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PurposeUnlike conventional aircraft, birds can glide without a vertical tail. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the influence of dihedral angle spanwise distribution on lateral-directional dynamic stability by the simulation, calculation in the development of the bird-inspired aircraft and the flight testing.Design/methodology/approachThe gliding magnificent frigatebird (Fregata magnificens) was selected as the study object. The geometric and mass model of the study object were developed. Stability derivatives and moments of inertia were obtained. The lateral-directional stability was assessed under different spanwise distributions of dihedral angle. A bird-inspired aircraft was developed, and a flight test was carried out to verify the analysed results.FindingsThe results show that spanwise distribution changing of dihedral angle has influence on the lateral-directional mode stability. All of the analysed configurations have convergent Dutch roll mode and rolling mode. The key role of dihedral angle changing is to achieve a convergent spiral mode. Flight test results show that the bird-inspired aircraft has a well-convergent Dutch roll mode.Practical implicationsThe theory that birds can achieve its lateral-directional stability by changing its dihedral angle spanwise distribution may explain the stability mechanism of gliding birds.Originality/valueThis paper helps to improve the understanding of bird gliding stability mechanism and provides bio-inspired solutions in aircraft designing.

The aim of this study based on the Overall Survival prognosis of patients with Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma (ChRCC) is to help Urology department doctors to improve their clinical approach on ChRCC by giving out a clear idea on the choice of treatment methods and prognosis of this particular cancer. This study included 3108 patients diagnosed with ChRCC from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database between 2010 and 2015. We collected data from a single center in China. In total, we selected from the period of 1st January 2010 to 31st December 2021, 225 patients diagnosed with ChRCC by the pathology department after nephrectomy was performed. Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma was more found in younger and middle age patients (50.19% & 36.81% from SEER; 74.22%& 24% from china). Patients with bigger tumor size (>108mm) are more likely to have a worse OS rate (HR-1 = 0.229; P= 0.0194). American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM stages in our study showed that there was a worse survival rate interval in older patients with T3 or T4. The Cancer-Specific Survival rate in our research is over 98% since there are less than 2% patients with Sarcomatoid features or Regional positive lymph-nodes after nephrectomy. Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma presents a favorable Overall Survival (OS) prognosis. Our study shows that significantly fewer patients present sarcomatoid features, which justifies the fact that ChRCC has a better Cancer-Specific Survival rate. However, those presenting sarcomatoid features with/without positive lymph-node have a poor prognosis. Although total nephrectomy remains the gold standard of treatment, we encourage that more future research should be done to develop a better oncological therapeutic treatment for those with metastasis.

Low-temperature selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3 over MnOx-based catalysts.

Big data analytics applications are increasingly deployed on cloud computing infrastructures, and it is still a big challenge to pick the optimal cloud configurations in a cost-effective way. In this paper, we address this problem with a high accuracy and a low overhead. We propose Apollo, a data-driven approach that can rapidly pick the optimal cloud configurations by reusing data from similar workloads. We first classify 12 typical workloads in BigDataBench by characterizing pairwise correlations in our offline benchmarks. When a new workload comes, we run it with several small datasets to rank its key characteristics and get its similar workloads. Based on the rank, we then limit the search space of cloud configurations through a classification mechanism. At last, we leverage a hierarchical regression model to measure which cluster is more suitable and use a local search strategy to pick the optimal cloud configurations in a few extra tests. Our evaluation on 12 typical workloads in HiBench shows that compared with state-of-the-art approaches, Apollo can improve up to 30% search accuracy, while reducing as much as 50% overhead for picking the optimal cloud configurations.

Perforated structure is the mechanical weak link of polymer-bonded explosive (PBX). Improving its mechanical property may promote the reliability and effectiveness of weapon system. In this study, strengthening of the perforated PBX plate is conducted by employing surface coating. Digital image correlation (DIC) analysis results suggest that the regional applied epoxy coating layer is able to improve the mechanical properties of the plate. By confining the deformation and releasing the stress concentration around the perforation, the coating layer enhances the load carrying ability and energy dissipation capacity of the plate significantly. This investigation may provide a convenient and effective structure modification method for energetic material, and at the same time, lay foundation to the performance optimization of weapon system.

Situated between the South China Block and the Simao Block, the Ailaoshan Belt is a significant component of the Jinshajiang–Ailaoshan tectonic-magmatic-metallogenic belt of southwestern China. The formation of the Ailaoshan Belt is closely related to the evolution of the Palaeo-Tethys Ocean. In this study, we constrain ages of sedimentation in the Jinchang Au–Ni deposit in the Ailaoshan Belt, using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) U–Pb ages of the youngest populations of detrital zircons separated from a chert layer and two uncomfortably overlying meta-sandstones. The combined data of the meta-sandstone samples from the Yiwanshui Formation yielded a concordant age of 250.8 ± 0.6 Ma (mean square weighted deviation (MSWD), 2.8; n = 26). The chert sample from the Jinchangyan Formation yielded a concordant age of 347.0 ± 1.5 Ma (MSWD, 2.8; n = 16). Detrital zircons from the meta-sandstone are characterized by low rare earth element contents (∑REE) and low Y, and high U and U/Yb ratio, suggesting a continental crustal origin. Zircons in the meta-sandstones were derived mainly from pre-collision subduction zone magmatic rocks related to the closure of the Palaeo-Tethys Ocean. In contrast, detrital zircons from the chert contain relatively high ∑REE and Y, and low U and U/Yb ratio, suggesting an oceanic crust origin. Zircons in the chert bed were derived mainly from ophiolites related to seafloor spreading in a branch of the Palaeo-Tethys Ocean.

The synergetic development level of port and city is an important index to measure the radiation effect of the port. Through systematic analysis and study at the development level of port-city systems in the Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Circle, this paper constructed a synergistics-based synergy degree model and proposed an index system of synergy degree measurement for a port-city complex system based on a coupling coordination degree model. Results show that the ports and cities in the Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Circle are still far from high-level synergetic development. In general, the comprehensive synergetic development level of the ports and cities are rising, in which Chongqing ranks the top and is still in a rising trend. The comprehensive development level of Luzhou and Yibin is also on the rise, but the gap between them and Chongqing is becoming bigger. The synergetic development level of port and city is an important index to measure the radiation effect of port and constructs a synergistics-based synergy degree model for a complex system and proposed an indicator system of synergy degree measurement for a port-city complex system based on a coupling coordination degree model from the perspective of systematics.

Selective catalytic reduction with NH

Additional file 1 eTable 1. Characteristics of patients receiving surgery without LNE and radiotherapy after PSM. eTable 2. Characteristics of patients in the surgery and radiotherapy (refused surgery) groups after PSM

Introduction Bufalin is a component of Chinese traditional medicine, Chansu, which is reported to induce cell death among various kinds of tumors. Apoptosis evasion is a common problem of cancer treatment. Materials and methods The proliferation of U-87 and U-373 treated by bufalin combined with or without apoptosis inhibitor was detected by MTT assay. The protein levels related to apoptosis and necroptosis were measured by Western blotting. Immunoprecipitation (IP) was applied for monitoring the formation of necrosome. The gene knockdown by CRISPR/Cas9 was applied to determine the roles of the proteins in apoptosis and necroptosis. Results In this study, we found that bufalin could induce apoptosis or necroptosis when U-87 and U-373 escaped from apoptosis. Bufalin triggered cell death by upregulating tumor necrosis factor (TNF) -α, TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) and receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIPK1). Antagonizing cellular inhibitor of apoptosis 1 (cIAP1) and cIAP2 were also contributory. Caspase-8 activation led to apoptosis. When caspase-8 was functionally lost, necrosome consisted of RIPK1, receptor-interacting protein 3 (RIPK3) and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) formed and necroptosis happened. The knockdown of above genes or the drug treatment confirmed the mechanism of bufalin-induced cell death. Cytotoxicity of bufalin to caspase-8 knockdown cell lines made control cell lines more sensitive to bufalin in their mixture. Discussion The cytotoxicity of bufalin to U-87 and U-373 was by inducing apoptosis or necroptosis when they were sensitive to apoptosis or not. The results indicated that seeking for treatments that could induce apoptosis and necroptosis was a good solution for the tumor evasion of apoptosis.

Solder paste quality can be improved from microstructure and surface status of the solder powder. In this work, the micro-morphology of solder paste was observed and the particle surface condition was analyzed. Also, the conditions of corrosion and the corrosion products in different organic acid groups (activators) were analyzed. The result shows that the SnO passive film on the solder powder surface reacts with the COO– in the active agent of the solder paste. This reaction led the passivation layer to be peeled off. It also caused the change in solder powders’ physical and chemical properties and made the metal boundary to be cold-welded. This is the root cause of solder paste exsiccation and deterioration. The study on the details shows that to obtain high-quality solder paste, one of the key methods is using the solder powder with ideal passivation shell structure and defect-free surface.

Background Sarcoidosis is a multi-system, idiopathic, inflammatory disorder that affects the lungs in over 90% of patients. The incidence of bone lesions in sarcoidosis is only 1-13%. Case report This study describes a 60-year-old woman with a previous history of thyroid cancer, and a more recent diagnosis of lung cancer with suspicious metastatic lesions, which were confirmed to be sarcoidosis. Conclusion This case suggests that pulmonary neoplasms and pulmonary sarcoidosis can coexist and be easily confused. When lung cancer is accompanied by symmetric hilar lymph node enlargement and multiple lung nodules, sarcoidosis should be considered in addition to metastasis, and a biopsy should be performed for confirmation.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Jianpi Yangzheng Xiaozheng Decoction (JPYZXZ) is an empirical compound prescription based on the theory of traditional Chinese medicine. JPYZXZ, which is “Qi-invigorating, spleen-strengthening and stasis-removing,” can improve the quality of life of gastric cancer patients and prolong their survival; however, the exact mechanism underlying the antitumor effects of this compound is still not clear. Aim of the study The aim of this study is to clearly define the effect of JPYZXZ and its components, Jianpi Yangzheng Decoction (JPYZ) and Xiao Zheng San Jie Decoction (XZSJ), on inhibiting the progression of gastric cancer. Materials and methods The effect of JPYZXZ and its components on the motility of gastric cancer MGC-803 cells was measured by MTT, adhesion, transwell assays and wound-healing assays. JPYZXZ, JPYZ and XZSJ were administered to 615 mice with gastric cancer xenografts, and their effect on the inhibition of subcutaneous transplantation was analyzed. THP-1 monocyte cells were used to establish tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) models. The polarized state of the TAMs was detected by Flow Cytometry, ELISA and Immunohistochemistry. The mRNA and protein expression of tumor epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and TAM-related genes was determined by Real-time PCR and Western Blot, respectively. Results We determined that both JPYZXZ and its components inhibited the progress of gastric cancer in vitro, and JPYZXZ was clearly more effective than JPYZ or XZSJ. The in vivo results demonstrated that the JPYZXZ and XZSJ group exhibited a significant decrease in the tumor weight compared to the control group. Further analysis indicated that JPYZXZ was more active than JPYZ or XZSJ in inhibiting the gastric cancer EMT transformation both in vivo and in vitro. However, JPYZ was more effective compared with JPYZXZ for inducing the phenotypic change in macrophages from M2 to M1. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that both JPYZXZ and its components prevent the progress of gastric cancer. JPYZXZ inhibits the gastric cancer EMT more effectively than JPYZ and XZSJ, but JPYZ primarily works to regulate the phenotypic change in macrophages from M2 to M1.

Spherical FePO4 and three-dimensional porous graphene (3DG) were prepared by hydrothermal synthesis, then LiFe0.98V0.02PO4/3DG/C composite was prepared by two-step sintering method based on FePO4/3DG. The structure, composition and morphology of the synthesis production were confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectra, Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electrochemical properties were studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and charge/discharge tests. At a current density of 0.2C, the first charge/discharge specific capacities were 161.1 mAh/g and 159.1 mAh/g, and the corresponding capacity retention rates after 50 and 100 cycles was 99.5% and 99% respectively. In addition, LiFe0.98V0.02PO4/3DG/C composite had a better rate and cycle performance, as well as greater Li+ diffusion coefficient (DLi+) compared with LiFePO4/C and LiFePO4/3DG/C. Therefore, LiFe0.98V0.02PO4/3DG/C composite will become a potential cathode materials for lithium-ion (Li+) power batteries.

In this paper, the dynamic loading tests of sandstone after heat treatment at 25-800?C are carried out by using the split Hopkinson pressure bar test system. Combined with the theory of energy dissipation, the dynamic fracture and energy consumption characteristics of coal-series sandstone are systematically studied. The test results illustrate that the dynamic fracture and energy consumption characteristics of sandstone are mainly related to the changes of internal moisture and cementing materials.

Intravesical recurrence post radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) is a frequent event requiring intense cystoscopic surveillance. This study includes cystoscopic surveillance and usage of variable predictors for intravesical recurrence after radical nephroureterectomy. The current investigation objective was to recognize intravesical recurrence indicators and build up a tool to allow risk delineated methodology supporting patient advising for cystoscopic surveillance and post-operative intravesical MMC administration. With a median follow-up of 36 months, intravesical recurrence occurred in 59 patients. IVR after RNU was noted in 59 patients after a median follow-up of 36 months. The probability of intravesical recurrence is 28.6%.The recurrent bladder tumors were managed with endoscopic resection and intravesical chemoimmunotherapy following the standard protocol. The recurrent bladder tumors showed the following characteristics: 3.4%, 3.4%, 8.5%, 37.3%, and 47.5% of tumors were in Ta, T1, T2, T3, and T4stages, respectively. One patient underwent radical cystectomy after a refractory muscle-invasive bladder tumor, and contralateral UTUC developed. Two patients had partial cystectomy after multiple endoscopic resections of T1 tumor, and intravesical chemotherapy failed. For 59 patients who developed bladder recurrence, the optimal cut-off point of early recurrence was determined to be six months after surgery (p=0.042). End-stage renal disease history and surgical margin positive patient has later bladder recurrence.

"Five-Year Plans" have been a cornerstone of Chinese social and economic development initiatives since 1953. During the thirteenth of these periods between 2016 and 2020, the global economy has experienced instability after the financial crisis, as well as political and economic reconfiguration. Drawing on modern economic theory, this book comprehensively discusses China's economic development in this crucial phase. The book analyzes the international economic environment, and asks how China’s continued reform and opening-up can fit with the new era of economic globalization. It also presents the difficulties China faces in such fields as urbanization, the coordination of regional development and urban-rural integration, economic reform, and the reform of factor markets and state-owned enterprises. The book outlines many medium-term development rules along with key characteristics of China's economy, helping international readers fully understand likely future trajectories for the Chinese economy.

Operating at low load conditions may cause strong and non-synchronous unsteadiness and a high blade dynamic loading for the last stage blades (LSB). Full annulus models should be used to investigate the circumferential asymmetric flow unsteadiness and blade vibrations. Currently, although full annulus models have been applied to numerical aerodynamic studies, to authors’ knowledge, there is still no research including the full annulus in structural analysis due to the high computational cost. In this paper, an unsteady aerodynamic and structural coupled analysis method for an industrial steam turbine LSB using full annulus model under low load conditions is presented. To conduct finite element method (FEM) with limited computational resources, a new structural analysis procedure is proposed to calculate the dynamic stress. The aerodynamic analysis is conducted in both steady and unsteady computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculations. The tip pressure ratio in the steady state calculations is used to predict the aerodynamic loading intensity. The unsteady results indicate typical flow characteristics under low load conditions, which show a big separation region behind the last rotor and tip vortex between last stator and rotor. Unsteady aerodynamic loading is mapped onto the blade surface as the excitation force. The structural analysis is performed to investigate the characteristics of blade vibrations and stress distributions of the full annulus LSB. Repeating the method, a reasonable characteristics curve of vibration stress against flow rates for LSB is calculated.

A zero bias Schottky barrier diode with 3.5THz cut-off frequency and 0.16eV barrier height based on the InGaAs-Ti contact is designed and fabricated with a new T-gate anode, anisotropic wet mesa etch and BCB protection process. By using this SBD, a high-sensitivity detector working at W band frequency is proposed, and the measured responsivity is over 4000V/W at 75~110GHz.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Effect of amount and source of dietary copper on growth performance and diarrhea frequency of weanling pigs. Table S2. Effect of amount and source of dietary copper on plasma, bile, intestinal, and liver copper concentrations of weanling pigs. Table S3. Effect of amount and source of dietary copper on plasma, intestinal, and liver Zn and Fe concentrations of weanling pigs. Table S4. Effect of amount and source of dietary copper on fecal micromineral excretion of weanling pig (mg/kg, as air-dry basis). Table S5. Effect of amount and source of dietary copper on plasma enzyme activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations of weanling pigs.

In this paper, we reformulate the non-convex $\ell_q$-norm minimization problem with $q\in(0,1)$ into a 2-step problem, which consists of one convex and one non-convex subproblems, and propose a novel iterative algorithm called QISTA ($\ell_q$-ISTA) to solve the $\left(\ell_q\right)$-problem. By taking advantage of deep learning in accelerating optimization algorithms, together with the speedup strategy that using the momentum from all previous layers in the network, we propose a learning-based method, called QISTA-Net-s, to solve the sparse signal reconstruction problem. Extensive experimental comparisons demonstrate that the QISTA-Net-s yield better reconstruction qualities than state-of-the-art $\ell_1$-norm optimization (plus learning) algorithms even if the original sparse signal is noisy. On the other hand, based on the network architecture associated with QISTA, with considering the use of convolution layers, we proposed the QISTA-Net-n for solving the image CS problem, and the performance of the reconstruction still outperforms most of the state-of-the-art natural images reconstruction methods. QISTA-Net-n is designed in unfolding QISTA and adding the convolutional operator as the dictionary. This makes QISTA-Net-s interpretable. We provide complete experimental results that QISTA-Net-s and QISTA-Net-n contribute the better reconstruction performance than the competing.

A highly crystalline nanosized spinel LiMn2O4/3DG composite cathode material for high rate lithium ion batteries was successfully prepared by mixing spinel LiMn2O4 particles with reduced graphene oxide (3DG). Spinel LiMn2O4 and reduced three-dimensional graphene oxide were synthesized using a hydrothermal method and freeze-drying technology, respectively. The structure, morphology and electrochemical performance of the synthesized materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and galvanostatic charge–discharge techniques. The results showed that the LiMn2O4/3DG composites exhibited excellent rate capability and stable cycling performance. The discharge capacity was 131 mA h g−1 and the capacity remains at 89.3% after 100 cycles at a 0.5 C rate, while the discharge capacity was 90 mA h g−1 at 10 C. Compared with spinel LiMn2O4 materials, the LiMn2O4/3DG composites showed obvious improvement in electrochemical performance.

Composites of spherical FePO 4 and three-dimensional porous graphene (FP/3DG) were prepared through hydrothermal method, then the high-performed composites of three-dimensional graphene and LiFePO 4 cathode materials (LFP/3DG/C) were prepared with the FP/3DG precursor by carbothermic reduction. Researches on the structure, morphology and electrochemical performance of the materials were carried out by XRD, SEM, Raman, EIS, CV and charge-discharge tests. The results show that the LFP/3DG/C composites exhibit excellent rate and cycling capabilities. At the current density of 0.2C, the first charge/discharge specific capacities were 167.2 mAh/g and 165.1 mAh/g, respectively, and the capacities remained 99.3% after 50 cycles; The discharge capacity was 144.7 mAh/g and the capacity remains 99.6% after 100 cycles at 1C rate, while the discharge capacity was 91.3 mAh/g at 10C rate. Compared with LFP/C materials, the LFP/3DG/C composites showed obvious improvement in rate capability and cycling stability.

Objective This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary supplementation with Pediococcus acidilactici ZPA017 as a probiotic on reproductive performance, fecal microbial flora and serum indices in sows during late gestation and lactation. Methods A total of 94 sows (Large White × Yorkshire, average 4.50 parities) were randomly allotted to two dietary treatments: control diet and the diet supplemented with P. acidilactici ZPA017 (2.40×109 CFU/kg of diets). The study started at d 90 of gestation and conducted until d 28 of lactation. Results Compared to sows fed the control diet, supplementation of P. acidilactici ZPA017 increased the number of weaning piglets, weaning weight of litter and piglets, survival rate of piglets at weaning (p

This paper describes a simple and efficient electrochemical assay for the determination of trace Cu(II) employing L-cysteine functionalized gold nanoparticles/CdS nanospheres/glassy carbon electrode (L-cys/AuNPs/CdS/GCE) as an enhanced sensing platform. The prepared sensor exhibited a high active surface area, excellent electron transfer properties, and greatly enhanced sensitivity for Cu(II) in comparison with AuNPs/CdS/GCE, L-cys/AuNPs/GCE and CdS/GCE, due to the synergistic effect of L-cysteine, Au nanoparticles and CdS nanospheres. The experimental conditions, namely preconcentration time, electrolyte and pH value, were optimized in order to maximize the sensitivity of the measurements. Under optimal conditions, the SWASV stripping signals for Cu(II) were linear in the concentration range of 0.5 to 200.0 nmol L−1, and a detection limit of 0.1 nmol L−1 (S/N = 3) was obtained. The prepared sensor also exhibited excellent repeatability and selectivity for Cu(II) over competing environmentally relevant metal ions. It was further applied to determine Cu(II) in real water samples, and the results agreed satisfactorily with the certified values.

In consideration of the influence of target moving, components rotarying and structure deformation on the precision of electromagnetic scattering modeling A an exact moving target’s RCS modeling method based on the measured data was proposed in this paper. Firstly, using laser scanning method to build the precise geometric model of the real target; Secondly, extracting the parameters of the target motion characteristics in the actual flight, and taking the parameters to modify the model; Finally developing integration software to calculate the electromagnetic scattering and verify the result with the measured data.

To explore a simply feasible and affordable method to establish neuritis migration model induced by Slit 2N and silk fibroin mixture in the rat hippocampal neuronsNeurons were derived from SD rat hippocampal tissues and cultured with a special cell culture-plateNeurites of the pure Slit 2N group and the mixture group became shorter, and there was no significant change in the pure silk fibroin and control groups. The results showed that the average duration and length difference before and after changed were in descending order of mixture group, Slit 2N group, silk fibroin group (There were no significant effects of Silk fibroin on induced by Slit 2N in rat hippocampal neuron migration. It had an effect on reducing Slit 2N diffusion rate and extending its working time. It provides an advantageous construction method

In this study, a noninvasive experimental method and a discrete element method (DEM) model were used to investigate the micro–macro behavior of TATB granules including global deformations, contact forces, stress distributions, local coordination number, local pore ratio, particle kinematics, and granule displacement during compacting process. The TATB granule deformation and structural evolution during compaction process were studied by X-ray tomography and the deformation characteristics of deformable material. The size and number of granules with different sizes were determined from the CT images. The digital microstructure can be directly used for the numerical simulation setup. The DEM method was used for the numerical simulation of TATB granules during compaction. The contact forces and displacement vectors in compaction process were obtained. The behaviors and stress distributions at different pressures were also derived from the simulation. This study evaluated the possibility to better describe the behaviors of TATB granules.

In this study, we prepared water-based nanofluids and tested their crystallization supercooling degree (SD) in two containers made of different materials. The test aimed to explore the comprehensive effects of nanoparticles and container properties on the crystallization SD of the nanofluids. In particular, we analyzed the effects of nanoparticle weight fraction, container surface roughness and wettability, and the cooling rate which was determined by container thermal conductivity, on the SD of the nanofluids. The main influencing factor among container properties on the SD of the nanofluids was determined, and the relative importance of the effects of nanoparticles and container properties with respect to SD was discussed.

Based on the grey theory, a grey correlation evaluation model (GCEM) was built for risk assessment of river water quality. Five pollutants are used for risk assessment indicators, while the risk class was determined by the maximum principle. The results indicate that the water quality risk is higher in Baoji Weihe River of China. Potassium permanganate index risk is the maximum and the second is BOD5. The comparison with other methods confirmed that evaluation of GCEM is agreement with the actual condition. Moreover, this method is simple and solid for water risk evaluation and would be used for rive water environmental administration.

Gymnodiptychus dybowskii is endemic to Xinjiang, China and has been locally listed as protected animals. To investigate its genetic diversity and structure, specimens were collected from six localities in Yili River system and Kaidu River. Fragments of 1092bp Cyt b gene were sequenced for 116 individuals. A total of 21 haplotypes were found in all samples, and no haplotype was shared between Yili River system and Kaidu River population. Sequence comparisons revealed 123 variable sites, with eight singleton sites and 115 parsimony informative sites. For all the populations examined, the haplotype diversity ( h ) was 0.8298 ± 0.0226, nucleotide diversity ( π ) was 0.2521 ± 0.1202, and average number of pairwise nucleotide differences ( k ) was 275.3369 ± 118.5660. AMOVA analysis showed that the differences were significant for total populations except for Yili River system populations. The pairwise F st values revealed same conclusion with AMOVA analysis: Kaidu River population was divergent from Yili River system populations. The genetic distance between two groups was 0.108 and the divergence time was estimated at 5.4–6.6 Ma, the uplift of Tianshan Mountain might have separated them and resulted in the genetic differentiation. The neutrality test and mismatch analysis indicated that both two groups of G. dybowskii had went through population expansion, the expansion time of Yili River system and Kaidu River population was estimated at 0.5859–0.7146 Ma and 0.5151–0.6282 Ma, respectively. The climate changes of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau might have influenced the demographic history of G. dybowskii .