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À partir de l’analyse de trois écrits littéraires ouvriers de la première moitié du XXe siècle, cet article s’intéresse à la manière dont les auteur·rice·s ouvrier·ère·s – ici, Marguerite Audoux, René Bonnet et Albert Soulillou – ont mis en mots les lieux du travail. Du petit atelier de couture à la grande usine automobile, en passant par la ville elle-même, où travaillent les charpentiers, les espaces évoqués sont différents les uns des autres, tout comme les moyens d’écriture adoptés par les auteur·rices. Tous.te·s, néanmoins, réalisent, par l’écriture, des gestes singuliers: Audoux constitue l’atelier de couture en refuge féminin; Bonnet inscrit dans la ville de Paris le travail des charpentiers; Soulillou oppose à l’usine un espace onirique dans lequel s’affirme la singularité des travailleur·se·s. Based on an analysis of three literary texts written by workers in the first half of the twentieth century, this article examines how working-class writers – Marguerite Audoux, René Bonnet and Albert Soulillou – wrote about their workplaces. These workplaces range from a small sewing workshop to a large automobile factory to the city itself as a workplace in the case of carpentry work. Despite their differences, the authors all utilise writing to effect a particular type of action involving these workplaces: Audoux transforms the sewing workshop into a place of refuge for women; Bonnet not only writes about the work of carpenters but also integrates their labour into the city of Paris; and Soulillou poetically constructs a dream world through which the workers’ singularities seem to resist the homogenising force of the factory.

S’inscrivant contre la tradition littéraire du roman rustique, Émile Guillaumin propose dans La vie d’un simple une nouvelle voie pour décrire le travail de la terre. Paysan et écrivain, il privilégie l’expérience à l’observation et ses descriptions s’inscrivent dans une réflexion plus générale sur la condition paysanne. L’étude de la genèse du texte révèle en outre des similitudes entre le travail de la terre et le travail de la plume: Guillaumin se forme au métier d’écrivain par un apprentissage méticuleux, commenté avec les termes de l’ouvrage agricole. Against the literary tradition of rustic novels, Émile Guillaumin proposes in The Life of a Simple Man a new way to describe the work of the land. As a farmer and author, he prioritises experience over observation, and his descriptions are part of a broader reflection on the peasant condition. Furthermore, examining the text’s genesis reveals similarities between the work of the soil and the work of the pen: Guillaumin trains himself as a writer through meticulous learning, described with terms borrowed from agricultural work.

2022 has been a year of overlapping crises. The so-called “Freedom Convoys” paralyzing Canadian communities, the COVID-19 pandemic continuing to cause excess death and disability, the war in Ukraine, the intensifying effects of climate change, and increasing inflation have all signaled that we find ourselves in a new era, one that can be described as authoritarian capitalism. In this article, we view the restructuring of Canadian universities as yet another facet of authoritarian capitalism, which uses overlapping crises to further proletarianize library labour and fully subsume it into the “learning factory.” Using Sandro Mezzadra and Brett Neilson’s theorization of the politics of capital’s operations, we examine the library restructuring processes taking place at four Canadian universities: Alberta, Brock, Laurentian, and OCAD. We view the reorganizations taking place there as efforts on behalf of university administrators to use the intensification of global forces of capitalism to exploit academic librarian labour. Ultimately, we argue that Canadian librarians are witnessing both formal and real subsumption in Canadian universities, precipitated by the overlapping crises outlined earlier. As a result, we insist that librarians need to develop a politics of struggle to build collective consciousness and action in the face of authoritarian capitalism., 2022 a été une année de crises en chevauchement. Les soi-disant « Convois de la liberté » pour paralyser les communautés canadiennes, la pandémie de COVID-19 qui continue de causer un excès de décès et d'invalidité, la guerre en Ukraine, l'intensification des effets des changements climatiques et l'inflation croissante ont tous signalé que nous nous trouvons dans une nouvelle ère, que l'on peut qualifier de capitalisme autoritaire. Dans cet article, nous considérons la restructuration des universités canadiennes comme une autre facette du capitalisme autoritaire, qui utilise ces crises en chevauchement pour prolétariser davantage le travail bibliothécaire et l'intégrer pleinement dans « l'usine à apprendre ». En utilisant la théorisation de Sandro Mezzadra et Brett Neilson sur la politique des opérations du capital, nous examinons les processus de restructuration des bibliothèques en cours dans quatre universités canadiennes : Alberta, Brock, Laurentienne et OCAD. Nous considérons les réorganisations qui s'y déroulent comme des efforts de la part des administratrices.teurs universitaires d'utiliser l'intensification des forces mondiales du capitalisme pour exploiter le travail des bibliothécaires universitaires. Enfin, nous soutenons que les bibliothécaires canadien.ne.s assistent à une subsomption à la fois formelle et réelle dans les universités canadiennes, précipitée par les crises en chevauchement décrites précédemment. En conséquence, nous insistons sur le fait que les bibliothécaires doivent développer une politique de lutte pour construire une conscience et une action collectives face au capitalisme autoritaire.

This paper develops the concept of labour regimes as an application to better understand multi-stakeholder initiatives that are established to govern labour in global production networks. The labour regimes approach connects both global production dynamics and territorialised economic, political, and social formations in understanding labour outcomes at the workplace. The labour regimes approach helps explicate the intersection of labour, capital, and the state, configured across time and space. I argue that such an analytical approach can reveal often contested, and sometimes obscured relations between stakeholders and how they shape the progress and the sustainability of multi-stakeholder initiatives. I make this case by taking the Accord on Fire and Building Safety in the Bangladeshi apparel industry as an empirical case example. This study takes a different approach from the existing works on the Accord. With the Accord having completed its tenure in 2019, this paper specifically focuses on the absence of two key national stakeholders - the state and manufactures from the Steering Committee of the Accord, and examines how this absence affected the Accord’s ability to deliver its objectives. Based on qualitative research in and around the Dhaka garment cluster, the paper demonstrates that this absence of the state and manufacturers engendered paradoxical outcomes. While it helped the Accord successfully implement its building safety program in the short-term, the transition of the Accord at the end of its tenure, and thus its long-term sustainability was affected by the lack of commitment of the state and manufacturers to the Accord’s mandate.

In Senegal, the growth of horticulture has been particularly rapid in the last decade or so, partly coinciding with the 2007–2008 ‘land rush’ and a boom in agricultural investment. This article analyses the implications of the rise in foreign direct investment (FDI) in the horticultural sector in northern Senegal. Specifically, it examines FDI’s effects on labour migration and the social reproduction of rural classes of labour through an intersectional feminist and gendered lens. It argues that invisibilised ‘care chains’ that overly burden women, and communities of solidarities, play a crucial role in the social reproduction of horticultural workers, most specifically migrant workers, and provide a subsidy to agrarian capital. Yet, capitalist development does not always translate to better wages and more inclusive laws and policies for horticultural wage workers and providers of caring labour who are adversely incorporated in these political economies. As a result, this requires further attention from policy-makers and political leaders. Using a combination of working-life histories and survey data gathered through two rounds of fieldwork over two years, and secondary data from relevant databases, this article focuses on the River Valley Region and Louga to analyse the emerging challenges of labour migration, social reproduction and caring labour in rural Senegal.

none 2 no This article discusses the persistence of illegal labour mediation in Italian industrialized agricultural production despite a decade of legal and policy reforms. Focusing on the regions of Puglia and Basilicata during the so-called Mediterranean ‘refugee crisis’ (2011-2018), it analyses such mediation as a central infrastructure of contemporary capitalist agri-food supply chains, which both capitalizes on the value of labour reproduction, and contributes to adversely incorporating migrant workers into local agricultural labour markets in a context of increasingly globalized retail agriculture. mixed Raeymaekers T; Perrotta D Raeymaekers T; Perrotta D

Problem The humanisation of childbirth has been identified as a practice of care focusing on the physical, psychological, and emotional wellbeing of women. Healthcare professionals (HCPs) are expected to understand and embed humanised practice when supporting women in childbirth. Aim The aim of this paper is to present a meta-synthesis of the experiences and perspectives of HCPs who undertake care for women at the time of birth regarding the humanisation of childbirth. Methods A systematic search of the electronic databases CINAHL, Medline, PsycINFO, and SocINDEX were conducted in July 2020. Qualitative studies exploring HCPs’ experiences and perspectives of humanisation in childbirth were eligible. Studies were synthesised using a meta-ethnographic approach. Findings Fourteen studies involving 197 participants were included. Two themes were identified: ‘Women at the centre’ and ‘Professional dissonance’. Two line of argument synthesis were identified: ‘invisible boundaries’ and ‘unconscious undermining’. Discussion HCPs recognised that women required positive interactions which met both their emotional and physical needs. Human touch supported bonding between HCPs and women. HCPs understood humanisation as the reduction of unnecessary intervention and/or technology but had difficulties enacting this and often used disempowering language when discussing women’s choices. The management of pain and the presence of a companion were considered important by HCPs. Conclusion This synthesis revealed that HCPs do understand the humanisation of childbirth but have difficulties in enacting it in practice. Women classified as high risk were identified as having specific needs such as increased emotional support. Further research is required for women classified as high risk who may require technology and/or interventions to maintain a safe birth.

The EU milk quota abolition initiated considerable restructuring in the EU dairy sector. Ireland is one of the countries that experienced significant growth, which has led to changes in farm labour demand. This PhD thesis aims to assess the role of family and hired labour, and automation in enhancing the efficiency of farms in an evolving dairy sector. Based on farm-level panel data sets from 2000 to 2019, and a cross-section supplementary data in 2018, the thesis presents three analyses of farm labour and productivity on Irish dairy farms. The first analysis explores the effect of hired labour on farms' technical efficiency (TE). Using a state-of-the-art stochastic frontier model that controls for endogeneity between inputs and TE, the findings reveal that hired labour positively affects farms' TE, improving dairy production. The findings suggest that the positive effect of hired labour on TE is marginally higher for smaller farms. The second analysis examines the role of automation in the efficiency of Irish dairy farms. A latent class stochastic frontier model is used to jointly estimate TE scores and identify two latent classes of farms utilising different technologies in their production, i.e., smaller, less intensive, and larger, more intensive farms. The results show that automated technologies (i.e., automatic parlour feeders, cluster removers, and scrapers) have heterogeneous effects on farms TE. Specifically, automated cluster removers and scrapers are correlated with higher TE scores in the smaller, less-intensive farms. Automated parlour feeders positively correlate to the TE of the larger-more-intensive farms. The third analysis focuses on estimating the shadow wage of family labour and assesses its role in the demand for hired labour on the farm. A two-step structural production function approach is used to estimate unpaid family labour shadow wage, and a semi-parametric censored dependent variable data model is applied to explore the role of shadow wages on hired labour demand. The findings show that as the size of the farm increase, so does the family labour shadow wage. Moreover, the results indicate positive returns to farmers' formal agricultural education. Finally, findings suggest a substitution and income effect of shadow wages in demand for hired labour— the substitution effect is larger for the demand of casual hired labour. Overall, this thesis provides an improved understanding of farm labour and its link with automation and efficiency as crucial factors for the sustainable development of an evolving dairy sector. 2025-06-19

Background and purpose: Labour pain is a constantly increasing pain. This study thus aims to determine the effects of acupressure and shower on labour pain and postpartum comfort. Methods: In this randomized controlled trial (RCT), the control group consisted of 40 pregnant women, while the experimental groups consisted of 80 pregnant women in total. The experimental groups received routine labour care and either acupressure or showers upon reaching three cervical dilations (4–5, 6–7 and 8–10 cm). The control group only received routine labour care. A maternal information form (MIF), the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and the Postpartum Comfort Questionnaire (PPCQ) were used to collect data. Results: Pain was significantly reduced in both of the experimental groups, in contrast to the control group, in all periods of the study (p < 0.001). Postpartum comfort also significantly increased in the experimental groups compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Acupressure and showering are effective in reducing labour pain and increasing postpartum comfort. Midwives and nurses can therefore apply them as inexpensive and easy to administer methods for labour pain relief.

The goal of this paper is to document how labour is divided and compensated (both monetarily and non-monetarily) in Canadian non-commercial scholarly journals. This study informs future research on sustainability in non-commercial academic publishing. As labour is essential for the continued success of these journals, understanding the extent (i.e., how many positions, how many hours per position), scope (i.e., which tasks are undertaken and who is responsible for them), and cost (monetary or non-monetary) of this labour will be critical in ensuring the sustainability of non-commercial academic journals in Canada. To investigate current practices, the authors distributed a survey to 484 Canadian journals meeting the above inclusion criteria. The survey was composed of two sections: how labour is divided at a journal (i.e., how many positions are there, what are the responsibilities of these positions, and how many work hours per week are dedicated to these positions) and compensation (i.e., does the journal provide monetary or non-monetary compensation to members of its editorial team, which positions receive compensation, and what is the source of these funds). The authors received 119 responses, for a 25 percent response rate. Among the main findings are that the majority of respondents compensate at least one journal position and that the source of these funds comes primarily from sponsoring organizations (i.e., affiliated institutional/university departments and scholarly associations). Additional findings include that the top three most commonly compensated positions are copyeditor, editorial assistant, and managing editor. Compensated positions such as translator, graphic designer, and copyeditor are often contracted out. Task distribution amongst editorial team members varies; however, editors-in-chief and managing editors are responsible for the greatest variety of tasks. Editorial assistants and managing editors tend to work more hours than other positions. Additionally, journal production was related to editorial team size, with larger teams producing more volumes on average than smaller ones. Recurring themes in free-text comments were large workloads, lack of compensation, and lack of recognition. This paper provides empirical evidence of the extent and variation of labour and compensation in Canadian non-commercial scholarly publishing. It provides data on current non-commercial journal practices which will be of interest to library publishers, journal editors, and other stakeholders in Canadian scholarly publishing.

Inflammatory mechanisms have a critical role in parturition, which results from a gathering of different stimuli that collectively initiate labour. In fact, a sophisticated interaction occurs between contractile and immuno-inflammatory pathways, whereby proinflammatory amplification is intensified by collaborative connections between cells, ligands, and tissues. Preterm birth (PTB) is one of the major challenges of modern obstetrics and still lacks an efficient treatment. Therefore, the scientific research of modern therapies is warranted. This systematic review aims to provide an overview of recent research into inflammation and PTB. The main inclusion criterion was articles concerning birth and inflammation, and searches were performed in the electronic databases MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane Library, from 2017 to 2021. A literature search from all databases yielded 1989 results which, applying the specified eligibility criteria, resulted in the 16 articles included in this review. Delivery is the consequence of an inequity between maternal inflammation and hormonal-driven uterine quiescence. Studies show that the distinction between term and preterm labour could consist of a pre-existing disproportion of decidual inflammatory signalling, or an unusual stimulus eliciting inflammatory pathways, comparable to both. Thus, controlling inflammation could be hopeful for detaining PTB. F31D-D663-4EF2 | Anabela Mota Pinto info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Hugh Hall was a highly sought-after gardener in late sixteenth century England. He worked in the Midlands, specifically in Worcestershire, Warwickshire, and Northamptonshire, and mostly for Catholic families. Hall was a Catholic priest who resigned his parish living after the Elizabethan Religious Settlement, but continued to perform clerical duties such as saying Mass and hearing confession alongside his second vocation as a gardener. Indeed, his esteem as a gardener and, later, surveyor of works was strong enough that he attracted Protestant clients like Lord Burghley and Sir Christopher Hatton despite his adherence to Catholicism. Hall’s two vocations shaped his identity: his sense of self, his manhood, and how others perceived him. Hall’s written garden advice, A priestes discourse of gardeninge applied to a spirituall understandinge, which exists only in manuscript form, exemplifies the fusion of gardening and spiritual life, articulates Hall’s conceptions of manhood, and offers new perspective on how religion intersects with late Renaissance English gardens.

In this paper, we discuss the classical modelling approach of pandemics as a negative labour shock. We perform an archival analysis of one of the largest Italian banks (Credito Italiano) during the First World War – Spanish Flu period (1914–1920). In particular, we scrutinise the circulars that the central management of the bank sent out to the local branches, with the aim to assess whether the Spanish Flu has been perceived by contemporaries as an event seriously affecting personnel management. Though restricted to a single case-study, archival evidence does not support the existence of a remarkable negative labour supply shock affecting personnel management because of the Spanish Flu pandemic. Other war-related events probably increased the system’s resilience.

Background In clinical settings and research studies, childbirth experience is often measured using a single-item question about overall experience. Little is known about what women include in this rating, which complicates the design of adequate follow-up, as well as the interpretation of research findings based on ratings of overall childbirth experience. The aim of this study was to examine which known dimensions of childbirth experience women include in the rating on a single-item measure. Methods Ratings of overall childbirth experience on a 10-point numeric rating scale (NRS) from 2953 women with spontaneous or induced onset of labour at two Swedish hospitals were evaluated against the validated Childbirth Experience Questionnaire 2 (CEQ2), completed on one of the first days postpartum. The CEQ2 measures four childbirth experience domains: own capacity, perceived safety, professional support and participation. Internal consistency for CEQ2 was evaluated by calculating Cronbach’s alpha. NRS ratings were explored in relation to CEQ2 using empirical cumulative distribution function graphs, where childbirth experience was defined as negative (NRS ratings 1–4), mixed (NRS ratings 5–6) or positive (NRS ratings 7–10). A multiple linear regression analysis, presented as beta coefficients (B) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), was also performed to explore the relationship between the four domains of the CEQ2 and overall childbirth experience. Results The prevalence of negative childbirth experience was 6.3%. All CEQ2-subscales reached high or acceptable reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.78; 0.81; 0.69 and 0.66, respectively). Regardless of overall childbirth experience, the majority of respondents scored high on the CEQ2 subscale representing professional support. Overall childbirth experience was mainly explained by perceived safety (B = 1.60, CI 1.48–1.73), followed by own capacity (B = 0.65, CI 0.53–0.77) and participation (B = 0.43, CI 0.29–0.56). Conclusions In conclusion, overall childbirth experience rated by a single-item measurement appears to mainly capture experiences of perceived safety, and to a lesser extent own capacity and participation, but appears not to reflect professional support. CEQ2 shows good psychometric properties for use shortly after childbirth, and among women with induced onset of labour, which increases the usability of the instrument.

Mapear os aspectos determinantes relacionados a uma boa experiência de parto institucionalizado sob a perspectiva materna.

This review discusses Jonathan Parry’s 2020 monograph Classes of Labour in the context of the author’s career trajectory since the 1990s. The review critiques the conceptual framework with which the book understands class relations, and notes that the breadth of the study may be daunting for some readers. However, the review characterises the book as an artisanal masterpiece that shows an ethnographer working at the very peak of their abilities.

This book is a collection of the papers presented at the two-day Conference “Law, Technology and Labour”, held in Bertinoro (Forlì) on 30 June – 1 July 2022, organized by the University of Bologna, in collaboration with the Curtin University Law School (Perth, Australia), within the framework of the Jean Monnet module “EU law for Algorithm”. The conference before and now the book aim at contributing to the International and European debate on the impact of algorithms and automation on working conditions from a legal perspective.

The emergence of the working class as a unified subject in France at the beginning of the 19th century was linked to transformations in the conceptualisation of work. At the beginning of the July Monarchy, two distinct conceptions of labour emerged within the nascent liberal and socialist movements. What they had in common was that they saw the working class as a single, unified entity, over and above the trade differences that had organised labour before the 1789 Revolution. But they differed in important respects. For the liberals, labour, as a social activity, put workers at risk of being influenced by immoral doctrines and examples of vice. In contrast to property, which led the middle classes to political moderation, work was seen as potentially radicalising workers, who therefore had to be kept under the supervision of the state and employers. For socialists, on the other hand, labour was an all-encompassing activity that should make the working class a hegemonic subject.

This paper begins and ends with a provocation: I argue that refusal in librarianship is both impossible and necessary. Reviewing examples of crisis narratives which permeate both American and Canadian universities, I take a materialist perspective on the idea of refusal within academic librarianship. To do so, I draw on the work of Audra Simpson, Kyle Whyte, Eve Tuck, Mario Tronti, and Rinaldo Walcott to examine the sites of impossibility of refusal in the practice of academic librarianship within contemporary neoliberal education institutions. Then, I analyze the totality of capitalism in setting the limit for the practice of refusal through case studies of direct action, including the Icelandic Women’s Strike of 1975 and the 2020 Scholar Strike Canada. Finally, I identify private property and history as key frames for understanding the contradiction at the heart of refusal of crisis. As such, any refusal that does not address the centrality of labour and private property relations can thus be understood as harm reduction rather than emancipation. Ultimately, I argue that for librarians to refuse would require an abandonment of liberalism as librarianship’s guiding philosophy, and a redefinition of librarianship as such., Cet article s'ouvre et se clos par une provocation : je déclare que le refus en bibliothéconomie est à la fois impossible et nécessaire. En analysant des exemples de récits de crise qui traversent les universités américaines et canadiennes, j'adopte une perspective matérialiste sur l'idée de refus au sein de la bibliothéconomie universitaire. Pour ce faire, je m'appuie sur les travaux d'Audra Simpson, Kyle Whyte, Eve Tuck, Mario Tronti et Rinaldo Walcott pour examiner les sites d'impossibilité du refus dans la pratique de la bibliothéconomie universitaire au sein des établissements d'enseignement néolibéraux contemporains. Ensuite, j'analyse le capitalisme dans sa totalité pour fixer la limite de la pratique du refus à travers des études de cas d'action directe, notamment la grève des femmes islandaises de 1975 et la grève Scholar Strike Canada de 2020. Enfin, j'identifie la propriété privée et l'histoire comme des cadres clés pour comprendre la contradiction au cœur du refus de crise. De manière concrète tout refus qui ne traite pas de la centralité des relations de travail et de propriété privée peut être compris comme un geste palliatif plutôt que comme une action vers l'émancipation. En fin de compte, je soutiens que pour que les bibliothécaires refusent, il faudrait abandonner le libéralisme comme philosophie directrice de la bibliothéconomie et redéfinir la bibliothéconomie en tant que telle.

Background: Disparities in neuraxial analgesia use for childbirth by maternal origin have been reported in high-resource countries. We explored the association between maternal immigrant status (characterised separately by geographic continental origin and Human Development Index [HDI] of maternal country of birth) and neuraxial analgesia use. We hypothesised that immigrant women from low-resource countries may have more limited access to neuraxial analgesia than native French women. Methods: The study population, extracted from the 2016 National Perinatal Survey, a cross-sectional study of a representative sample of births in France, included only women who initially wished to deliver with neuraxial analgesia. We used multivariable multilevel logistic regression to explore the association between immigrant status and both use of neuraxial analgesia and its timely administration. Results: Among the 6070 women included, 88.1% gave birth with neuraxial analgesia and 15.8% were immigrants. There was no difference in neuraxial analgesia use between native French women and either immigrant women by geographic continental region of origin, or immigrants from countries with low HDI. However, immigrants from countries with very high HDI were more likely to give birth with neuraxial analgesia (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]=2.6; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.2–5.8; P=0.018) and its timeliness

INTRODUCTION: Visible spaces of sex work are controversial and contested spaces. This paper explores the relationship between the legal framing of sex work and local policy and how this impacts upon the health and safety of sex workers who use those spaces. METHODS: This paper is based on data collected from a Winston Churchill Memorial Trust Travel Fellowship in 2016. WCMT Travel Fellowships are granted to front-line practitioners to further develop their area of expertise and integrate best practice findings into the UK. The mission of the WCMT is "go to learn, return to inspire". Findings are based on observations and ethnographic methods during my travels, which included conducting semi-structured interviews with key informants, attending practitioners group discussions, participating in activist-led conferences and completing observations and journal notes. Using grounded theory data was organised into emerging themes. RESULTS: This paper focus on a key finding from the research; the systematic reduction of visible spaces of sex work across Europe. I use the examples and illustration from different cities across Europe to demonstrate how this affects service delivery to sex workers, and I explore some of the impacts on the lived realities of sex workers working in those spaces. DISCUSSION: Findings reveal increasing divisions between those who can work legally and those who cannot. This has resulted in the creation of sex work spaces that are outside of legality, research, health and social support provision.

This article takes as its broad premise two related questions: how does Ulysses register the animal labour from which modernity was produced? And, in turn, how do Joyce’s textual innovations—his labouring of language—respond to the human-animal relationships that existed in early-twentieth-century Ireland? Although critics are increasingly attuned to the way in which Ulysses is a novel that teems with all sorts of animal life, less attention has been paid to the working animals whose presence would have been part of Joyce’s everyday life; animals who are present on the pages of Ulysses in the form of draught horses and dairy cows, among others. Focusing predominantly on the figure of the horse, the species which played a central role in the production of the modern city and is perhaps the most frequently represented animal in Ulysses other than the human, this article will examine Joyce’s alertness to the multispecies history of Irish modernity. Moreover, by looking at the formal innovations through which Joyce presents his equine figures—through, for instance, an instability of focalisation and an attention to material conditions—I will argue that Ulysses presents the subjectivity of both humans and nonhumans as produced through moments of affective entanglement. Highlighting moments of trans-species empathy that we find registered in the text’s labouring of language, such as Bloom’s encounter with the sweeper horse in ‘Eumaeus’ from which I take my title, this article will outline how working animals are integral to Joyce’s task of presenting the everyday fabric of modernity, and that Ulysses demonstrates the ethical possibilities and, just as importantly, limitations that come with acknowledging such a fact.

This paper argues for the characterization of contemporary capitalism as monopsony capitalism and, specifically, as global monopsony capitalism. This means that the degrees of buyer power should be added to the usual demand–supply analysis of markets for labour power and other inputs. Monopsony is used to understand the nature of global value chains, within which the paper distinguishes high, medium and low levels of monopsony power and outlines the main features of labour conditions in these different levels of monopsony power. The paper also sees how the working of monopsony power is gendered. The concluding section points to the difficult task of forming countervailing power in the age of global monopsony capitalism.

To scrutinize georgic’s position between progress and tradition, this article will focus on the way those forces become legible in poems composed between the end of the First and Second World Wars. I will examine Vita Sackville-West’s long georgics “The Land” (1926) and The Garden (1946) to argue that they indicate the scope of what is possible in the genre given the challenges of both modernity and modernism. Her poems demonstrate that, in seeking to navigate the changing material and cultural landscapes, the labour of maintaining an imaginative tradition can be both productive and problematic. The article will assess the way Sackville-West positions herself as a writer in relation to the figures of the agricultural labourer and gardener and to the classical tradition, as well as her claims about the language in which georgic can and should be written. Each poem will also be compared to the poetry and criticism of her modernist contemporary T.S. Eliot, with particular reference to “The Waste Land, Four Quartets” and his essay “Tradition and the Individual Talent.” Engaged in a struggle on both agricultural and cultural fronts, “The Land” and “The Garden” are prone to inconsistency and, even by their own standards, failure. But in these failures as well as their successes both poems are committed to finding a way of writing human engagement with the land and literature. As such, they can be instructively read in the present moment to prompt questions about the way we engage with land and language in the Anthropocene, negotiating between competing modes of writing and more broadly between natural and human agency., Para examinar la posición geórgica entre el progreso y la tradición, este artículo se centrará en cómo esas fuerzas se hacen legibles en poemas compuestos entre el final de la Primera y la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Examinaré los largos geórgicos de Vita Sackville-West, “The Land” (1926) y “The Garden” (1946) para argumentar su lugar en el género ante los desafíos, tanto de la modernidad como del modernismo. Sus poemas demuestran que, al navegar por un paisaje cambiante, tanto material como cultural, la labor de mantener una tradición imaginativa es a la vez productiva y problemática. El artículo evaluará cómo Sackville-West se posiciona como escritora en relación con las figuras del trabajador agrícola y el jardinero y con la tradición clásica, así como sus declaraciones sobre el lenguaje en el que el geórgico puede y debe escribirse. Cada poema se comparará también con la poesía y la crítica de su contemporáneo modernista T.S. Eliot, con especial referencia a “The Waste Land, Four Quartets” y su ensayo “Tradition and the Individual Talent”. Comprometidos en un doble frente, agrícola y cultural, “The Land” and “The Garden” tienden a la inconsistencia e, incluso para sus propios estándares, al fracaso. Pero tanto en estos fracasos como en sus éxitos, ambos poemas se comprometen a encontrar una forma de escribir el compromiso humano con la tierra y la literatura. Como tales, pueden leerse de manera instructiva en el momento presente para plantear preguntas sobre cómo nos relacionamos con la tierra y el lenguaje en el Antropoceno, negociando entre modos de escritura que compiten entre sí y, más ampliamente, entre la agencialidad natural y la humana.

The article estimates the impact of subjective perception of labour, medical and psychological factors on self-assessment of health by the population of Russian regions. The topicality of the subject is stipulated by rather low figures of expected healthy life span by regions plotted on the share of the population that assess their health as poor and very poor. Possibility to improve this indicator is being worked at within the frames of national projects. However, factors of high enough differentiation of values of health self-assessment by people of different regions have not been studied yet. With the help of multi-factor linear regression two stages of research were completed: for all regions and separately for groups of RF entities with dependent variables higher and lower than medial values. As a result it was found out that factors of subjective estimation of working conditions were the most significant for health assessment ‘very good'. Psychological well-being of women correlates with all assessments, while that of men is not statistically valuable. For groups of assessment ‘good' of lower than medial value and ‘satisfactory' of higher than medial value the factor impact was not identified. Regions of lower than medial value by the assessment ‘satisfactory' are subject to subjective assessment of the medical service quality, availability of chronic illnesses and working conditions. For RF entities with higher than medial value assessments ‘poor' and ‘very poor' only psychological well-being of women was statistically valuable. A detailed analysis by fixed norms was done for the city of Sevastopol. Results of modeling can act as auxiliary sources for developing the most effective for the given region strategy aimed at improving health of people and its self-assessment.

Cet article examine la manière dont l’esclavage colonial s’inscrivait dans le discours radical en Grande-Bretagne pendant les années Peterloo, vers 1816-1820. Dans la période qui a précédé le massacre de St. Peter’s Field, « l’esclavage » figurait fréquemment dans la culture imprimée radicale, mais ses significations étaient imprécises et presque malléables à l’infini. Lorsqu’ils abordaient la question de l'esclavage colonial, les radicaux adoptaient une gamme de positions complexes, attaquant à la fois les esclavagistes et les abolitionnistes. Lors du rassemblement lui-même, l’esclavage colonial a représenté un point de référence important mais tacite pour les réformateurs qui ont mis en perspective leurs griefs avec des enjeux complexes et genrés. Au lendemain du massacre, l’esclavage colonial et la pensée raciale ont été employés à façonner les réponses faites tant aux radicaux qu’aux conservateurs. Cet article soutient que l'esclavage colonial est resté un « discours de l’ombre » dans le mouvement radical pendant les années de Peterloo : souvent non reconnu, en constante transformation, mais qui parvient toujours à s’adapter aux contours changeants des revendications essentielles du mouvement. This article examines how colonial slavery featured in radical discourse in Britain during the Peterloo years, c.1816-1820. In the period leading up to the massacre at St. Peter’s Field, ‘slavery’ featured in radical print culture frequently, but its meanings were imprecise and almost infinitely malleable. When the issue of colonial slavery was directly addressed, radicals espoused a range of complex positions, attacking both slave-holders and abolitionists alike. At the rally itself, colonial slavery provided an important but unspoken point of reference for reformers to articulate their grievances with complex, gendered meanings. In the aftermath of the massacre, both colonial slavery and racial thought helped to shape responses from both radicals and conservatives alike. This article argues that colonial slavery remained a ‘shadow discourse’ of the radical movement during the Peterloo years: often unacknowledged, continuously transforming, but adhering to the changing contours of the substantial demands of the movement.

Des premières décennies après l’abolition de l’esclavage aux années 1960 qui voient la fin de la société d’habitation tardive, la figure du géreur d’habitation a dominé l’univers social antillais du monde sucrier. La contribution revient sur les contours de ce groupe social, observé au cours de la période de l’entre-deux-guerres, période charnière de la fabrication sociale antillaise, à partir d’une étude rigoureuse des fonds d’archives du domaine du Galion, en croisant l’exégèse classique des sources et l’approche qualitative par les réseaux. Cette étude constitue un point d’étape dans l’écriture d’une histoire sociale antillaise. Les deux articles qui ont conjugué les recherches de Jean-Pierre Sainton et de Jessica Pierre-Louis, livrent les premiers résultats de l’analyse : Qui étaient les géreurs de ce grand domaine sucrier qui dominait alors tout le corps social trinitéen ? De quel milieu social provenaient-ils ? Quelle était la nature de leurs rapports au sein du groupe ? Comment se positionnaient-ils entre leurs employeurs usiniers et les travailleurs des habitations ? Que nous apporte ce type de croisement méthodologique dans l’élaboration d’une sociologie historique antillaise ?, From the early decades following the abolition of Slavery, and up the 1960’s which marked the end of the late housing society, the figure of the estate manager dominated the Caribbean Social landscape within the sugar cane base industry. The present paper reviews the outlines of this social group, observing during inter war period, a cross time in the construction of West Indian Societies. The paper, based on a rigourous study of the Galion archives by cross-referencing the classical exegis of sources and the qualitative approach through networks. This study is a milestone in the writing of a Caribbean Contemporary Social History with these tools. Both articles combining the Jean-Pierre Sainton and Jessica Pierre-Louis’s researches provide the first results : Who were the estates managers of this great sugar factory ? What was their Social background ? How did they position them selves between the owners and the workers ? What does this type of methodological crossover add to the construction of a Caribbean historical Sociology ?

Marx’ın belirli bir insan doğası anlayışına sahip olup olmadığı meselesi felsefi literatürde hala tartışılmaktadır. Chris Byron bu konu üzerine yakın zamanda kaleme aldığı bir çalışmasında söz konusu tartışmanın bütün taraflarını tatmin edeceğini düşündüğü bir iddia dile getirir. Byron’a göre insan doğasından, sadece insana ait özellikler anlaşılmalıdır. İnsan doğasını kavramsal olarak bu şekilde sınırlandıran Byron, Marx’ın insan doğası anlayışının temelinde de emeğin yer aldığını söyler. Fakat yazarın, insan doğasının kapsamına dair dile getirdiği düşünce çeşitli sorunlar barındırır. İlk olarak, insan doğasının böyle anlaşılması insanın eksik bir şekilde tanımlanmasına neden olmaktadır. Felsefi anlamda kesin bir tanım, tanımladığı iddiasındaki kavramın hem yeter, hem de zorunlu koşullarını ortaya koymalıdır. Ama insanın ayırıcı özellikleri insan olmanın zorunlu ve yeter koşullarının tümünü kapsamadığı için, bu nitelikler insanı tanımlamakta ve dolayısıyla insan doğasını açıklamakta yetersiz kalmaktadır. İkinci olarak, insan doğasının yalnızca insana ait özelliklerden oluştuğu iddiası, bizzat Byron’un insan doğasını emeğe dayandırma çabasına zarar vermektedir. Çünkü tarih içinde gelişen farklı biçimleriyle emek sürecinin temel amacı her zaman insan ihtiyaçlarının karşılanması olmuştur ve bu ihtiyaçların birçoğu da yalnızca insana ait özellikler ile açıklanamaz. Yani insanın diğer varlıklarla paylaştığı özellikler de göz önüne alınmadan ne emeğin tarihteki yaratıcı ve ilerletici rolü, ne de emek ile insan doğası arasındaki ilişki sağlıklı bir şekilde kavranabilir., Whether Marx has a conception of human nature is still debated in philosophical literature. In a recent article, Chris Byron presents a claim and he thinks that it would satisfy all parties in this debate. According to Byron, human nature should be understood as exclusively human characteristics. After this conceptual limitation he also suggests that Marx’s understanding of human nature is based on labour. But Byron’s claim regarding the extent of human nature create some problems. First of all, his understanding of human nature causes a deficient human definition. Precise definition, in a philosophical sense, must include all the necessary and sufficent conditions of the thing it defines. But, because distinctive human characteristics do not imply all the necessary and sufficent conditions of human-beings, these attributes fall short of defining the human-being and explaining human nature. Secondly, the understanding of human nature based on distinctive human characteristics undermines Byron’s own claim that Marx’s conception of human nature should be grounded on labour. Throughout the history and in various ways, process of labour’s primary goal has always been the satisfaction of human needs. But most of these needs can not be explained by exclusively human characteristics. Without taking into account the attributes that humans share with other beings, neither the creative and progressive role of labour in history, nor the relation between labour and human nature can be grasped properly.

El presente artículo analiza las formas de trabajo y de modos de producción que configuran las plataformas digitales. Se plantea que en estas pueden emerger distintas formas de trabajo, pero que todas ellas responden a las transformaciones del neoliberalismo contemporáneo. Las formas en las que se dan sus configuraciones y las de sus procesos productivos, impulsan nuevas formas laborales y de producción que rompen con los modelos estándar para generar nuevas vías de producir plusvalías. El artículo se centra en los casos de Airbnb y diversas plataformas de reparto de comida y mensajería. Alguna de las características que se observan es que se trata de un tipo de trabajo invisibilizado, empresarial, que surge sobre lo reproductivo, que se articula sobre tiempo de trabajo no pagado, que impulsa dinámicas de individualización y aislamiento en el desarrollo de esta actividad o que genera una paradójica relación entre la sensación de autonomía y libertad como autónomos contrapuesta a un fuerte despliegue de mecanismos de control y organización del trabajo. Para llevar a cabo esta investigación se han realizado entrevistas abiertas semi-estructuradas a anfitriones de Airbnb y repartidores de Deliveroo, Glovo, Uber Eats y Stuart. The present paper analyses the ways of working and modes of production that configure digital platforms. It argues that different forms of work can emerge in these, but that all of them respond to the transformations of contemporary neoliberalism. The forms in which their configurations and those of their productive processes are given, promote new forms of work and production that break with the standard models to generate new ways of producing surplus value. The paper focuses on the cases of Airbnb and various food delivery and messenger platforms. Some of the characteristics that can be observed are that it is a type of invisible, entrepreneurial work that arises from the reproductive aspect, that is articulated on the basis of unpaid work time, that promotes dynamics of individualization and isolation in the development of this activity or that generates a paradoxical relationship between the feelings of autonomy and freedom as self-employed workers as opposed to a strong deployment of mechanisms of control and organization of work. In order to carry out this research, open semi-structured interviews were conducted with Airbnb hosts and Deliveroo, Glovo, Uber Eats and Stuart deliverers. Title in English: Mechanisms and dynamics of work on digital platforms: the cases of Airbnb and delivery platforms

People with intellectual disabilities are the most disadvantaged group among all disability types when it comes to employment. In Sweden, special needs upper secondary schools prepare students with intellectual disabilities for the labour market using practice periods at workplaces. This study targets stakeholder involved in their school-to-work transition (i.e. teachers, employers, employment agency officials). The aim is to identify how they view: (1) the working capabilities of students during practice periods and (2) their employment potential. We base the analysis on interview data with the stakeholders using Grounded Theory. Our results identify three student types whose preparedness for the labour market differs considerably. One student type performs well during the practice period and represents a high potential to enter the workforce. The other two student types have the lower working capability and employment potential. Our study highlights stakeholders as resources to improve the labour market preparations of students with intellectual disabilities. First published online July 28, 2021

Protocol and registration The present meta-analysis will be designed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The study will be based in aggregated data that have been already published in the international literature. Patient consent and institutional review board approval will not be retrieved as they are not required in this type of studies. Types of studies and patients The eligibility criteria for the inclusion of studies will be predetermined. Randomized trials that will assess the efficacy of oral (both per os or sublingual misoprostol) to that of vaginal misoprostol in terms of induction of labour will be considered eligible for inclusion. Quasi-randomized trials as well as observational studies (prospective and retrospective studies) will be omitted from the systematic review. Only studies investigating induction of labor outcomes in singleton vertex presentations will be included as it is anticipated that trials on induction of labour in twin gestations as well as breech presentations will be too few (if there are any) to perform meta-analysis. Studies will be included irrespective of the actual reason for induction of labour (antenatal pathology or prolonged pregnancy). Information sources and search methods We will use the Medline (1966–2021), Scopus (2004–2021), Clinicaltrials.gov (2008–2021), EMBASE (1980-2021), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials CENTRAL (1999-2021), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature LILACS (1967-2021) and Google Scholar (2004-2021) databases in our primary search along with the reference lists of electronically retrieved full-text papers. The date of our last search was set at June 10, 2021. Our search strategy included the text words “induction; labour; misoprostol; oral; vaginal; sublingual”. Studies will be selected in three consecutive stages. Following deduplication, the titles and abstracts of all electronic articles will be screened independently by three authors to assess their eligibility. The decision for inclusion of studies in the present meta-analysis will be taken after retrieving and reviewing the full version of articles that will be considered as potentially eligible. Discrepancies that will arise in this latter stage will be resolved by consensus from all authors. Predefined outcomes Outcome measures will be predefined during the design of the present systematic review. Data extraction will be performed using a modified data form that was based in Cochrane`s data collection form for intervention reviews for RCTs and non-RCTs. Investigated outcomes will be predetermined based in our previous systematic review that examined the role of serum uric acid as a predictive factor of preeclampsia. Briefly, the main outcome of interest will be the number of successful vaginal deliveries during the first 24 hours of induction of labour. Secondary outcomes will include successful vaginal deliveries during the first 48 hours of induction as well as outcomes of maternal morbidity (uterine tachysystole, post-partum hemorrhage, disseminated intravascular coagulation and need for obstetric hysterectomy) and neonatal morbidity (Apgar score at 5 minutes and need for admission to a neonatal intensive care unit – NICU). Assessment of risk of bias and quality of evidence The methodological quality of the included studies will be assessed by two independent reviewers using the risk of bias 2 (RoB 2) tool. RoB2 incorporates five domains that include assessment of i) risk of bias that arises from the randomization process, ii) risk of bias due to deviations from the intended interventions, iii) missing outcome data, iv) risk of bias in the measurement of the outcome, and v) risk of bias in the selection of the reported result. Quality of evidence will be evaluated under the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework, ranging from very low to high. More specifically, credibility of evidence will be assessed by taking into account the following domains: study limitations, directness, consistency, precision and publication bias. In particular, study limitations will be evaluated based on risk of bias assessments (NOS score), while directness will be judged using the PICOS (population, intervention, comparison, outcome, study type) approach. Statistical analysis Statistical meta-analysis will be performed with RStudio using the meta and metasens functions (RStudio Team (2015). RStudio: Integrated Development for R. RStudio, Inc., Boston, MA URL http://www.rstudio.com/). Statistical heterogeneity will not be considered during the evaluation of the appropriate model of statistical analysis as the anticipated methodological heterogeneity of included studies is anticipated to not leave space for assumption of comparable effect sizes among studies included in the meta-analysis. Confidence intervals will be set at 95%. We will calculate pooled risk ratios mean differences (MD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) with the Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman instead of the traditional Dersimonian-Laird random effects model analysis (REM). The decision to proceed with this type of analysis was taken after taking into consideration recent reports that support its superiority compared to the Dersimonian-Laird model when comparing studies of varying sample sizes and between-study heterogeneity. Subgroup analysis will be conducted on the basis of misoprostol dose using an arbitrary cut-off value that will be selected following assessment of the various doses reported by retrieved articles. Publication bias will be assessed by examining the possibility of small-study effects through the visual inspection of funnel plots. The asymmetry of funnel plots will be statistically evaluated using the Egger’s regression and Begg-Mazumdar’s rank correlation tests. The Duval and Tweedie`s trim and fill method will be applied to impute missing effects irrespective of the asymmetry of the funnel plot. Publication bias will be evaluated by examining the potential presence of small-study effects through the visual inspection of funnel plots. Rücker’s Limit Meta-Analysis will be applied to account for bias that arises due to small-study effects. Prediction intervals Prediction intervals (PI) wll be calculated as well, using the meta function in RStudio, to evaluate the dispersion of the effect size which is more appropriate to use rather than confidence intervals if the sample size calculation will be deemed too low to consider the summary estimate as reliable. The estimation of prediction intervals takes into account the inter-study variation of the results and express the existing heterogeneity at the same scale as the examined outcome. Trial sequential analysis To evaluate the information size, we will perform trial sequential analysis (TSA) which permits investigation of the type I error in the aggregated result of meta-analyses performed for primary outcomes that were predefined in the present meta-analysis. A minimum of 3 studies will be considered as appropriate to perform the analysis. Repeated significance testing increases the risk of type I error in meta-analyses and TSA has the ability to re-adjust the desired significance level by using the O` Brien-Flemming a-spending function. Therefore, during TSA sequential interim analyses are performed that permit investigation of the impact of each study in the overall findings of the meta-analysis. The risk for type I errors was set at 5% and for type II errors at 20%. The TSA analysis was performed using the TSA v. 0.9.5.10 Beta software (http://www.ctu.dk/tsa/).

This work examines contemporary and historical modes of commuting in North America and in parts of Europe as it relates to job and life satisfaction in addition to the effects of commuting on the environment. The first section of this paper is a brief introduction on commuting and what it entails; followed by a number of sections on commuting in different countries; the sociological and environmental implications of commuting; and finally policy recommendations regarding commuting and the environment. With the changing climate, it is important that we re-examine and evaluate commuting as it exists today, as it has existed, and how it might exist in the future in a more environmentally friendly form.

The Independent Artists' Union, otherwise known as the IAU, transformed artists' material conditions through their advocacy for a living wage for artists. Active from 1984 to 1989, the IAU began as a small group of media artists meeting in one another's kitchens and backyards, and grew to 700 active members spread across Ontario at its height. This project charts the IAU’s advocacy work and interaction with other important actors and institutions in the cultural scene, as well as highlights main points in the labour movement, the arts, artists’ organizing and cultural policy— all of which resulted in lasting changes to how we understand artists' labour and Canada’s art scene.

Many researchers have addressed the question of whether Locke’s individuals are fundamentally self-interested or motivated by the common good. This paper approaches this question by focusing on his views on labour, labourers, industry, and improvement. This approach reveals that Locke envisaged a community whose members are not only concerned with securing individual rights and self-interest, or with performing extra-civic or God-given duties, but should also be motivated to make efforts to improve both material and moral life. To him, labour represented the common capacities of mankind to make use of their “heads” and “hands” industriously, and to thus contribute to one another by making their lives better. Locke’s individuals are active members of society, regardless of status or class. His inclusion of the labouring poor as equal contributors marks the break with humanist political discourse on the one hand, and with the Protestant idea of calling on the other.

La presente obra colectiva se circunscribe a una ayuda obtenida por la Unidad de Igualdad de la Universidad de Málaga para el desarrollo de actividades en materia de igualdad de género. Gracias a la misma tuvo lugar el pasado mes de septiembre de 2021 el “I Seminario Internacional sobre género y colectivos desfavorecidos: discriminación en el empleo, el uso de algoritmos digitales y la inteligencia artificial”. Tras su éxito y las brillantes reflexiones de los ponentes, comunicantes y participantes al mismo, se consideró oportuno efectuar una obra colectiva, la cual se encuentra incluida igualmente en el Proyecto de Investigación recientemente concedido del Plan Propio de la Universidad de Málaga para proyectos dirigidos por jóvenes investigadores denominado: “Legal Tech en el ámbito de las relaciones de trabajo y el uso de algoritmos digitales: primeras aproximaciones” dirigido por la profesora Lucía Aragüez Valenzuela. This collective work is limited to a grant obtained by the Equality Unit of the University of Malaga for the development of activities in the field of gender equality. Thanks to this grant, the “1st International Seminar on gender and disadvantaged groups: discrimination in employment, the use of digital algorithms and artificial intelligence” was held last September 2021. After its success and the brilliant reflections of the speakers, communicators and participants, it was considered appropriate to produce a collective work, which is also included in the recently awarded Research Project of the University of Málaga for projects directed by young researchers called: “Legal Tech in the field of labour relations and the use of digital algorithms: first approaches” directed by Lecturer Lucía Aragüez Valenzuela.

Metabolism of progesterone (P4) by the enzyme 20α hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20α‐HSD) in myometrial cells is postulated to be a mechanism for P4 withdrawal, which occurs concomitant to uterine inflammation (physiologic or infection‐induced) and associated activation of transcription factors: NF‐кB and AP‐1, common to term and preterm labour. We found that 20α‐HSD protein is significantly increased in human myometrium during term labour, and in mouse uterus during term and preterm labour. Treatment of human myometrial cells with the pro‐inflammatory mediators, lipopolysaccharide (LPS, mimicking infection) and 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA, mimicking inflammation), induced 20α‐HSD gene expression and increased 20α‐HSD protein abundance. LPS treatment decreased P4 release into the culture medium and resulted in up‐regulation of GJA1 in the hTERT‐HM cells. The NF‐кB /AP‐1 transcription factors mediated effects of LPS and TPA on 20α‐HSD gene transcription. Both pro‐inflammatory stimuli induced 20α‐HSD promoter activity in LPS/TPA‐treated cells which was significantly attenuated by inhibition of NF‐кB (JSH: 20 µM) or AP‐1 signalling (T5224: 10 µM). Deletion of NF‐кB consensus sites abrogated LPS‐mediated promoter induction, while removal of AP‐1 sites reversed the TPA‐mediated induction of 20α‐HSD promoter. We conclude that inflammatory stimuli (physiologic or pathologic) that activate NF‐кB or AP‐1 induce 20α‐HSD transcription and subsequent local P4 withdrawal resulting in up‐regulation of GJA1 and activation of myometrium that precedes labour.

In 2021, the Romanian Sociological Association awarded economist Florin Georgescu its Award for Excellence. This essay covers the author’s magnum opus, titled Capital in Post-communist Romania, and focuses on the content most relevant to sociology. Unique in size and scope, the approximate 1,000 page three-volume book features three books in one: a 30-year economic history of Romania, a critical analysis of the way the Romanian capitalist economy developed in the second half of the 2010s, and a blueprint for structural reforms to foster development and reduce inequality. The essay includes a short author presentation and an overall review of the book’s contents, an appraisal of the work’s style and originality, and a review of the themes and subjects most salient for sociologists: capital ‒ labour relationship and the distribution and redistribution system, income and wealth inequality, precarious work, the transition and privatisation processes, structural problems of capitalism, and development policies.

Background:Gynaetresia is the narrowing or complete occlusion of the vagina which may be congenital or acquired. Acquired gynaetresia is commoner in Nigeria due to female genital mutilation and vaginal insertion of herbs. Gynaetresia is a public health issue that requires a great attention to prevent all its associated morbidities. Objective:To report a case of nullipara with acquired gynaetresia that presented in labour. Methods:The case note of the patient and how she was managed were reviewed. Relevant review of the literature on the subject was also done. Results:She was a 24 year old Primary Health Care (PHC) booked Gravida 3 Para 0+2, a trader with secondary level of education who presented in labour ward of Rivers State University Teaching Hospital (RSUTH) at an unknown gestation. She was referred from the PHC on account of labour pains of 6 hours duration and a dense fibrotic tissue sealing off most of the vaginal wall. There was a history of passage of herbal concoction in her vagina 14 months prior to presentation to induce abortion. She had emergency lower segment Caesarean Section (C/S) and outcome was a live male baby who weighed 3kg with a good APGAR score. She did well post operatively, was counseled for vaginoplasty and discharged home with her baby on the 5thpost-operative day in good clinical state. Conclusion:Acquired gynaetresia due to vaginal insertion of herbal pessaries is a preventable condition if only our women in this part of the world are made to understand the significance and implications of this act. This is by educating the public on the morbidities associated with this condition.

The practice of early modern natural history depended on the collective collecting activities of a great variety of people. Among them, artisans played a major role in acquiring and distributing knowledge about the natural world and they contributed significantly to the scholarly labour in natural history. This distributed labour was both acknowledged by contemporaries as well as hidden from sight, reflecting the period′s dominant norms for class and gender. By combining an interpretation of the visual representation of labour in European insect studies with an examination of written sources about natural history practices from about 1680 to 1810, this article decodes the often‐codified frontispieces and other more symbolic illustrations to offer new insights into the labour of natural history. Those who identified as scholars and artisans (or both) conceptualised their own intellectual and practical engagement with natural history within the semantic field of work. Some seemed to have even envisioned a new social role for academics as well as artisans. This article analyses the diversity of the “productive forces” in insect studies as they changed over time and it reconstructs what I will call the social imaginaries of participation.

International audience; To contribute to the debate on labour and the ways of farming, this study tested the relevance of a labour-based typology to discriminate among forms of production operating in the Thai rubber sector. The data used came from surveys with 469 farmers. The case of Thai rubber-based family farms is specific but also brings generic insights to the debate. Classifying the farms based on their mode of organisation helps in understanding farmers' overall strategies regarding farming and non-farm activities. These differences were important and were linked to the capacity of family labour to develop non-farm activities. However, surprisingly, no discrimination among the types of farms appeared based on the agricultural production system. This finding appeared counter-intuitive given the importance of hired labour in rubber family farming. The non-significant differences for the practices and the land and labour productivities engaged in rubber cropping could be linked to the use of share-croppers (and not wage employees) as external labour. Further research needs to identify factors that can unlock productivity in the rubber plantations, whatever the category of holding. The importance of pluri-activity has strong implications that will require expanding empirical works focusing on labour issues.

Both in public imagination and scholarship, begging is often associated with passivity, waiting, inactivity and as such defined as the opposite of ‘real work’. During two years of fieldwork with people sleeping rough in Paris, I observed my informants to the contrary describe begging as their occupation. In this paper, I present an ethnographically grounded argument that the people experiencing homelessness I accompanied over the course of two years experienced begging as labour which involved constructing and supporting emotional narratives of neediness, deservingness and personal connections in scripts, stories and hustles. My interlocutors often understood this labour to be a hopeful one, one that structured their day (and thoughts) but also one that enabled their projets de vies, their struggles into the future. In the wake of overwhelming suffering and structural violence, I observed begging not only a short-term fix for consumption but also as keeping the future open – the more long-term future of eventually leaving the street behind.

DOI: 10.1590/2179-8966/2020/47847. Resumo O artigo objetiva perquirir a amplitude axiologica da categoria trabalho, dada sua relevância para a compreensao dos processos de resistencia social contra o estranhamento do trabalho humano. Investiga o conceito ontologico de trabalho, as circunstâncias historico-sociais que caracterizam o trabalho sob o modo de producao capitalista, alem da importância da reivindicacao social por um conteudo emancipatorio para o trabalho humano. Palavras-chave: Trabalho; Estranhamento; Emancipacao. Abstract The paper aims to investigate the axiological amplitude of the category called labour, because of its relevance to understand the processes of social resistance against the estranged labour. It investigates the ontological concept of labour, the historical-social circumstances that characterize labour under the capitalist mode of production, as well as the importance of social claim for an emancipatory content for human labour. Keywords: Labour; Estrangement; Emancipation.

Resumen: El presente artículo analiza, en primer lugar, la exposición que realiza Michel Foucault acerca de la introducción del concepto de trabajo en la economía política clásica. Se argumenta que su análisis coincide con la especificación histórica del concepto de trabajo que exigen nuevas interpretaciones de la teoría de Marx como las de Moishe Postone y Robert Kurz. Dicha coincidencia ofrece, además, conclusiones similares acerca del funcionamiento de la sociedad capitalista a través de la objetivación de las formas de práctica social. En segundo lugar, se plantea que el enfoque de Foucault en el ámbito específico del saber, lejos de suponer un déficit analítico, también puede ofrecer importantes rendimientos, precisamente por poner en suspenso la vinculación tanto con los procesos sociales como con las disposiciones psicológicas, a la hora de investigar los mecanismos epistémicos que condicionan la actividad teórica. Tal investigación resulta complementaria con el enfoque en el fetichismo de la mercancía privilegiado por Postone y Kurz. Abstract: This article begins with an analysis of Michel Foucault's account of the introduction of the concept of labour into classical political economy. I argue that his analysis coincides with the historical specification of the concept of labour that is required by new interpretations of Marx's theory such as those of Moishe Postone and Robert Kurz. Moreover, such convergence offers similar conclusions about the functioning of capitalist society through the objectification of forms of social practice. In the remainder of the article I argue that Foucault's approach in the specific field of knowledge, far from presenting an analytical deficit, can yield important results, precisely because it withholds the link with both social processes and psychological dispositions, when investigating the epistemic mechanisms that condition theoretical activity. This approach is complementary to the focus on commodity fetishism privileged by Postone and Kurz.

For third year midwifery student

When Theresa May claimed that the Conservative Party was dubbed the “Nasty Party” in October 2002, few were those who could have contradicted her. It had suffered a second landslide defeat and its image and reputation had been damaged by the violence of the Thatcher years and tainted by accusations of racism. Seventeen years later, after Corbyn’s historic defeat in the 2019 general election, it seems that the tables have turned. Labour’s failure to bring its social(ist) message home during the so-called “once in a lifetime” election might be the climax of a decade in the wilderness. In this paper, we posit that Labour’s defeat can, in part, be explained by its incapacity to deal with one new defining element of British politics, the issue of culture. Labour willingly ignored the cultural dimension of the 2019 general election and instead, decided to focus on traditional economic policies that further alienated its traditional supporters. The first part will be devoted to the importance of culture in the 2019 general election and focus on a recent paradigm shift whereby culture is now essential in Western politics. The second part will deal with Labour’s cultural conundrum, that is, their inability to acknowledge the new cultural reality. Lorsque Theresa May affirma que le Parti conservateur était surnommé le "Nasty Party" en octobre 2002, rares étaient ceux qui auraient pu la contredire. Il venait de subir une deuxième défaite écrasante, et son image et sa réputation avaient été endommagées par la violence des années Thatcher et entachées par des accusations de racisme. Dix-sept ans plus tard, après la défaite historique de Jeremy Corbyn aux élections générales de 2019, il semble que les rôles se soient inversés. L’incapacité des Travaillistes à faire passer leur message social(iste) semble être le point culminant d'une décennie dans le désert. Dans cet article, nous avançons que la défaite des Travaillistes s'explique, en partie, par leur inaptitude à faire face à un nouvel élément essentiel de la politique britannique, la question culturelle. Les Travaillistes l’ont volontairement ignorée en 2019 et ont décidé de se concentrer sur des politiques économiques classiques qui ont encore plus aliéné leurs partisans traditionnels. La première partie sera consacrée à l'importance de la culture dans l'élection générale de 2019. La deuxième partie traitera du problème culturel des Travaillistes, à savoir de leur incapacité à reconnaître cette nouvelle réalité politique.

La philosophie sociale d’Axel Honneth accorde une place importante au travail, à la fois modèle de coopération et lieu de réalisation de soi. Parce qu’elle relie estime sociale et estime de soi, et qu’elle rapporte plus généralement l’activité de travail à l’organisation sociale dans son ensemble, sa théorie de la reconnaissance permet d’éclairer les demandes de reconnaissance des professions « essentielles » tout comme elle donne des éléments pour comprendre la crise du sens du travail qui s’est fait jour pendant l’épidémie de Covid-19. Toutefois, en liant l’utilité sociale à la notion de performance et en se concentrant sur la reproduction des valeurs et des idéaux plutôt que sur la reproduction matérielle, la théorie de la reconnaissance ne passe-t-elle pas à côté d’une réflexion plus profonde sur le caractère « essentiel » de certaines formes de contribution à la société, qui relèvent d’un travail laborieux et nécessaire ? Le but de cet article est de réinterroger la théorie de la reconnaissance à la lumière de ces questionnements. Axel Honneth’s social philosophy attaches considerable importance to work, both as a model of cooperation and a means of self-realization. Because it links social esteem with self-esteem, and more generally relates work activity to social organization as a whole, his theory of recognition sheds light on the demands for the recognition of “essential” occupations, just as it provides elements with which to understand the crisis of the meaning of work that emerged during the COVID-19 epidemic. However, by linking social utility to the notion of achievement and by focusing on the reproduction of values and ideals rather than on material reproduction, does not recognition theory miss an opportunity for deeper reflection on the “essential” character of certain forms of contribution to society, which are the result of laborious and necessary work? The aim of this article is to re-interrogate the theory of recognition in the light of these questions.

Labour epidural analgesia (LEA) is an evolving field. Various neuraxial techniques and dosing regimens are available to the modern obstetric anesthesia provider, allowing for significant practice variability. To begin a search for consensus on optimal care, we sought to query fellowship training practices for LEA.We conducted an electronic survey of institutions with American Council for Graduate Medical Education-accredited obstetric anesthesiology fellowship programs. We studied the frequency of epidural initiation techniques, including combined spinal epidural (CSE), dural puncture epidural, and epidural bolus. For maintenance techniques, we appraised the use of continuous epidural infusion, programmed intermittent bolus (PIEB), and patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA).Of 40 institutions surveyed, we received 32 responses (80% response rate). Twenty-eight of 40 (70%) were included in the analysis. A plurality of institutions (12/28; 43%) preferred CSE, and among those who used CSE, 23/27 (85%) included intrathecal opioids. A majority of institutions used protocols with PIEB (55%), while almost all (92%) used PCEA. Most participants (88%) reported using dilute concentration maintenance infusions of 0.1% bupivacaine/ropivacaine or less.Despite significant variability in LEA practice, some clear patterns emerged in our survey, including preference for opioid-containing CSE and maintenance with PIEB, PCEA, and dilute epidural solutions.RéSUMé: OBJECTIF: L’analgésie péridurale obstétricale (APO) est un domaine en évolution. Diverses techniques neuraxiales et posologies sont disponibles pour le praticien en anesthésie obstétricale moderne, ce qui permet une variabilité significative de la pratique. Pour démarrer une recherche de consensus sur les soins optimaux, nous avons cherché à déterminer les pratiques d’APO dans le cadre de formation des fellows. MéTHODE: Nous avons réalisé une enquête électronique auprès d’établissements possédant des programmes de fellowship en anesthésiologie obstétricale accrédités par l’American Council for Graduate Medical Education. Nous avons étudié la fréquence des techniques de péridurale, notamment de rachi-péridurale combinée (RPC), de péridurale avec ponction durale et de bolus péridural. Pour les techniques de maintien, nous avons évalué l’utilisation de l’analgésie péridurale par perfusion continue, l’administration programmée de bolus périduraux (PIEB; programmed intermittent epidural bolus) et l’analgésie péridurale contrôlée par la patiente (APCP). RéSULTATS: Sur les 40 établissements sondés, nous avons reçu 32 réponses (taux de réponse de 80 %). Vingt-huit des 40 (70 %) établissements ont été inclus dans l’analyse. Plusieurs institutions (12/28; 43 %) ont répondu qu’elles préféraient la RPC, et parmi celles qui utilisaient la RPC, 23/27 (85 %) incluaient des opioïdes intrathécaux. La majorité des établissements utilisaient des protocoles avec le PIEB (55 %), tandis que presque tous (92 %) utilisaient l’APCP. La plupart des établissements participants (88 %) ont rapporté utiliser des perfusions de maintien à des concentrations diluées de bupivacaïne/ropivacaïne de 0,1 % ou moins. CONCLUSION: Malgré une variabilité significative dans la pratique de l’APO, certaines tendances claires ont émergé dans notre sondage, notamment une préférence pour les RPC contenant des opioïdes et le maintien avec un PIEB, une APCP et des solutions péridurales diluées.

The present research empirically determined the factors that influenced the choice of combined labour for efficient yam marketable surplus in Benue State of Nigeria. 2016 cropping season cross-sectional data elicited by structured questionnaire complemented with interview schedule from a total of 120 farmers chosen through a multi-stage sampling technique was used. The instruments used for data analysis were descriptive and inferential statistics. The empirical evidences showed that decision for choice of efficiently combined labour that is supplemented by paid labour for efficient yam marketable surplus was affected by low yam productivity and low income which largely owed to poor proceeds from product marketing. Gender stereotype due to culture and religious barriers affected women access and control to productive access, thus hinders women active involved in yam entrepreneurship as they cannot carter for paid labour. Thus, it can be inferred that utilization of combined labour was affected by poor yield, gender stereotype and poor economic capital. Therefore, for farmers to be able to harness combined labour efficiently for a good marketable surplus, thus a better wellbeing for farmers, farmers need technical guided on potential yield; provision of buffer stocks for a remunerative price normalization; and, breaking the jinx of gender inequality through tacit sensitization in the studied area.

Cet article porte sur les salariés des grandes surfaces alimentaires en France. Si la littérature existante sur le secteur porte essentiellement sur les caissières et utilise la monographie, notre approche s’intéresse aux managers de rayon. Porter le regard sur les managers de rayon, premier niveau d’encadrement en magasin, permet de mieux comprendre les logiques qui traversent le secteur. Mais contrairement à l’approche habituelle qui utilise la monographie, notre approche combine les échelles d’analyse (micro, méso et macro) afin d’ancrer les observations du terrain au sein de l’histoire sectorielle et de la conjoncture.Cela nous conduits à associer la sociologie du travail et de l’emploi avec la sociologie des groupes professionnels pour montrer que les managers travaillent au sein de deux principaux segments professionnels : les rayons alimentaires, d’une part, et les rayons non alimentaires, d’autre part. Sur chaque segment, les conditions de travail ne sont pas tout à fait les mêmes : la situation économique des groupes intégrés étant préoccupante, ces derniers ont procédé à une réorganisation des rayons. Par conséquent, les conditions d’emploi sont également différentes.En effet, si le processus de centralisation-décentralisation des tâches et la sélection d’un nouveau profil de managers sont bien mis en oeuvre de façon homogène dans les rayons alimentaires, deux rayons non alimentaires conservent leur particularité. Au rayon parapharmacie tout d’abord, le titre de docteur constitue une barrière à l’entrée dans ce marché du travail fermé. Parallèlement, les récentes réorganisations permettent à ce dernier de s’emparer des rayons des collègues, faisant de ce manager le grand gagnant des mutations actuelles. Aux rayons brun-blanc-gris ensuite, les managers sont dans une situation plus difficile : plus que partout ailleurs, ces rayons qui perdent de l’argent ont été réorganisés ou supprimés, annonçant la « mort » progressive de ce groupe., This article offers a new perspective on the study of supermarket employees in France. Until now, publications have mainly focused on cashiers. Focusing on department managers, i.e., the first level of management in stores, allows a better understanding of the methods in this industry. Contrary to the usual approach, which relies on monographs and focuses on the same types of employees, our approach combines different scales of analysis (micro, meso and macro) in order to understand field observations in relation to the history of the sector and the economic context.This approach led us to bring together the sociology of work and employment with the sociology of occupational groups in order to show that the managers work in two major professional segments: food departments on the one hand and non-food departments on the other. In each segment, the working conditions are not exactly the same. Because integrated groups are in an economically worrisome situation, they have reorganized supermarket departments. Consequently, working conditions are also different.Although the process of centralization-decentralization of tasks and the selection of a new management profile have both been uniformly implemented in the food departments, two non-food departments have retained their specific characteristics. First, in the drugstore department the title of doctor constitutes a barrier to entry into this closed labour market. Second, in departments for brown-white-gray goods (consumer electronics, major appliances, small appliances), managers could disappear due to financial losses.

Non-parametric analysis of total factor productivity change in yam production in North-Central Nigeria from 1992 to 2016 was carried out with the use of secondary data. The secondary production data of yam for that period were collected from Food and Agriculture Statistical (FAOSTAT) data bank. Malmquist Total Factor Productivity Index (MTFPI) based on Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), was used to empirically analyse the total factor productivity of the yam, while Tobit regression was used to analyse the determinants of total factor productivity in the study area. The results of the MTFPI analysis reveal that yam contributed 1.4% of technical efficiency change to productivity growth over the period studied. The technological contributions to productivity growth regressed at 1.8%. The study revealed the productivity growth of yam to be 0.2%. Tobit regression result showed credit borrowed, government policy (Agricultural Transformation Agenda – ATA), capital, and labour to have significant and positive relationships with the productivity of the crop at either p≤0.05 or p≤0.001 level of probability, which implies that increase in them led to increase in the crop’s productivity. Capital-labour was statistically significant but negatively related to yam productivity at p≤0.01, which implied that utilization of labour in a greater proportion than capital led to reduction or regress in its productivity growth. The study recommends farmers’ training on farm practices and techniques to increase yam productivity. They should be encouraged to accept improved yam varieties from research institutes, properly allocate the production resources and adopt improved technology to achieve productivity growth in the study area.