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Additional file 5: Fig. S4. Spline curves for the hazard ratio of 1-year all-cause mortality according to glucose variability. Glycemic variability was presented by (A) standard deviation (SD) of serum glucose levels and (B) coefficient of variation (CoV) of serum glucose levels.

Additional file 2: Fig. S1. Scatter plot of the blood glucose level of all subjects (at the time of admission, minimum, maximum values during hospitalization, and at discharge, respectively).

Additional file 4: Fig. S3. Scatter plots of the blood glucose level of the subjects (at the time of admission, minimum, maximum values during hospitalization, and at discharge, respectively) according to the use of insulin during hospitalization were presented. The plot on the left is a plot of patients who used insulin, and the plot on the right is a plot of patients who did not use insulin.

Additional file 1: Additional Tables.

Additional file 1: Supplementary Table S1. Definition of socio-medical risk factors.

Additional file 1. Supplementary Figures and Tables.

Additional file 3: Fig. S2. Scatter plots of the blood glucose level of the subjects (at the time of admission, minimum, maximum values during hospitalization, and at discharge, respectively) according to the presence of diabetes were presented. The plot on the left is for diabetic patients, and the plot on the right is for non-diabetic patients.

Objectives The objective of this study was to estimate the risk of lung cancer in relation to angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) use among patients with hypertension from the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Health Screening Cohort. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients with hypertension who started to take antihypertensive medications and had a treatment period of at least 6 months. We calculated the weighted hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of lung cancer associated with ARB use compared with calcium channel blocker (CCB) use using inverse probability treatment weighting. Results Among a total of 60 469 subjects with a median follow-up time of 7.8 years, 476 cases of lung cancer were identified. ARB use had a protective effect on lung cancer compared with CCB use (HR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.59 to 0.96). Consistent findings were found in analyses considering patients who changed or discontinued their medication (HR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.32 to 0.77), as well as for women (HR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.34 to 0.93), patients without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (HR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.56 to 1.00), never-smokers (HR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.42 to 0.99), and non-drinkers (HR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.49 to 0.97). In analyses with different comparison antihypertensive medications, the overall protective effects of ARBs on lung cancer risk remained consistent. Conclusions The results of the present study suggest that ARBs could decrease the risk of lung cancer. More evidence is needed to establish the causal effect of ARBs on the incidence of lung cancer.

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Flow chart for study subject selection. Table S1. Composition of the oral hypoglycemic medication for the OHA-only group and both OHAs and insulin group. Table S2. Insulin treatment in KorAHF registry. Table S3. Mortality rates according to hypoglycemic therapy among the patients with diabetes and heart failure. Table S4. Association between diabetes therapy and overall mortality according to age in the pseudo-cohort. Table S5. Association between diabetes therapy and overall mortality according to sex in the pseudo-cohort. Table S6. Association between diabetes therapy and overall mortality according to ischemic etiology in the pseudo-cohort. Table S7. Association between diabetes therapy and overall mortality according to left ventricular ejection fraction in the pseudo-cohort. Table S8. Association between diabetes therapy and overall mortality according to glycated hemoglobin levels in the pseudo-cohort. Table S9. Association between diabetes therapy and overall mortality according to severity of heart failure in the pseudo-cohort. Table S10. Overall mortality according to diabetes therapy in stratified population by diabetes mellitus medication in the weighted pseudo-cohort.

Antihypertensive drugs are one of the most widely used pharmacologic agent in the world and it is predominantly used in the elderly subjects. Pneumonia is the most common cause of death in the extremely old subject. During infection and its complication such as sepsis, hypotension could be exacerbated by antihypertensive drugs because homeostasis mechanisms such as sodium balance, renin angiotensin aldosterone system and/or sympathetic nervous system can be mitigated by antihypertensive drug therapy. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-1 and 2 viral surface protein is known to attach angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on the cell membrane to facilitate viral entry into the cytoplasm. Despite the theoretical concerns of increased ACE2 expression by Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system (RAS) blockade, there is no evidence that RAS inhibitors are harmful during COVID-19 infection and have in fact been shown to be beneficial in animal studies. Therefore, it is recommended to maintain RAS blockade during the current corona virus pandemic.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of extruded pellet (EP) diets, as compared to a raw fish moist pellet (MP) diet for olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, grown in commercial-scale aquaculture for 1 year. Four diets with duplication per diet were formulated for this experiment: two experimental EP diets (EP1 and EP2), one commercial EP diet (CEP), and a raw fish MP diet (MP). The MP diet consisted of 80% frozen horse mackerel and 20% commercial binder meal. Fish weighing () were distributed randomly to each aquarium as a group of 2,600 fish. Weight gain (WG) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) of fish fed EP2 and MP were higher (P0.05) from those fed EP2 and MP. However, fish fed the MP diet had a higher survival rate than fish fed the other diets. Fish fed EP2 had higher serum, phospholipids and total protein levels, and lower levels of serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), and total cholesterol than fish fed MP (P0.05). These results strongly suggest that EP1 could be developed to replace MP for grow-out stage production of olive flounder without adverse effects on growth performance.