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The analysis of empirical studies of the relationship between mental and motor activity related to various paradigms of their implementation is carried out: motor activity as a preliminary training of mental activity; simultaneous motor and mental activity, etc. All studies were the experimental basis of the concept of "embodied cognition". As a result of the analysis, it is concluded that the concept of embodied cognition has three mechanisms that determine all its capabilities: the bodily constitution, the sensorimotor experience of a person and the context-specific level of spatial organization of the problem-solving process. Embodied cognition as an advanced trend in the theoretical description of how the human psyche works, embodies the idea of the inseparability of thought processes from low-level ones. The latter can have a significant impact on the effectiveness of solving various tasks.

Sand liquefaction under static and dynamic loading can cause failure of embankments, slopes, bridges and other important infrastructure. Sand liquefaction in the seabed can also cause submarine landslides and tsunamis. Fabric anisotropy related to the internal soil structure such as particle orientation, force network and void space is found to have profound influence on sand liquefaction. A constitutive model accounting for the effect of anisotropy on sand liquefaction is proposed. Evolution of fabric anisotropy during loading is considered according to the anisotropic critical state theory for sand. The model has been validated by extensive test results on Toyoura sand with different initial densities and stress states. The effect of sample preparation method on sand liquefaction is qualitatively analysed. The model has been used to investigate the response of a sand ground under earthquake loading. It is shown that sand with horizontal bedding plane has the highest resistance to liquefaction when the sand deposit is anisotropic, which is consistent with the centrifuge test results. The initial degree of fabric anisotropy has a more significant influence on the liquefaction resistance. Sand with more anisotropic fabric that can be caused by previous loading history or compaction methods has lower liquefaction resistance.

Nano-silica (SiO2) has been widely used to fill rubbers (crosslinked) and usual polyolefin elastomers (POEs). SiO2 filled POE with crystalline structure can also be crosslinked. Crystallization, structure, and mechanical properties of crosslinked POE/SiO2 composites can be affected by SiO2. In this paper, crosslinked POE/SiO2 composites were obtained through two different methods: dynamic crosslinking in molten state and static crosslinking. For the non-crosslinked and static crosslinked composites, SiO2 had a more significant effect on the nucleation in non-crosslinked POE than in static crosslinked POE. For the dynamic crosslinked composite, SiO2 and crosslinking points hindered the mobility of POE chains and suppressed the POE crystallization, resulting in smaller and fewer crystals. Dynamic mechanical analysis showed that the SiO2 and POE were compatible, as evidenced by the lower tan(δ) value in SiO2-filled samples. The latter was more consistent with the higher tensile strength and elongation at break for the non-crosslinked and static crosslinked composites than for the non-filled samples. However, the dynamic crosslinked composite exhibited the worst elongation at break, resulting from the lowest number of crystals and shortened molecular chains due to the shearing that occurred during crosslinking process. The SiO2 had no observable effect on the permanent deformation of samples.

Objectives Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common causes of cancer-related deaths, due to high morbidity, a low early diagnosis rate, and poor prognosis. It is essential to explore competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) arrays for early diagnosis and prognosis of HCC. Methods The original gene expression profiles of differentially expressed lncRNA, miRNA and mRNA in HCC were downloaded from TCGA database. Differentially expressed lncRNA-miRNA and miRNA-mRNA interaction pairs were extracted from miRcode and starBase, a ceRNA network was constructed, and GO annotation and KEGG pathway analyses were performed. Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis screening identified core genes in the network associated with HCC survival, centering on miRNA, which were screened using ceRNA arrays. qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression level of key genes in clinical samples. Dual luciferase reporter gene assays were used to verify the target binding relationship among lncRNA, mRNA, and miRNA. ROC curves were used to analyze the diagnostic efficacy of the ceRNA array. Results A total of 8 lncRNAs, 5 miRNAs, and 21 mRNAs were used to construct a ceRNA network. Functional enrichment analysis showed that mRNAs in the ceRNA network were mainly enriched in 14 signaling pathways, especially microRNAs in cancer. Survival analysis showed that lncRNA FOXD2-AS1 and miRNA miR-9-5p were related to the prognosis of HCC, and the targeted binding relationships between mRNAs. STMN1, COL15A1, and CCNE2 and miR-9-5p from the TargetScan, starBase, miRDB, and PicTar databases were reliable. qRT-PCR showed that expression levels of FOXD2-AS1, miR-9-5p, STMN1, COL15A1, and CCNE2 were upregulated in HCC tissues. Dual luciferase reporter assays showed that FOXD2-AS1 and STMN1 had a targeted binding relationship with miR-9-5p, but not with COL15A1 or CCNE2. The area under the curve of the candidate ceRNA array (FOXD2-AS1/miR-9-5p/STMN1/COL15A1/CCNE2) was higher than that of each member and ceRNA combination (FOXD2-AS1/miR-9-5p/STMN1). Conclusions The candidate ceRNA array formed by FOXD2-AS1/miR-9-5p/STMN1/COL15A1/CCNE2 could be a biomarker for early diagnosis and prognosis of HCC.

This study aimed to compare the effects of whole-body vibration on the biomechanics of a fused lumbar spine with different posterior stabilisers, including an interspinous process spacer (IPS) and a bilateral pedicle screw system (BPSS). A finite-element model of lumbar interbody fusion with an IPS or a BPSS at the L4–L5 level was constructed based on a healthy human whole lumbar spine. Transient dynamic and static analyses were employed to compute the dynamic responses of deformation and stress for the models to a sinusoidal axial vibration load of ±40 N and its corresponding static axial loads (−40 and 40 N), respectively. The results showed that for both the IPS and BPSS models, the vibration amplitudes of the responses were significantly higher than the corresponding changing amplitudes under static loads. The increasing effect of vibration load on endplate stress at L4–L5 reached 128.3 and 146.0% for the IPS and BPSS models, respectively. In contrast, the increasing effects of vibration load on disc bulge and annulus stress at adjacent L3–L4 were nearly the same for these two models. This indicates that the vibration sensitivity of a fused level is lower when using an IPS compared with that when using a BPSS, but there is no obvious difference in the vibration sensitivity of the adjacent level when using these two stabilisers.

A novel boronate-affinity molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction adsorbent is reported for the selective enrichment of luteolin.

Viscoelasticity is a generic characteristic of soft biotissues and polymeric materials, endowing them with unique time- and rate-dependent properties. Here, by spatiotemporally tailoring the viscoelasticity in tough supramolecular hydrogels, we demonstrate reprogrammable morphing of the gels based on differential viscoelastic recovery processes that lead to internal strain mismatch. The spatial heterogeneity of viscoelasticity is encoded through integrating dissimilar hydrogels or by site-specific treatment of a singular hydrogel. The temporal morphing behavior of tough gels, including a fast deformation process and then a slow shape-recovery process, is related to the kinetics of associative interactions and the entropic elasticity of supramolecular networks after pre-stretching and release, which takes place spontaneously in the absence of external stimuli. Such a kinetically driven morphing mechanism resolves the trade-off between the mechanical robustness and shape-changing speed in tough hydrogels with dense entanglements and physical associations, and should be applicable to other viscoelastic materials. A numerical theory for the temporal morphing of tough supramolecular gels has been formulated by dynamic coupling of viscoelastic recovery and mechanics of deformations, which is further implemented to predict the sophisticated morphed structures. Furthermore, magnetic particles are incorporated into the morphed tough hydrogels to devise versatile soft actuators and robots for specific applications.

In order to improve the measuring accuracy of the Hemispherical Resonator Gyro under variable temperature, aiming at the problem of "external temperature is unavailable and internal temperature is unmeasurable," a multiple regression based method is proposed for compensating temperature error in the gyro. The relationship between the internal temperature and the resonant frequency of the gyro is analyzed theoretically. According to a constant temperature experiment, a linear relationship between them is derived based on the least square method. The analysis of a temperature-rising experiment shows that the correlation of the gyro output with the internal temperature is much higher than that with the external temperature. Therefore, taking the resonant frequency as an independent variable, a multiple regression model is established for compensating the temperature error. The compensation effect of the model is verified by temperature-rising and temperature-dropping experiments, which show that the output sequence before compensation is not stable, while it is stable after compensation. After compensation, the drift of the gyro decreases by 62.76% and 48.48%, respectively, and its measuring accuracy becomes equivalent to that at the constant temperature. The experimental results verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the model developed for indirect compensation of temperature error.

Filchnerella huiningensis sp. nov. (Figs. a–h) Type material: Holotype: J, Taohuashan, Huining County, Gansu Province, China. 35°68 ‘N, 105°08 ‘E, 1944 m, 2006–VII–23, collected by Dao-Chuan Zhang and Yong-Chao Zhi. Paratypes: 6 J and 7 ♀, same as the holotype. Male (Figs. a–e) Body medium-sized (fig a), with hairs, especially on legs. Vertex short and wide, width between two eyes is about 3.9 times as wide as frontal ridge between bases of antennae, fastigial furrow present, dorsal side of head depressed, with granular and club-like projection, preocellar foveolae irregular. Frontal ridge distinct, with a groove along its whole length, between the bases of antennae slightly projecting forward, constructed slightly under ocellus, widened gently downwards, widen distinctly on base of labrum. Lateral facial carinae distinct, but invisible in dorsal view. Eyes small, near circle, subocular furrow 1.25 times vertical diameter in length. Antennae filiform, 18–19 segments, length nearly equal to the total length of head and pronotum, the length of a segment 2.3 times its width in the middle part. Pronotum rough, with short subuliform projection, anterior and posterior margin angled protruding, two very high projection in front part on lateral lobes (fig c), median carina elevated into lamellate, strongly incised on the posterior transverse groove, metazona 1.2 times prozona in length, median carina incised by the 2 transverse grooves in prozona, median carina of metazona arc-ike raised. Prosternum with a strong lamellate process on anterior margin, having obvious and shallow emarginate in the middle. Interspace of mesosternum lateral lobes trapezoid, the narrowest part wider 1.3 times than the broadest part of lateral lobes. Tegmina reaching the posterior margin of fifth abdominal tergite or middle of hind femur, length 2.5 times maximum width. Hind femur wide and compressed, length is 2.9 times the width of broadest part, upper median carina of hind femur serrated, with arc-like concave near apex of knee (fig d). Hind tibia with apical spine on inner and outer side, with 10 spines on external side and 8–9 spines on internal side (including apical spine). Arolium between claws of tarsus large, its apex reaching to the middle of claws. Tympanum organ developed, tympanal aperture expanded, tympanic flap small. Krause’s organ near triangle, with thinly rugose on surface. Abdomen with a row of tubercles in the middle. Epiproct near tongue-like, with longitudinal groove in the middle. Cercus long conical, curved inward. Subgenital plate short conical, apex acute (fig e). Epiphallus shield like, with 8–10 denticle on lateral plates, ancorae smaller (fig b). Female (figs. f–h) Body thick and larger than male. Vertex extremely wider, the width between two eyes is about 4.5 times as wide as frontal ridge between bases of antennae (fig g). Length of antennae shorter than the length of head and pronotum together. Tegmina lobi-form, dorsally widely separated, apex reaching or not the posterior margin of first abdominal tergite (fig h), not cover the Tympanum organ completely, slightly shorter than metazona of pronotum. Cercus short conical. Subgenital plate project at an angle in the middle of posterior margin. Ovipositor valves short, hooked, apex acute, outer margin of lower valve with concave near the apex (fig f). Coloration. Body filemot. Inner side of hind femur dark blue, lower margin red with slightly dark blue, upper margin black, red in pergendicular, inner knee lobe red. Inner side of hind tibia red on the base and end, dark blue on the middle. Measurements (in mm): Length of body: J18.7–21.6, ♀ 30.6–24.7. Length of pronotum: J5.4–7.7, ♀ 8.8–10.4. Length of tegmina: J6.3–8.3, ♀ 3.3–5.3. Length of hind femur: J10.1–11.8, ♀ 12.6–14.1. Diagnosis. The new species is allied to Filchnerella rubimargina Zheng, 1992. The major differences are in Table 1. Etymology. The specific epithet is named after Huining, the type locality.

Wang, Li, Chen, Jian-Yu, Li, Xin-Jiang (2023): A new species of the genus Filchnerella Karny, 1908 (Orthoptera: Acridoidea: Pamphagidae) from China. Zootaxa 5319 (1): 141-144, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5319.1.11, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5319.1.11

Mydaea apicinigra Wang, Li & Yang, sp. nov. Figs. 13–24 Diagnosis. Eyes with distinct but very short pile as long as distance between hairs. Frontal vitta linear; fronto-orbital plate touching each other at narrowest point of frons, as wide as anterior ocelli at narrowest point of frons. Scape and pedicel yellowish-brown, postpedicel black. Palpus yellow, but black at distal 1/4. acr 0+1; dc 2+4; kepst 1+2; pra slightly longer than npl. notopleuron with hairs. Legs yellow except tarsi black brown. Description. Male. Body length 6.1mm, wing length 5.8mm. Head (Fig. 16). Eyes with distinct but very short pile as long as distance between hairs. Frontal vitta linear; fronto-orbital plate touching each other, as wide as anterior ocelli at narrowest point of frons. Fronto-orbital plate and parafacials grey white pruinose in anterodorsal view. Parafacials 1/3 as wide as postpedicel. Scape and pedicel yellowish-brown, postpedicel black. Arista short plumose, the longest hair 1/4 as long as width of postpedicel. Frontal setae with 7 pairs, gradually weakened, on lower half of frons. Palpus yellow, but black at distal 1/4. Prementum 2/3 as long as palpus. Thorax (Fig. 13). Ground colour black, but postalar callus indistinctly dark brown. Scutellum yellow except dorsal surface basal black. Scutum with 4 vittae in postdorsal view, inner two reaching scutoscutellar suture. h 2; ph 1; pres 1; npl 2; sa 2; ial 0+2; pal 2; acr 0+1; dc 2+4; kepst 1+2; pra slightly longer than posterior npl. Notopleuron and katepisternum with hairs. Propleura, basisternum of prosternum, anepimeron, meron and metapleuron katepimeron bare. Lateral surface of scutellum with hairs, but ventral surface bare. sctl 4 pairs, basal and apical sctl strong; prebasal and subapical sctl weaker. Wings (Fig. 17). Yellowish to light brown. Tegula blackish brown, basicosta pale yellow. Costal spine small, 1/3 as long as r-m. Sc bow-shaped; m-m straight; M 1 straight, divergent with R 4+5 at apical part. Dorsal and ventral surfaces of radial node with setae. Calypters yellow transparent. Lower calypter tongue-shaped; halter knob yellowish white. Legs (Fig. 15). Yellow except tarsi black brown. Fore femur with complete rows of d, pd and pv; fore tibia with 1 median p. Mid femur with pv row, setae on basal half twice as long as on distal half; mid tibia with 2 p. Hind femur with a distinct row of av and ad; hind tibia 3 av and 1 ad. Abdomen (Fig. 14). Oviform. Black in ground color, without color shifting patch, with a very narrow median dark stripe. Sternite I bare. Sternite V as in figs. 18, 22. Terminalia (Figs. 19–24). Ground color deep yellow. Ejaculatory apodeme developed, clearly visible. Hypandrium spoon-like, not tubular. Phallapodeme strongly sclerotized, long and rod-like and slightly curved downwards. Pregonite with a protruding cusp. Upper part of aedeagus inflated; lower part of aedeagus sharp. Angle between phallapodeme and epiphallus about 180 degree. Postgonite and epiphallus almost the same length, weakly sclerotized on apical part. Postgonite curved downwards on apical part. Female. Body length 7.2mm, wing length 7.0mm. The other characteristics are the same as the male except for the following: eye with sparser hairs than in male; frons 5 times as wide as distance between outer margins of posterior ocellus. Ocellar triangle almost reaching anterior margin of frons, as wide as outer margins of posterior ocellus; frons distinct with 5 pairs of fr and 2 pair of orb, accompanied by some setulae; scutellum entire yellow; sctl 4 pairs all strong; abdomen without median dark stripe or patch. Type material. Holotype male (HAUST), CHINA: Qinghai, Haibei Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, menyuan county, xianmi village, 37°11′45″N, 102°11′7″E, 25. VII. 2022, 2665 m, leg. Chaoyang Kong. Paratypes, 1 female (HAUST), same data as holotype. Distribution. China (Qinghai). Remarks. This new species is similar to M. quinquiseta Xue, 2019, but different from the latter in the following points: eyes with hairs; scape and pedicel yellowish-brown, postpedicel black; palpus yellow, but black at distal 1/4; legs yellow except tarsi black brown; hind femur without pv. In M. quinquiseta, the antennae, palpi and legs are black; the hind femur has pv on basal half shorter than thickness of the hind femur. This new species is also similar to M. corni (Scopoli, 1763), but different from the latter in the following points: legs yellow except tarsi black brown; hind femur without pv. In M. corni, the legs are yellow except coxae, trochanters and tarsomeres black; and the hind femur has a complete row of pv (Gregor et al., 2016; Du et al., 2019). Etymology. The species name is from the Latin apici - (“apex”) and nigra (“black”), refers to the palpus yellow, but black at distal 1/4. Chinese name of the species: “ ȇḙnḁ ”.

Key to Chinese species of genus Hebecnema Schnabl, 1887 (males) The following key is mainly based on Xue et al. (2014), where 2 other species recorded in China (H. occidentalisinica (Feng, Shi & Li, 2005) and H. arcuatiabdomina (Feng & Fan, 2001)) and one new species were included. Hebecnema halterata Stein, 1910 has been excluded due to paucity of information on some important characters. 1. Eyes bare........................................................................................... 2 - Eyes with hairs....................................................................................... 5 2. Abdominal sternite I bare............................................................................... 3 - Abdominal sternite I with setulae...................................................... H. xishuicum Feng, 2009 3. Abdomen dark black; basicosta black..................................................................... 4 - Abdomen dark yellow; basicosta yellow.................................... H. arcuatiabdomina (Feng & Fan, 2001) 4. Calypters and halter yellow........................................................ H. vespertina (Fallén, 1823) - Calypters and halter brownish clouded (Fig. 3).................................. H. kongi Wang, Li & Yang, sp. nov. 5. Tibiae yellow to dark yellow............................................................................ 6 - Tibiae entirely black................................................................................... 8 6. Calypters yellowish white, not brown..................................................................... 7 - Calypters brownish clouded......................................................... H. fumosa (Meigen, 1826) 7. Eyes with short sparse hairs........................................... H. occidentalisinica (Feng, Shi & Li, 2005) - Eyes with long dense hairs............................................................ H. dasyopos Feng, 2009 8. Calypters light brown to brown.......................................................................... 9 - Calypters white......................................................................... H. alba Xue, 1983 9. Frons without orb.................................................................................... 10 - Frons with a pair of orb............................................................. H. manasicus Feng, 2009 10. Eyes with sparse ciliae; ial 0+3.................................................... H. umbratica (Meigen, 1826) - Eyes with dense ciliae; ial 0+2.......................................................................... 11 11. Arista short plumose; abdominal sternite Ⅰ with setulae.............................. H. coronata Feng & Wang, 2010 - Arista long plumose; abdominal sternite Ⅰ bare.......................................... H. invisifacies Feng, 2009

Wang, Yameng, Li, Wenliang, Li, Xin, Yang, Ding (2023): Two new species of the subfamily Mydaeinae (Diptera: Muscidae) from China. Zootaxa 5318 (4): 543-554, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5318.4.7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5318.4.7

Key to Chinese species of genus Mydaea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 (males) The following key is mainly based on Xue et al. (2014), where 7 other species recorded in China (M. adhesipeda Xue, 2019; M. corni (Scopoli, 1763); M. quinquiseta Xue, 2019; M. qingyuanensis Xue, 2019; M. combiniseriata Xue, 2019; M. wusuensis Xue, 2019 and M. xishuiensis Wei, 2005) and one new species were included. M. flavifemora Feng, 2000, M. jiuzhaigouensis Feng & Deng, 2001 and M. scolocerca Feng, 2000 were three junior synonymies and have been excluded. 1. dc 2+3.............................................................................................. 2 - dc 2+4.............................................................................................. 7 2. Femora yellow....................................................................................... 3 - Femora black........................................................................................ 4 3. Parafacial about 3/5 of postpedicel in width; the longest hair of arista subequal to width of postpedicel; pra about 1/3 of posterior npl; basicosta black; fore tibia without medial pv; hind femur with complete pv row.................................................................................................... M. bideserta Xue & Wang, 1992 - Parafacial about 1/3 of postpedicel in width; the longest hair of arista about 1/3 of postpedicel in width; pra longer than posterior npl; basicosta yellow; fore tibia with 1 medial pv; hind femur without pv....... M. jubiventera Feng & Deng, 2001 4. Hind femur with complete and developed pv row............................................................ 5 - Hind femur without pv............................................................... M. shuensis Feng, 2003 5. Frons subequal to antennal postpedicel in width; frontal vitta disappeared at middle................................ 6 - Frons about twice as wide as antennal postpedicel; frontal vitta about twice as wide as fronto-orbital plate......................................................................................... M. laxidetrita Xue & Wang, 1992 6. Eyes with dense hair; frons with complete fr; parafacial about twice as wide as antennal postpedicel............................................................................................... M. gansuensis (Ma & Wu, 1992) - Eyes bare; frons with partial fr; parafacial about half of antennal postpedicel in width........................................................................................................ M. franzosternita Xue & Tian, 2014 7. Scutellum yellow, or only distal part yellow................................................................. 8 - Scutellum dark black.................................................................................. 16 8. Hind femur without pv, or with pv at base at most............................................................ 9 - Hind femur with complete row of pv..................................................................... 11 9. Postpronotal lobe black................................................................................ 10 - Postpronotal lobe yellow........................................................... M. tinctoscutaris Xue, 1992 10. Palpi and legs black................................................................ M. quinquiseta Xue, 2019 - Palpi yellow, but black at distal 1/4; legs yellow except tarsi black brown (Fig. 15)..................................................................................................... M. apicinigra Wang, Li & Yang, sp. nov. 11. Anterior spiracle yellow............................................................................... 12 - Anterior spiracle fuscous.............................................................................. 14 12. acr 0+2............................................................................................ 13 - acr 0+1....................................................................... M. qingyuanensis Xue, 2019 13. Coxae and trochanters yellowish brown; hind femur with strong and complete row of pv........... M. gracilior Xue, 1992 - Coxae and trochanters black; hind femur with weak pv..................................... M. corni (Scopoli, 1763) 14. Coxae, trochanters of fore leg and all tarsi fuscous........................................................... 15 - All legs yellow............................................................... M. kangdinga Xue & Feng, 1992 15. Ventral surface of fore femur fuscous on basal half..................................... M. setifemur Ringdahl, 1924 - Ventral surface of fore femur yellow on basal half..................................... M. combiniseriata Xue, 2019 16. All legs entirely black................................................................................. 17 - Legs not as above.................................................................................... 19 17. Frons subequal to the distance between outer margins of posterior ocellus....................................... 18 - Frons subequal to 1.5 times as wide as anterior ocellus..................................... M. wusuensis Xue, 2019 18. Antennal arista ciliated, the longest hair subequal with antennal postpedicel in width; pra about 3/4 of npl; fore tibia with 1 medial p; hind femur with pv; abdomen with shifting patches......................... M. sinensis Ma, Wu & Cui, 1986 - Antennal arista plumose, the longest hair about 1.5 times as wide as postpedicel; pra about 1.3 times as long as npl; fore tibia without medial p; hind femur without pv; abdomen without shifting patch..................... M. ancilloides Xue, 1992 19. Hind femur, or hind and mid femora, or all femora yellow.................................................... 20 - All femora fuscous................................................................................... 30 20. Hind femur with pv row............................................................................... 21 - Hind femur without pv................................................................................ 25 21. pra about half of posterior npl in length; wing brown; basal half of hind femur with pv obviously..................... 22 - pra longer than posterior notopleural seta; wing yellow; hind femur with sparse and short pv........................ 23 22. Frons about 2.0–2.5 times as wide as anterior ocellus; hind tibia with 2 av.................. M. brunneipennis Wei, 1994 - Frons subequal with anterior ocellus in length; hind tibia with 1 av............................... M. nigra Wei, 1994 23. Frons less than 6 pairs of fr; pra longer than posterior npl; hind tibia with 2 av.................................... 24 - Frons with 10 pairs of fr; pra about 1.5–2.0 times as long as posterior npl; hind tibia with 3 av.... M. urbana (Meigen, 1826) 24. Tibia black brown; mid tibia with 3– 4 p.................................................. M. glaucina Wei, 1994 - Tibia yellow; mid tibia with 2 p............................................. M. minutiglaucina Xue & Tian, 2012 25. Frons about twice as wide as anterior ocellus; abdomen without shifting patch.................................... 26 - Frons subequal to anterior ocellus in width; abdomen with shifting patches.................... M. discocerca Feng, 2000 26. Antennal arista ciliated, the longest hair subequal to width of antennal postpedicel................................. 27 - Antennal arista short ciliated, the longest hair longer than width of antennal postpedicel............................ 29 27. Parafacial subequal to postpedicel in width................................................................ 28 - Parafacial about half of postpedicel in width................................................. M. brevis Wei, 1994 28. Basicosta dark brown; pra approximately 1.3 times as long as posterior npl; fore tibia without median p; ventral surface of fore tarsus without adhesive hairs (special hair-like setae modified for climbing or gripping, proposed by Du et al., 2019)................................................................................... M. fuchaoi Xue & Tian, 2012 - Basicosta yellow; pra shorter than posterior npl; fore tibia with 1 median p; ventral surface of fore tarsus with adhesive hairs................................................................................. M. adhesipeda Xue, 2019 29. Fore femur yellow; metapleuron bare............................................... M. nigribasicosta Xue, 1996 - Fore femur black at basal half; metapleuron with hairs....................................... M. affinis Meade, 1891 30. Hind femur with pv................................................................................... 31 - Hind femur without pv................................................................................ 33 31. Hind femur with complete pv row; tibia yellow............................................................. 32 - Hind femur with pv at basal half; tibia brown............................................... M. nubila Stein, 1916 32. Frons subequal to twice of anterior ocellus; hind tibia with 1 av and 2 ad..................... M. minor Ma & Wu, 1986 - Frons equal to the distance between outer margins of posterior ocellus; hind tibia with 2 av and 3 ad..................................................................................................... M. latielecta Xue, 1992 33. kepst 2+2........................................................................................... 34 - kepst 1+2......................................................................... M. xishuiensis Wei, 2005 34. Frons subequal to the distance between outer margins of posterior ocellus; the longest aristal hair 2 times as wide as antennal postpedicel; tibia yellow; hind tibia with 1 av.................................... M. emeishanna Feng & Deng, 2001 - Frons about 1.6–2 times of anterior ocellus; the longest aristal hair about equal to antennal postpedicel in width; tibia brown to dark brown; hind tibia with 2–3 av..................................................... M. subelecta Feng, 2000

Hebecnema kongi Wang, Li & Yang, sp. nov. Figs. 1–12 Diagnosis. Eyes bare. acr 5+6; presut acr in 4 regular rows, setae of outer rows twice as long as small setulae of the inner rows. Distance between outer rows of presut acr equal to their distance to adjacent dc rows. Wings brown; tegula and basicosta black. Calypters light brown, halter brownish clouded. Legs black except hind tibia dark ochre yellow. Description. Male. Body length 4.1–5.1mm, wing length 4.9–5.7mm. Head (Fig. 4). Antennae black, with grey brown pruinosity. Palpi, frontal vitta and fronto-orbital plates black, without pruinosity. Eyes bare. Frontal vitta about half as wide as anterior ocellus at narrowest point of frons. Fronto-orbital plate 1/4 as wide as anterior ocellus. Parafacials grey brown pruinose in anterodorsal view, 2/5 of postpedicel in width. Fronto-orbital plate flat, parafacial invisible in lateral view. Postpedicel approximately 3 times as long as wide. Arista plumose, the longest hair 1.2 times as long as width of postpedicel. fr with 5 strong pairs and 2 extremely weak pairs, on lower 2/3 of frons; oc about 2.5 times as long as distance between outer margins of posterior ocellus. Thorax (Fig. 1). Entirely black; h 2; ph 1; pres 1; npl 2; sa 2; ial 0+2; pal 2; acr 5+6; presut acr in 4 regular rows, setae of outer rows twice as long as small setulae of inner rows; distance between outer rows of presut acr equal to their distance to adjacent dc rows; dc 2+4; kepst 2+2 (the one below front weak); pra absent. Katepisternum with setae. Basisternum of prosternum, notopleuron, anepimeron, meron, metapleuron, and katepimeron bare. sctl 4 pairs; basal and apical sctl strong; prebasal and subapical sctl weaker. Wings (Fig. 5). Brown; the outer and posterior edges more pale. Tegula and basicosta black. Veins bare except C; Sc bow-shaped, M 1 and m-m straight. Calypters light brown, distinctly paler than wing; halter brownish clouded. Lower calypter tongue-shaped. Legs (Fig. 3). Black except ventral surface of hind tibia dark ochre yellow. Fore femur with complete rows of pd and pv respectively; fore tibia without median p. Mid femur with 4 pv at the base; mid tibia with 2 p. Hind femur with complete row of ad and 4 av; hind tibia without pd, but with 1 ad and 2 av. Abdomen (Fig. 2). Oviform. Black in ground color neither patch nor median dark stripe present. Sternite I bare. Sternite V as in figs. 6, 10. Terminalia (Figs. 7–12). Ground black. Lateral lobes of cerci wide and gradually tapering downwards, about 1/4 of the total length in posterior view. Cerci thick and bending forward, but sharp at bottom in lateral view. Surstylus thick, slightly curved backward in lateral view. Hypandrium spoon like, not tubular. Phallapodeme long and rod-like. Phallapodeme and pregonite strongly sclerotized. Angle between phallapodeme and epiphallus about 180 degrees. Postgonite shorter than epiphallus. Epiphallus slightly downwards curved and weakly sclerotized on apical part. Female. Body length 3.9-5.0 mm, wing length 3.9-5.2mm. The other characteristics are the same with the male except for the following: frons 3 times as wide as distance between outer margins of posterior ocelli; parafacials 1/3 as wide as width of postpedicel; frons with 3 pairs of fr and 2 pair of orb, accompanied by some setulae; ocellar triangle reaching anterior margin of frons; acr 3–4+6; wings hyaline, not clouded; Calypters pale yellow; all tibiae yellowish-brown, the rest black. Type material. Holotype male (HAUST), CHINA: Zhejiang Province, Lishui City, Jingning County, Wangdongyang Nature Reserve, 27°41′20″N, 119°38′9″E, 24. IV. 2021, 1290.8 m, leg. Chaoyang Kong. Paratypes, 4 males and 3females (HAUST), same data as holotype. Distribution. China (Zhejiang). Remarks. This new species is similar to H.vespertina (Fallén, 1823), but different from the latter in the following points: kepst 2+2; halter brownish clouded; lateral lobes of cerci wider in posterior view; surstylus slightly curved backward in lateral view. In H.vespertina kepst is 1+2; the halter yellow; lateral lobes of cerci are slender in posterior view; and the surstylus is straight downward in lateral view (Gregor et al., 2016; Michelsen, 2019). Etymology. The species named after the collector Chaoyang Kong. Chinese name of the species: “ fikfss ḁ ”.

Melanocortin 3 and 4 receptors are two important neural G protein-coupled receptors that regulate energy homeostasis in vertebrates. Melanocortin receptor accessory protein 2 (MRAP2) is also involved in the regulation of food intake and body weight as a variable regulator of melanocortin receptors. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is a valuable cold-water fish cultured worldwide. In the rainbow trout model, we cloned and identified mrap2a, a paralog of mrap2. Rainbow trout mrap2a consisted of a 690 bp ORF and was expected to encode a putative protein of 229 amino acids. The qPCR results showed that rainbow trout mrap2a was expressed at high levels in brain tissue similar to mc3r and mc4r. In addition, co-immunoprecipitation verified that MRAP2a interacts with MC3R and MC4R in vitro and that MRAP2a is involved in and regulates the constitutive activity and signaling of MC3R and MC4R. MRAP2a reduced constitutive and agonist-stimulated cAMP levels of MC3R; furthermore, MRAP2a increased constitutive ERK1/2 activation but reduced ligand-induced stimulation at high levels of expression. For MC4R, MRAP2a showed decreased cAMP basal activity but increased agonist-stimulated cAMP signaling and increased ACTH ligand sensitivity. However, MRAP2a failed to affect MC4R constitutive activity and agonist-induced ERK1/2 signaling. Undoubtedly, our study will have great significance for revealing the conserved role of MC4R and MC3R signaling in teleost fish, especially in cold-water fish growth and energy homeostasis.

This study aims to find out the possible optimal therapy and assess the prognosis properly for patient with spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was used to study the data from 325 patients with ruptured HCC (RHCC) and 2,291 patients with non-RHCC.The incidence and hospital mortality of RHCC were 5.1% and 0.8% respectively, with a median overall survival (OS) time of 17 months. There was no difference between ruptured and non-RHCC patients undergoing conservation treatment in terms of OS. Trans-arterial embolization (TAE) was carried out in 69 (21.2%) cases with RHCC, with a median OS of 7 months, which was no difference from that of non-RHCC (pre- and post-PSM). One hundred and sixty-nine (52.0%) RHCC cases underwent one-stage hepatectomy, with a median OS and disease-free survival (DFS) of 30 and 6 months respectively, which were shorter than that of non-RHCC (post-PSM). TAE plus two-stage hepatectomy was performed in 30 RHCC cases, with a median OS and DFS of 28 and 10 months respectively; these outcomes were better than that from RHCC patients undergoing TAE alone or one-stage hepatectomy (post-PSM), which were no difference from that of non-RHCC patients undergoing hepatectomy. The risk of death for RHCC patient undergoing one-stage hepatectomy is 1.545 times higher than that of one undergoing TAE + two-stage hepatectomy.TAE plus two-stage hepatectomy might be the optimal treatment for RHCC patient. Under the premise of the same pathological properties, there is no difference in prognosis between ruptured and non-RHCC patients if the therapy is appropriate.

The objective of this paper is to propose a new inductorless bidirectional switched-capacitor power electronics transformer (IBSCX) for low-power commercial and residential applications. The proposed IBSCX is composed of multiple switched-capacitor converters (SCCs) and two bidirectional unfolders. Compared to the traditional solution which is the employment of a low-frequency transformer, the advantages of the proposed IBSCX include control circuit simplicity, high conversion efficiency, and volume and weight reduction for low power applications. The principle of operation, voltage gain analysis, and design methodology are described in this paper. Also, with the interleaved operation between SCCs, the output current ripple can be reduced. Finally, the computer simulations and hardware experimental results are shown to verify the performance of the proposed IBSCX. A prototype IBSCX is built and tested, and the peak and rated power conversion efficiency are 98.26% and 97.95%, respectively.

Many previous studies have found that occupational drivers commonly suffered from low back pain, and low back pain and degeneration of the intervertebral disc might be associated with vibration conditions. However, the biomechanical mechanisms of whole-body vibration that caused pain and injury were not clear. In this study, a validated whole human body finite element model was used, and vibration loads at frequencies of 3, 5, 7 and 9 Hz were loaded to evaluate the frequency effects on the spine. The results showed that the responses of the spine were strong at the 5 Hz vibration load. Vibration loads would produce alternating stresses and bulges in the annulus fibrosus and change the direction of the pressure in the nucleus pulposus. The posterior region of the intervertebral disc showed greater stress fluctuations than the anterior region. The Risk Factors showed that long-term exposure to whole-body vibrations at 5 and 7 Hz might have greater adverse effects on the spine. The findings of this study confirmed that vibrations near the resonance frequency of the human body would cause more injuries to the spine than other frequencies. Alternating stress and bulge might cause fatigue and the degeneration of the intervertebral disc, which might be the mechanisms of spinal injury caused by whole-body vibration, and the posterior regions of the intervertebral disc were more susceptible to degeneration. Some appropriate measures should be taken to reduce the adverse effects of whole-body vibration on spinal health.

Objective: The focus of this study was the six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 4 (STEAP4) gene, on the basis of the cloned goat STEAP4 gene sequence. Its molecular and expression characteristics were analyzed, and its influence on the differentiation of goat subcutaneous adipocytes was explored through overexpression. Method: Reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) was used to clone the goat STEAP4 sequence, and online tools were used to analyze the molecular characteristic. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to detect the expression level of STEAP4 in goat tissues and subcutaneous adipocyte differentiation. Liposome transfection, BODIPY, Oil Red O staining, and qPCR were used to explore the effect of overexpression of STEAP4 on adipocyte differentiation. Results: The cloned goat STEAP4 gene sequence was 1388 bp, and the complete coding sequence (CDS) region was 1197 bp, which encoded a total of 398 amino acids. Compared with the predicted sequence (XM_005679300.3), there were three base mutations in the CDS region of goat STEAP4, A188G, T281C, and A507G. Among them, A507G changed the amino acid at position 170 from Ile to Val. Analysis of the physical and chemical properties of the protein showed that STEAP4 was a stable hydrophilic basic protein. STEAP4 gene expression level was highest in goat liver tissue (P), followed by lung and back subcutaneous adipose tissue. STEAP4 showed different expression levels in goat subcutaneous adipocytes at different times during the induction of differentiation. The expression in the late stage of differentiation was higher than that before differentiation and lowest at 12 h (P). Overexpression of STEAP4 promoted the accumulation of intracellular lipid droplets; C/EBPβ (CCAAT enhancer binding protein) was extremely significantly up-regulated (P), and aP2 (fatty acid binding protein) was significantly up-regulated (P). Conclusion: Overexpression of STEAP4 could promote the differentiation of goat subcutaneous preadipocytes. This study lays the foundation for an in-depth study of the role of STEAP4 in goat lipid deposition.

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is increasingly threatening people in almost every country physically and economically. The treatment methods for delaying cognitive decline in Chinese Medicine are comprehensive and diverse. This paper is intended to illustrate the etiology and pathogenesis of AD from the perspective of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and categorizes treatments available for AD in Chinese medicine. It is aimed at clarifying the treatment ideas and methods for AD and providing new references for clinical treatment.

The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) specimen with thickness in nanometer scale is susceptible to hydrocarbon contamination and oxidation, and the specimen holder is also susceptible to contaminants, which would deteriorate the quality of TEM imaging and degrade the efficiency of TEM experiments. Conventional pretreatment devices often have limited functions and low practicability, which may cause problems for TEM specimens and holders. In this work, a multifunctional apparatus for plasma cleaning and storage of TEM specimens and specimen holders is developed based on the specific design of the vacuum joints. The apparatus includes a plasma cleaning system, holder storage station, and specimen storage station, which share the same vacuum system. The cleaning of hydrocarbon contaminants on the specimen and storage of the specimens and holders can be achieved simultaneously in this apparatus. TEM imaging and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analyses of two treated specimens using the apparatus demonstrated that it could effectively remove hydrocarbon contaminants on the specimen. The holder storage station, used to preserve TEM holders in vacuum conditions, can also be modified as a specimen storage station by an appropriate design of the specimen storage platform, in which specimens are protected from water and contaminations. The designed apparatus not only robustly avoids damage to the ultrathin specimen and holders but also improves the working efficiency and reduces costs. These advantages could make our apparatus more appealing for the complement to the present commercial plasma cleaning and storage devices. HIGHLIGHTS: An apparatus for the pretreatment of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) specimens and specimen holders with three functions-plasma cleaning, holder storage, and specimen storage-was designed and fabricated. Using this single apparatus, the cleaning of hydrocarbon contaminants on the specimen and storage of the specimens and holders can be achieved simultaneously. The designed apparatus can not only robustly avoid damage to the ultrathin specimen and holders but also improve the working efficiency and reduce costs by adopting a single vacuum system. These advantages could make our apparatus more appealing for the complement to the present commercial plasma cleaning and storage devices.