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System integration for process automation promoted the technologies that were accessed to functions and data of field device, controller, and SCADA system. In addition, the data from filed devices can apply to solve device diagnostic and preventive maintenance. This paper describes the practical technique to configure and implement of control and SCADA system that focus on integration of field device, PLC controller, and SCADA system. The paper presents case study of Allen-Bradley (AB) PLC by using WirelessHART device to temperature control and device diagnostic through SCADA system. PLC’s input/output (I/O) modules are installed that consists of Modbus module, digital I/O module, analog I/O module. In addition, Prosoft configuration builder and Studio 5000 software are new software to build add on Modbus instruction and ladder diagrams, respectively. The experiments perform in case study of temperature control by using Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID) function in the AB PLC. Wonderware InTouch SCADA software is implemented to monitor the process mimic, trend, and alarm. Moreover, the technique can support the operators and engineers to make decision for process control and devices diagnostic.

At this time, traffic congestion is a problem that many big cities face, especially at intersections. Traffic jams at intersections occur a lot because they are caused by the traffic light regulation system that is not in accordance with the traffic light settings which can be changed at any time. The design of the traffic light simulation control program is deviated by four. The program is made with 4 models, namely the all-light flashing model, the flashing yellow light model, and a different one-way model. The current traffic light regulation mostly uses a fixed time setting system where the lights are set to work on a fixed time basis, regardless of the ups and downs of traffic flow. Therefore, offered a detector system (traffic actuated) by utilizing PLC (programmeble logic controller) as a controller. This research is made a simulation tool with PLC Omron. The working process of this tool is in the form of sending input from sensors installed on the road, where this sensor detects the presence or absence of vehicles.

A PLC-based embedded device on a miniature conveyor machine for operating a rejection system has been designed and constructed. The research objectives, namely (i) design and manufacture of an integrated system, (ii) making program structure based on a ladder diagram, and (iii) measuring the performance of an integrated system. Integrated system assembled from a miniature of the conveyor machines and belt installation, and installing the dc motor, while the rejection system assembly by placing several sensors, installing stepper motor, and wiring to the PLC system. Programming based on ladder diagram carried out by determining algorithms, compiling the ladder diagram, addressing the input/output, and compiling and uploading the program from PC to PLC. The performance of the integrated system was observed when (a) observation during synchronization, (b) observations of sensor readings while the rejection system simulator is operating, and (c) observation and measurement of the processing time of the rejection arm. Overall results have been obtained in the form of a PLC-based embedded device for the rejection system simulator on observations of the condition of the bottle caps for beverage packaging. Based on the overall observation, the PLC-based embedded device has functioned to operate the rejection system can be implemented at a manufacturing scale. &nbsp, Telah dirancang dan dikonstruksi sebuah embedded device berbasis PLC pada miniatur mesin konveyor untuk pengoperasian simulator sistem rejection. Tujuan penelitian ini, yaitu (i) merancang dan membuat sistem terintegrasi, (ii) membuat struktur program berbasis ladder diagram, dan (iii) mengukur kinerja sistem terintegrasi. Sistem terintegrasi dirakit dari miniatur mesin konveyor dengan pemasangan belt dan motor dc, sedangkan sistem rejection dirakit melalui penempatan sejumlah sensor, pemasangan motor stepper, dan perkabelan pada sistem PLC. Pemrograman berbasis ladder diagram, dilakukan melalui penentuan algoritma, penyusunan ladder diagram, pengalamatan jalur masukan/keluaran, dan penyusunan dan pengunggahan program dari komputer personal ke PLC. Kinerja sistem terintegrasi diamati ketika (a) pengamatan selama sinkronisasi, (b) pengamatan pembacaan sensor saat simulator sistem rejection beroperasi, dan (c) pengamatan dan pengukuran waktu proses lengan rejection. Hasil keseluruhan telah diperoleh dalam bentuk embedded device berbasis PLC untuk simulator sistem rejection pada pengamatan terhadap kondisi tutup botol kemasan minuman. Berdasarkan pengamatan secara keseluruhan, perangkat tertanam berbasis PLC yang berfungsi untuk pengoperasian sistem rejection dapat diimplementasikan pada skala manufaktur.

Automotive Industries were aiming at building fully automated machines to obtain increased production without compromising in the quality of the product. Building an automatic machine is one of the most efficient technologies to overcome defects resulted due to trimming process of valve stem seals. The existing system includes semi-automatic machine with punching system results in improper trimming. Hence in order to reduce these defects the system aims at building an automatic trimming machine for valve stem seals used in vehicles. The semi-automatic machine was ended with few defects which affect the product quality. The customer satisfaction is an important factor for industry growth. The system focuses on building a simple machine and control panel design with Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) as the controller. PLC will be most suitable controllers for the automotive industries. PLC was programmed using the CX-Programmer software with ladder logic as the programming language. The operation of the results was also displayed using HMI (Human Machine Interface) screen, which will provide information to the operator about machine production and its status.

This study discusses how to design a programmable logic controller (PLC) simulator trainer that can work and simplify human work and fast production. The 3-phase motor control of the water pump machine in the block ice cube is used with the CP1E-N20DR-D Omron PLC with a ladder diagram program designed with the Cx-Programmer computer application, as well as the design of communication media between the machine and the operator using the Cx-Designer software. As for the input / output used, the input is in the form of a level sensor module, the level sensor functions as a liquid barrier 1 and 2. The output is in the form of water pumps 1 and 2, the AC motor functions as filling and forming block ice and moving the ice cubes. Based on the research results, the Trainer Module for this ice block molding simulator is composed of several components that describe the process of making ice cubes by using the appropriate input / output and can work in accordance with the prearranged job descriptions.

The need for automatic beverage vendors is quite high in public places and crowds, which will be more efficient and efficient than the beverage vendors who are human-friendly. This paper discusses the design of an automatic beverage vendor based on a programmable logic controller (PLC). The PLC used for this study is the production of Outseal, which has an Outseal Studio simulation program with a ladder diagram control. This automatic beverage vendor consists of input, process, and output. The primary input of this system is an infrared sensor, and a flow meter sensor to detect the cup's presence and how much juice poured to the cup. The DC motor and pump are the control output. A simulation program demonstrates the effectiveness of this automatic beverage supplier with the Outseal studio.

With the recent advancement in Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), general programmable logic controllers (PLCs) have been playing more and more critical roles in industrial control systems (ICSs), such as providing local data processing, decentralized control and fault diagnosis. These so called edge-PLCs, directly receive the raw data from sensors embedded in factory equipments, put them into predefined memory space and perform analysis using programs such as the ladder logic. The challenge is how to allocate blocks in the fixed-size memory to different sensors so as to match irregular data flows. In this paper, we try to conduct performance analysis of different partition instances of the memory in the edge-PLC by modeling this problem as a multiple single-server queueing systems. We assume every sensing flow is independent of each other and has its dedicated processer. Changes can be made to partition instances to adapt to the external environment, such as the rising of order numbers or product category switching. Each state of the environment is defined by the finite state Markov chain and arrival of sensing data flows follow the stationary Poisson process. The data in the queue will expire after staying in the memory for a while. The duration of availability and service is modeled as the exponential distribution. The performance measured under different system states are analyzed in the simulation.

In this paper, we study the Gelfand–Cetlin systems and polytopes of the co-adjoint SO(n)-orbits. We describe the face structure of Gelfand–Cetlin polytopes and iterated bundle structure of Gelfand–Cetlin fibers in terms of combinatorics on the ladder diagrams. Using this description, we classify all Lagrangian fibers.

This account details the design and construction of a sophisticated tracking wheel for the accelerated aging of polymer insulators by subjecting them to surface contamination and high voltage. Automated control of wet-dry cycles is achieved by means of a computer-controlled lift mechanism that operates in tandem with the rotation. The applied voltage is continuously variable and can accommodate insulators of mixed lengths. The design incorporates a fail-safe control system that automates the selected test cycle, provides an intuitive user interface, and integrates multiple safety measures. This is achieved by implementing a programmable logic controller with digital and analog inputs and outputs. An associated ladder logic program automates the actuation of electromechanical hardware while also processing the inputs provided from control hardware, such as limit switches, optical encoders, variable frequency drives, and sensors. A touch-screen human interface module provides feedback and allows the user a means of input. Programmed fault detection, flood sensors, and a trapped key system increase the level of user safety and provide environmental and infrastructure protection.

Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) based process control automation projects are a multiphase task requiring months of planning, specification documentation, design, implementation, debugging, and final commissioning. Debugging real time process control implementation is a three-phase process; logic simulation debugging, field static checkout, and in plant final testing and tuning. This paper briefly discusses the fundamental techniques used in the first two stages of implemented ladder logic debugging [5, 6]. A wastewater treatment facility for the processing of high flow storm rainwater using the Allen Bradley (AB) SLC 500 PLC is used to illustrate the concepts discussed. The rainwater is channeled to two large wet wells, the east wet well and the west wet well. The water is pumped to the river from the two connected wells at constant rate using a predefined process sequence control. Pumping station with multi motors deriving constant speed immersed pumps are used to regulate the discharge water flow and the level in the two wells. Only two pumps are assumed here; one in the east wet well and the other in the west wet well. The motors provide an input discrete signal indicating if the motor is running or not. The motors can also start by activating the Push Button located on the local panel if the AUTO/MAN switch is in Manual. Three float switches are used to provide an accurate indication of the water level at three prespecified critical east / west wet well locations. The Low-Level Float switch triggers the stopping of the running pump. The High-level Float switch triggers the starting of the scheduled pump. If the scheduled pump fails to start within more than 5 seconds, a backup pump is selected and started (not shown in this paper). An alarm must be issued in order to alert the operator of any motor failure. The Very High-level float switch triggers the starting of both pumps. If either of the two pumps fails to start the corresponding alarm is activated by the control. Pumps are scheduled to run according to an operator pre-defined calendar. This input is expected in hours of accumulated total pump run time. The two pumps must alternate while the water level is below the Very High Level and above the Low Level. Cascaded timers are not altered during the time when the two pumps are running. This paper shows the static and simulation debugging an abbreviated version of the typical original system used in wastewater facilities.

Robotic technologies are being used in various sectors for performing different tasks. In these technologies Pre defined actuator control programming techniques are used to perform desired tasks in the selected filed instead of human beings. But, Robotic control programming needs to be changed & reconfigured to change the control action & nature of working. So, there is no reliable technology to avoid reprogramming the robot. So, this paper presents development of artificial replicator to avoid reprogramming the robot for different situations, tasks such as bomb diffusion and sensitive surgery, taking readings from an active volcano or scientific analysis at radiation affected areas. In this proposed work, the wireless flexible gloves (emulator) are designed; which are integrated with flex, accelerometer, force, tilt, temperature sensors & also peltier modules and these sensors’s output are connected to Arduino board & calibrated into the real nature of signal using Arduino programming. This Arduino with Wi-Fi shield communication is used to interact wirelessly with replicator-Robot. The desired control actions are recommended to robot by emulator moments through wearing gloves. The movements of robot hand wrist, fingers, forearm, head, elbow and shoulder can be controlled by advanced version Fx-5U PLC(Programmable Logic Controller).This PLC has the feature of industry internet protocol so emulator can be easily communicated with robot. Melsoft GX-Works-3 programming software is being to develop the algorithm for manipulation of emulator commands to actuator control signals. Here PLC executes actuator control Ladder programming with the speed of 40ns.

The main components and features of a pumping station system are presented in this paper. Based on the formulated requirements, appropriate programmable logic controller and electric drive are selected. The respective input and output signals used are described and a control logic is synthesized. A reduced laboratory model of the pumping station has been developed, on which experimental studies have been carried out to verify the applied control approach.

In this paper, we discuss an approach which allows an attacker to modify the control logic program that runs in S7 PLCs in its high-level decompiled format. Our full attack-chain compromises the security measures of PLCs, retrieves the machine bytecode of the target device, and employs a decompiler to convert the stolen compiled bytecode (low-level) to its decompiled version (high-level) e.g. Ladder Diagram LAD. As the LAD code exposes the structure and semantics of the control logic, our attack also manipulates the LAD code based on the attacker’s understanding to the physical process causing abnormal behaviors of the system that we target. Finally, it converts the infected LAD code to its executable version i.e. machine bytecode that can run on the PLC using a compiler before pushing the malicious code back to the PLC. For a real scenario, we implemented our full attack-chain on a small industrial setting using real S7-300 PLCs, and built the database (for our decompiler and compiler) using 108 different control logic programs of varying complexity, ranging from simple programs consisting of a few instructions to more complex ones including multi functions, sub-functions and data blocks. We tested and evaluated the accuracy of our decompiler and compiler on 5 random programs written for real industrial applications. Our experimental results showed that an external adversary is able to infect S7 PLCs successfully. We eventually suggest some potential mitigation approaches to secure systems against such a threat.

The powerful advantages of programmable logic controller (PLC) dominate the process industries. Scan time of the PLC increases with the number of inputs, rungs added in ladder diagram (LD). Researchers have identified and proved that field programmable gate array (FPGA) is more suitable than PLC for high speed applications. PLC executes the instructions represented through LD. FPGA does not support LD. PLC programmers are not familiar with FPGA programming. This work has developed application software to generate equivalent VerilogHDL code for LD using LabVIEW. Novelty in this work is that each rung is defined using an "assign" statement to ensure concurrent execution of all the rungs. A data acquisition system was created to monitor the digital signals handled by the FPGA. The software was verified with a case study of substances mixing and traffic light control system.

During the maintenance of bearing, it is necessary to solve the disassembly problem of bearing seal covers. In order to improve the working efficiency, a new type of disassembly device of seal covers is designed, which includes three parts: disassembly device, compression device and electrical system. Using Verilog language programming, electrical control part is controlled by PLC. The ladder diagram is drawn by software Botu, and the logical diagram is built by QuartusI. Then the simulation analysis is did by ModelSim and get the waveform diagram. Finally, the Layout wiring diagram is obtained. It is proved that this kind of device can meet the needs of bearing disassembly and maintenance, and have certain application value.

This paper describes a smart parking system using the Ladder Diagram programming language that can be used by students to understand the principles of a process automation. It is an educational platform that gives information about what elements are part of such programs, how to implement them using a programmable logic controller, how to create a Logical Diagram / Organization Chart and simulate the program. This type of application approach fits well due to the reorganization of the educational teaching system that has been a great challenge for many teachers during the pandemic, not only regarding the teaching curriculum, but also regarding teaching methods. Also, because of the constantly growing digitalization, virtual laboratories and electronic learning platforms must become frequent teaching methods, especially in higher education systems.

PLC controllers in today's day are a staple mechanism to control operation of large number of machines and devices in the industry. With their advanced usage, it is increasingly becoming a staple and important part of Engineering. Thus, it is crucial that this knowledge is effectively delivered to students with practical applications. This paper presents a series of laboratory experiments for students to learn and explore the various industrial applications of PLC’s. The control problems in this paper are defined with respect to their applications in different industries such as automotive, steel, oil and electronics. Applications are typical processes that can be observed in these industries such as material conveying, material handling, cutting processes, system control and temperature control. All the problems are solved using Ladder Logic programming on Automation Studio to simulate these processes and provide students with a wholesome learning experience.

Implementation of digital sensor simulation concept for bowl cleaning machine using STL algorithm is presented in this paper. STL algorithm has been generated using three variables and is incorporated in the execution logic of the PLC for the bowl cleaning process. Digital sensors like proximity sensors and limit switches establishes closed loop control system, which governs machine movements. In case of any digital sensor failure, the entire machine goes into hold mode with the propellant bowl being stuck with it. This hinders the failure diagnosis and rectification activities seriously due to safety concerns. Hence, an attempt has been made in this paper for retrieving the bowl cleaning machine to its home position safely in case of digital sensor failure. Thereby, enabling the shifting of propellant bowl to the standby machine. An equivalent simulation network for the proposed algorithm is designed using ladder logic and is analyzed by Karnaugh Map and Boolean algebra. Sum of product expression is derived and is validated by acquiring the status of digital input module for the corresponding channels in response to sensor simulation using S7-315 2PN/DP PLC and WINCC SCADA 7.4. Proposed network performance is validated by plotting the process trends in case of sensor failure scenario.

One of the main challenges that encounter modern building industry is to reduce the overall electrical and fossil fuel energy consumption without affecting the quality of life of its residents, and at the same time complying with international environmental standards. The purpose of energy efficient systems is to control energy consumption and to reduce the negative impact on the surrounding environment through an efficient management of available energy resources, including renewable and nonrenewable resources. The management and integration of mains and solar power supplies, besides other available energy resources are the key elements for designing an efficient energy management system. In this paper, the usage of Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC's) is proposed to control the energy consumed by various loads in residential and commercial buildings, based on real-time measurements of certain factors affecting the total amount of consumed energy. Hence, this paper presents a real time prototype design and implementation of an automated control system for distributing electrical energy to various loads, using Allen Bradley MicroLogix 1100 Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). The PLC is programmed using ladder diagram for intelligent switching of both solar power supply and diesel generator power supply units, while giving the priority to solar energy as much as possible. The Rockwell Software Logix 500 is used for programming the PLC, running on a host computer terminal.

Programmable controllers (PLCs) were developed to solve the problems of automating and manufacturing control systems and they have found wide applications in industrial control fields. Ladder diagram is the most adopted programming language for PLC control. Process sequence and flow charts can be used for simple PLC ladder diagram design. For complex PLC controls, state diagrams have been proposed for PLC ladder diagram programming. However, state diagram method has some limitations. In this paper, based on the analysis and design techniques of digital systems, we proposed a new PLC design approach. In this method, first we need to identify the functions of datapath and controller and the inputs/outputs of both. Second, Algorithmic State Machine(ASM) charts are used to draw the state transitions for the controller. Finally, a ladder diagram is designed from the ASM chart. The best practices with this approach are also discussed in the paper.

As a result of the production of powder processing causes a lot of dust around the production machine and factory. This of course can cause pollution. Dust needs to be collected using a Dust Collector (DC) machine. The controller on the DC machine at PT. xxx is often damaged in the control unit and requires repairs at a cost of around Rp. 5,000,000 per unit. In facts there are about 10 units of machines at PT.xxx that must work all. Because of DC machines are often damaged in their controllers, the maintenance department made a development to make replacement DC machine controllers. Namely using the Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). This PLC replaces the microcontroller unit on the DC machine, PLC uses ladder diagram programming language that is easily understood by some people working in the world of control. PLC parts that are easily found in the market and programming languages that are easy to understand and reliability make one of the reasons this PLC is used to replace the microcontroller unit.

Today on the highway, especially on crossing roads, motor vehicle users are increasing, both motorbike and car drivers. Not only that, it can be seen from the number that has increased greatly every day. This situation requires the existence of a time setting, whose purpose is nothing but to reduce congestion to the risk of accidents. Therefore, in this study, a traffic light simulation is controlled by OMRON CP1E-N30SDR-A PLC. Traffic light simulation at the three intersections based on PLC OMRON CP1E-N30SDR-A has been made a traffic light control prototype to set the timing of traffic lights at the three intersections based on OMRON CP1E-N30SDR-A PLC. The method used for this research is observation, looking for references about sending data at traffic lights and can be processed on PLC systems. Observations were carried out directly at the place of data collection, namely at Simpang 3 Balikpapan Permai. Programming used to instruct traffic light simulations is to use a ladder diagram programming language created using CX-Programmer software. The purpose of this study is to make a traffic light system in the form of a simulation or prototype that has timing from intersection 3 of Balikpapan Permai. In traffic light simulations, timers are needed to synchronize between available intersections, namely 3 intersections. This is so that the vehicle that passes from one intersection where the traffic light conditions at that time is a green light, then the vehicle no longer waits at the next intersection. The signal is sent from one intersection to another as an indicator so that the intersection can automatically adjust the timing of traffic lights.

In systems with substantial spin fluctuations, dressing the polarization function by ladder diagram of Stoner (spin-flip) excitations can drastically modify the electromagnetic response. As a case study, we provide the detailed analysis of the corrections to the non-local optical conductivity of both doped and undoped graphene. While the resummation of ladder diagram of Stoner excitations does not affect the TE mode in doped graphene, it allows for a new undamped TM mode in undoped graphene. This is the sole effect of corrections arising from ladder diagrams and is dominated by Stoner excitations along the ladder rung which goes away by turning off the source of spin-flip interactions. In the case of doped graphene, the inclusion of spin-flip particle-hole fluctuations reduces the energy of plasmon mode.

Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) are essential parts in industrial manufacturing plants. With the emerging Industry 4.0 environment, legacy PLCs are now connected to the Internet to be better automated. However, these PLCs are especially vulnerable when connected to a network, since there is limited inherent security mechanisms built in. In this paper, we discuss various vulnerabilities in these PLCs. We describe threat models, detection and protection techniques. We consider vulnerabilities as compromised PLC logic, which is introduced by over-the-network malicious data injection. We leverage Host-Based Intrusion Detection System (HIDS) techniques, such as output value comparison using majority voting, timing comparison and using known I/O values for detecting such attacks for our Network-Based Intrusion Detection System for PLCs. We mimic functionalities of PLCs, through virtualization of PLCs’ ladder logic on OpenPLC [7]. We use a record & replay technique for attack mitigation and system restoration. The record & replay system captures pin values of a Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) signal with sensitivity of 50 microseconds. We implement the attacks and our proposed security solution on the control flow logic of a sample industrial gas pipeline PLC network. We achieve a false positive rate of 1% along with a latency of 25 milliseconds in our abnormal detection with setting of 4 virtual PLCs (using OpenPLC [7]), and generated receiver operating characteristic results on different attack rates and ST file logic settings.

The article discusses the development of the electric drive of furnace pusher system and implementation of various control algorithms for raw material delivering to the heating furnace. The research paper analyzes load diagrams of working body. It allows to make a rational choice of the electromechanical and mechanical converters and evaluate motor speed and torque. Main electrical equipment such as motor choke, line choke, frequency converter, fuses and load break switch are selected for designed electric drive. The comparison between results and available manufacture data is made. It is confirmed that applied methods are used correctly. The evaluation of bearing and windage losses was made for different angular velocities. Having calculated the transient responses for forward and reverse movement, the research team confirmed that designed electric drive meet all presented requirements. The control algorithms for heating furnace equipment are implemented using Ladder diagram language.

In the era of industry 4.0, PLC plays a crucial role to engross the automation sector in the industrial unit. PLC can be considered as the hidden workforce that silently executes with the help of a Ladder Logic. PLC is not only applicable to the manufacturing network but is often used in the power industry too. A substantial portion of this work circumscribes the use of PLC for smart relaying. The relays are operated using the programmable logic control to increase the life span of a Squirrel Cage Induction Motor (SCIM), thereby protecting it from overheating. It also ensures that the conveyor unit maintains its tare weight within permissible limits so as to work in its fullest possible efficiency. This paper also focuses on renewable energy source (solar PV) to supply power to the three-phase induction motor in the manufacturing unit. With Industrial Automation, the data is being stored securely in cloud platform in large capacity to handle the Big Data being generated. Here, the concept of IoT has also been used, which is an autonomous system composed of sensor and intelligent device networks. The efficacy of PLC as a realistic tool has been shown through a simulation in Matlab/Simulink® environment, which serves to predict the real behaviour of the system. Thus, saving and optimizing the time, compared to costly trial and error experiments.

The power distribution system of Sharda University is being upgraded and modernized into a smart microgrid. This microgrid will be centrally controlled using SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) concepts. The SCADA system will comprise a master terminal unit (MTU) located in a control room, RTUs (remote terminal units) located in four electric sub-stations in the campus, and a communication network linking all the RTUs with the MTU. The LAN (local area network) of the Sharda University will be used for MTU-RTU communication. Each RTU uses an Allen Bradley MicroLogix 1400 PLC (programmable logic controller). This paper presents the equipment details, single line diagram of electric sub-station-1, hardware design of the RTU being located in this sub-station, and ladder programs for the PLC of this RTU. The design also includes the RS-485 network used for communication between the RTU and SMFMs (smart multi-functional meters). Program for the PLC has been developed using ladder programming language on RS Logix 500 emulator.

An elevator is an essential part of a building that helps people commute faster between different floors. Its design requires a good amount of investment as it includes costs of both hardware as well as power. In offices, hospitals, and other buildings for commercial use, everyone works under time constraints and a delay caused by an elevator is undesirable. In this paper, we propose ways to make an elevator ‘intelligent’ and more efficient by reducing the time during travel and power consumption by deploying a sensor-based check system. When the elevator reaches a floor on a hall call request, if the elevator car’s full load capacity is about to reach, then it will move onto the next command without stopping on that floor. After the elevator doors are closed and the elevator cabin is detected empty, then the cabin lights will turn off, else they stay on. We have simulated our intelligent elevator design using ladder logic for PLC.

Student-Centered Learning is a must in the Teaching & Learning delivery method for any engineering technology courses as outlined in the Engineering Technology Programme Accreditation Standard 2020. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the Cooperative Learning Jigsaw method in teaching basic ladder logic programming, a sub-topic in Programmable Logic Controller subject offered for Bachelor of Engineering Technology in Mechatronics. The subtopic is divided into three parts; the students are divided into three groups and each part is given to one group. At the end of the lesson, a quiz was given to test students' understanding of the sub-topic. A survey is also done to get their perception of the Jigsaw method. The study shows that while the Jigsaw method is able to achieve the intended learning outcomes and improve soft skills; it also can slow down the learning process if the scaffolding was not solid.

Automatic control systems usually require filters to smooth feedback signals that contain various noises. On the other hand, most of industrial automatic control system apply programmable logic controller (PLC), which uses ladder diagram that represents the relationship between control process by using graphical symbols and blocks. This paper presents a method for implementing a parabolic sliding mode filter, of which discrete-time algorithm is described in a mathematical way, on PLC by using ladder diagram. The effectiveness of the presented method was experimentally validated with different types of input signals that were seriously corrupted by noise.

This work describes a virtual testbed of a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system that has been developed. The testbed incorporates a programmable logic controller (PLC) and is applicable to Internet of Things (IoT) devices. The PLC’s ladder logic program uses hysteresis control and multiple modes of operation. This form of control was selected because of its common use in industry and even in residential applications. The purpose of this work is to demonstrate that by using modern tools and platforms, such as OpenPLC, a controller for an HVAC system can be prototyped and used to research and explore possible cyberattacks and their effects in various cyberphysical systems. In particular, possible and plausible implementations of the aforementioned hysteresis controller in ladder logic are studied and described to the reader. Also, in the experimental results, this work explores how these implementations can be compromised by an injection attack to change settings and by a malicious ladder logic upload in the virtual testbed. The impacts of cyberattacks in terms of safety and cost are discussed also.

Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) are used in many industrial and infrastructure systems to monitor input sensors and control actuators. With progressively more demand for adaptive, robust and smart systems for manufacturing, transportation, and industrial systems, the demand for engineers proficient in PLCs has been growing. However, typical engineering curriculum focuses more on fundamental principles and other applications, not covering PLCs. Employers desire and students yearn for hands-on, real-world, job read skills and proficiency. This study has explored and developed educational modules for PLCs that with further development and testing could be incorporated into engineering courses. Such modules would help student awareness, understanding and proficiency to enable contribution within a growing area of demand within the job market.

This paper focuses on simulation and analysis of systems and provides the necessary guidance in the matters of automation of combined systems and production processes using simulation models based on Petri nets and operator formulae. It is shown that thorough simulation of the functioning of a complex combined system and further analytical representation of the model (i.e., in the form of operator formulae) formalizes and facilitates the process of building the automated systems. Such formalization practically excludes the occurrence of errors when synthesizing a ladder diagram or software for programmable logical controller (PLC). This paper contains an example of automation of a lighting system for fire-hazardous production enterprises using solar power—our proprietary design. Representation of the system's functioning process as an activity graph allows obtaining operator formulae, which are an effective form of design specification for the development of a ladder diagram or software in the language of ladder diagrams for PLC.

The basic features of the auxiliary drives in a kind of machine tools are analyzed in the presented work. Based on this, a control algorithm of the additionally introduced auxiliary drive has been developed taking into account the mechanical gear, the type of the computer numerical control and the respective sensors. Two different approaches for control of this drive are shown, namely one with ladder diagrams and one with the Verilog hardware description language (Verilog HDL). Experimental results of the implemented control device with Verilog HDL are presented and discussed. The research carried out and the results obtained can be applied in the design of such drives for the machine tools under consideration.

In this paper, I focus on the scan processing method called cyclic scan as the execution method of PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) and introduce the discrete time based on such execution method. I propose a method that divides the time axis of a TD (Timing Diagram) using the discrete time and configures the behavior of the TD in the divided time interval such as a sequential circuit. I show that if a sequential circuit is obtained, the TD can be directly converted into LD (Ladder Diagram) which is a programming language of PLC. I also discuss the effect when a function block of timer has been used in PLC.

Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is commonly used in the modern era of manufacturing and industrial automation. PLC can be programmed in three ways: Ladder logic, function block diagram, and sequential function chart. The most common and popular programming language is ladder logic in PLC. The efficiency of PLC is highly restricted by the speed of microprocessor in real time and the power consumption is quite high. To speed up the PLC performance and flexibility, this paper proposed a new PLC ladder logic design based on FPGA (VHDL). Further with the use of state machine process, the conversion of ladder logic into VHDL has been optimized. There is wide variety and diversity of ladder logic instruction for different PLCs, so a universal converter is required with an extended Boolean expression which will act as a bridge between ladder logic and VHDL. This proposed design will provide improved flexibility, consume less power, increased reliability, faster scanning time, and better performance.

The article discusses the development of a mathematical model for managing subsystems for the life support of a residential building. The results of the selection and justification of a multi-level management structure are presented. The results of the analysis, selection of parameters of the cascade control system are presented. Analysis of the subject area of the interaction of infrastructure objects by categories: smart territory → smart city → smart home has been performed. A context diagram and precedent diagrams, decompositions of a system for assessing the physical deterioration of systems of engineering equipment of a smart home have been developed. The goals and objectives of the project development are formed and the main requirements for the designed software application are highlighted. The simulation of typical life support structures in the CX-Programmer environment was carried out and a virtual object control program was developed in the language of ladder diagrams (relay-contact circuits). Cascade (adaptive) control at a real facility within the framework of the Smart City strategy is justified.

The article discusses the issues of modeling and control of heating systems in a residential building. The results of the analysis, selection of parameters of the cascade control system are presented. An algorithm is presented that implements the operation of a virtual object. The modeling of typical life support structures in the CX-Programmer environment is carried out. A virtual object control program has been developed in the language of ladder diagrams (relay-contact circuits). The multi-circuit management of residential building infrastructure facilities in the light of the requirements of Smart City has been proposed. The selection and justification of the method of controlling the heating system with cascade temperature control is considered. A heating system stand has been created to test the proposed automation systems. The description of the hydraulic, electrical and software parts of the stand. To control the operation of the stand, a controller is proposed, implemented on the Arduino platform. The results confirming the attainability of the proposed structural changes. The results of experimental studies are presented.

According to the requirements of the eight-way transponder, two different implementation methods are designed. One is realized by integrated chip CD4511 and peripheral circuits, and designs the schematic diagram and PCB diagram, as well as the actual works. The second is realized by PLC control, The ladder diagram of the PLC control of the eight-way transponder and the acrual works are designed. Both methods have been successful and can be used directly in practice, or can be slightly modified and extended to other multiplex transponders.

This work presents a novel methodology to translate an industrial process description from the standard ISA 5.1 (Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams (P&ID’s)), and the corresponding process and operation narratives, into Interpreted Petri Nets (IPN), capturing both the plant and the specification behaviors. In contrast to other methodologies, the one herein proposed can be automatized demanding from operators and practitioners neither knowledge on Petri nets, nor ladder diagrams. Moreover, it is endowed with error detection stages to automatically remove errors introduced in the narratives, such as omissions, inconsistencies, or ambiguities. The methodology consists in capturing the process information (P&ID and narratives) in tables, and then translating them into interpreted Petri nets representing both the plant, and specification behaviors.

This paper portrays the PLC Based Automatic Control of Overhead Trolley Cranes for Industrial Application. In a conventional mechanical crane control framework, all control gadgets are wired legitimately to one another. The activity of overhead voyaging crane is totally constrained by utilizing Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) utilized for mechanization of certifiable procedures. For example, control of apparatus on production line sequential construction systems. The framework arrangement of activity is planned by stepping stool outline and PLC programming. The automatic operation provides less manpower and the overall production can be increased. At last, for productive activity, and acceptance engine with DC in modern applications. This paper Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) based automation system is used to control the crane movements. This basically presents the programming and operation of an overhead traveling crane. It picks up the container and moves in the upward direction and then in the horizontal direction and vice versa. The program is designed by using ladder programming. The operation is designed by a ladder diagram and PLC programming software named WPL for DELTA PLC. The magnetic sensors are used. These sensors sense the overhead traveling crane motion.

The paper presents Determination of pressures and flow for an Electro-pneumatic elevator system controlled by PLC to achieve the requirements modifications for improve presence model. The controller used for the prototype was implemented in Ladder logic on a PLC. The PLC used for this work is (LS\GLOFA-G7M-DR20A) series with (8) input and (12) output and the expansion modal (G7E-DR10A) series with (6) input and (4) output and become (14) input and (16) output. The PLC is programmed with Ladder diagram. This develop of a new elevator system is expected to be effective at ideal design in low-rise internal buildings when this elevator type are used

In this paper, we design a PLC based energy-efficient home automation system with smart task scheduling. The system is automatically controlled, energy-efficient and highly scalable to smart home with basic features that save energy and the residents comfort. This system consists of home appliances such as garden light, outside light, pump motor, garden motor and room heater which is controlled using PLC and relays with our predefined schedule. A Logo PLC system (Model-0AB3) is used as a central controller. Ladder diagram is used to design the main program for PLC. This PLC is capable to storing instructions, sequencing, timing and processing. We have used wired x10 technology which is a protocol for communication among electronic devices for home automation (domestics). It primarily uses power line wiring for signaling and control. As a result, we make a schedule based on a whole day to control the loads which depend on real time as user selected time. Finally the operation of the system has been successful as we expected.

This paper presents an ordinary Petri net (PN)-based approach to the modeling and race-detection problems of programs for programmable logic controllers (PLCs). First, a PLC program is formalized by a graph where nodes represent contacts and coils. Second, an algorithm is proposed to translate this graph into an ordinary PN. Third, a method is presented to detect whether there exists a race in a program by using a reachability graph technique, to locate a race by introducing the race path, and to correct a race by analyzing the subnet that contains it. An example is utilized to illustrate the theoretic results.

Richard E. "Dick" Morley and George Schwenk founded Bedford Associates in Bedford, Massachuset ts, as a control systems engineering company in 1964. their main customers were New England-area machine tool builders who relied on them to provide minicomputer controls. Programming and debugging these minicomputer controls typically took six months to get the systems started, frustrating engineers and customers alike. Morley envisioned a more simplistic approach to solve this problem, utilizing advancements in solid-state electronics, computers, and digital signal processing. On 1 January 1968, he led his team of Tom Boissevain, Jonas Landau, and Mike Greenberg in developing a new programmable controller (PC) using ladder logic for programming. To speed up the scan time of the program, parallel processing was employed, reducing the software programming installation time from six months to six days [1].

In this work, an output tracking control problem is introduced for electro-pneumatic systems (ENS) modeled by interpreted Petri nets (IPN). In this framework, IPN models for the most common components in ENS are present. Later, it is explained how to compute a plant model and an specification model as IPN’s. The specification can allow to concurrently activate several actuators. Afterwards, an algorithm is introduced to compute the controller and the closed-loop system as IPN’s. It is demonstrated that the proposed controller solves the tracking control problem, ensuring boundedness and deadlock-freeness of the closed-loop system. The resulting controller can be translated to a Ladder Diagram for its implementation with a provided algorithm. The introduced algorithms are illustrated through a case study. The aim of this work is to provide a control framework that is simple and convenient for practitioners in the field of ENS’s, but at the same time is based on a formal model for analysis purposes.