to predict the interactions between peptides and TCRs using fusion features derived from a feature-level fusion strategy. The iTCep achieved high predictive performance with AUC up to 0.96 on the testing dataset and above 0.86 on independent datasets, presenting better prediction performance compared with other predictors. Our results provided strong evidence that model iTCep can be a reliable and robust method for predicting TCR binding specificities of given antigen peptides. One can access the iTCep through a user-friendly web server at http://biostatistics.online/iTCep/, which supports prediction modes of peptide-TCR pairs and peptide-only. A stand-alone software program for T cell epitope prediction is also available for convenient installing at https://github.com/kbvstmd/iTCep/.

IntroductionWith the advent of trio-based whole-exome sequencing, the identification of epilepsy candidate genes has become easier, resulting in a large number of potential genes that need to be validated in a whole-organism context. However, conducting animal experiments systematically and efficiently remains a challenge due to their laborious and time-consuming nature. This study aims to develop optimized strategies for validating epilepsy candidate genes using the Drosophila model.MethodsThis study incorporate behavior, morphology, and electrophysiology for genetic manipulation and phenotypic examination. We utilized the Gal4/UAS system in combination with RNAi techniques to generate loss-of-function models. We performed a range of behavioral tests, including two previously unreported seizure phenotypes, to evaluate the seizure behavior of mutant and wild-type flies. We used Gal4/UAS-mGFP flies to observe the morphological alterations in the brain under a confocal microscope. We also implemented patch-clamp recordings, including a novel electrophysiological method for studying synapse function and improved methods for recording action potential currents and spontaneous EPSCs on targeted neurons.ResultsWe applied different techniques or methods mentioned above to investigate four epilepsy-associated genes, namely Tango14, Klp3A, Cac, and Sbf, based on their genotype-phenotype correlation. Our findings showcase the feasibility and efficiency of our screening system for confirming epilepsy candidate genes in the Drosophila model.DiscussionThis efficient screening system holds the potential to significantly accelerate and optimize the process of identifying epilepsy candidate genes, particularly in conjunction with trio-based whole-exome sequencing.

Purpose Postoperative aerosol therapy is a common clinical intervention after general anesthesia that is aimed at preventing postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs). However, few studies have evaluated its effectiveness. We evaluated the effectiveness of aerosol therapy on the prevention and treatment of PPCs in gastric cancer patients. Methods This cross-sectional study (consecutive case series) was based on the surgical gastric cancer patient registry at West China Hospital. The included cases were retrospectively evaluated. Between January 2016 and December 2018, 1087 patients with pathologically confirmed gastric adenocarcinoma, and who had been subjected to radical surgery were enrolled in this study. These patients were assigned into two groups, the prophylactic aerosol group and the non-prophylactic aerosol group. Risk factors and intervention measures for PPCs were compared. Among the 1087 patients, a total of 235 patients with PPCs and who had not received prophylactic aerosol therapy were enrolled in the therapeutic aerosol therapy subgroup. We determined whether therapeutic aerosol therapy could improve perioperative outcomes for gastric cancer patients with PPCs. Results There were no differences in PPCs incidences between gastric cancer patients administered with prophylactic aerosol (37.5%) and those without prophylactic aerosol administration (39.4%) (p = 0.510). Univariate analysis revealed that prophylactic aerosol therapy was not a protective against PPCs after gastric cancer surgery (p = 0.510). Multivariate analysis showed that there was no correlation between prophylactic aerosol therapy and PPCs (p = 0.894). Conclusions Postoperative aerosol therapy was not effective in the prevention or control of PPCs in gastric cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: The current study aimed to investigate the interrelation between P2RY14 and the prognosis of patients suffering from lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) following surgery. METHODS: The differentially expressed gene (DEG) P2RY14 was screened by the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and Immunology Database and Analysis Portal (ImmPort) databases. The relationship between P2RY14 and clinical data of LUAD was analyzed in TCGA and Kaplan-Meier (KM)-plotter databases. The association of P2RY14 with immune cells and immune-related expressed genes was analyzed in the Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) database. A retrospective analysis of the 100 patients clinical data undergoing pulmonary adenocarcinoma surgery admitted to Nanjing Chest Hospital. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis was carried out to evaluate the P2RY14 expression in lung cancer tissues, and quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to confirm the mRNA expression of this gene in LUAD tissues. And their survival was evaluated. KM method and the log-rank test were used for univariate survival analysis, and the Cox regression method was employed for multivariate survival analysis. RESULTS: P2Y14 was the DEG identified by the database. P2Y14 expression was upregulated in para-cancer tissues in comparison to cancer tissues. Patients suffering from LUAD who have high P2RY14 expression had a better prognosis than those with low expression. P2RY14 expression was shown to be substantially linked with immune invasion in the TIMER database. Finally, the trial included 100 patients, of which 80 died and 20 survived with a mean overall survival (OS) of 48 months. Between the high and low expression groups of P2RY14, there were statistically significant variations in the clinical stage and differentiation degree (P

Background Pruning that selectively eliminates unnecessary or incorrect neurites is required for proper wiring of the mature nervous system. During Drosophila metamorphosis, dendritic arbourization sensory neurons (ddaCs) and mushroom body (MB) γ neurons can selectively prune their larval dendrites and/or axons in response to the steroid hormone ecdysone. An ecdysone-induced transcriptional cascade plays a key role in initiating neuronal pruning. However, how downstream components of ecdysone signalling are induced remains not entirely understood. Results Here, we identify that Scm, a component of Polycomb group (PcG) complexes, is required for dendrite pruning of ddaC neurons. We show that two PcG complexes, PRC1 and PRC2, are important for dendrite pruning. Interestingly, depletion of PRC1 strongly enhances ectopic expression of Abdominal B (Abd-B) and Sex combs reduced, whereas loss of PRC2 causes mild upregulation of Ultrabithorax and Abdominal A in ddaC neurons. Among these Hox genes, overexpression of Abd-B causes the most severe pruning defects, suggesting its dominant effect. Knockdown of the core PRC1 component Polyhomeotic (Ph) or Abd-B overexpression selectively downregulates Mical expression, thereby inhibiting ecdysone signalling. Finally, Ph is also required for axon pruning and Abd-B silencing in MB γ neurons, indicating a conserved function of PRC1 in two types of pruning. Conclusions This study demonstrates important roles of PcG and Hox genes in regulating ecdysone signalling and neuronal pruning in Drosophila. Moreover, our findings suggest a non-canonical and PRC2-independent role of PRC1 in Hox gene silencing during neuronal pruning.

The internal structure of the charm-strange mesons $D_{s0}^*(2317)$ and $D_{s1}(2460)$ are subject of intensive studies. Their widths are small because they decay dominantly through isospin-breaking hadronic channels $D_{s0}^*(2317)^+\to D_s^+π^0$ and $D_{s1}(2460)^+\to D_s^{*+}π^0$. The $D_{s1}(2460)$ can also decay into the hadronic final states $D_s^+ππ$, conserving isospin. In that case there is, however, a strong suppression from phase space. We study the transition $D_{s1}(2460)^+\to D_s^+π^+π^-$ in the scenario that the $D_{s1}(2460)$ is a $D^*K$ hadronic molecule. The $ππ$ final state interaction is taken into account through dispersion relations. We find that the ratio of the partial widths of the $Γ(D_{s1}(2460)^+\to D_s^+π^+π^-)/Γ(D_{s1}(2460)^+\to D_s^{*+}π^0)$ obtained in the molecular picture is consistent with the existing experimental measurement. More interestingly, we demonstrate that the $π^+π^-$ invariant mass distribution shows a double bump structure, which can be used to disentangle the hadronic molecular picture from the compact state picture for the $D_{s1}(2460)^+$. Predictions on the $B_{s1}^0\to B_s^0π^+π^-$ are also made., 16 pages, 5 figures; the published version

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-imr-10.1177_03000605231180052 for Biopsy-proven granulomatous interstitial nephritis associated with vancomycin in an adult patient: a case report by Yong Lin, Liangbin Zhao, Dengpiao Xie, Lizeyu Lv, Yu Zhang, Ling Wu and Mingquan Li in Journal of International Medical Research

Offline goal-conditioned RL (GCRL) offers a way to train general-purpose agents from fully offline datasets. In addition to being conservative within the dataset, the generalization ability to achieve unseen goals is another fundamental challenge for offline GCRL. However, to the best of our knowledge, this problem has not been well studied yet. In this paper, we study out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization of offline GCRL both theoretically and empirically to identify factors that are important. In a number of experiments, we observe that weighted imitation learning enjoys better generalization than pessimism-based offline RL method. Based on this insight, we derive a theory for OOD generalization, which characterizes several important design choices. We then propose a new offline GCRL method, Generalizable Offline goAl-condiTioned RL (GOAT), by combining the findings from our theoretical and empirical studies. On a new benchmark containing 9 independent identically distributed (IID) tasks and 17 OOD tasks, GOAT outperforms current state-of-the-art methods by a large margin., Comment: Accepted by International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), 2023

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-imr-10.1177_03000605231180052 for Biopsy-proven granulomatous interstitial nephritis associated with vancomycin in an adult patient: a case report by Yong Lin, Liangbin Zhao, Dengpiao Xie, Lizeyu Lv, Yu Zhang, Ling Wu and Mingquan Li in Journal of International Medical Research

PURPOSE The optimal surgical procedure, whether total gastrectomy (TG) or proximal gastrectomy (PG), for Siewert type II/III adenocarcinoma of esophagogastric junction (AEG) has not been standardised, primarily because the optimal extent of lymph node (LN) dissection for AEG based on the metastatic rate of perigastric LNs remains under debate. The aim of this study was to investigate the metastatic incidence and prognostic significance of lower perigastric lymph nodes (LPLN), including No.4d, 5, 6 and 12a LN stations, in Siewert type II/III AEG. METHODS A total of 701 patients with Siewert type II/III AEG who received transabdominal open gastrectomy (425 patients with TG and 276 patients with PG) from 2010 to 2015 in West China Hospital were retrospectively included. Based on the clinicopathological information of TG patients, the risk factors of LPLN-positive patients were evaluated, and the metastatic incidence as well as the therapeutic value (TV) index of each LN station was assessed. Moreover, the 5-year overall survival (OS) rates between LPLN-positive and LPLN-negative groups were compared in TG patients, and the postoperative survival difference between TG and PG patients was also compared, using propensity score matching (PSM) method. RESULTS Tumour size (≥ 5 cm, OR = 1.481, p = 0.002) and pT stage (pT4, OR = 2.755, p = 0.024) were significant risk factors for patients with LPLN metastasis. For patients with tumour size more than 5 cm or pT4 stage, the metastatic rates of LPLN for Siewert type II, III and II/III AEG were 31.67%, 34.69% and 33.03%, whereas the TV indexes of LPLN for them were 5.76, 5.62 and 5.38, respectively. LPLN was a significant independent prognostic factor (HR = 1.422, p = 0.028), and positive LPLN was related to worse prognosis (p

We prove a discrete analogue of the Poisson summation formula.

Gastric cancer (GC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Our study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of preoperative inflammatory, nutritional and tumor markers and develop an effective prognostic score system to predict the prognosis of GC patients. We retrospectively analyzed 1587 consecutive GC patients who received curative gastrectomy from two medical centers. A novel prognostic score system was proposed based on independently preoperative markers associated with overall survival (OS) of GC patients. A nomogram based on prognostic score system was further established and validated internally and externally. Based on multivariate analysis in the training set, a novel BLC (body mass index-lymphocyte-carbohydrate antigen 19-9) score system was proposed, which showed an effective predictability of OS in GC patients (log-rank P

This article proposes an optimal strategy by using line hardening and energy storage system (ESS) deployment to enhance the distribution system (DS) resilience in natural disasters. A multi-stage multi-zone DS line state set is established, based on the conceptual resilience quantification, to reflect spatial and temporal characteristics of the severe contingencies. To address random contingencies, the proposed problem is formulated as a defender-attacker-defender (DAD) model that minimizes the weighted load shedding in the worst-case scenario, and the column-and-constraint generation (C&CG) algorithm is used to solve the model efficiently. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is verified on the modified IEEE 33-node DS and a modified power grid representing a province in China.

The AP-2 family of transcription factors consist of DNA-binding proteins: AP-2α to AP-2ε. Members and homologs of this family are also known in frogs, fish and invertebrates. These proteins have the same central basic region and a helix-span-helix dimerization motif, which is necessary for dimerization and DNA binding. This family have been found to influence facial, limbs and kidney development in embryogenesis while regulating differentiation and apoptosis. These proteins are also involved in regulation of endocrine processes. In addition to their influence on growth and development, this family have also been reported to correlate with tumorigenesis and development of cancer. At present, this family have been related to tumors of ovary, melanoma, lung, nasopharynx, breast, glioma, neuroblastoma, colon, etc. They regulate expression of many cancer-related genes and affect the occurrence, development, invasiveness and therapeutic response of cancers. Different expression levels of AP-2s are also related to different survival rate. These findings may bring new idea to the diagnosis, classification, treatment and prognosis of cancer.

The role of intraoperative use of indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence angiography (ICGFA) to prevent anastomotic leakage (AL) in rectal cancer surgery remains controversial. The systematic review for studies evaluating ICGFA in patients undergoing rectal cancer surgery in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library was performed up to April 30, 2020. The primary outcome was the incidence of AL. The analysis was performed using RevMan v5.3 and Stata v12.0 software. Eighteen studies comprising 4038 patients were included. In the present meta-analysis, intraoperative use of ICGFA markedly reduced AL rate (OR = 0.33; 95% CI: 0.24–0.45; P

In this paper, we give a necessary and sufficient condition that discrete Morse functions on a digraph can be extended to be Morse functions on its transitive closure, from this we can extend the Morse theory to digraphs by using quasi-isomorphism between path complex and discrete Morse complex, we also prove a general sufficient condition for digraphs that the Morse functions satisfying this necessary and sufficient condition.

To investigate the physiological responses of Oreochromis aureus to salinity fluctuations at the molecular level. We used RNA-seq to explore the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the liver and spleen of O. aureus at 0, 3, 7 and 11 ppt (parts per thousand) salinity levels. Herein, De novo assembly generated 71,009 O. aureus unigenes, of which 34,607 were successfully mapped to the four major databases. A total of 120 shared DEGs were identified in liver and spleen transcripts, of which 83 were up-regulated and 37 were down-regulated. GO and KEGG analysis found a total of 26 significant pathways, mainly including energy metabolism, immune response, ion transporters and signal transduction. The trend module category of DEGs showed that the genes (e.g., FASN, ODC1, CD22, MRC, TRAV and SLC7 family) involved in the change-stable-change (1) and the constant-change categories (2) were highly sensitive to salinity fluctuations, which were of great value for further study. Based on these results, it would help provide basic data for fish salinity acclimation, and provide new insights into evolutionary response of fish to various aquatic environments in the long-term stress adaptation mechanism.

Quantum interference plays an essential role in understanding the concepts of quantum physics. Moreover, the interference of photons is indispensable for large-scale quantum information processing. With the development of quantum networks, interference of photons transmitted through long-distance fiber channels has been widely implemented. However, quantum interference of photons using free-space channels is still scarce, mainly due to atmospheric turbulence. Here, we report an experimental demonstration of Hong-Ou-Mandel interference with photons transmitted by free-space channels. Two typical photon sources, i.e., correlated photon pairs generated in spontaneous parametric down conversion (SPDC) process and weak coherent states, are employed. A visibility of 0.744 ± 0.013 is observed by interfering with two photons generated in the SPDC process, exceeding the classical limit of 0.5. Our results demonstrate that the quantum property of photons remains even after transmission through unstable free-space channels, indicating the feasibility and potential application of free-space-based quantum interference in quantum information processing.

Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 (BB-12) was microencapsulated using co-extrusion technology with chitosan coating and the incorporation of mannitol as prebiotic. Optimization of coating material chitosan concentration (0–0.5% w/v) and mannitol concentration (0–5% w/v) as prebiotic were performed to determine the formulation that produces beads with desired properties. The microencapsulation efficiency (MEE) of free and microencapsulated BB-12 (with and without mannitol) were determined. All forms of BB-12 further subjected to sequential digestion in simulated gastric juice (SGJ, pH 2.0) for 2 hours and simulated intestinal juice (SIJ, pH 7.5) for 3 hours. The results indicated that 0.4% (w/v) of chitosan coating and 3% (w/v) of mannitol were the optimum concentrations to produce microencapsulated BB-12 with the highest MEE of 89.15% and the average bead size of 805 µm. The BB-12 beads produced through co-extrusion were spherical with a smooth surface. Throughout the five hours sequential gastrointestinal digestion, both microencapsulated BB-12 with and without mannitol were able to maintain their viable cell count at least 106 CFU/g at the end of the incubation. The presence of prebiotic mannitol showed a significant protective effect on the microencapsulated BB-12 during gastrointestinal transit.

Over 17 and 160 types of chemical modifications have been identified in DNA and RNA, respectively. The interest in understanding the various biological functions of DNA and RNA modifications has lead to the cutting-edged fields of epigenomics and epitranscriptomics. Developing chemical and biological tools to detect specific modifications in the genome or transcriptome has greatly facilitated their study. Here, we review the recent technological advances in this rapidly evolving field. We focus on high-throughput detection methods and biological findings for these modifications, and discuss questions to be addressed as well. We also summarize third-generation sequencing methods, which enable long-read and single-molecule sequencing of DNA and RNA modification.

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the mathematics self-efficacy of students who are non-maths specialists. The project explores the student experience in the context of a maths module with a blended design, comprising both online content and face-to-face teaching. The aim was to reflect on the role of blended learning in this context.Design/methodology/approachUsing a mixed-method analysis, the study uses data gathered via student surveys and discussion forums, as well as module grades, to provide evidence regarding whether the online component of the module enables students to master the required maths skills. The data are examined under four themes that emerged as critical to improving the self-efficacy of students: flexibility, the interactivity of the online platform, the module's blended design and the functionality of the platform.FindingsThe findings are that the blended approach increases academic self-efficacy in the area of mathematics, also enhancing the student experience. These benefits arise from the combination of allowing the individual mastery of technical skills in the private and stress-free environment provided by the online platform and access to social resources in the classroom setting.Originality/valueThe paper details the influence of self-efficacy on academic performance and the effectiveness of a blended learning approach, in the area of mathematics. It provides insight into the importance of providing multiple opportunities for students to become autonomous as they develop academic self-confidence through the mastery of maths skills.

Introduction This qualitative research explores the experience of partner caregivers and how their partner’s dementia impacts on their daily living and occupational lives, with the aim of informing the sustainability of homecare and decreasing the likelihood of formal care. Method Ten participants were recruited through Alzheimer’s Society groups. They were interviewed using the same semi-structured interview process and asked questions about their daily activities and caregiving role. The data was analysed using Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis process and themes generated using inductive coding and reasoning. Findings Three main themes were identified: (1) losing occupational activities and roles; (2) adapting to a new occupational life and (3) adjusting to a new relationship in the trajectory of their partner’s illness. Conclusion This study highlights the complex occupational challenges experienced by partner caregivers of people with dementia. It suggests that there is a role for occupational therapists in sustaining homecare by working with partner caregivers as ‘expert service users’. Involvement should be provided at critical points of the caregiving journey and include co-creating technology solutions for social inclusion, sustaining adaptive engagement in personal occupations, creating opportunities for restoration and supporting caregivers to preserve their partner’s personhood.

Scaptodrosophila angustifolia sp. nov. (Figs 2A���C, 6) Diagnosis. This species resembles S. coracina (Kikkawa & Peng, 1938) in body colour patterns and with hypandrial hairs, but can be distinguished from it by cercal ventral lobe with large, stout spines on caudoventral margins (Fig. 6A, B); pregonite narrow (Fig. 6C, D). It is closest to S. ventriobscurata in light of genetic divergence calculated with DNA barcodes (p -distance = 0.074; Table 2). Description. Head (Fig. 2A): Eyes red to brownish red. Ocellar triangle dark brown to black. Frons yellowish brown to dark brown. Anterior reclinate orbital setae usually outside and close to proclinate orbital setae; posterior reclinate orbital seta larger than others. Pedicel and first flagellomere brown to dark brown. Facial carina brown to dark brown, 2/3 as long as face. Face brown to dark brown. Clypeus mostly brown to dark brown. Palpus yellowish brown to brown. Vibrissa prominent; subvibrissal setae small. Gena and postgena narrow. Thorax (Fig. 2B, C): Mesonotum brown to black brown. Acrostichal setulae in ca. eight regular rows. Pleura dark brown. Three proepisternal setae and some small ones. Katepisternum medially with three large setae and some small ones. Scutellum black brown. Wing hyaline and infuscate. Legs yellowish brown to brown. Abdomen (Fig. 2B, C): Tergites I to V brown with black caudal bands, tergite I interrupted medially. Male terminalia (Fig. 6A���D): Epandrium with ca. 6 epandrial bristles near posterior and ventral margins per side. Surstylus with 12 peg-like surstylar teeth and ca. 5 setae on caudal margins (Fig. 6A, B). Hypandrium with a pair of paramedian hypandrial bristle and hypandrial hairs on caudal margins. Postgonite weak. Phallus lacking pubescence (Fig. 6C, D). Female terminalia (Fig. 6E): Oviscapt slender, slightly curved, gradually expanded to the apex, with a membranous curvilinear process subapically. Oviscapt narrow with 11 peg-like ovisensilla per side on ventral margins. Ovisensilla gradually thicker and thicker to the apex. Measurements. BL = 2.67 mm in holotype (mm in 1♀ paratypes: 3.07), ThL = 1.00 mm (1.27), WL = 2.27 mm (2.93), WW = 1.00 mm (1.30), arb = 4/2 (4/2), avd = 1.00 (0.88), adf = 2.50 (1.60), flw = 1.50 (1.60), FW/HW = 0.24 (0.24), ch/o = 0.11 (0.11), prorb = 0.67 (0.92), rcorb = 0.58 (0.67), vb = 0.50 (0.50), dcl = 0.53 (0.60), presctl = 0.33 (0.60), sctl = 1.14 (0.91), sterno = 0.85 (0.83), orbito = 0.83 (0.83), dcp = 0.64 (0.50), sctlp = 1.17 (1.13), C = 1.36 (1.58), 4c = 1.75 (1.48), 4v = 2.31 (2.38), 5x = 2.80 (1.89), ac = 3.11 (2.58), M = 0.88 (0.81), C3F = 0.67 (0.60). Materials examined. Holotype ♂ (SCAU, No. 125162), CHINA: Dupangling, Daoxian, Hunan, 25��48'N, 111��35'E, alt. 477m, 29.viii.2020, HE Peng. Paratype: CHINA: 1♀ (SCAU, No. 125168), same data as holotype. Distribution. China (Hunan). Etymology. A combination of the Latin words: ��� angustus ��� and ��� folium ��� meaning narrow leaf, referring to the pregonite., Published as part of Peng, Hongen, Lin, Yong & Chen, Hongwei, 2022, Morphological and molecular evidence of eight new species of the genus Scaptodrosophila Duda (Diptera, Drosophilidae) from China, pp. 169-194 in Zootaxa 5093 (2) on page 175, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5093.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/5905087, {"references":["Kikkawa, H. & Peng, F. T. (1938) Drosophila species of Japan and adjacent localities. Japanese Journal of Zoology, 7, 507 - 552."]}

Genus Scaptodrosophila Duda, 1923 Scaptodrosophila Duda, 1923: 37 Type species: Scaptodrosophila scaptomyzoidea Duda, 1923 Spuriostyloptera Duda, 1923: 38 Paradrosophila Duda, 1923: 43 Tanygastrella Duda, 1924: 192, 254 Pugiodrosophila Duda, 1924: 203 Xiphidiochaeta Duda, 1925: 200 Tarudrosophila Duda, 1926: 114 (lapsus) Adrosophila S��guy, 1938: 344 Pholadoris Sturtevant, 1942: 28 Diagnosis. Arista with 3���5 dorsal and 2���4 ventral branches in addition to terminal fork; prescutellar seta present, sometimes as long as anterior dorsocentral seta; 3 subequal katepisternal setae, median one usually only slightly shorter than anterior one; Postgonites (gonopods in McAlpine 1981) completely fused to hypandrium. Description. Head: First genal seta relatively small. Frons with a V-shaped, shining area with 2 rows of slightly prolonged interfrontal setulae. Eyes red to brownish red. Ocellar triangle mostly with 3 pairs of setae above ocellar setae. Frons with a few of minute setulae medially. Anterior reclinate orbital setae usually outside and close to proclinate orbital setae; posterior reclinate orbital seta larger than others. Vibrissa prominent. Gena and postgena narrow. Thorax: Mesonotum yellowish to black, sometimes with longitudinal stripe(s). Postpronotal lobe with 3 long setae, and a few shorter setae. Acrostichal setulae mostly in ca. 8���10 regular rows. One small proepisternal seta usually present. Wing hyaline, sometimes infuscate. Halter mostly white to yellowish. Legs mostly yellowish brown to black. Abdomen: Tergites usually with yellowish brown to dark brown caudal bands. Male terminalia: Epandrium usually pubescent, with several epandrial bristles around anteroventral corner to posterior margin. Surstylus with a row of peg-like surstylar teeth (prensisetae in McAlpine 1981) along caudal margins. Cercus separated from epandrium, pubescent, and setigerous. Pregonite (paramere in McAlpine 1981) with several sensilla. Phallus (aedeagus in McAlpine 1981) bilobed subbasally. Key to the examined species from China 1 Arista with three or four dorsal and two ventral branches in addition to terminal bifurcation; facial carina narrow and flat; hypandrium usually with a pair of very large paramedian hpandrial bristle........................ 3 (S. coracina group) - Arista with four or five dorsal and three or four ventral branches in addition to terminal bifurcation; facial carina somewhat narrow and high; hypandrium usually with a pair of paramedian hpandrial bristle.................. 2 (uncertain affinity) 2 Arista with five dorsal and four ventral branches in addition to terminal bifurcation (Fig. 5D); hypandrium triangle shaped in ventral view; phallapodeme curved in lateral view (Fig. 13C, D)................................. S. curvata sp. nov. - Arista with four dorsal and three ventral branches in addition to terminal bifurcation; hypandrium turtle shaped in ventral view; phallapodeme vertical in lateral view............................................ S. pilopalpus (Lin & Ting 1971) 3 Frons yellowish brown with two brown longitudinal stripes; mesonotum yellowish brown with six dark brown longitudinal stripes............................................................................ S. zebromyia nom. nov. - Frons lacking longitudinal stripes; mesonotum lacking longitudinal stripes........................................ 4 4 Hypandrium with hypandrial hairs........................................................................ 5 - Hypandrium lacking hypandrial hairs..................................................................... 8 5 Body brown to black.................................................................................. 6 - Body yellowish brown................................................................................. 7 6 Pregonite pubescent entirely; cercal ventral lobe without large, stout spines.............................. S. coracina - Pregonite narrow, lacking pubescence (Fig. 6C, D); cercal ventral lobe with large, stout spines on caudoventral margins (Fig. 6A, B)........................................................................... S. angustifolia sp. nov. 7 Pleura yellowish, with one brown longitudinal stripe; surstylus with four surstylar long bristles; cercal ventral lobe with six with large, stout spines on caudoventral margins; pregonite elliptical shaped in lateral view, lacking pubescence apically; phallus rod-like, elliptically broadened apically..................................................... S. ventriobscurata - Pleura yellowish brown, lacking longitudinal stripes; surstylus lacking surstylar long bristles; cercal ventral lobe without large, stout spines; pregonite dolabriform in lateral view, with pubescence apically; phallus very broad and slightly curved apically in lateral view............................................................................ S. fusciventricula 8 Hypandrium lacking a pair of paramedian hypandrial bristle (Fig. 12C, D)........................ S. undulata sp. nov. - Hypandrium with a pair of paramedian hypandrial bristle...................................................... 9 9 Pregonite expanded, longer than hypandrium (Fig. 9C, D).................................. S. longiciliata sp. nov. - Pregonite shorter than hypandrium...................................................................... 10 10 Postgonite bilobed apically............................................................................. 11 - Postgonite not bilobed apically......................................................................... 12 11 Pleura yellowish brown, lacking longitudinal stripes; abdomen tergites yellow; tergites II to IV yellow with dark brown caudal bands; phallus rod-like, broadened apically and with pubescence apically................................ S. trivittata - Pleura yellowish brown, with two brown longitudinal stripes; abdomen tergites yellowish brown, tergites II to V yellow with dark brown caudal bands, tergite VI dark brown; phallus quadrangle in lateral view, lacking pubescence..... S. longispinata 12 Tergites lacking black bands (Fig. 2E, F); hypandrium fused to postgonite apically, tubular-shaped on inner surfaces (Fig. 7C, D)................................................................................. S. apunctata sp. nov. - Tergites with black bands; hypandrium separated from postgonite apically....................................... 13 13 Hypandrium shield shaped in ventral view; postgonite weak (Fig. 10C, D).................... S. melanovittata sp. nov. - Hypandrium without shield shaped in ventral view; postgonite developed....................................... 14 14 Postgonite large, expanded antrorsely with pubescence basally (Fig. 11C, D)................. S. polytricapillum sp. nov. - Postgonite without pubescence basally................................................................... 15 15. Hypandrium triangular in ventral view, with membranes medially in lateral view, pregonite with 3 sensilla medially, and pubescence basally (Fig. 8C, D)........................................................ S. latifoliacea sp. nov. - Hypandrium triangular in ventral view, without membranes in lateral view, pregonite with 5���7 sensilla, and not pubescent basally............................................................................................. 16 16 Pregonite with a small projection subbasally; postgonite with a small projection distally; aedeagus triangular, broader basally in lateral view............................................................................ S. nigrolimbata - Pregonite lacking projection subbasally; postgonite lacking projection distally; aedeagus triangular, broader distally in lateral view.............................................................................................. 17 17 Tergite VI yellowish brown, with dark brown caudal bands; pregonite small, finger like in lateral view; phallus round dorsad in lateral view................................................................................. S. helvpecta - Tergite VI yellow, lacking bands; pregonite curved strongly in lateral view; phallus tapering dorsad in lateral view.................................................................................................. S. fuscilimba, Published as part of Peng, Hongen, Lin, Yong & Chen, Hongwei, 2022, Morphological and molecular evidence of eight new species of the genus Scaptodrosophila Duda (Diptera, Drosophilidae) from China, pp. 169-194 in Zootaxa 5093 (2) on pages 174-192, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5093.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/5905087, {"references":["Duda, O. (1923) Die orientalischen und australischen Drosophiliden-Arten (Dipteren) des Ungarischen National-Museums zu Budapest. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 20, 24 - 59.","Duda, O. (1924) Beitrag zur Systematik der Drosophiliden unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der palaarktischen u. orientalischen Arten (Dipteren). Wiegmann's Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, (A) 90 (3), 172 - 234.","Duda, O. (1925) Die costaricanischen Drosophiliden des Ungarischen National-Museums zu Budapest. Annales Historico- Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 22, 149 - 229.","Duda, O. (1926) Fauna Sumatrensis. (Beitrag Nr. 26). Drosophilidae (Dipt.). Supplementa Entomologica, 14, 42 - 116.","Seguy, E. (1938) Diptera I. Nematocera et Brachycera. Mission scientifique de l'Omo, 4 (Zool.). Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (A), 8, 319 - 380.","Sturtevant, A. H. (1942) The classification of the genus Drosophila, with descriptions of nine new species. The University of Texas Publication, 4213, 5 - 51.","McAlpine, J. F. (1981) Morphology and terminology - adults. In: McAlpine, J. F., Peterson, B. V., Shewell, G. E., Teskey, H. J., Vockeroth, J. R. & Wood, D. M. (Eds.), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 1. Agriculture Canada Research Branch Monograph 27. Biosystematics Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, pp. 9 - 63.","Lin, F. J. & Ting, J. I. (1971) Several additions to the fauna of Taiwan Drosophilidae (Diptera). Bulletin of the Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, 10 (1), 17 - 35."]}

Scaptodrosophila polytricapillum sp. nov. (Figs 4D���F, 11) Diagnosis. This species resembles S. helvpecta Liu & Chen, 2018 in the pattern on the abdomen tergites and shape of surstylus, but can be distinguished from the latter by surstylus palm shaped in posterior view (Fig. 11A); postgonite large, expanded antrorsely, with pubescence basally (Fig. 11C, D). This species exhibits the closest genetic affinity to S. longiciliata in light of divergence in COI barcodes (Table 2). Description. Head (Fig. 4D): Frons dark brown. Pedicel brown. First flagellomere grayish. Facial carina hazel, short, 1/3 the length of face. Thorax (Fig. 4E, F): Mesonotum brown. Scutellum brown. Pleura brown. Abdomen (Fig. 4E, F): Tergites III to VI brown with dark brown caudal bands. Male terminalia (Fig. 11A���D): Epandrium with ca. 15 epandrial bristles near posterior and ventral margins per side. Surstylus with 5 peg-like surstylar teeth on caudal margins (Fig. 11A, B). Hypandrium with a pair of paramedian hypandrial bristle. Phallus lacking pubescence (Fig. 11C, D). Female terminalia (Fig. 11E): Oviscapt narrow with 1 long subapical trichoid ovisensillum, 18 peg-like ovisensilla per side on ventral margins. Ovisensilla dense at both ends, sparse in the middle. Measurements. BL = 2.40 mm in holotype (mm in 1♂ and 1♀ paratypes: 2.62 in ♂, 2.58 in ♀), ThL = 1.56 mm (1.24 in ♂, 1.20 in ♀), WL = 2.76 mm (2.36 in ♂, 2.49 in ♀), WW = 1.02 mm (0.98 in ♂, 1.07 in ♀), arb = 3/2 (3/2), avd = 0.75 (0.73���0.92), adf = 2.67 (1.96���2.31), flw = 2.67 (2.28���2.29), FW/HW = 0.35 (0.27���0.33), ch/o = 0.14 (0.10���0.11), prorb = 0.54 (0.50���0.56), rcorb = 0.38 (0.38���0.41), vb = 0.61 (0.44���0.57), dcl = 0.48 (0.46���0.50), presctl = 0.66 (0.38���0.56), sctl = 0.71 (0.72���1.37), sterno = 0.92 (0.92���0.96), orbito = 0.39 (0.55���0.60), dcp = 0.28 (0.23���0.30), sctlp = 0.85 (0.86���0.92), C = 4.36 (4.08���4.80), 4c = 0.52 (0.50���0.55), 4v = 1.67 (1.50���1.70), 5x = 0.86 (0.88���1.14), ac = 1.38 (1.33���1.43), M = 0.29 (0.32���0.40), C3F = 0.73 (0.70���0.75). Materials examined. Holotype ♂ (SCAU, No. 125124), CHINA: Mengdong, Cangyuan, Yunnan, 23��10'N, 99��13'E, alt. 1323m, 6.v.2016, YQ Liu. Paratypes: CHINA: 1♂ (SCAU, No. 125125), Muyiji, Ximeng, Yunnan, 22��37'N, 99��35'E, alt. 1203m, 30.iv.2016, YQ Liu; 1♀ (SCAU, No. 125123), Botanic Garden, Ruili, Yunnan, 24��01'N, 97��51'E, alt. 1154m, 22.iv.2018, HW Chen. Distribution. China (Yunnan). Etymology. A combination of the Latin word ��� polytrichus ��� + ��� capillus ���, referring to the postgonite with pubescence basally., Published as part of Peng, Hongen, Lin, Yong & Chen, Hongwei, 2022, Morphological and molecular evidence of eight new species of the genus Scaptodrosophila Duda (Diptera, Drosophilidae) from China, pp. 169-194 in Zootaxa 5093 (2) on pages 180-181, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5093.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/5905087, {"references":["Liu, Y. Q. & Chen, H. W. (2018) The genus Scaptodrosophila Duda part II: the coracina species group from East Asia, with morphological and molecular evidence (Diptera, Drosophilidae). ZooKeys, 736, 119 - 148. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 736.13682"]}

Scaptodrosophila curvata sp. nov. (Figs 5D–F, 13) Diagnosis. Body yellowish brown (Fig. 5E, F); arista with five dorsal and four ventral branches in addition to terminal bifurcation (Fig. 5D); hypandrium triangle shaped in ventral view; phallapodeme curved in lateral view (Fig. 13C, D). This species exhibits the closest genetic affinity to S. latifoliacea sp. nov. in light of divergence in COI barcodes (Table 2), but morphologically somewhat conflict with the diagnostic characters of the coracina species group. Description. Head (Fig. 5D): Frons brown. Pedicel yellowish brown. First flagellomere grayish. Facial carina brown, short, 1/3 the length of face. Thorax (Fig. 5E, F): Mesonotum yellow. Acrostichal setulae in ca. ten regular rows. Scutellum yellow. Pleura beige. Abdomen (Fig. 5E, F): Tergites II to V yellow with black caudal bands, the caudal bands on tergites II to V interrupted medially. Male terminalia (Fig. 13): Epandrium with ca. 12 epandrial bristles near posterior and ventral margins per side. Surstylus with 8 peg-like surstylar teeth (Fig. 13A, B). Hypandrium with a pair of paramedian hypandrial bristle. Pregonite with 3 sensilla medially. Phallus lacking pubescence (Fig. 13C, D). Measurements. BL = 2.58 mm in holotype (mm in 5♂ paratypes: 2.80–3.42), ThL = 0.87 mm (0.84–0.96), WL = 2.67 mm (2.58–2.89), WW = 1.09 mm (1.08–1.11), arb = 5/4 (5/4), avd = 0.94 (0.69–1.14), adf = 3.14 (2.80–3.20), flw = 2.75 (2.17–2.60), FW/HW = 0.36 (0.34–0.39), ch/o = 0.10 (0.09–0.13), prorb = 0.75 (0.50–0.87), rcorb = 0.36 (0.24–0.33), vb = 0.48 (0.32–0.51), dcl = 0.77 (0.47–0.48), presctl = 0.53 (0.52–0.52), sctl = 0.97 (0.73–0.97), sterno = 0.68 (0.68–0.74), orbito = 0.51 (0.36–0.41), dcp = 0.23 (0.21–0.31), sctlp = 0.94 (0.85–2.13), C = 2.91 (2.70–3.40), 4c = 0.88 (0.73–1.00), 4v = 1.60 (1.42–1.73), 5x = 0.88 (1.07–1.14), ac = 3.14 (2.11–3.29), M = 0.28 (0.63–1.14), C3F = 0.86 (0.83–0.90). Materials examined. Holotype ♂ (SCAU, No. 125126), CHINA: Mengma, Menglian, Yunnan, 22°12'N, 99°22'E, alt. 1050m, 14.iv.2018, HW Chen. Paratypes: CHINA: 3♂ (SCAU, Nos. 125127, 125128, 125130), Mengma, Menglian, Yunnan, 22°12'N, 99°22'E, alt. 1050m, 14.iv.2018, HW Chen; 1♂ (SCAU, No. 125131), Moli Forest Park, Ruili, Yunnan, 24°07'N, 97°58'E, alt. 922m, 23.iv.2018, HW Chen; 1♂ (SCAU, No. 125129), Mengyuan, Mengla, Yunnan, 21°47'N, 101°22'E, alt. 876m, 18.xii.2017, HW Chen. Distribution. China (Yunnan) Etymology. From the Latin words “ curvi ”, referring to the phallapodeme curved in lateral view.

Scaptodrosophila melanovittata sp. nov. (Figs 4A���C, 10) Diagnosis. This species resembles S. trivittata Liu & Chen, 2018 in the pattern on the abdomen tergites and shape of surstylus, but can be distinguished from it by surstylus grown on outer surfaces of the epandrium (Fig. 10A, B); hypandrium shield shaped in ventral view; postgonite weak (Fig. 10C, D). This species exhibits closest genetic affinity to S. nigrolimbata in light of divergence in COI barcodes (Table 2). Description. Head (Fig. 4A): Frons dark brown. Pedicel dark brown. First flagellomere grayish, margins black. Facial carina yellowish brown, long, narrow, 1/2 the length of face. Thorax (Fig. 4B, C): Mesonotum yellowish brown. Scutellum yellowish brown. Pleura hazel. Abdomen (Fig. 4B, C): Tergites III to V yellowish brown with black caudal bands, the caudal bands on tergites II to V interrupted medially. Male terminalia (Fig. 10A���D): Epandrium with ca. 13 epandrial bristles near posterior and ventral margins per side. Surstylus with 8 peg-like surstylar teeth on caudal margins (Fig. 10A, B). Hypandrium with a pair of paramedian hypandrial bristle. Pregonite with 3 sensilla medially. Phallus lacking pubescence (Fig. 10C, D). Female terminalia (Fig. 10E): Oviscapt slightly triangular, expanded subapically. Oviscapt narrow with 1 long subapical trichoid ovisensillum, 17 peg-like ovisensilla per side on ventral margins. Measurements. BL = 2.04 mm in holotype (mm in 3♂ and 1♀ paratypes: 2.00��� 2.03 in ♂, 2.10 in ♀), ThL = 0.84 mm (0.89���0.98 in ♂, 0.95 in ♀), WL = 1.96 mm (1.82���1.87 in ♂, 1.94 in ♀), WW = 0.71 mm (0.80���0.82 in ♂, 0.83 in ♀), arb = 4/2 (4/2), avd = 0.83 (0.67���0.92), adf = 2.40 (3.00���3.78), flw = 3.20 (3.31���3.75), FW/HW = 0.27 (0.26���0.29), ch/o = 0.08 (0.08���0.09), prorb = 0.89 (0.78���0.82), rcorb = 0.33 (0.27���0.33), vb = 0.60 (0.43���0.60), dcl = 0.46 (0.36���0.44), presctl = 0.46 (0.40���0.44), sctl = 0.78 (0.78���0.91), sterno = 0.32 (0.45���0.55), orbito = 0.50 (0.50���0.60), dcp = 0.28 (0.32���0.38), sctlp = 1.00 (0.90���1.11), C = 5.33 (5.11���5.15), 4c = 0.60 (0.53���0.64), 4v = 1.73 (1.60���1.79), 5x = 1.33 (1.20���1.75), ac = 1.50 (1.50���1.60), M = 0.40 (0.43���0.47), C3F = 0.56 (0.56���0.63). Materials examined. Holotype ♂ (SCAU, No. 125121), CHINA: Guanlei, Mengla, Yunnan, 21��38���N, 101��10���E, alt. 621m, 21.iv.2016, J Huang. Paratypes: CHINA: 1♂ (SCAU, No. 125122), Guanlei, Mengla, Yunnan, 21��38'N, 101��10'E, alt. 621m, 21.iv.2016, J Huang; 1♂ (SCAU, No. 125120), Mengdong, Cangyuan, Yunnan, 23��10'N, 99��13'E, alt. 1323m, 6.v.2016, YQ Liu; 1♂ (SCAU, No. 125119), Husa, Longchuan, Yunnan, 24��25'N, 97��46'E, alt. 1200m, 20.viii.2016, L Gong; 1♀ (SCAU, No. 125118), Mengma, Menglian, Yunnan, 22��12'N, 99��22'E, alt. 1060m, 14.iv.2018, HW Chen. Distribution. China (Yunnan). Etymology. A combination of the Greek words ��� melas ��� + ��� vittat ���, referring to the black bands of abdomen., Published as part of Peng, Hongen, Lin, Yong & Chen, Hongwei, 2022, Morphological and molecular evidence of eight new species of the genus Scaptodrosophila Duda (Diptera, Drosophilidae) from China, pp. 169-194 in Zootaxa 5093 (2) on pages 179-180, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5093.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/5905087, {"references":["Liu, Y. Q. & Chen, H. W. (2018) The genus Scaptodrosophila Duda part II: the coracina species group from East Asia, with morphological and molecular evidence (Diptera, Drosophilidae). ZooKeys, 736, 119 - 148. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 736.13682"]}

Scaptodrosophila apunctata sp. nov. (Figs 2D–F, 7) Diagnosis. This species differs from the other Chinese species in the coracina species group in the pattern on the abdomen tergites and male terminalia, but can be distinguished from them by hypandrium fused to pregonite apically, tubular-shaped on inner surfaces; phallapodeme (aedeagal apodeme in McAlpine 1981) recurved (Fig. 7C, D); tergites lacking black band (Fig. 2E, F). This species exhibits the closest genetic affinity to S. ventriobscurata in light of divergence in COI barcodes (Table 2). Description. Head (Fig. 2D): Frons brown. Pedicel hazel. First flagellomere yellowish brown. Facial carina yellowish brown, long, 1/2 the length of face. Thorax (Fig. 2E, F): Mesonotum yellow. Pleura yellow. Abdomen (Fig. 2E, F): Tergites yellow. Male terminalia (Fig. 7): Epandrium with ca. 8 epandrial bristles near posterior and ventral margins per side. Surstylus with 9 peg-like surstylar teeth on caudal margins (Fig. 7A, B). Hypandrium with a pair of paramedian hypandrial bristle. Pregonite with 5 sensilla medially. Postgonite roundly expanded, with pubescence apically. Phallus lacking pubescence (Fig. 7C, D). Measurements. BL = 3.45 mm in holotype (mm in 4♂ paratypes: 2.98–3.29), ThL = 1.29 mm (1.07–1.33), WL = 3.02 mm (2.53–3.07), WW = 1.29 mm (0.98–1.29), arb = 3/2 (3/2), avd = 0.92 (0.67–0.92), adf = 2.60 (1.67–2.60), flw = 2.20 (1.83–2.20), FW/HW = 0.44 (0.40–0.47), ch/o = 0.23 (0.20–0.25), prorb = 0.71 (0.57–0.86), rcorb = 0.36 (0.36–0.39), vb = 0.70 (0.25–0.63), dcl = 0.50 (0.38–0.47), presctl = 0.69 (0.55–0.61), sctl = 1.03 (0.89–1.07), sterno = 0.83 (0.50–0.74), orbito = 0.44 (0.33–0.53), dcp = 0.24 (0.20–0.22), sctlp = 0.90 (0.92–1.42), C = 2.50 (2.52–2.93), 4c = 1.00 (0.90–1.00), 4v = 2.22 (2.06–2.16), 5x = 1.13 (0.71–1.13), ac = 1.80 (1.80–2.27), M = 0.20 (0.29–0.50), C3F = 0.72 (0.77–0.81). Materials examined. Holotype ♂ (SCAU, No. 125106), CHINA: Moli Forest Park, Ruili, Yunnan, 24°07'N, 97°58'E, alt. 922m, 23.iv.2018, HW Chen. Paratypes: CHINA: 4♂ (SCAU, Nos. 125103–125105, 125107), Moli Forest Park, Ruili, Yunnan, 24°07'N, 97°58'E, alt. 922m, 23.iv.2018, HW Chen, L Gong, Y Lin. Distribution. China (Yunnan). Etymology. A combination of the Latin words “ absent ” + “ punctatus ”, referring to the tergites lacking bands.

Scaptodrosophila longiciliata sp. nov. (Figs 3D���F, 9) Diagnosis. This species resembles S. fuscilimba Liu & Chen, 2018 in some characters of body colour patterns and shape of hypandrium, but can be distinguished from it by surstylus fused to epandrium (Fig. 9A, B); pregonite expanded, longer than hypandrium (Fig. 9C, D). This species exhibits the closest genetic affinity to S. longispinata in light of divergence in COI barcodes (Table 2). Description. Head (Fig. 3D): Frons brown. Pedicel dark brown. First flagellomere yellowish brown. Facial carina brown, 1/4 the length of face. Thorax (Fig. 3E, F): Mesonotum yellowish brown. Scutellum yellowish brown. Pleura yellowish brown. Abdomen (Fig. 3E, F): Tergites II to V yellowish brown with hazel caudal bands. Male terminalia (Fig. 9): Epandrium with ca. 10 epandrial bristles near posterior and ventral margins per side. Surstylus with 10 peg-like surstylar teeth on caudal margins (Fig. 9A, B). Hypandrium with a pair of paramedian hypandrial bristle. Pregonite with 2 sensilla medially. Phallus lacking pubescence (Fig. 9C, D). Measurements. BL = 2.23 mm in holotype (mm in 6♂ paratypes: 1.91���2.31), ThL = 1.00 mm (0.80���0.98), WL = 2.29 mm (1.78���2.16), WW = 0.90 mm (0.80���0.91), arb = 3/2 (3/2), avd = 0.82 (0.86���1.14), adf = 2.00 (1.40���2.20), flw = 2.78 (1.59���2.59), FW/HW = 0.38 (0.29���0.39), ch/o = 0.17 (0.17���0.19), prorb = 0.87 (0.62���0.88), rcorb = 0.77 (0.31���0.95), vb = 0.71 (0.46���1.00), dcl = 0.55 (0.56���0.90), presctl = 0.39 (0.33���0.45), sctl = 1.07 (0.77���1.13), sterno = 0.91 (0.57���0.80), orbito = 0.67 (0.50���0.60), dcp = 0.55 (0.38���0.46), sctlp = 0.61 (0.44���0.75), C = 2.31 (2.47���3.14), 4c = 1.33 (1.00���1.31), 4v = 2.65 (2.25���2.82), 5x = 2.08 (1.50���2.80), ac = 2.80 (2.18���2.83), M = 0.90 (0.50���1.27), C3F = 0.65 (0.60���0.75). Materials examined. Holotype ♂ (SCAU, No. 125109), CHINA: Botanic Garden, Ruili, Yunnan, 24��01'N, 97��51'E, alt. 1154m, 22.iv.2018, HW Chen. Paratypes: CHINA: 4♂ (SCAU, Nos. 125110, 125116, 125117), Botanic Garden, Ruili, Yunnan, 24��01'N, 97��51'E, alt. 1154m, 22.iv.2018, HW Chen, L Gong, Y Lin; 1♂ (SCAU, No. 125114), Guanlei, Mengla, Yunnan, 21��38'N, 101��10'E, alt. 621m, 21.iv.2016, J Huang; 1♂ (SCAU, No. 125115), Mengdong, Cangyuan, Yunnan, 23��10'N, 99��13'E, alt. 1323m, 6.v.2016, YQ Liu; 1♂ (SCAU, No. 125111), Qimaba, L��chun, Yunnan, 22��48'N, 102��14'E, alt. 1280m, 3.viii.2016, HW Chen. Distribution. China (Yunnan). Etymology. A combination of the Latin words ��� longus ��� + ��� cilium ���, referring to the length of pregonite., Published as part of Peng, Hongen, Lin, Yong & Chen, Hongwei, 2022, Morphological and molecular evidence of eight new species of the genus Scaptodrosophila Duda (Diptera, Drosophilidae) from China, pp. 169-194 in Zootaxa 5093 (2) on pages 178-179, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5093.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/5905087, {"references":["Liu, Y. Q. & Chen, H. W. (2018) The genus Scaptodrosophila Duda part II: the coracina species group from East Asia, with morphological and molecular evidence (Diptera, Drosophilidae). ZooKeys, 736, 119 - 148. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 736.13682"]}

Scaptodrosophila curvata sp. nov. (Figs 5D���F, 13) Diagnosis. Body yellowish brown (Fig. 5E, F); arista with five dorsal and four ventral branches in addition to terminal bifurcation (Fig. 5D); hypandrium triangle shaped in ventral view; phallapodeme curved in lateral view (Fig. 13C, D). This species exhibits the closest genetic affinity to S. latifoliacea sp. nov. in light of divergence in COI barcodes (Table 2), but morphologically somewhat conflict with the diagnostic characters of the coracina species group. Description. Head (Fig. 5D): Frons brown. Pedicel yellowish brown. First flagellomere grayish. Facial carina brown, short, 1/3 the length of face. Thorax (Fig. 5E, F): Mesonotum yellow. Acrostichal setulae in ca. ten regular rows. Scutellum yellow. Pleura beige. Abdomen (Fig. 5E, F): Tergites II to V yellow with black caudal bands, the caudal bands on tergites II to V interrupted medially. Male terminalia (Fig. 13): Epandrium with ca. 12 epandrial bristles near posterior and ventral margins per side. Surstylus with 8 peg-like surstylar teeth (Fig. 13A, B). Hypandrium with a pair of paramedian hypandrial bristle. Pregonite with 3 sensilla medially. Phallus lacking pubescence (Fig. 13C, D). Measurements. BL = 2.58 mm in holotype (mm in 5♂ paratypes: 2.80���3.42), ThL = 0.87 mm (0.84���0.96), WL = 2.67 mm (2.58���2.89), WW = 1.09 mm (1.08���1.11), arb = 5/4 (5/4), avd = 0.94 (0.69���1.14), adf = 3.14 (2.80���3.20), flw = 2.75 (2.17���2.60), FW/HW = 0.36 (0.34���0.39), ch/o = 0.10 (0.09���0.13), prorb = 0.75 (0.50���0.87), rcorb = 0.36 (0.24���0.33), vb = 0.48 (0.32���0.51), dcl = 0.77 (0.47���0.48), presctl = 0.53 (0.52���0.52), sctl = 0.97 (0.73���0.97), sterno = 0.68 (0.68���0.74), orbito = 0.51 (0.36���0.41), dcp = 0.23 (0.21���0.31), sctlp = 0.94 (0.85���2.13), C = 2.91 (2.70���3.40), 4c = 0.88 (0.73���1.00), 4v = 1.60 (1.42���1.73), 5x = 0.88 (1.07���1.14), ac = 3.14 (2.11���3.29), M = 0.28 (0.63���1.14), C3F = 0.86 (0.83���0.90). Materials examined. Holotype ♂ (SCAU, No. 125126), CHINA: Mengma, Menglian, Yunnan, 22��12'N, 99��22'E, alt. 1050m, 14.iv.2018, HW Chen. Paratypes: CHINA: 3♂ (SCAU, Nos. 125127, 125128, 125130), Mengma, Menglian, Yunnan, 22��12'N, 99��22'E, alt. 1050m, 14.iv.2018, HW Chen; 1♂ (SCAU, No. 125131), Moli Forest Park, Ruili, Yunnan, 24��07'N, 97��58'E, alt. 922m, 23.iv.2018, HW Chen; 1♂ (SCAU, No. 125129), Mengyuan, Mengla, Yunnan, 21��47'N, 101��22'E, alt. 876m, 18.xii.2017, HW Chen. Distribution. China (Yunnan) Etymology. From the Latin words ��� curvi ���, referring to the phallapodeme curved in lateral view., Published as part of Peng, Hongen, Lin, Yong & Chen, Hongwei, 2022, Morphological and molecular evidence of eight new species of the genus Scaptodrosophila Duda (Diptera, Drosophilidae) from China, pp. 169-194 in Zootaxa 5093 (2) on pages 190-191, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5093.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/5905087