Search

[EN] Accounting for the flood routing effect of reservoirs in the assessment of flood discharges is essential in basins where the hydrology is conditioned by the presence of one or more dams. This paper presents the implementation of reservoirs and dams in the hydrological module of the software Iber, which solves the two-dimensional shallow water equations at the scale of an entire basin. Spillways with and without gates, low level outlets, and the possibility to define an ad hoc outflow curve relating the flow rate to the reservoir level are included. As a case study, the effect of the Iznájar reservoir on the hydrology of the Genil basin in Spain was modelled. Three scenarios were considered to compare the effect of the different outflow structures included in this new implementation in Iber. The defined methodology proves to be able to represent numerically the outflow structures, addressing a fundamental limitation in the modelling of large basins with Iber., [ES] La consideración del efecto laminador de los embalses en la evaluación de caudales de avenida es un aspecto fundamental en aquellas cuencas donde la hidrología está condicionada por la presencia de presas. En este trabajo se presenta la implementación de embalses y presas en el módulo hidrológico del modelo Iber, el cual resuelve las ecuaciones de aguas someras bidimensionales a escala de toda una cuenca. Para la modelización del caudal de salida del embalse se incluyen aliviaderos con y sin compuerta, desagües de fondo y la posibilidad de definir una curva de desagüe ad hoc que relacione el caudal de salida con el nivel del embalse. Como caso de estudio se modeló el efecto del embalse de Iznájar en la hidrología de la cuenca del río Genil, en España. Se consideraron tres hipótesis de cálculo con el fin de comparar el efecto de los diferentes órganos de desagüe definidos en esta nueva implementación en Iber. La metodología definida demuestra ser capaz de representar numéricamente los órganos de gestión del embalse y resolver así una limitación fundamental en el modelado de grandes cuencas con Iber., La investigación que aquí se presenta ha sido financiada por el proyecto EAPA_45/2018_AA-FLOODS

Fotovoltaik (FV) modüller, üzerine düşen güneş ışınlarından elektrik üretimini sağlayan ve yüzeyinde birden çok FV hücre bulunan yapılardır. FV hücreler, sadece direkt gelen ışınları değil, yüzeye gelen tüm ışığın belirli dalgaboyu aralığını enerji üretimi için kullanabilirler. FV modüller, yapıları gereği sıcaklıkları, ortam sıcaklığına kıyasla daha fazla olmakta ve bu durum FV hücrelerin elektriksel verim ve güç üretim düşümüne neden olmaktadır. Bu sebeple, FV modüllerde depolanan ısı enerjisinin dışarıya transferi konusunda akademik çalışmalar son yıllarda ivme kazanmıştır. Örneğin, FV modüllerden ısı enerjisi elde edilerek sıfır enerji tüketim hedefi altında konutların ısıtma yükü karşılanmakta ve ilerleyen çalışmalar ile birlikte sistem/enerji verimi arttırılmaktadır. Bu çalışma, FV modüllerin ısı iletim performansının geliştirilmesine yönelik polimer esaslı takviye malzemelerin kullanımı ile oluşturulan kompozit yapılar incelenerek, FV modülde depolanan ısı enerjisinin azaltılmasını hedef almıştır. Bu amaçla, takviye malzemeler araştırılmış ve karbon, cam elyaf, aramid (kevlar) takviye malzemelerinin iki farklı parametre altında araştırılması uygun görülmüştür. Bu iki parametre, herbir takviye malzemenin farklı tabaka kalınlıklarındaki ve birbirleri ile oluşturduğu hibrit yapıdaki sahip oldukları ısı iletim performansını araştırmaktadır. Araştırma sonucunda karbon elyaf takviye malzemesi ile oluşturulan yapının 6,51 W/mm2 ısı akısı ile birlikte optimum yapı olduğu elde edilmiştir. Isı iletim performansında karbon elyafı cam elyaf (0,013 W/mm2) ve aramid (4.10-4 W/mm2) takip etmiştir. Bu araştırma polimer kompozit malzemeler ile lamine edilmiş FV modül ve konvansiyonel tip FV modül arasındaki ısı akısı farkını 0,0242 W/mm2 olarak elde ederek FV modüllerden elde edilebilen ısı enerjisinin arttırımına katkıda bulunmuştur., Photovoltaic (PV) modules are structures that produce electricity from the sun's rays falling on them and have more than one PV cell on their surface. PV cells can use not only direct rays, but also a certain wavelength range of all light coming to the surface for energy production. Due to their nature, PV modules have a higher temperature compared to the ambient temperature, which causes a decrease in the electrical efficiency and power generation of the PV cells. For this reason, academic studies on the transfer of heat energy stored in PV modules to outside have gained momentum in recent years. For example, by obtaining heat energy from PV modules, the heating load of the houses is met under the target of zero energy consumption, and the system/energy efficiency is increased with further work. This study aimed to reduce the heat energy stored in the PV module by examining the composite structures formed using polymer-based reinforcement materials to improve the heat conduction performance of PV modules. For this purpose, reinforcement materials were investigated, and it was found appropriate to investigate carbon, glass fiber, aramid (Kevlar) reinforcement materials under two different parameters. These two parameters investigate the heat conduction performance of each reinforcement material in different layer thicknesses and in the hybrid structure formed with each other. As a result of the research, it has been obtained that the structure formed with carbon fiber reinforcement material is the optimum structure with a heat flux of 6.51 W/mm2. In heat conduction performance, carbon fiber was followed by glass fiber (0.013 W/mm2) and aramid (4.10-4 W/mm2). This research contributed to the increase of the heat energy that can be obtained from PV modules by obtaining the heat flux difference between the PV module and the conventional type of PV module laminated with polymer composite materials as 0.0242 W/mm2.

The chapter reviews the application of creep-recovery and oscillatory rheological tests in flour based systems, including simple flour water systems, and more complex ones, such as bread, cookies and biscuits. A theoretical introduction about the fundaments and methods of linear viscoelastic rheology is presented, including general mathematical models and their application in flour based systems. A summary of experimental conditions to perform the rheological tests is covered. Functionality of flour based systems is extremely dependent on their viscoelastic properties. Processes like mixing, pumping, lamination, baking performance have been found to be strongly dependent on the system viscoelastic properties. However, the establishment of general and well-defined relationships among viscoelastic properties and specific functionalities is quite a difficult task, still on progress.

Accurate and precised analysis is the significant phenomenon in the development of any engineering application. Engineering materials are being employed in several engineering applications after performing many sorts of strength analyses. In recent days, natural fiber composite materials are used as alternative materials for steel and alloy materials in many engineering applications because of few special features such as better strength to weight ratio and pollution free nature. While they are being employed in higher level applications, failure analyses which are capable of providing precised results need to be used. In this regard, several attempts have been taken for providing analytical formulation to calculate the free edge stress values induced in natural fiber composite materials accurately. In this investigation, an attempt has been made to apply the proposed theory on four applications – Bamboo composite furniture, Kevlar composite Aero wing, Natural composite safety Helmet and Bullet proof vehicle’s body. The results were compared with Classical Lamination Plate theory for validation.

Depending on the stator lamination manufacturing processes (e.g., punching, laser cutting, clamping, welding, interlocking, and bonding), the motor’s magnetic performance parameters, such as cogging torque, hysteresis torque, and iron losses, can vary significantly. In sub-fractional horsepower (SFHP) permanent magnet motors, the manufacturing influence is typically even more severe because, due to their small dimensions, practically, the whole stator material is likely to be affected. This article analyzes the magnetic performance parameters cogging torque, hysteresis torque, and iron losses of three different stator lamination stacks (i.e., M250-35A punched with interlocking, M250-35A laser cut with bonding, and NO10 laser cut with bonding) of an SFHP single-phase brushless permanent magnet motor often found in automotive fan applications. A rheometer is used for extremely accurate torque measurements in the sub-millinewton meter range, and electron backscatter diffraction measurements are performed to visualize changes in the grain morphology and crystal orientation. The findings reveal that the punched stator with interlocking is affected the most by the manufacturing process, showing the lowest cogging torque yet the highest average hysteresis torque and thus up to 40% higher iron losses. The results presented in this article allow for both making basic stator lamination design choices and translating the iron losses, as well as the hysteresis torque and cogging torque waveforms, of a laser cut and bonded prototype into those of its punched and interlocked mass-produced counterpart.

Composite materials are being used in many weight-sensitive applications due to their attractive features of high strength-to-weight and stiffness-to-weight ratios and design flexibility. In harsh dynamic environments, excitation frequencies can lead to resonance at some frequency bands, impacting the integrity and functionality of the whole composite structure. Adding patches to the main structure at periodic locations introduces stopbands, which are frequency bands where vibration amplitudes are highly attenuated, and natural frequencies are absent. Using composite materials in such periodic patches enables more design flexibility that can be used to generate stopbands at desired frequency ranges. This paper presents a design approach for periodic laminated composite beams to obtain the patch length and stacking sequence that realize the desired start and end stopband frequencies. Based on the reverse approach of the wave finite element (WFE) method, the proposed design approach includes solving two nonlinear algebraic equations to find the design point. Then, a search for all possible patch stacking sequences that realize this design point and achieve the target stopband with the least possible error is done. The design approach was validated by demonstrating that it generates the inputs that were used by an analysis code to generate the design code inputs. Various examples are presented with different stopband ranges, fiber-orientation angles and materials of the substrate and patch plies. It is shown that depending on the substrate material, number of plies per patch and desired stopband start and end frequencies, one can obtain several possible stacking sequences that can realize the design. The study focuses on beam bending modes in the 0–2000 Hz frequency range, where classical lamination and Euler-Bernoulli’s beam theories are valid.

Buckling problem of composite plates is of importance since it is commonly encountered in thin-walled structural components in engineering. Buckling resistance design of composite plates involves the design of laminate stacking sequence exhibiting high dimensional discrete variables owing to the combination and permutation of ply orientations of layers. In this work, a sequential permutation search (SPS) optimization algorithm is presented for the stacking sequence design of composite rectangular plates accounting for the inherent physical-mechanical behavior of composite laminates. Owing to that the governing equation for buckling of composite rectangular plates is a linear homogeneous equation on bending stiffness parameters, the convexity of flexural lamination parameters and sensitivity of bending stiffness are utilized to construct sensitive detection techniques and linear search procedures. Moreover, to increase the robustness of SPS, a sign optimization algorithm (SOA) is coupled in SPS to regulate bending-twisting coupling effects. The SPS algorithm is applied to the buckling resistance design of composite rectangular plates exhibiting various boundaries under axial compression, where the Rayleigh-Ritz method is developed to perform the buckling analysis. Optimal results of SPS are compared against layerwise optimization approach (LOA) and genetic algorithm (GA), illustrating its reliability and efficiency.

The optimal design of laminates of interlayer hybrid lamination with multicouplings is significantly beneficial to enhance the mechanical properties and reduce the cost of composite structures. The...

Cetartiodactyls include terrestrial and marine species, all generally endowed with a comparatively lateral position of their eyes and a relatively limited binocular field of vision. To this day, our understanding of the visual system in mammals beyond the few studied animal models remains limited. In the present study, we examined the primary visual cortex of Cetartiodactyls that live on land (sheep, Père David deer, giraffe); in the sea (bottlenose dolphin, Risso’s dolphin, long-finned pilot whale, Cuvier’s beaked whale, sperm whale and fin whale); or in an amphibious environment (hippopotamus). We also sampled and studied the visual cortex of the horse (a closely related perissodactyl) and two primates (chimpanzee and pig-tailed macaque) for comparison. Our histochemical and immunohistochemical results indicate that the visual cortex of Cetartiodactyls is characterized by a peculiar organization, structure, and complexity of the cortical column. We noted a general lesser lamination compared to simians, with diminished density, and an apparent simplification of the intra- and extra-columnar connections. The presence and distribution of calcium-binding proteins indicated a notable absence of parvalbumin in water species and a strong reduction of layer 4, usually enlarged in the striated cortex, seemingly replaced by a more diffuse distribution in neighboring layers. Consequently, thalamo-cortical inputs are apparently directed to the higher layers of the column. Computer analyses and statistical evaluation of the data confirmed the results and indicated a substantial correlation between eye placement and cortical structure, with a markedly segregated pattern in cetaceans compared to other mammals. Furthermore, cetacean species showed several types of cortical lamination which may reflect differences in function, possibly related to depth of foraging and consequent progressive disappearance of light, and increased importance of echolocation.

Polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) are generally fabricated using the wet process. Although it is difficult to stack multiple layers by the wet process, it is compatible with the lamination proc...

The mechanical properties of sandwich panels with a polyurethane core and fiberglass face layers produced by a continuous lamination process have been studied. Tensile, compression and shear tests were performed on isolated face layer materials. Using a nonlinear finite-element model, the mechanical behavior of the sandwich panels in flatwise compression, edgewise compression, and bending was simulated, and a good agreement with experiments was found to exist.

Nowadays, autoclaves are widely used for industrial applications such as composite material production, laminated glass production and rubber industry. An autoclave is pressurized and heated up according to its special recipes, which are prepared by considering the technical specifications of the interlayer material and the types and thickness of the glass sheets. During the entire laminated glass production period, the gasket on the autoclave door provides sealing and it must not damage the steady air circulation inside the autoclave. In the present study, the sealing of a glass lamination autoclave was investigated numerically. In order to perform finite-element analysis (FEA), a simplified finite-element model was created by considering both the gaps between the autoclave door and its housing and the geometry of the gasket. In general, hyper-elasticity-based gasket materials were used for glass laminating autoclaves. A Mooney–Rivlin hyper-elastic material model was used for this study. In this study, nine different gasket geometries were designed and finite-element method (FEM) analyses of the gaskets were carried out by using the Ansys Workbench software. FEM analyses were performed at 13 bar operating pressure. The results were compared in terms of deformation of the gaskets and von Mises equivalent stress. The most suitable gasket geometry was determined according to the simulation and FEA results.

S-glass-fiber-reinforced plastic layered composites were prepared by the vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding, and their mechanical properties in relation to different layering types were studied. The effects of layering type and off-axis angle on the tensile and flexural strengths of the composites were clarified. In addition, variations in the intelaminar shear strength and bearing strength by bolted joints as functions of off-axis angle were investigated. Results indicated that the tensile and flexural strengths of the S-glass fiber composites with the 0° lamination were more sensitive to the off-axis angle than those with the 0°/90° orthogonal lamination.

In this paper, an experimental procedure is presented in order to handle magnetic measurements under uniaxial tensile stress reaching the plastic domain. The main advantage of the proposed procedure is that it does not require an additional magnetic core to close the magnetic flux path through the studied sample. The flux flows only in the sample and no parasitic airgaps are introduced, which avoids the use of H-coil to evaluate the magnetic field, often very sensitive and not easy to calibrate. A specimen of non-oriented (NO) FeSi (1.3%) sheet (M330-35A) is characterized under uniaxial tensile stress. In order to validate the proposed procedure, a comparison with the single sheet tester procedure is carried out. The results obtained by the two procedures are in a good agreement. Moreover, to illustrate the possibilities offered by the proposed procedure, we confirm some results met in the literature. We show that positive plastic strain leads to significant degradation of magnetic behavior. An applied tensile stress on a virgin (un-strained) sample leads to a magnetic behavior degradation. Whereas, on a pre-strained sample, an applied tensile stress results in reducing the deterioration caused by the plastic strain until a stress value called optimum. Above this threshold, the magnetic behavior re-deteriorates progressively.

A review on optimization of adhesively bonded spar-wingskin joint (SWJ) of laminated fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites subjected to pull-off load is presented in this article using three-dimensional finite element analysis. Von Mises stress components have been computed across the width of joint at different interfaces viz. load coupler-spar, and load coupler-wingskin interfaces. Further, the weight of SWJ structure is considered as the objective function which needs to be minimized for optimization. In the first step, the material and lamination scheme of the FRP composite materials used for SWJ are optimized, and, in the second step, the geometrical parameters have been optimized on the basis of minimum von Mises stress and weight. Further, the effects of the material, lamination scheme, and geometrical parameters on the von Mises stress and weight have been validated using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) approach as prescribed by the Taguchi method. The results show that the material and spar thickness are the most significant factors influencing von Mises stress. The weight analysis reveals that there is a significant effect of change in material and wingskin thickness on SWJ performance. Suitable design recommendations have been made for SWJ in terms of material, lamination scheme and geometrical parameters.

The initial idea of this research is to exploit the abundance of wood waste material in the form of coins which have almost the same size and thickness. This waste comes from the rest of the production of glass bottled water. One way to achieve this goal is by using horizontal and vertical lamination techniques with the addition of a turning process with the aim of being able to form and produce functions. Another goal is to apply the waste coin arrangement as a functional and decorative product design material. The design of this product with waste is used as a model for empowering the creative industry of the local crafts-producing community where glass mineral water is located in Sambeng Village, Kasiman District, Bojonegoro Regency, East Java. The design method used is the Design Thinking method. The output produced is in the form of functional and decorative product designs, such as stools, wall clocks, frames, candle holders, egg holders, menu boards, and placemats.

Jelly-roll (JR) processed wires using metal thin foils as starting materials have excellent cold workability and drawability. We have successfully fabricated Nb/Al composite mono-core wires having 50 μm in outer diameter and over 400 meters in length. Furthermore, some of the wires were additionally drawn to 30 μm in outer diameter. It is known that the critical current density ( J c) of Nb3Al synthesized by low-temperature diffusion reactions increases with decreasing the diffusion distance between Nb and Al. In this study, we have confirmed that J c would increase with decreasing the wire diameter, and the maximum J c has been obtained on Nb3Al wires with 30 μm in diameter. In addition, a 7-wire round cable has also been demonstrated using 80 μm diameter wire, with an I c 7 times the I c of a single wire. A transport current test was performed for the cable sample simulating W&R and R&W processes using a 50 mm diameter G10 holder. There were no differences between the I c and the n-values in the W&R and R&W processes. Moreover, as a feasibility study, a 3rd bundle Rutherford cable has been successfully fabricated using 3,108 pure copper wires 50 μm in diameter.

The alumina slurry with high solid content was prepared, and a rapid lamination route for fabricate the Nextel™ 610 fiber reinforced alumina composite was proposed in this work. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the as-received all-oxide composite were investigated by a series of techniques. The shrinkage cracks in matrix were reduced, while porous structure in composite was maintained. The N610/alumina composite has weak matrix and weak interface, as the Young’s modulus of the alumina matrix and the interfacial shear strength of the composite are 140.8±2.5GPa and 129.1±14.6MPa. The mechanical properties of the composite are much higher than lots of oxide/oxide composites, given its flexural strength, interlaminar shear strength and the fracture toughness are 398.4±5.7MPa、27.0±0.5MPa and 14.1±0.9MPa·m1/2, respectively. The flexural strength of the virgin composite keep stable at 25–1050 °C, while dramatically decrease at 1100–1200 °C.

The ongoing miniaturization and functional heterogeneity in electronics packaging are pushing the demand for advanced substrate technologies. Highly integrated, advanced multi-chip packaging solutions combine application, logic and computing dies with memory or components for power management in a single package. A solution to achieve low fabrication costs is the close embedding of thin dies in IC Substrates based on large formats (600 x 600 mm²), known from PCB fabrication. In a consortium of partners from industry and research advanced technologies for Panel Level Packaging (PLP) are developed. This paper will show the development of 5µm L/S RDL routing density and chips with 50µm bump pitch. Here, the 6x6 mm² dies are symmetrically embedded into an organic laminate matrix. A PCB core (100µm thickness) with very low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) containing laser cut cavities is used, acting as a frame layer. Besides mechanical and handling stability, the usage of such a frame offers the advantage of pre-integrating additional features like local fiducials, through vias or power lines by conventional PCB processes. Within that frame, the dies are embedded by lamination of an organic build-up film with 25µm thickness equal to bump height. The chip contacts are then opened without the need of any micro via formation. Here a strong focus is set on RIE etching of the polymer material. Highly accurate measurement of the real die position is essential for the following processing. The formation of the redistribution layer (RDL) is done in a semi-additive process (SAP) utilizing sputtering technique and direct imaging (LDI). To achieve the fine pitch demands, an adaptive imaging process is applied. Therefore, a newly developed LDI machine is used to write structures in a 7µm photoresist. This exposure also combines the measurement data of the real die position and the adaption of the exposure artwork, in order to achieve highest registration quality.

Purpose The use of a gas metal arc welding-based weld-deposition, referred to as wire-direct energy deposition or wire-arc additive manufacturing, is one of the notable additive manufacturing methods for producing metallic components at high deposition rates. In this method, the near-net shape is manufactured through layer-by-layer weld-deposition on a substrate. However, as a result of this sequential weld-deposition, different layers are subjected to different types of thermal cycles and partial re-melting. The resulting microstructural evolution of the material may not be uniform. Hence, the purpose of this study is to assess microstructure variation along with the lamination direction (or build direction). Design/methodology/approach The study was carried out for two different boundary conditions, namely, isolated condition and cooled condition. The microstructural evolution across the layers is hypothesized based on experimental assessment; this included microhardness, scanning electron microscopy imaging and electron backscatter diffraction analysis. These conditions subsequently collaborated with the help of thermal modeling of the process. Findings During a new layer deposition, the previous layer also is subject to re-melt. While the newly added layer undergoes rapid cooling through a combination of convection, conduction and radiation losses, the penultimate layer, sees a slower cooling curve due to its smaller exposure area. This behavior of rapid-solidification and subsequent re-melting and re-solidification is a progressing phenomenon across the layers and the bulk of the layers have uniform grains due to this remelt-re-solidification phenomenon. Research limitations/implications This paper studies the microstructure variation along with the build direction for thin-walled components fabricated through weld-deposition. This study would be helpful in addressing the issue of anisotropy resulting from the distinctive thermal history of each layer in the overall theme of metal additive manufacturing. Originality/value The unique aspect of this paper is the postulation of a generic hypothesis, based on experimental findings and supported by thermal modeling of the process, for remelt-re-solidification phenomenon followed by temperature raising/lowering repetitively in every layer deposition across the layers. This is implemented for different types of base plate conditions, revealing the role of boundary conditions on the microstructure evolution.

New interconnect schemes that replace metallic solders with electrically conductive adhesives (ECA) are appearing in recent embodiments of crystalline silicon photovoltaic (PV) modules. Recently, potential ECA interconnect failure modes were identified and characterized, which included cohesive cracking and debonding of the adhesive joint. In this work, we elucidate on how and to what extent the driving force for ECA degradation develops in shingled cell modules. We have employed a multiscale modeling approach, using the finite-element method, to accurately predict the driving force for both accelerated stress testing conditions and on-sun exposure of PV modules. When we compare our driving force predictions for a generic PV module with the experimentally characterized fracture properties of a candidate ECA, we found that interconnect failure of only poor quality or otherwise damaged joints is likely to occur. Furthermore, we show how a 2-D submodel can efficiently predict limits for the debond driving forces without needing to employ the multiscale modeling approach.

The objective of this study is to clarify the effect of resin lamination on the tensile strength characteristics of SUS304 stainless steel thin films. We conducted tensile and stepwise tensile tests using several types of specimens prepared with 20-μm- and 40-μm-thick SUS304 films, 25-μm-thick polypropylene (PP) film, and 6-μm-thick polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film. Their macroscopic and microscopic tensile deformation behaviors were observed using an optical microscope and a reflection-configured digital holographic microscope, respectively. As a result, laminating the PP or PET films onto the SUS film did not significantly change the macroscopic and microscopic strain changes against the tensile load or microscopic surface changes in the low-strain region. Laminating the PET film onto the SUS film did not reduce the fracture strain, whereas laminating the PP film onto the SUS film did reduce it. One of the reasons may be that burrs formed on the side surface of the PP/SUS laminate. Polishing the side surface of the PP/SUS laminate may suppress the reduction in its fracture strain. The reduction of the fracture strain due to the PP lamination in the 20 μm thick SUS film was larger than that of the 40-μm-thick SUS film. In thin SUS films, small stress concentrators that have almost no effect on macroscopic and microscopic deformation might significantly reduce the fracture strain.

This paper describes a relatively simple closed form formula for predicting the strength of glulam assemblies in bending about the major axis based on statistical engineering mechanics using the tension strength of finger jointed of bonded lamination pairs. It has been calibrated against the strengths of full-size glulam beams ranging in depths from 150 mm to 1200 mm over spans of 2.7 m up to 19.5 m. Comparisons are made at both the mean strength and 5th percentile strength levels with the latter drawing attention to the fact that all test series invariably involve observation of minimum values that means the statistical distributions are invariably truncated. For Weibull distributions, this has an impact on the shape factor and, therefore, the local coefficient of variation of the lower tail, which plays an important role in size effects in glulam and potentially has wider implications.

Embedded resistors in printed circuit boards (PCBs) are fabricated to provide high integration, improved electrical performance, and reduced parasitic capacitance and inductance in the high-frequency and high-speed environment. At present, the embedded resistance errors caused by etching metal film accuracy are generally more than 20%. In this work, real-time monitoring technology is developed to precisely control the resistance of electroless-plated embedded resistors. During the deposition process, the resistances of embedded resistors are monitored until reaching the targeted resistance, realizing the very ideal resistance error lower than 10%. Arbitrary shapes including serpentine and zigzag structures of embedded resistors are attempted to validate the practical capability of this approach. Reliability Characterization experiments such as high-temperature and high-pressure lamination, thermal shock and thermal cycles confirm the thermal and mechanical stability. It is demonstrated that the embedded resistors through real-time monitored electroless plating have tremendous potential in the manufacture of high-frequency and high-speed PCBs.

This article develops a multi-scale model order reduction (MOR) method including both material and machine scale MOR. The material-scale MOR homogenizes the eddy-current (EC) field in laminated cores using the Legendre expansion of magnetic induction along the stacking direction within each steel sheet. The machine-scale MOR represents the EC field in electromagnetic devices with their equivalent Cauer ladder network (CLN). The former MOR is built into the latter by applying the CLN procedure to the homogenized EC field equation.

In this article, a finite element (FE) modeling of the punching effect on the magnetic properties of electrical steel sheet is carried out. For that, the modified anhysteretic Sablik model is applied together with the plastic strain distribution obtained from a punching process simulation performed using the software ABAQUS. First, a synchronous electrical machine is simulated including the effect of the punching process, and it shows the degradation of the magnetic flux density at the lamination edges and an increase of the iron losses. Then, results obtained from the magneto-mechanical simulation are investigated in terms of the method used to implement the plastic strain distribution in the FE computation. Two examples have been investigated: a square steel sheet and a tooth of an electrical machine.

In this research, cellulose acetate/blends of polyvinyl alcohol and polyacrylic acid (CA/PA) bilayer porous membrane was prepared by electrospinning and esterification. Then the developed membrane was laminated onto polyester fabrics to examine their practical applications in the textile area. Investigations for surface morphology, the water content distribution and the moisture absorption were done in detail to examine the unidirectional moisture transport performance of the CA/PA bilayer porous membrane and the laminated fabrics. The results illustrated that when the electrospinning arrangement time was PA-CA=6h-4h, the lamination pressure 2 MPa and the lamination time 35 seconds, the laminated fabric had the best performance. At this time, the composite laminated fabric exhibited a value for one-way moisture transport capability (R) of 960.76 % with overall moisture management capacity (OMMC) performance of 0.84 %. Additionally, the moisture absorption and perspiration of the laminated fabric can reach level 5.

The laser micro-spot welding process was studied to implement a sheet lamination process-based methodology for the fabrication of austenitic stainless steel scaffolds. AISI 302 sheets with a thickness of 254 μm were laser cut and laser welded. Experimental tests were carried out with different values of average laser power (i.e., 180, 200, and 220 W) and different exposure times (25, 50, 75, 100, 125 ms). The micro-spot welds were visually inspected according to the ISO 13919-1 Class B requirements. Spot welds were qualitatively characterized, and weld dimensions were measured (i.e., penetration depth, top, middle, and bottom width and the heat-affected zone (HAZ)) to identify the cross-sectional shape. Furthermore, process efficiencies (i.e., coupling, melting, and process) were studied. A seam welding model was adapted to calculate the required exposure time and was used to obtain a micro-spot weld to accomplish the quality requirements of the scaffold. A scaffold prototype was designed and manufactured using the selected parameters by experimental trials and using the mathematical model (i.e., a laser power of 220 W and an exposure time of 45 ms).

Summary Despite heterogeneity across the six layers of the mammalian cortex, all excitatory neurons are generated from a single founder population of neuroepithelial stem cells. However, how these progenitors alter their layer competence over time remains unknown. Here, we used human embryonic stem cell-derived cortical progenitors to examine the role of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and Notch signaling in influencing cell fate, assessing their impact on progenitor phenotype, cell-cycle kinetics, and layer specificity. Forced early cell-cycle exit, via Notch inhibition, caused rapid, near-exclusive generation of deep-layer VI neurons. In contrast, prolonged FGF2 promoted proliferation and maintained progenitor identity, delaying laminar progression via MAPK-dependent mechanisms. Inhibiting MAPK extended cell-cycle length and led to generation of layer-V CTIP2+ neurons by repressing alternative laminar fates. Taken together, FGF/MAPK regulates the proliferative/neurogenic balance in deep-layer corticogenesis and provides a resource for generating layer-specific neurons for studying development and disease., Highlights • FGF/MAPK regulates the proliferative/neurogenic balance in deep-layer corticogenesis • FGF/MAPK signaling maintains the progenitor pool and generates layer-VI neurons • MAPK inhibition prolongs cell cycle to yield layer-V neurons, repressing other fates • Protocols to generate layer-specific cortical neurons to study development and disease, Despite heterogeneity across human cortical layers, all excitatory neurons evolve from a single founder stem cell population. How these progenitors alter layer competence over time is unknown. Using human pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical progenitors, we demonstrate that FGF/MAPK signaling regulates the proliferative/neurogenic balance in deep-layer corticogenesis. Modulating FGF/MAPK enables generation of layer-specific neurons to study development and disease.

Type III vessels are used to store gases at high pressure and, for efficient use, should be as light as possible without compromising stability. However, since the fiber composite layer has a directional property, it causes different properties depending on the order of lamination and the direction of the layer, and it is necessary to evaluate various and complex variables because both the low and high lamination angles are used in the manufacturing process. Therefore, this study evaluated the composite material layer of type III high pressure storage vessels in a single layer pattern and a composite pattern, and evaluated the effects of the inherent characteristics of each angle and the increase or decrease in the stacking angle on the strength performance of the storage vessel. As a result of analysis, it was confirmed that the change of angle not only affects the strength performance, but also affects the location of storage vessel such as domes and cylinders. In addition, in the most optimized pattern, the stress of 79 MPa in the fiber direction and 20.35 MPa in the fiber orthogonal direction could be reduced.

The stochastic investigation of fracture response of centrally cracked symmetric angle ply laminated composite plates subjected to different types of biaxially applied stresses by implementing stochastic extended finite element method (SXFEM) is carried out. The second-order perturbation technique is used in the framework of well-established extended finite element method to obtain the mean and coefficient of variance of mixed-mode stress intensity factors by random change in input parameters. The various system properties such as material elastic properties, lamination angle, loading, crack parameters like crack length and crack angle are modelled as independent, and they combine uncorrelated and correlated input random Gaussian variables. Typical numerical results are presented to examine the effect of various levels of uncertainties in biaxial load factors, fibre angle, crack eccentricity in X and/or Y direction, crack angles and crack lengths. The results obtained using SXFEM approach are compared with the results available in the published literature, and by performing Monte Carlo simulations, an excellent agreement is seen.

Flexible copper clad laminate has been used to fabricate flexible electronics such as bio-inspired tactile sensor, microfluidics-based sensor, and flexible printed circuits board. Herein, the effects of thermal property difference between the component layers on the residual interfacial deformation in a flexible copper clad laminate occurring during roll-to-roll composite film manufacturing were analyzed. The thermal behaviors of polyimide film and copper meshes in the laminate were examined, and it was found that differences of the coefficient of thermal expansion and elastic modulus between the two components could cause the residual deformation in the laminate. The three factors affecting the residual strain due to the thermal characteristic difference, i.e., temperature and pressure of the lamination roll and web tension, were selected in the controllable operating conditions in a roll-to-roll lamination process. Mathematical models to estimate the elastic and thermal residual strains according to the factors were developed and experimentally verified. Finally, the effects of the three factors on the residual strain in the laminate were determined using the developed model. In this study, we demonstrate that, in the lamination process, the thermal strain of the laminate component materials after thermal cycling generates a significant residual deformation, which causes defects in the flexible copper clad laminate. The developed model can be used to accurately estimate the residual elastic and thermal residual strains occurring during the roll-to-roll manufacturing according to the process conditions.

In today’s cell production, the focus lies on maximizing productivity while maintaining product quality. To achieve this, the lamination of electrode and separator is one key process technology, as it bonds the electrode and separator to form mechanically resilient intermediate products. These mechanically resilient intermediates are necessary to enable high throughput processes. Although the lamination process has significant effects on the electrochemical performance of battery cells, it has not been sufficiently researched with regard to its process-product interdependencies. Therefore, this paper addresses the investigation of these interdependencies and proposes three characterization methods (grey scale analysis, high potential tests, electrochemical cycling and C-rate tests). The results of the three methods show that the lamination process with its process parameters (lamination temperature, lamination pressure and material feed rate) has an influence on both the properties of the intermediate product and the cell properties. In conclusion, the knowledge of the process-product interdependencies is essential in order to utilize the advantages of lamination integrated into the process chain and consequently achieve quality-assured cell production.

A new process of activating sizing film free (removed sizing) carbon fiber (SFF-CF) mats directly with electron beam irradiation (EBI) under oxygen-rich nitrogen gas prior to lamination assembly and hot-press was found to increase bending strength of CFRTP (CF reinforced thermoplastic polypropylene (PP)) interlayered composite composed of 3 SFF-CF mats between 4 PP sheets, [PP]4[SFF-CF]3. The hot-press fabrication was performed under 4.0 MPa at 473 K for 1 min. Experimental results showed optimal condition of 0.22 MGy-EBI under 2,000 ppm-O2-rich, protective N2 atmosphere improved bending strength, σb at all accumulative probabilities, Pf over that of untreated. This could be explained by maximum number of the strong covalent bonds of CF:C:C:PP and oxygen assisted CF:C:O:C:PP bonds adhering bare SFF-CF surface to PP, instead of the weak intermolecular bonding of CF(H2O, N2, O2)PP of untreated. The optimal concentration of O2 molecules together with the EBI probably purified the SFF-CF surface simultaneously generating dangling bonds, which already naturally exist in SFF-CF as evidenced by the highest intensity ESR peak whose inflection point was at B = 323 mT. This, along with attaching O groups to the SFF-CF surface can explain the increased SFF-CF to PP adhesion sites and bending strength increase. Fracture analysis showed the optimum condition prevented ply delamination and reduced damage area along sample length appearing to increase cohesion between the difficult to adhere thermoplastic PP and SFF-CF plies to take on higher loads. Although bending strength was increased, carefulness is always highly recommended when investigating unsized CF composites.

In order to minimize eddy current losses in an open-core type of transformer, a lower width- to-thickness ratio of lamination sheets and even varying lamination stacking direction than in the case of standard transformers are used. Consequently, narrow eddy current loops must be considered as a 2-D phenomenon, i.e., edge effects and irregular current density distributions cannot be neglected. A two-step method for the calculation of eddy currents and eddy current losses in an open-core transformer is presented. In the first step, using the anisotropic surrogate material, the magnetic flux density distribution within the bulk core model is calculated. In the second step, the magnetic flux density obtained in the first step is used as input to calculate eddy currents in a sufficient number of densely meshed 2-D slices of the laminated core. Numerical simulation of the method is carried out, and the results are compared with those obtained using a homogenization method and the brute force approach. The results show good agreement and indicate the importance of taking edge effects into account.

In this study, the coating process is employed on metal wire to help improve the friction resistant property of carbon fibers, thereby provides more application feasibility. The yarn coating technique for reinforcement and woven fabric process are used to produce carbon/stainless steel/polyester/polypropylene/acrylic (CSPPA) woven fabrics that are characterized with softness and a light weight. The constituent coated yarns exhibit good conductivity after being coated with a PP layer, and likewise strengthen the woven fabrics in terms of mechanical behavior of tensile strength, elongation, bending torsion, creep resistance, and wear-resistant properties. The test results indicate that in the woven process, samples retain good morphology. Due to PP sheath, the tensile strength of woven fabrics increases from 23 MPa to 42 MPa. Although the lamination layer numbers does not improve the EMI SE of woven fabrics, the EMI SE still reaches over 40 dB. The manufacturing design proposed in this study provides an innovative finishing for carbon fibers without affecting the intrinsic properties, and provides a greater range of application for carbon fibers.

Metal additive manufacturing technologies, such as powder bed fusion process, directed energy deposition (DED) process, sheet lamination process, etc., are one of promising flexible manufacturing technologies due to direct fabrication characteristics of a metallic freeform with a three-dimensional shape from computer aided design data. DED processes can create an arbitrary shape on even and uneven substrates through line-by-line deposition of a metallic material. Theses DED processes can easily fabricate a heterogeneous material with desired properties and characteristics via successive and simultaneous depositions of different materials. In addition, a hybrid process combining DED with different manufacturing processes can be conveniently developed. Hence, researches on the DED processes have been steadily increased in recent years. This paper reviewed recent research trends of DED processes and their applications. Principles, key technologies and the state-of-the art related to the development of process and system, the optimization of deposition conditions and the application of DED process were discussed. Finally, future research issues and opportunities of the DED process were identified.

The strength and brittleness of rocks are among the most important mechanical parameters in the design of geotechnical projects. Anisotropy is one of the prominent factors affecting the rock properties including strength and brittleness. This paper investigates the effect of anisotropy on the strength and brittleness of laminated sandstone samples collected from the northwest of Khorramabad (west of Iran). For this purpose, the laminated sandstone samples were drilled at different lamination angles (β) of 0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90°. Here, β is the angle between lamination planes and loading direction. After preparation of specimens, petrographical and physical properties were investigated. Then, uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and Brazilian tensile strength (BTS) tests were carried out on the specimens at different β angles, and their strengths were determined. Using data analysis, brittleness was indirectly obtained as a function of UCS and BTS. The results showed that the anisotropy of the sample has a significant influence on UCS, BTS, and brittleness. Moreover, UCS and brittleness of the sample showed a shoulder-shaped anisotropy with the maximum value at β = 0° or β = 90° and minimum value at β = 30°. Meanwhile, the BTS of the sample increased with an increase in β from 0° to 90°. According to the classifications of UCS and brittleness of rocks in the literature, in terms of the β angle, the sample falls into the different categories of rock classes.

This experiment aims to study the performance of multilayered transparent wood (MLTW) under the condition of partial delignification, including the effect of lamination structure between layers and delignification process on the properties of MLTW. New Zealand pine (Pinus radiata D.Don) and Basswood (Tilia) were selected. The acid method was used to remove part lignin for preparing wood templates with natural wood color and texture, and then the polymer impregnated wood templates. During the lamination process, three wood templates were laminated by parallel direction (MLTW∥) or perpendicular direction (MLTW⊥) to prepare for MLTW. Under macro- and microtest, it can be seen that the laminate structure has a certain impact on the mechanical properties and light transmittance of MLTW, and MLTW can effectively reduce the anisotropy of single-layer one with the same thickness. MLTW is suitable for home decoration and structure materials and has broad application prospects.

Lamination technique is one of the most promising and effective approaches to produce flexible organic solar cells (OSCs), with the combination of high throughput and simultaneous encapsulation. In this study, flexible ITO‐free OSCs were successfully fabricated by lamination technique under the optimized temperature and pressure. It is found that the introduction of hole interface layer of PEDOT:MoO3 helps to improve both the film hydrophobicity and the carrier extraction. A high efficiency improvement of about 30% is obtained in the interface‐modified laminating flexible ITO‐free OSCs compared to the conventional laminated device. This work illustrates that anode interface engineering has a significant effect on the improvement of performance of roll‐to‐roll laminated and self‐encapsulated OSCs.

The originality of this work consists in the study of the stamping behaviour of tufted and un-tufted carbon preforms. Several preforms by varying the tufting thread orientations (0°, 90° and 0°/90°) and with different stratifications ([0°/90°,-45°/+45°] and [0°/90°,-45°/+45°]2) were manufactured in order to study their out-of-plane deformability. The stamping test was carried out using a hemispherical punch and conducted at two blank-holder pressures (0.05 and 0.2 MPa). The experimental data highlight the influence of tufting threads on the forming force, maximum material draw-in, shear angle mapping and wrinkling phenomenon during the forming process. Furthermore, the orientations of tufting thread, the number of layers and the pressure of the blank-holder significantly affected the forming behaviour: all tufted preforms present a higher forming force, lower maximum material draw-in and shear angles and notable structural defects than the un-tufted preform. The increase in the pressure of the blank-holder from 0.05 to 0.2 MPa increases all these characteristics and emphasizes the structural defects on the fibrous reinforcements. Similarly, the transition from two layers to four layers in lamination at the same blank-holder pressure is followed by an increase of the forming force required for stamping operation, reducing the material draw-in and the shear angles especially those measured at the transient zone, and causes more structural defects on all stamped tufted and un-tufted preforms. For all these reasons, two localized tufting configurations, Right Localized Tufted (RLT) and Inclined Localized Tufted (ILT), at the stamping transition area are proposed. The stamping results show that these two original configurations present a minimum punch force and a maximum material draw-in similar to those measured on the un-tufted structure. The shear angles are higher than those recorded on the conventionally tufted preforms (over the entire surface).

Herein, TiSe2-C laminated heterojunction in-situ derived from halogen ion（-Cl, -F）terminal functionalized Ti3C2Tx MXene was prepared by the solid-state reaction. Functional Precursor of Cl-enriched MXene was synthesized by chloride molten etching method, high-crystalline TiSe2-C laminated heterojunction was obtained after the selenylation process. For F-enriched MXene, abundant TiO2 nanoparticles could be acquired besides TiSe2-C lamination. Based on DFT calculation results, byproduct TiO2 and amorphous carbon can continuously inject electrons to TiSe2, owing to the discrepancy of work functions. Excellent charge-carrier transportation peculiarity gives TiSe2-C lamination heterojunction excellent electrochemical performances and can also accelerate the kinetic process. Among them, TiSe¬2-Cl can demonstrate a reversible capacity of 369.14 mAh g-1 at the current of 1 A g-1, and even keep a high rate capacity 372.26 mAh g-1 at 5 A g-1. This study provides a new idea to synthesize MXene derivatives for high performance sodium ion batteries anode materials.

Due to their outstanding advantages like excellent moisture resistance and compatibility with up-scalable manufacturing processes, carbon (C) electrode hole transport layer (HTL)-free perovskite solar cells (PSCs) represent an excellent solution to the serious limitations caused by the commonly used HTL and expensive noble metal electrode. The C-electrode can be deposited using different techniques from various carbon allotropes and their derivatives. However, the choice of optimal carbon sources is still open to debate, which will certainly have a strong effect on the performance and long-term stability of the resulting PSCs. Here, the modular HTL-free C-PSCs were assembled by the lamination of two independently processed half-stacks of a semi-cell and a charge collector, where the C-electrodes were processed using a simple spray coating technique at low temperature (85 °C). Three typical carbon sources were used, i.e., multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT), carbon nanocoil (CNC), and graphene. A comparative study was conducted to determine the best candidate. Results indicated that MWCNT might be more preferable as the back electrode in HTL-free PSCs in terms of well-aligned band alignment, superior ability in extraction and collection of photo-generated holes. As a result, an improved power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 11.2% was achieved for modular MWCNT-based PSCs, and much improved thermal and humidity stabilities were also demonstrated. Our achievement demonstrates the irreplaceable role of tri-functional MWCNT in C-based HTL-free PSCs with integrated function: (i) back electrode; (ii) hole extraction and collection; and (iii) excellent moisture barrier.

The photovoltaic (PV) cell fracture reduces the efficiency of solar PV modules and the residual stresses generated in the silicon cells by various stages of manufacturing process are attributed as one of the primary reasons among others. In this study, a unified approach to investigate the residual stresses present across the PV module owing to differing material properties and thermal cycles during manufacturing process is attempted. In particular, an in-plane residual stress map for different layers of solar PV module and the stress jump across the layered structure arisen during the manufacturing process are quantified through finite element method by considering ethylene vinyl acetate encapsulant as a linear viscoelastic material. The maximum residual stress presence in the cell is observed during the encapsulant curing cycle of lamination process. The predictions on the stress pattern and magnitudes from the simulations collaborate well with the experimental observations reported in literature.

Ultra-thin conjugated polymer films are promising candidates for flexible electronics, but the effect of the film thickness on the tensile properties of 2D conjugated polymer films at the several-nanometer scale has not been investigated. In this paper, ultra-thin poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) films (2.07 ± 0.36 nm, 4.03 ± 0.25 nm, 6.53 ± 0.45 nm) were prepared by a lamination method, and OFET devices with ultra-thin P3HT films with different thicknesses and degrees of stretching as active layers were fabricated by the film on elastomers (FOE) method. The relationship between the thickness of the ultra-thin P3HT films and their tensile properties was investigated by optical microscopy (OM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and UV-visible spectroscopy. The results showed that the laminated ultra-thin P3HT films (

PMC (Polymer Matrix Composites), in addition to static loads, can also be exposed to dynamic loads as a result of impacts. Aircraft or cars are particularly vulnerable to this type of loading, where small objects, e.g. pebbles, sand grains, and metal debris may hit. Such loads can cause cracking or lead to complete damage. Therefore, the paper presents research results for the most commonly used polymer composite reinforced with glass fibers (GFRP). For GFRP samples, hand lay-up lamination was used. The tests were carried out using SHPB (Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar) the device equipped with steel bars with a diameter of 20.5 mm. Three load levels were used: 1 bar (≈1000 1/s), 1.5bars (≈1500 1/s) and 2bars (≈2000 1/s). The dimensions of the samples were 12 × 12mm, and the thickness was depending on the tested material. The analysis of the results was carried out in the WASP (Waves Analysis and Study Program) program, obtaining the true stress – true strain diagrams.

HfC nanowires modified carbon fiber cloth laminated carbon/carbon (HfCnw-C/C) composites were fabricated by in situ growth of HfC nanowires on carbon cloths via catalytic CVD, followed with lamination of the cloths and densification by pyrolytic carbon (PyC). Morphologies, thermal conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), and ablation resistance of the composites were investigated. Due to the loading of HfC nanowires, the matrix PyC with low texture was obtained; the thermal conductivity of the composites in the Z direction was enhanced from 100℃ to 2500℃; CTE along the X–Y direction also decreased in the range of 2060 ℃ – 2500 ℃, which reaches the maximum of 24 % at 2500℃. Moreover, the 20s-ablation-resistance of HfCnw-C/C composites exhibits mass and linear ablation rates of 5.3 mg/s and 21.0 μm/s, which are 40 % and 37 % lower than those of pure C/C composites, respectively. Our work shows laminated HfCnw-C/C composites are a promising candidate for high-temperature applications.

In this work, an experimental and numerical study of the High Velocity Impact (HVI) behaviour for hybrid structures was presented. HVI at different velocities were carried out on the structures, evaluating failure phenomena and impact damage using high-speed camera and ultrasound techniques (C-scan). In order to predict the complex impact response and damage extension in the structure, a 3D explicit Finite Element Model (FEM) was developed for each structure using a commercial LS-DYNA software. Experimental and numerical results were then presented showing a good correlation with an error between the 6% and 17% in terms of absorbed energy and damage extension. Afterwards, an optimisation analysis was carried out on the numerical model in order to identify the best design parameters when a TPU layer is introduced in the lamination sequence of the material for damage mitigation purposes. Results were presented reporting a reduction of at least 54% in absorbed energy, damage extension and maximum indentation respectively when 1 mm thick Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) layer is applied on the Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) impact surface.

Designing modern composite structures requires sound understanding about the deformation and failure behavior of the combined materials. Hybridization of glass–epoxy layers into boron-epoxy has the potential to reduce the cost of the structure, nevertheless the failure behavior has not been established especially under biaxial loading condition. Therefore, this paper aims to perform simulation and analyze the failure behavior of boron/glass hybrid composite laminates under biaxial tension. The first stage of the work focused on replicating established experimental work on composite laminates made of boron-epoxy under biaxial tension. Prior to that, mesh convergence analysis and numerical validation has been performed. Finally, finite element simulation was performed to investigate the effect of hybridization of glass–epoxy layers into boron-epoxy under biaxial tension. Three lamination schemes, [0/90]s, [0/±45/90]s and [0/±45]s, where glass–epoxy was added either at the skin or core of the hybrid laminates were modelled and loads constituting the failure of each lamination scheme, were determined. The built-in function for failure analysis and Maximum Stress Theory, available in ANSYS software were employed. Based on the results, it could be observed that there is significant difference between boron laminates and its hybrid laminates failure behavior. Moreover, it is also simulated that the hybrid laminate could withstand more load compared to the original boron-epoxy laminates. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the current study is useful and has provided significant knowledge about understanding the behavior of boron/glass hybrid composite laminates under biaxial tension.