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As a dynamic system, an individual's personality is both relatively stable in aggregate and variable (or adaptive) across time and contexts. The dynamic expression of personality is multivariate. At a given time point, the levels of each state (e.g., scores on personality indicators) can be encapsulated in a personality profile. Previous research has used latent profile analysis (LPA) to identify subgroups of personality profiles (or classes) within a sample (Merz & Roesch, 2011). This approach assumes a singular static profile for each individual, which ignores that a person varies in the expression of their personality according to specific situations or interoceptive emotions. Using experience sampling data (N = ~150, total assessments = ~8,000) that assessed Big Five personality states and DIAMONDS situation characteristics, we will apply LPA to each participant’s time series. Each time point is considered as a potential class with a unique profile of personality states. To explore the individual's person - situation relationship, we will also examine the contemporaneous associations between extracted profiles and DIAMONDS responses.

Hofbauer cells (HBCs) are a population of macrophages found in high abundance within the stroma of the first-trimester human placenta. HBCs are the only fetal immune cell population within the stroma of healthy placenta. However, the functional properties of these cells are poorly described. Aligning with their predicted origin via primitive hematopoiesis, we find that HBCs are transcriptionally similar to yolk sac macrophages. Phenotypically, HBCs can be identified as HLA-DR-FOLR2+ macrophages. We identify a number of factors that HBCs secrete (including OPN and MMP-9) that could affect placental angiogenesis and remodeling. We determine that HBCs have the capacity to play a defensive role, where they are responsive to Toll-like receptor stimulation and are microbicidal. Finally, we also identify a population of placenta-associated maternal macrophages (PAMM1a) that adhere to the placental surface and express factors, such as fibronectin, that may aid in repair.

Mitigating frost on heat exchanger coils is key for developing high-efficiency heat pumps and enabling the widespread adoption of cold-climate heat pumps. Frost reduces heat exchanger (HX) performance by impeding airflow and adding thermal resistance, therefore taxing the system to consume more energy to satisfy temperature setpoints. Accordingly, heat pump systems have defrost cycles, which typically involve electrical heaters or hot-gas bypass systems, that consume extra energy to melt away the impeding frost/ice layer on coils. As presented in prior literature, enhanced HX surfaces (such as louvered fins or increased fin density) can accelerate frost development and thus have faster performance degradation through increased pressure drop across the coils. Thus, non-enhanced fin surfaces (such as wavy fins) with low fin densities, are typically employed in HVAC systems to minimize frosting impacts, however resulting in less compact units with lower performance under dry conditions. An alternative solution could be the use of durable superhydrophobic/icephobic coatings. This paper presents a systematic approach for testing various coatings for their viability to mitigate frost on Tube-Fin HXs. The tests shown in this paper were used as preliminary screening tests to identify coatings for a more comprehensive frost development assessment. Aluminum fin stock samples were coated by several coating vendors for understanding their hydrophobicity, icephobicity, and durability. This involved (a) an ice adhesion test to measure the maximum amount of shear force required to remove ice from the surface; (b) cyclic corrosion testing (CCT-4 standard) while qualitatively monitoring wear; (c) adhesion testing (ASTM D3359 standard) to further understand the coating-substrate bond strength; and (d) post-corrosion ice adhesion tests to characterize durability and potential performance of coatings over time in real-world environments. While most coatings maintained their wettability state after being placed in the corrosion chamber for over 1000 hours, qualitative wear and performance was shown to vary between different coatings of different chemical compositions. Variances in additives and base chemistries were shown to impact the long-term performance of the coatings. Selected coatings were then identified for a more comprehensive frost development assessment in a temperature and humidity-controlled wind-tunnel.

Additional file 1. Definitions of terms used to collect data

Supplemental material, Antimicrobial_Stewardship_Tool_-_Resubmission_Appendix for Developing a Tool for Prospective Assessment of Treatment Appropriateness in Urinary Tract Infections by Nina Bredenkamp, Kevin Afra, Ivy Chow, Colin Lee and Vivian W. Y. Leung in Hospital Pharmacy

The exploitation and protection of natural and environmental resources have posed a growing challenge to cross-border regions. In this paper, a methodological study in relation to the sustainable development of cross-border regions is conducted. Our particular interest focuses on the locational characteristics of cross-border regions as well as their economic implications to the cross-border governments. Based on a sustainable development model from which the optimal outputs of different kinds of border-regions can be derived, we try to methodologically help cross-border governments to reach a final agreement of sustainable development of natural and environmental resources. It is concluded that the methods by which the net benefits among the sub-regions can be redistributed may be: 1) to equalize the absolute values of net benefit among all sub-regions concerned; and 2) to equalize the relative values of net benefit among all sub-regions concerned.

This study continues a previous face recognition investigation using uncooled infrared technology. The database developed in an earlier study is further expanded to include 50 volunteers with 30 facial images from each subject. The automatic image reduction method reduces the pixel size of each image from 160 120 to 60 45 . The study reexamines two linear classification methods: the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Fisher Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). Both PCA and LDA apply eigenvectors and eigenvalues concepts. In addition, the Singular Value Decomposition based Snapshot method is applied to decrease the computational load. The K-fold Cross Validation is applied to estimate classification performances. Results indicate that the best PCA-based method (using all eigenvectors) produces an average classification performance equal to 79.22%. Incorporated with PCA for dimension reduction, the LDA-based method achieves 94.58% accuracy in average classification performance. Additional testing on unfocused images produces no significant impact on the overall classification performance. Overall results again confirm uncooled IR imaging can be used to identify individual subjects in a constrained indoor environment. http://archive.org/details/infraredfacereco109451553 Lieutenant, United States Navy Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

A tomato fruit cDNA library was differentially screened to identify mRNAs present at higher levels in fruit of the tomato ripening mutant rin (ripening inhibitor). Complete sequencing of a unique clone ERT D1 revealed an open reading frame with homology to several glutamate decarboxylases. The deduced polypeptide sequence has 80% overall amino acid sequence similarity to a Petunia hybrida glutamate decarboxylase (petGAD) which carries a calmodulin-binding site at its carboxyl terminus and ERT D1 appears to have a similar domain. ERT D1 mRNA levels peaked at the first visible sign of fruit colour change during normal tomato ripening and then declined, whereas in fruit of the ripening impaired mutant, rin, accumulation of this mRNA continued until at least 14 days after the onset of ripening. This mRNA was present at much lower levels in other tissues, such as leaves, roots and stem, and was not increased by wounding. Possible roles for GAD, and its product gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in fruit, are discussed.

The value of the concept of 'school' in metascience is examined with reference to the 'Chicago School, of sociology during the period from 1900 to 1952. The notion of school is widely used by sociologists in accounting for developments within their discipline. However, the use of schools as a framework for documenting and interpreting the history of sociology tends to obscure the complexity and variety of intellectual development. Five myths about the 'Chicago School' are identified: that its members were social ameliorists; that they were primarily ethnographers; that they exhibited little concern with theory; that they were heavily reliant on a framework provided by the social psychological perspective of George Herbert Mead; and that they were an insular group with little direct involvement in, or long term impact on, the development of sociology in the United States. It is argued that sociological work at the University of Chicago was an integral part of American sociology throughout the period under study and that the 'Chicago School' did not display a distinct set of theoretical and methodological ideas. What was common to the the members of the sociology department of the University of Chicago was in large part also typical of American sociology as a whole. In the light of this empirical study, the potential of the metascientific models proposed by Mullins (1973) and Tiryakian (1979a, 1979b) is examined in detail both in terms of their theoretical underpinnings and their approach to the case study material. 'Doubt is cast on the value of these models and the implications of this for a 'schools' or 'unit approach' to metascience are considered. It is suggested that a schools approach which concentrates on the knowledge transformative processes within a school rather than on identifying schools with a distinct set of ideas might be a more profitable way of developing a theory of the production of sociological knowledge and would be less likely to perpetrate myths.

The meninges encase the brain and spinal cord and house a variety of immune cells, including developing and mature B cells, and antibody-secreting plasma cells. In homeostasis, these cells localize around the dural venous sinuses, providing a defense 'zone' to protect the brain and spinal cord from blood-borne pathogens. Dural plasma cells predominantly secrete IgA antibodies, and some originate from the gastrointestinal tract, with the number and antibody isotype shaped by the gut microbiome. For developing B cells arriving from the adjacent bone marrow, the dura provides a site to tolerize against central nervous system antigens. In this review, we will discuss our current understanding of meningeal humoral immunity in homeostasis.

IgG antibodies form immune complexes (IC) that propagate inflammation and tissue damage in autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus. IgG IC engage Fcγ receptors (FcγR) on mononuclear phagocytes (MNP), leading to widespread changes in gene expression that mediate antibody effector function. Bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) proteins are involved in governing gene transcription. We investigated the capacity of BET protein inhibitors (iBET) to alter IgG FcγR-mediated MNP activation. We found that iBET dampened IgG IC-induced pro-inflammatory gene expression and decreased activating FcγR expression on MNPs, reducing their ability to respond to IgG IC. Despite FcγR downregulation, iBET-treated macrophages demonstrated increased phagocytosis of protein antigen, IgG IC, and apoptotic cells. iBET also altered cell morphology, generating more amoeboid MNPs with reduced adhesion. iBET treatment impaired chemotaxis towards a CCL19 gradient in IC-stimulated dendritic cells (DC) in vitro, and inhibited IC-induced DC migration to draining lymph nodes in vivo, in a DC-intrinsic manner. Altogether, our data show that iBET modulates FcγR-mediated MNP activation and migration, revealing the therapeutic potential of BET protein inhibition in antibody-mediated diseases.