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The 15-Minute city concept emerged as a response to the hyper-motorized city. First popularized by the Mayor of Paris in 2020, 15-Minute City is an evolving concept that derived from its predecessors such as neighborhood-unit planning and walkable city. This paper explores the implementation of the 15-Minute City concept in city planning by using Singapore as the case study. In 2018, Singapore released its Land Transport Master Plan 2040 and which includes an ambitious concept of 20-Minute Towns and a 45-Minute City (2MT45MC) and has similar ideas to the 15-Minute City concept. Through various journal articles and media coverage, Singapore’s policy and regulation regarding its transport planning were thoroughly reviewed to find Singapore’s strategy and challenges in realizing the objective of its 2MT45MC concept. Normalizing active mobility and enhancing connectivity nationwide are the main strategies to overcome the biggest challenges faced: lack of legal backing in personal mobility devices and the country’s rigid zoning. Even though it is too early to say whether 2MT45MC is achievable or not, projects such as the North-South Corridor show that for a long-term plan, it seems feasible.

Large greenhouse gas reductions are possible with a fully decarbonised grid and electric land transport. Additional electric load could pose a significant challenge to a grid with high levels of variable and non-dispatchable renewable energy sources. This scenario is not well-examined, nor is the use of pumped hydro energy storage for low-cost energy balancing. In this paper, we investigate the electrification of land transport within a photovoltaics and wind dominated 100% renewable electricity system. Only technologies that are deployed at scale and widely available globally are considered, namely photovoltaics, wind, battery electric vehicles, high voltage transmission, and pumped hydro. As a case study we present an hourly energy balance analysis of the Australian National Electricity Market with 100% renewables and 100% uptake of electric vehicles for land transport. The cost of the system is determined by occasional periods (days-weeks) of low renewable generation, and therefore only weakly dependent on the charging regime. The 40% increase in electricity demand due to electric land transport can be incorporated with a 4%–8% increase in the levelized cost of electricity. An exception occurs if most passenger vehicle charging occurs during the evening peak period, in which case the average price increases by about 18%.

The process of development of the land transport system — postal and zemstvo tracts, volost roads, railway communication is considered. The degree of influence of the transport component on the development of the rural settlement network of the Tomsk Uyezd (district-union) in the Tomsk Province in the second half of the 19th — first quarter of the 20th century is estimated. The author shows the role and significance of the Moscow-Siberian, Tomsk-Kuznetsk, Tomsk-Barnaul, Barnaul-Kolyvansky, Narymsky tracts, local volost roads, as well as the Trans-Siberian Railway on the process of formation of a group of rural settlements of peasant and “foreign” volosts of the Tomsk Uyezd. The work focused on cartographic materials of the corresponding period, as well as a schematic cartographic model of the key transport communications of the northern, central and southern groups of parishes. According to the author, the basis of the land transport network was formed at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. In the 1920s, there was only a modernization of the already established lines of communication., Рассматривается процесс развития сухопутной транспортной системы — почтовые и земские тракты, волостные дороги, железнодорожное сообщение. Оценивается степень влияния транспортной составляющей на процесс развития сельской поселенческой сети Томского округа-уезда Томской губернии во второй половине XIX — первой четверти XX в. Автором показаны роль и значение Московско-Сибирского, Томско-Кузнецкого, Томско-Барнаульского, Барнаульско-Колыванского, Нарымского трактов, местных волостных дорог, а также Транссибирской магистрали на процесс становления группы сельских поселений крестьянских и «инородческих» волостей Томского округа-уезда. В ходе работы был сделан акцент на картографические материалы соответствующего периода, а также составлена схематичная картографическая модель ключевых транспортных коммуникаций северных, центральных и южных групп волостей. По мнению автора статьи, основа сухопутной транспортной сети была сформирована на рубеже XIX-XX вв. В 1920-е гг. происходила лишь модернизация уже сложившихся направлений путей сообщения.

In March of 1986, the United Arab Emirates established a federal law to regulate heavy commercial vehicle's maximum weight limits, which was deactivated a few years after its implementation. As a result, the overloading rates by land transport operators (LTO) have increased over the years due to the lack of an effective regulatory framework. In the commuting system, an overload is defined as a load that exceeds the legal truckload limit and varies by the truck types specified by the number of axles. The overloaded heavy trucks negatively affect the road infrastructure by placing undue pressure on the road leading to severe damages. This research assesses the impact of overloaded heavy trucks in Abu Dhabi by conducting a trend analysis using Weigh-In-Motion data. Also, the study examines the behavior of these operators towards overloading using survey responses. The study contributes towards preserving the Emirate's road infrastructure and enhancing road user's safety and heavy truck operations. The results reveal 61% of trucks that passed through the weigh-in-motion stations were overloaded, and winter months reported the highest violations. Individual LTOs reported their perceived concerns about implementing the weight limit law and adapting to the law if implemented. A framework of activities is proposed for effective formulation and implementation of the weight limit law for all road user's safety in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi.

Ensuring mobility and the necessary volume of transportation is one of the basic conditions for the functioning of the economy. The potential threat to existing transport systems is therefore an area that needs increased attention. The complexity of modern transportation is due to its increasing frequency, the expansion of transport routes, as well as the increase in the number of actors involved in their implementation, which places ever greater demands on their mutual coordination. It is necessary to constantly monitor the progress of transportation, to identify and assess the risks that may affect them. Insufficient attention to this issue can lead to time and material losses, in the worst case, the death of their participants, or to the high financial costs required to rebuild the disrupted system. Transport is an open system in which more and more people are working, whether transported or involved in its organization, which increases the possibility of their failure and facilitates the possibility of attack. Strict application of risk management, assessment and, if necessary, implementation of necessary measures can lead to protection of high-value assets. At present, we already commonly encounter concepts such as the intelligent transport route or the autonomous means of transport. All these circumstances, as well as the importance of transport, which we could compare to blood circulation of the state's economy, make it a possible target for various types of attacks. Cyber threats and attacks are becoming more and more relevant today. Such an attack is characterized by a relatively low level of threat to the attacker himself and a possible high level of damage if it is successful.

In addition to designing and implementing preventive measures through the risk assessment and management approach, comprehensive and accurate investigation of rail and road hazmat transportation accidents (RRHTA) is an undeniable necessity to reduce the risk of them. The first step in this direction is to find the root causes. This will only be possible by using the right techniques. In this study, using a framework based on literature review, fuzzy logic and Topsis method, a comprehensive technique was developed to investigate the RRHTA. Depending on the studies performed to identify appropriate criteria for comparing techniques of incident analysis, six criteria were identified and selected. According to the Topsis findings, the COMIHTA method with a proximity coefficient of 0.580 had the best performance in the analysis of land transport of hazardous materials. The second and third places were awarded to FAM and SCAT techniques, respectively. The output of this study was the introduction of the COMIHTA technique. Utilizing the strengths of the four techniques and covering their weaknesses, this technique can help identify and determine the causes of accidents graphically, systematically and by minimizing the working taste of analysts at all levels.

Wellington region’s transport network has poor resilience to natural hazards, given the rugged terrain, high seismicity and wet climate. This exposes the land access to the region and the capital city to be potentially cut off from the rest of New Zealand for several months, and its cities to be isolated from each other. This paper reports on a pioneering integrated resilience study of the entire land transport system in the region provided by the state highways, principal and arterial local roads and the railway system. The study considered resilience risks from a range of natural hazards (earthquake, storm and tsunami) using the metrics of availability and outage. The resilience risks and the relative importance of the routes were used to assess the criticality of these risks for future investment in resilience enhancement. The criticality also considered risks to other lifeline utilities - power, water and telecommunications that share these transport corridors. The combined criticality was used to prioritise these resilience risks. The highest criticality resilience risks were classified into extreme, very high and high levels. The extreme criticality risks identified were the state highway between Ngauranga and Petone and the adjacent Ngauranga interchange between the two State Highways 1 and 2, which together provide access between Wellington, Hutt and Porirua cities. A range of very high risks were identified across the region which included both state highways and local roads. This novel resilience study provided the basis for a subsequent business case for future investment to enhance the resilience of the region’s transport network.

Urban passenger land transport is an important source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions globally, but it is challenging to mitigate these emissions as this sector interacts with many other economic sectors. We develop the Climate change constrained Urban passenger Transport Integrated Life cycle assessment (CURTAIL) model to outline mitigation pathways of urban passenger land transport that are consistent with ambitious climate targets. CURTAIL uses the transport activity of exogenously defined modal shares to simulate the associated annual vehicle stocks, sales, and life cycle GHG emissions. It estimates GHG emission budgets that are consistent with global warming below 2 and 1.5 °C above preindustrial levels and seeks mitigation strategies to remain within the budgets. We apply it to a case study of Singapore, a city-state. Meeting a 1.5 °C target requires strong commitments in the transport and electricity sectors, such as reducing the motorized passenger activity, accelerating the deployment of public transit and of electrification, and decarbonizing the power generation system. Focusing on one mitigation technology or one mode of transport alone will not be sufficient to meet the target. Our novel model could be applied to any city to provide insights relevant to the design of urban climate change mitigation targets and policies.

Formation problems of a system for identification, monitoring of the technical state and proactive maintenance of airfield land transport-processing machines by using diagnostic data are discussed. The main goal of development and implementation the proactive maintenance system is reliability control and operation safety of transport-processing machines. For the solution of this problem it is necessary to identify and prevent damages in proper time. It requires to assign the specific class of intermediate states named the pre- emergency state class. Logical and physical models describing changes in machine states, technological processes, geolocation, event visualization are discussed. The implementation results of the system of identification, monitoring of the technical state and remote proactive maintenance of airfield land transport-processing machines by using diagnostic data are presented.

The article shows a fragment of the results of the author's concept of road safety management in Poland. The article shows the “program sequence” of the construction action of road safety management system in Poland. The main component of this "sequence" of actions to improve the road safety - should be the "road risk management model". It should be widely used in Poland as an element of knowledge and practices of international road safety management. It is primarily about the model of the Office for Land Transport Safety Authority in New Zealand adopted by the EU in its road safety policy. The article also presents other components of the author's concept, including the "3 levels" model of risk management, the idea of which is to isolate three categories of the risk associated with any transport system.

The paper analyzes the development trends of foreign trade Vinnytsia region. The analysis is based on a study of the dynamics of foreign trade performance of Vinnytsia region for 2018 - 2020 and for the first half of 2021. Vinnytsia region is characterized by upward trends in export growth, reduction of imports of goods and services, a positive balance of foreign trade. The study found that the import of goods provides the market of Vinnytsia region with scarce goods; access to cheap and high-quality finished products, raw materials, components and parts. Among the most significant exporting partners of Vinnytsia region in 2020 were China (13.1% of total exports), Poland - 9.8%, India - 6.1% and Romania - 5.2%. The difference between the dynamics of exports and imports is that export flow markets change annually depending on the situation of commodity markets, and commodity import markets are more stable and during 2018-2020 Germany, Poland, China, USA and Romania maintained their positions in the ranking of countries -importers. Entities of the Vinnytsia region mostly export livestock and crop products, food industry products. This commodity structure of exports is due to the strong potential of the region in the field of agriculture. The study noted that the reduction in imports of land transport in 2020, as well as electric and mechanical machines in 2019-2020 is not a consequence of the expansion of domestic hightech production, but only indicates the vulnerability of the economy and the region to external influences.

Security research is currently aimed at creating comprehensive solutions and measurable qualitative and quantitative parameters. One way is to create a system of indicators. Indicators can be understood to be data, information, knowledge, properties and many other variables. An indicator can be anything that has a certain telling value for evaluators or users, according to which it is possible to compare individual indicators with each other, to derive a validation result from them or to measure set goals according to them. Using indicators for expression is common in many areas. It is very rational, unambiguous, and therefore indicators are considered to be an informational tool that can be used to easily and clearly present changes in the monitored state. Based on this characterization, they allow the user to predict the future development or possible consequences of disruptive events to some extent. For this reason, they are also becoming an ideal tool for indicating the failure of critical elements of transport infrastructure. The paper presents the relational research of indicators, which provides a comprehensive framework of definitions and classification of indicators or an analysis of approaches and methods using indicators in the field of the protection of land transport infrastructure. The aim of this paper is to define the theoretical basis for the use of indicators in the process of indicating the failure of critical elements of land transport infrastructure, which will complement the existing possibilities of protection of these elements.

Short Sea Shipping involves the transport of goods and passengers using watercraft over a limited distance and without crossing the ocean. A direct competitor to land transport, it uses ports and inland waterways to complement traditional transport systems to increase capacity, increase flexibility and achieve sustainable transport mobility. The short haul category does not have an official and universally recognized definition. However, several attempts have been made to establish its boundaries and come up with a definition that accurately reflects the content. The definition given by the European Commission: "The movement of goods and passengers by sea between ports located geographically in Europe, or between ports located in non-European countries with coasts on closed seas and bordering Europe" is widely used today. A deep understanding of the serious socio-economic and environmental impacts of road transport operations compels policymakers at different institutional levels (e.g. local, national and regional) to act accordingly and introduce a range of targeted policy frameworks, strategies and interventions to support the broader development and exploitation of others. modes of transport (i.e. rail, inland waterways), thus helping to unload road networks, thus realizing significant improvements in terms of air quality, road safety, and so on. Taking into account the geographic characteristics of the main trading regions of the world, as well as the priorities set by the relevant government authorities, and funds (both public and private) allocated for infrastructure projects, railways, short-distance shipping and inland waterways were considered with a view to establishing additional opportunities to ensure dynamic growth. So, sea transportation over short distances competes with land transport. First of all, they have a geographic advantage, the sea offers more route options and more flexibility for ships. Another benefit concerns economies of scale. Environmental sustainability is the main benefit of short sea shipping. It also has a lower carbon footprint per tonnekilometer than trucks. In addition, maritime transport offers various social benefits. Unloading of road networks is carried out by transferring traffic from land to sea. Ensuring the further development of ports provides for a more detailed study of such a segment as short-distance sea transportation.

The COVID-19 pandemic has generated a huge volume of research from various disciplines, such as health sciences, social sciences, mathematical modeling, social network analysis, complex systems, decision-making processes, computer simulation, economics, among many others. One of the key problems has been to understand the diffusion processes of the virus, which quickly spread worldwide through transport networks, mainly air flights. Almost two years after start the pandemic, it is necessary to collect and synthesize the existing work on this matter. This work focuses on studies related to the COVID-19 contagion simulation through transport networks. In particular, we are specially interested in the different datasets and epidemiological models used. The search methodology consists of four exhaustive searches in Google Scholar carried out between January 2020 and January 2021. Of the 1786 findings, we chose 53 articles related to Covid-19 contagion modeling and simulation through transport networks. The results show 30 different data sources for the collection of air flights and 11 additional sources for maritime and land transport. These datasets are usually complemented with other data sources, local and international, with demographic information, economic data, and statistics of traceability of the pandemic. The findings also found 15 spread models of contagion, with the SEIR model being the most widely used, followed by mathematical-based risk models. This diversity of results validates the need for these types of compilation efforts since researchers do not have a single centralized repository to collect air flight data.

Los medios de transporte juegan un papel preponderante en el mercado turístico para tal efecto se realizó una investigación usando el método analítico descriptivo donde se abordó las definiciones del transporte terrestre y mercado turístico en general y específicamente del cantón Sucre, lo que permitió conocer el objeto de estudio y su movilidad en el espacio. Se desarrolló un diagnóstico de la oferta y demanda del transporte terrestre en la oferta se tomó como muestra los transportes: Moto taxis, cooperativas de taxi y cooperativa de transporte Tosagua; las dos primeras del servicio interno y la tercera de trasporte inter cantonal; el 40% viaja por trabajo y no son del cantón Sucre y les gustaría recibir información en las unidades de transporte, un 20% se dirige a las playas son extranjeros ,40% son habitantes del lugar. En la encuesta a los prestadores de servicio de transporte resultó que desconocen los recursos y atractivos turísticos del cantón Sucre un 25%, promocionan como ciudad de descanso 25 % y promocionan solo las playas el 50%. Se direccionó una entrevista dirigida a los representantes de las cooperativas de transporte en cuestión un 86 % están dispuestos a recibir orientaciones turísticas por parte de los organismos competentes y un 14% solo que sea una exigencia para laborar. Por medio de la observación se ratifica que no hay material publicitario de Turismo en las unidades de transporte. Se concluye que los actores del transporte terrestre deben aportar orientaciones claras y precisas al viajero, pues la calidad de información recibida por estos medios influye significativamente en la receptividad del turismo para el cantón Sucre. Palabras claves: Transporte público, Turismo, Demanda turística, Turista, Excursionista.

In this paper, the current energy mix and the power generation infrastructure of Turkey have been analyzed and two different hydrogen based alternative scenarios applied on Burdur TIMES energy model to foresee the economic and environmental results in the 2016–2031 time period. An improved RES was created to illustrate the current energy network of Burdur city and to determine the relationships between energy carriers and the respective technologies, and then this structure is specified by the relevant data, including fuel cell-powered land vehicle technologies integrated into the land transportation demand side. This paper analyses the feasibility of hydrogen as an alternative energy carrier in the fuel mix for electricity generation in Burdur City to achieve sustainable economic growth, to improve the energy security by minimizing respective environmental emissions and indicate the possible implications of the introduction of the hydrogen supply chain and respective fuel cell end-use technologies in a city level energy modelling perspective. Burdur is selected as the target city to implement the designated level of land transport passenger demand by hydrogen technologies; and after implementation of hydrogen cars in 2020; it has been evaluated that only 0.09 PJ of hydrogen car activity prevents a total of 43.44 kT CO2 emission in Burdur, addressing the 8% of the total emission in the base scenario between the analysis time horizon. Finally, hydrogen has been evaluated as a clean, dependable option to diversify the energy mix on the current energy supply system of Burdur.

ბადრი გეჩბაია ბათუმის შოთა რუსთაველის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის ასოცირებული პროფესორი ბათუმი, საქართველო E-mail: gechbaia.badri@bsu.edu.ge http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2815-2228 ამირან წილოსანი ბათუმის შოთა რუსთაველის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის დოქტორანტი ბათუმი, საქართველო E-mail: atsilosani@gmail.com http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2809-5964 JEL Classification: O18, R1, R40 DOI: 10.46361/2449-2604.7.2.2020.104-113 მოკლე აღწერა 2019 წლის მიწურულსა და 2020 წლის დასაწყისში პანდემიასთან დაკავშირებულმა მოვლენებმა, რასაც შედეგად მოჰყვა, გლობალურად, მსოფლიო ქვეყნების საზღვრების ჩაკეტვა, ადგილი ჰქონდა საზღვაო ტვირთების გადაადგილების გარკვეულ შეფერხებებს. მოცემულ პირობებში, რიგი ქვეყნებისათვის, ერთადერთ ხსნად სახმელეთო სატრამსპორტო საშულებები იქცა, რამაც კვლავ გააცოცხლა ინტერესი სახმელეთო სატრანსპორტო დერეფნების მიმართ. ერთ-ერთ ასეთ სატრანსპორტო დერეფანს წარმოადგენს „ევროპა-კავკასია-აზიის სატრანსპორტო დერეფანი“, რომელიც დაარსების დღიდან დღემდე არ ფუნქციონირებდა სრული დატვირთვით, თუმცა აქვს მომავალი განვითარების დიდი პოტენციალი, რისი ნათელი მაგალითებიც არის მოცემული დერეფნის ფარგლებში წარმატებით განხორციელებული ისეთი მნიშვნელოვანი პროექტები, როგორიცაა „ბაქო-თბილისი-ჯეიჰანის“ (BTC) ნავთობსადენი, „ბაქო-თბილისი-ერზრუმის“ (BTE) გაზსადენი და „ბაქო-თბილისი-ყარსის“ (BTK) სარკინიგზო მაგისტრალი, რაც მნიშვნელოვნად ზრდის დერეფნის გეოპოლიტიკურ მნიშვნელობას. მოცემული ნაშრომის მიზანია „ევროპა-კავკასია-აზიის სატრანსპორტო დერეფნის“ მნიშვნელობის, შესაძლებლობების და ასევე შესაძლო განვითარების გზებისა და პერსპექტივების განსაზღვრა, რეგიონში მიმდინარე პროცესებთან მიმართებაში. კვლევის მიზანია აღწეროს ევრაზიის რეგიონში მიმდინარე გეოპოლიტიკური და ეკონომიკური პროცესები და გამოკვეთოს „ევროპა-კავკასია-აზიის სატრანსპორტო დერეფნის“ ძლიერი და სუსტი მხარეები. აღნიშნული კვლევის ორიგინალურობა და ღირებულება მდგომარეობს „ევროპა-კავკასია-აზიის სატრანსპორტო დერეფნის“ არსებული მდგომარეობის შესწავლაში, მის კონკურენტუნარიანობის განსაზღვრაში სხვა ალტერნატიულ სატრანსპორტო დერეფნებთან მიმართებაში და ასევე არსებული და პოტენციური პერსპექტივების გამოვლენასა და მათი მიღწევის გზების განსაზღვრაში. კვლევის მიზნების მისაღწევად გამოყენებულ იქნა ინფორმაციის მოპოვების კომპლექსური მეთოდები. ბიბლიოგრაფიული კვლევით განხორციელდა მეორადი მონაცემების მოპოვება, დახარისხება და ანალიზი. კვლევის თეორიული საფუძველია მოცემულ საკითხზე არსებული ლიტერატურა: სამეცნიერო შრომები, კვლევები, პუბლიკაციები, პერიოდული ბეჭდვითი გამოცემების სტატიები, ინტერნეტით მოძიებული მონაცემები. ნაშრომში განხილულია „ევროპა-კავკასია-აზიის სატრანსპორტო დერეფნის“ მომავალი განვითარებისა და სრული დატვირთვით ფუნქციონირების პერსპექტივები ევროკავშირისა და ცენტრალური აზიის ქვეყნებს შორის სავაჭრო ურთიერთობების გაღრმავებისა და ტვირთბრუნვის გაზრდის შედეგად. საკვანძო სიტყვები: ევრაზია; ცენტრალური აზია; ტრასეკა; სატრანსპორტო დერეფნები

Resource scarcity is capable of affecting economic activity. Though the dependence of direct users is easily acknowledged, indirect vulnerability imposed on downstream sectors of the economic system is not as easily understood. In the context of growing water scarcity across India, this study maps the dependence of prominent sectors of the Indian economy to the water‐withdrawal model of India (Bogra, Bakshi, & Mathur, 2016). From the suppliers' perspective, the results indicate that embodied water of the largest direct water‐withdrawing food sectors namely, Paddy, Wheat, and Sugarcane (PWS) is indirectly consumed mostly by the consumptive food sectors. However, from the users' perspective, even non‐food sectors exhibit a significant dependence on the embodied water of PWS. Further, blue‐water‐based structural path analysis (SPA) of Paddy and Wheat indicate significant contributions to Land transport, Construction, and Beverages, among others, whereas Land transport is important in terms of green water too. The out‐degree measure indicates a higher dependence of the economy on Electricity (blue water) and Forestry (green water) sectors. Specifically, infrastructural sectors exhibit a significant dependence on Electricity; whereas Forestry products contribute to non‐food sectors. State‐wise water‐scarcity indices (WSIs) indicate higher dependence of Electricity on scarce surface‐water flows of north‐western and central states, whereas forested areas in the north and north‐eastern parts of India exhibit lowest ground WSIs. By integrating regional flows with sectoral dependencies, it is observed that the risk to a reduction of the economy's throughput is higher from water withdrawn by Electricity compared to food sectors, PWS.

The effect of economic sanctions on the development of the transport industry is considered. Land transport is mainly discussed. The main results of the development of freight transport and large infrastructure projects as well as the introduction of modern rolling stock in different modes of transport are analyzed. Opinions according to which the transport industry of the country can handle additional volumes of freight transport under conditions of the dynamic development of economy are substantiated.

This study aims to assess the determinants of the labor market in the Greater Jakarta Area (Jabodetabek) with a population of 27.9 million (2010 census) and growth rate of 3.6 percent per annum over the period 2000-2010. With a total area of 4,384 square kilometers (1,693 sq mi), the city has a very high population density of 14,464 people per square kilometer (37,460/ sq mi), while the metro area has a density of 4,383 people/sq km (11,353/sq mi). The paper employs the survival regression analysis by incorporating attributes of commuter, namely gender, age, distance, travel time, wages, stress, education level, double income households and home ownership. The area consists of Jakarta as the receiving labor market and eight municipalities and regencies as labor suppliers. The study utilizes a cross-section data from a commuter survey with more than 4,000 respondents participated using different modes of land transport. The results reveal that some determinants have influenced commuters' resiliency and their willingness to participate in the receiving labor market. This study found that gender, distance, wages and home ownership do not affect the respondent’s decision whether to stay or quit as commuters. On the other hand, the fittest model exhibits that age, education level, stress, travel time and double income households have significant effects on individual's decision to stay or quit as a commuter. It is found that gender, distance, wages and home ownership do not matter for respondent’s decision on whether to stay or to quit as commuters. The model exhibits that age, education level, stress, travel time and double-income household have significant effects on an individual's decision to stay or quit as a commuter. Education level has a positive effect; on the other hand, age, stress, double-income household and travel time have a negative effect. The policy implications for improving the labor supply provision and some contested policy options are suggested, such as the provision of affordable housing in Jakarta, the improvement of commuting enjoyment, the establishment of child care facilities in the office buildings and the creation of more sophisticated jobs within the Jakarta’s surrounding municipalities and regencies.

The road was a means of land transport is very important to the social relations and economic goods and services, and with a population that is increasing in every year to year, increasing the number of vehicles passing on the road that there is, therefore, in need planning a safe way according to the function, volume, and nature of traffic. Road repairs cost a lot and this action is felt not quite right because remedies can not survive by age plans and in kutif of IDN Times in 2019 that the condition damages the highway in the district of Karawang based on data from the Department of Public Works and Spatial Planning (PUPR) Khanewal district, along with the road status 1937.53 kilometers of district roads in poor condition. (IDN Times, 2019). This study was conducted to assess how much influence the volume of vehicles to the damage occurred on roads Badami karawang at STA 0 + 000-0 + 500 and STA 2 + 250-2 + ??750, to examine the above problems by analyzing data from LHR and road damage the method of Highways, then further by looking at the correlation between the volume of vehicles on the road destruction by using SPSS and to increase the strength of rigid pavement using cement concrete road pavement planning 2003 is an additional layer (overlay) using the rigid pavement. From the analysis and discussion get Simultaneous Effect Hypothesis Test results that the Sig. (0,000) F table (3.89) H0 is rejected. It can be concluded that the simultaneous effect of the Light Vehicle Road damage of 33.8%, the simultaneous effect of the Heavy Vehicle Road damage amounted to 47.7%, Motorcycles simultaneous effect on road damage by 12.1% and the simultaneous effect of Motor Vehicles not to road damage by 14.2%, the result of the identification of the type and class of road damage indicates that the need for administration of additional layer (overlay) as a treatment for damage to roads, based on the analysis of the design used road repair method with a design life of 10 years, namely: (Overlay) Rigid Pavement (Rigid Pavement) as thick as 18 cm .and of analysts earn fees at cost (overlay) Rigid Pavement (Rigid Pavement) Rp. 9,114,626,20 / segments.

The advent of self-driving vehicles is no longer just science fiction conjecture but the reality of the coming decade. Various countries have already made real progress in self-driving technologies moving beyond slogans and to meaningful action - multi-country changes in the law, for one thing. Due to the rethinking of the transport planning process and new ways to organize passengers, the urban transport system is considered a single unit, not a set of separated transport subsystems (metro, land transport, etc.). Thus far, however, there has been no extensive study of the potential urban impact of self-driving technologies upon a city and its residents.This paper presents a methodology for the urban impact assessment of self-driving transportation developed based on an appropriate analysis for the city of Moscow. To that end, the urban environment as a research subject is described as a set of environmental, transport, technological, economic, social, and regulatory blocks of indicators. We purpose to evaluate these indicators: roads congestion, need for parking spaces, changes in the employment structure, new users of automobile transport, and others.To estimate the effects on the city, we described four scenarios for the introduction of self-driving cars, differentiated by the speed of technology introduction and the development of co-using economics. To achieve maximal effect of self-driving technology, one needs to adopt a proactive transport policy, including a set of measures defined by a current survey.The survey is indispensable for future research into the impact of self-driving technology upon a city. Also, the survey has a practical sense for administrations responsibility for urban transport policy.

The land transport sector is one of the major emitters of CO2 and one of the hardest sectors to decarbonise. This study employs an environmentally-extended input-output model to conduct an economy-...

Resumen El dolo constituye una figura de difícil determinación dentro del derecho penal, de manera especial si se pretende valorar la intención que tiene un individuo al momento de cometer un delito. Bajo este contexto, el objetivo del presente manuscrito se centra en recopilar información acerca del dolo eventual, la conducción temeraria y si esto se encuentra contemplado dentro de la legislación ecuatoriana. Para esto fue necesario acudir a fuentes de información secundaria como libros, códigos, leyes, artículos, entre otros, para determinar o no su aplicación dentro del contexto nacional. Con estos antecedentes se puede concluir que el estudio pone de manifiesto las falencias existentes dentro del marco legal del país, tanto con la Ley Orgánica de Transporte Terrestre y Seguridad Vial cuya última modificación corresponde al 2014 y el Código Orgánico Integral Penal (2014). En ninguna de estas dos normativas existe algún artículo que castigue la conducción temeraria fundamentado en el dolo eventual. Abstract The intent constitutes a hard to determine figure within criminal law, especially if it is intended to assess the intention of an individual at the time of committing a crime. Within this context, the objective of this paper is centered around gathering information about gross negligence, reckless driving, and if this is contemplated in Ecuadorian Legislation. To this end, it was necessary to resort to secondary information sources such as books, codes, laws, and articles, among others, to determine or not their application within the national context. Considering this background, it is possible to conclude that the study highlights the shortcomings of the country's legal framework, both with the Ley Orgánica de Transporte Terrestre y Seguridad Vial whose last amendment corresponds to 2014 and the Código Orgánico Integral Penal (2014). In none of these regulations is there an article that punishes reckless driving based on gross negligence.

Indonesia is a maritime country that consists of thousands islands connected by seas and other type of inland water such as rivers, lakes, swamps and canals. Basically, water transportation particularly river transportation becomes one of the most important transportation modes to connect one area to another area because the absence of the availability of land transport infrastructure. Besides that, river transportation is the major transport mode in rural area where there is no a feasible transport mode to support their daily activities. However, the development of river transportationin rural area gives social impacts not only for people who live in rural area, but also for the area development itself as a whole. Those impacts influence people's life in many aspects such as education, health, environment, culture and even political system. Then, this paper presents social impacts caused by the development of rural river transportation that case study in Indonesia. Furthermore, the integrated and participatory approach is required to optimize the development of rural river transportation in Indonesia

Roads support economic development and is one of the key economic infrastructures of South Africa. Funding for roads has been, and continues to be, controversial and faced with a multitude of challenges. The fuel levy, for instance, has for decades been the basis of road funding, but in recent years it has experienced declining effectiveness and efficiency. Both South African and international policy documents frequently propose the so-called user-pay principle to be adopted to fund land transport. It is frequently understood that the user-pay will imply sufficient revenue to sustain the road user, however this assumption is not entirely correct. In this paper the importance of roads to the economy is introduced which underscores the importance of an adequate and stable revenue source for road construction, maintenance and upgrade. The paper does emphasize that sufficient and adequate roads and hence funding is, however, not sufficient to support economic development. The paper defines and discuss the user-pay principle and the importance of charging road users efficient prices for road use. In transport, the term marginal social costs, sometimes also referred to as the principle of short run marginal social costs describes efficient road use prices. The paper discuss this concept as a road use charge. The technical difficulties of implementing marginal social cost is presented which are often the reason why alternative pricing regimes, such as average cost or long run marginal costs are adopted in practice. The paper concludes with a discussion on the way forward for South Africa.

Objective This study aimed to investigate the association of prior hearing loss with land transport accidents using a nationwide population-based dataset. Design A case-control study. Study sample Data for this study were obtained from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Dataset. We retrieved data on 2066 patients who had received a diagnosis of a land transport accident as cases. We used a propensity score-matched method to select 6198 controls. Results A Chi-squared test revealed that there was a significant difference in the prevalence of prior hearing loss between cases and controls (6.8% vs. 5.6%, p = 0.046). The odds ratio (OR) of prior hearing loss for cases was 1.128 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.003 ∼ 1.503) compared to controls. After adjusting for demographic variables and comorbidities, the OR of hearing loss for cases was 1.238 (95% CI: 1.008 ∼ 1.522) that of controls. Conclusions Our finding suggests that pre-existing hearing loss may be associated with land transport accidents among adults aged 50 years and older. Further study is needed to elucidate the mechanism(s) through which hearing loss may contribute to land transport accidents and examine how the use of hearing rehabilitation devices, for example, hearing aids impacts the observed associations.

Reducing environmental costs is a significant concern for Indonesia's future. This paper explores Indonesia's environmental costs from emissions and forest resources and identifies the priority sectors in terms of economic and environmental performance. We use environmentally extended input–output analysis for calculating the environmental costs and further extension with linkages analysis to identify the priority sectors. The study finds that the total environmental costs of emissions due to final demand is around 7% of the GDP. This environmental cost is significantly due to domestic products with household consumption being the largest contributor. The top 10 sectors in the Indonesian economy are responsible for about 70% of the total environmental costs of emissions. Based on pollutant source, SOx, NOx, CO2, and CH4 contribute more than half of emissions' ecological costs. We also find that forest resources' environmental cost is only 7.5% of the total environmental cost. Last, this study finds that key sectors of economic and sustainability points of view are textile manufacturing; publishing, printing, and reproduction of recorded media; chemicals n.e.c.; manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products; construction; and other land transport. Finally, this paper discusses the policy options for Indonesia to promote sustainable consumption and production in terms of reducing environmental costs while managing economic development.

Land transport infrastructure has always been an important aspect of a city. People increasingly use social media to express their feelings about city projects such as land transportation. Government organisations are having trouble detecting concerns that develop as a result of people utilising social media to criticise land transportation infrastructure. These text-based social media posts can be examined using sentiment analysis, which is a key task in Natural Language Processing (NLP). Sentiment analysis is a process of the deriving sentiment of a particular statement or sentence. This study used a social networking website to create a model of sentiments on land transportation infrastructure in Region XI (Davao Region), the Philippines, and tested the model's correctness using a data set. There are 1,200 text data sets in total, divided into two categories: test dataset (25 percent) and training dataset (75 percent). To perform sentiments analysis of text data sets, machine learning text classifiers such as Support Vector Machines (SVM), Random Forest (RF), and Multinomial Nave Bayesian (MNB) were utilised. The performance of each classification model is estimated by generating a confusion metric with precision and recall calculations, known as the f1-score. The accuracy rating was calculated as well. A comparison was also made based on the results of the three machine learning classifiers' tests. SVM has the highest accuracy, with 76.12 percent and a f1-score of 71.98 percent, based on the results of the experiment. This research will be used to inform and support policy-making and development of land transportation infrastructure in the Davao Region.

Intelligent transport systems (ITS) have been developing since the fifties. Currently they represent a need in the management of large cities and their development is constant considering the current advantages offered by communication technologies. This research addresses some generalities to be taken into account when developing intelligent transport systems, as well as the most significant applications that have been given to them, focusing on urban and interurban land transport. The analysis was based on a bibliographic documentary research method and the result covers the most relevant considerations according to the aforementioned research. Among the main observations of the results highlights the ability to economize offered by ITS, as an alternative to infrastructure and transport systems that may be obsolete without the application of ITS. The amount of data generated from STIs currently represent the basis for future projects, since the interpretation of these data and their proper management provide effective solutions to transport problems that are increasingly present due to population growth. Finally, the search for economy and sustainability, as well as security in the transportation systems that can be achieved through the implementation of ITS, is indicated. Keywords: ITS, user, driver, pedestrian, transport administration, transport management, road safety. Resumen Los sistemas de transporte inteligente (ITS, por sus siglas en inglés), se han venido desarrollando desde la década de los cincuenta. En la actualidad representan una necesidad en la gestión de grandes ciudades y su desarrollo es constante considerando las ventajas actuales que ofrecen las tecnologías de comunicación. La presente investigación aborda algunas generalidades a tener en cuenta al momento de desarrollar sistemas de transporte inteligente, así como las aplicaciones más significativas que se les ha dado, enfocando el transporte terrestre urbano e interurbano. El análisis se basó en un método de investigación documental bibliográfico y el resultado abarca las consideraciones más relevantes de acuerdo con las investigaciones citadas. Entre las principales observaciones de los resultados destaca la capacidad de economizar que ofrecen las ITS, como una alternativa a sistemas de infraestructura y transporte que pueden ser obsoletas sin la aplicación de ITS. La cantidad de datos que se generan de las ITS representan en la actualidad la base para futuros proyectos, ya que la interpretación de estos datos y su adecuada gestión brindan salidas eficaces a problemas de transporte que se presentan cada vez con mayor intensidad debido al crecimiento demográfico. Finalmente, se señala la búsqueda de economía y sustentabilidad, así como seguridad en los sistemas de transporte que pueden lograrse a través de la implementación de ITS. Palabras clave: ITS, usuario, conductor, peatón, administración de transporte, gestión de transporte, seguridad vial.

The tourism sector is one of the most affected by COVID-19 pandemic. The global shutting down of non-essential sectors and the maintained global mobility restrictions have led to the industry’s partial closure worldwide. Tourism could play a leading role as the driver for achieving the sustainable development goals (SDG) and as an engine of wealth generation and cultural preservation. However, the negative impacts on the environment have to be considered when shaping the forthcoming and refurbished post-pandemic tourism industry of the future. In this chapter, we propose an environmentally extended input–output model to estimate the tourism carbon footprint to assess the sustainability of the tourism industry and applied it to tourism in Spain. This modelling allows for identifying direct and indirect emissions hot spots along the complex and intricate global value chains. The main results show how while Spain’s tourism contribution to GDP accounts for 12.3%, its carbon footprint accounts for 15% of the Spanish total emissions, which is above the global average (8%). In global terms, 29% of the total carbon footprint is imported, so it is, directly or indirectly, embodied in the global production chains. It is concentrated in some close European Union countries, China, BRIIAT, and the United States. Sectorally, the Spanish tourism carbon footprint is concentrated in some sectors where emissions are mostly domestic (air transport, land transport, or retail trade).

Rekabet gücü yüksek olan sektörleri belirlemek için Balassa endeksi olarak da bilinen açıklanmış karşılaştırmalı üstünlük (RCA) endeksi kullanılmaktadır. Bu endeksten hareketle doğrudan yabancı yatırım çekmek üzere hedef sektörleri belirlemek veya doğrudan yabancı yatırım için konumların karşılaştırmalı üstünlüğünü analiz etmek için kullanılacak bir yöntem olarak doğrudan yabancı yatırımda açıklanmış karşılaştırmalı üstünlük endeksi Loewendahl ve Barklie (2018) tarafından geliştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada Türkiye’nin ve OECD ülkelerinin doğrudan yabancı yatırımlardaki açıklanmış karşılaştırmalı üstünlüklerinin sektörel olarak belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla Loewendahl ve Barklie (2018) tarafından geliştirilen endeksi kullanılmıştır. Türkiye’nin doğrudan yabancı yatırımlarda açıklanmış karşılaştırmalı üstünlüğe sahip olduğu sektörler belirlenmiştir. RCA-FDI endeksi değerleri 2013 ve 2017 yılları için ayrı ayrı hesaplanmış ve Türkiye’nin doğrudan yabancı yatırımlardaki açıklanmış karşılaştırmalı üstünlüklerindeki değişim açıklanmıştır. Ayrıca OECD ülkeleri için temel ekonomik faaliyet alanlarında endeksi hesaplanmıştır. Türkiye için hesaplanan endeksi değerlerine göre ana faaliyet alanları içerisinde “tarım, ormancılık ve balıkçılık” sektöründe güçlü karşılaştırmalı üstünlük, “imalat” sektöründe zayıf karşılaştırmalı üstünlük, “elektrik, gaz, buhar ve iklimlendirme temini”nde güçlü karşılaştırmalı üstünlük, “su tedariki, kanalizasyon, atık yönetimi ve iyileştirme faaliyetleri”nde zayıf karşılaştırmalı üstünlük, “inşaat”ta zayıf karşılaştırmalı üstünlük ortaya çıkmıştır. Bununla birlikte “hizmetler” sektöründe ise rekabet avantajı bulunmamaktadır. Türkiye’nin en güçlü karşılaştırmalı üstünlüğünün olduğu sektörler “kütüphaneler, arşivler, müzeler ve diğer kültürel faaliyetler” ve “kara taşımacılığı ve boru hatları taşımacılığı”dır. OECD ülkelerinde güçlü karşılaştırmalı üstünlüğe sahip olan ülke sayısının en fazla olduğu sektör “tarım, ormancılık ve balıkçılık”tır. Karşılaştırmalı dezavantaja sahip olan ülke sayısının en fazla olduğu sektör ise “madencilik ve taşocakçılığı”dır. “İmalat” sektöründe ise hiçbir ülke güçlü ve orta karşılaştırmalı üstünlüğe sahip bulunmamaktadır.

El término globalización quizás sea uno de los más controvertidos, ambiguos y ubicuos del discurso político contemporáneo. No obstante eso, nuestro trabajo parte de ese concepto y de una discusión en torno a los componentes ‘espacial’ y ‘temporal’ que su utilización implica. La iniciativa de la República Popular da China (RPC) de la “Franja económica de la Ruta de la Seda y la Ruta de la Seda marítima de Siglo XXI” representa, en gran medida, un desafío directo a la globalización neoliberal y una propuesta de interconectividad que surge como iniciativa regional y se expande como proyecto global de China, reconfigurando la geografía económica por medio de masivas inversiones en infraestructura que no tienen precedente. El objetivo de nuestro artículo es analizar este proceso, el rol de la RPC y las implicaciones en: 1) la geopolítica global, con la abertura de nuevas rutas de transporte marítimos y terrestres (corredores), 2) las transformaciones institucionales de la gobernanza económica global, y 3) la importancia para el Sur Global y las potencias emergentes.

Background: Research is ongoing relating to the analysis of a set of issues that arise in connection with the creation of the operating on the basis of vacuum magnetic technologies a transcontinental high-speed land transport corridor, connecting the eastern regions of China with Russia. As part of the variation calculus task, the geopolitical, economic, social, logistic, geographic, geomorphological, seismological, topographic components of the project are considered, in which it is assumed that the high speed overland route will pass through the north-western part of the historical region of Dzungaria. Aim: Find the most optimal from the point of view of the above components the location of the most important section of high speed overland route passing through Central Asia. Methods: Variational methods for solving an optimization problem with the use of a computer math system. Results: After creating a fairly informative and versatile picture of the region in question, the foundations of the corresponding mathematical models are built. Conclusion: The New Dzungarian Gates is a key element in choosing the location of a high-speed overland route based on VMLT.

Uno de los elementos generadores de dinámica en cualquier área geográfica corres- ponde a los medios de transporte y las comunicaciones. Para el caso del área Cara- bobo de la Faja Petrolífera del Orinoco se estima que en los venideros años estos elementos cobren un intenso dinamismo producto de los planes de desarrollo pre- vistos por PDVSA y sus Filiales, de allí que utilizando la base cartográfica disponi- ble 1:100,000 junto a la definición de una serie de permisas se ha desarrollado un modelo de red del transporte terrestre para conocer las posibles áreas de cobertura que las vías terrestres en sus diferentes categorías: expresas, colectoras, rurales y operacionales permiten la interconexión de las principales localidades, instalaciones y ciudades.

The article addresses the problem of student dropout from technical university due to their academic failure. The modern technical universities face a decline in youth’s interest to technical and natural sciences and engineering specialties. In enrolling new students on these specialties the universities have to set lower standards and requirements for the admission. So, the students are less motivated, and the number of expelled students increases.The article presents the results of data analysis for the two leading areas of training at Moscow Automobile and Road State Technical University (MADI) – “Construction of unique buildings and structures” and “Land transport and technological means” carried out respectively at the Road-Building faculty (DSF) and the faculty of Automobile transport (ATF). The article adduces the total number of students in MADI, as well as the number of the enrolled students on the specified training directions, and the number of expelled students of all courses for the period from 1935 to 2018. The results in physics exams showed by undergraduate students were compared with the Unified State Exam scores in physics. There is a clear parallel between the Unified State Exam scores, an entrance testing and “residual knowledge” tests.The authors have also analyzed the results of an anonymous questioning among the same groups of students, which make it possible to understand their point of view on the problems of learning difficulties. The main reasons for student attrition are both the low scores of the applicants’ results of the Unified State Exam, and insufficient actions and ineffective strategies undertaken by the university to involve undergraduate students in its educational environment.

Mode of transport waterway river tallo Makasar has been operated since long transports passengers, luggage and a motor vehicle, and the only access mode for the island lakkang people through tallo to kera-kera, the eastern and the southern of Makassar city. In the operation of waterway mode, the owner ignored the shipping safety of waterway. It was proven that there is not any other safety devices above the waterway mode. Shipping safety device is an absolutely thing must be required for sea transportation, rivers and lakes. Hence it is necessary to disseminate the importance of shipping safety device for the owner of the river tallo makassar to increase the quality of service of shipping safety for passengers mode independently in accordance with national and international regulations. The safety of the device is based on land transport minister regulation no. PM 25 years 2015, transportion safety standards on the river lakes and crossing. Disseminate gives users of security and safety and public service quality shipping safety for passengers in the river tallo makassar when sailing and the process of loading and unloading of passengers and a motor vehicle.

This paper attempts to analyse the land transport in Roman times in mountainous areas, taking into account the most feasible location for the road infrastructures as well as the conditions for different means of transport. With the use of different GIS applications such as LCP (Low Cost Paths) and Network analysis, the study aims to recognise the time, effort and cost that was involved in crossing important mountainous barriers such as the Pyrenees and the Alps. In spite of the lack of an economic return, the Roman Empire invested a lot of resources in building complex infrastructures up in mountainous regions. This paper addresses the reasons behind such an economic effort.

Both qualitative and quantitative improvements for five different transport infrastructure types are evaluated with respect to their transport-mode-specific trade effects. Strong trade increases are found for survey-based quality indicators of airport and railroad infrastructure. For road trade, the road density is more important than the quality of road infrastructure. Additionally, the infrastructure quality of transit countries is an important trade flow driver of the land transport modes road and railroad. For the analysis of these effects, I use a gravity equation model with European trade flows that are disaggregated over five different transport modes. In combination with the quality and quantity indicators for each corresponding type of transport infrastructure, it is possible to directly estimate the unique trade effects for each infrastructure type. Moreover, a novel cross-mode analysis is conducted to estimate interdependencies and cross-effects that exist between different transport infrastructure types and different transport modes.

O comércio global de commodities agrícolas busca atender as demandas de agentes econômicos que atuam na produção, no processamento e/ou na comercialização de produtos agroindustrializados, agroalimentares e agroenergéticos. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar, na perspectiva da Geografia do Comércio Internacional, a configuração da política de exportações e da utilização dos meios de transportes na movimentação de commodities agrícolas brasileiras destinadas aos mercados globais, no período de 1997 a 2017. Os procedimentos metodológicos adotados foram a revisão bibliográfica, a coleta e a análise de dados secundários disponibilizados pelo Comex Stat. As commodities agrícolas (in natura e processadas) foram exportadas para os mercados internacionais e concentraram os fluxos nos transportes terrestres nacionais, nos portos e no transporte marítimo.

One of Bangkok’s most perennial problems was the misbehaviour of taxi drivers. In only 4 months, from October 2015 to January 2016, the Department of Land Transport under the Ministry of Transport (MOT) of Thailand received almost 15,000 complaints regarding the quality of services provided by Bangkok’s taxi drivers. The number one complaint was passenger refusal. Anybody taking a taxi, particularly during rush hour, was likely to get frustrated with some taxi drivers, who got flagged down but refused to go to the requested destinations. Several attempts had been made by the MOT to resolve the issue of taxi drivers refusing passengers, including imposing fines and suspending taxi drivers, allowing fare raise to improve taxi drivers’ well-being, hoping to provide higher quality services and to abide by the laws and regulations. So far, the results had been unsatisfactory. This case aims to show the beauty and usefulness of real options in real-world applications by looking at one of Bangkok’s most perennial problems of taxi drivers refusing passengers. A real option is a powerful framework for business, finance and economic decisions. Not only that, but it is also a versatile tool for resolving social issues.