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Lutzomyia itambe Chaves Júnior, Lima, Paranhos & Andrade sp. n. (Figs 2–5) Diagnosis. Both sexes: Parallel labial sutures not forked. Male: gonostyle with an apical spine and lacking preapical spiniform seta; paramere with a protuberance on the ventral margin before the digitiform apex; dorsal margin of the paramere convex, with 5–6 straight setae, and tapering abruptly in its median region; area of the preapical spur covered by short and long setae; delta between 120–160 µm. Female: absence of Newstead`s sensillae on the 2 nd and 4 th palpal segments; common duct between 18–25 µm in length; individual ducts between 135–165 µm in length; in the wing delta between 49–151 µm. Male holotype. Head (Fig. 2A): 377 (353–372, n = 4) length, 310 (307–319, n = 4) width; the arrangement of deciduous bristles in the region of the occiput in the form of an`X`; clypeus: 136 (125–145, n = 5) length, 93 (87–90, n = 5) width; eyes: 180 (177–185, n = 5) length, 116 (96–107, n = 5) width; interocular distance: 99 (104– 116, n = 5). Pharynx with striations and absence of teeth (Fig. 2B). Cibarium without teeth (Fig. 2B). Sclerotized arch complete (Fig. 2B). Labrum-epipharynx (LE): 234 (223–232, n = 5) (Fig. 2F). Antenna (Figs 2C–E, 3A–K): flagellomeres (F) length: FI: 241 (235–249, n = 5), FII: 113 (107–116, n = 5), FIII: 116 (110–113, n = 5), FXIII: 61 (55–58, n = 5) and FXIV: 64 (55–64, n = 5). Ascoids: short posterior spur, atrophied peduncle; anterior spur long on F1, but does not reach the preapical papilla (Fig. 2C); external ascoids implanted at a more apical level than the internal on FI; presence of a preapical papilla on FI– FIII (Figs 2C–E), papilla absent in FIV– FXI (Figs 3C–H), presence of three papillae on FXII and FXIII (Figs 3I and J), and 4 papillae on FXIV (Fig. 3K); preapical spiniform papilla on FIX, FXI and FXIII (Figs 3F, H and J); presence of simple setae on FVI– FXIV (Figs 3C–K). Palpi (P) (Figs 2G–K) length: palpomere I: 32 (32–41, n = 5), palpomere II: 136 (128–136, n = 5), palpomere III: 148 (139–145, n = 5), palpomere IV: 116 (107–121, n = 5) and palpomere V: 319 (290–325, n = 5); palpal formula: 1.4.2.3.5; PIII with Newstead’s sensillae concentrated in the median region of the article (Fig. 2I). Parallel labial sutures not forked (Fig. 2a). Cervix: ventro-cervical sensilla present. Cervical sclerites bearing a pair of spiniform sensillae. Thorax. Mesonotum: 482 (453–504, n = 5) length. Pronotum, metanotum and post-notum light brown; paratergites and pleura off-white. Presence of five proepimeral setae; eight upper anepisternal setae; Absence of setae in the anterior region of the katepisternum. Wing (Fig. 3L): 1,831 (1,702 –1,795, n = 6) length, 470 (432–470, n = 5) width. Veins: R 5: 1,165 (1,073 –1,128, n = 6), alfa: 330 (274–339, n = 6), beta: 255 (255–304, n = 6), gamma: 304 (243–261, n = 6), delta: 58 (26–90, n = 6), pi: 124 (131–160, n = 5). Legs: anterior, median and posterior. Coxa: 298 (284–311, n = 6), 298 (279–307, n = 6), 293 (293–311, n = 6); Femur: 730 (671–709, n = 4), 708 (664–679, n = 3), lost (672–774, n = 4); Tibia: 795 (758–795, n = 4), 943 (925–943, n = 3), lost (1,165 –1,184, n = 3); Tarsomere I: 460 (445–453, n = 4), 532 (526–649, n = 3), lost (642–649, n = 3); Sum of the tarsomeres II+III+IV+ V: 599 (584–613, n = 4), 657 (650–708, n = 3), lost (700–723, n = 3). Abdomen: 1,480 (1,221 –1,572, n = 6) length; tergal papillae absent. Genitalia (Fig. 3M): gonocoxite: 261 (246–261, n = 6) length, 116 (90–122, n = 6) width, with basal tuft of 4 setae, with the apical smaller and thinner than the others; two long, slender setae and one semifoliaceous seta longer than the others, with sickle-shaped tip/ apex; gonostyle: 154 (142–150, n = 6) length, without preapical seta and with 4 well-developed spines: one apical, one upper external, one lower external and one internal. Upper external spine implanted in the apical third of the gonostyle and the lower external spine is situated at a more basal level than the inner spine. Paramere (Fig. 3N): dorsal margin: 145 (145–180, n = 4) length, ventral margin: 136 (136–159, n = 4) length; convex dorsal margin, with 4 straight setae; apical extremity of the dorsal margin curved upwards; tubercule of the dorsal margin: upper edge 35 (35, n = 6), lower edge 17 (14–30, n = 6), 12 (12, n = 6) width, with three setae with hook-shaped apex; digitiform apex of the paramere: 20 (17–26, n = 6) length and 14 (12–14, n = 6) width; ventral margin with preapical spur covered by a row of short setae and one of longer setae. Parameral sheath sclerotized and coniform. Epandrial lobe: 299 (284–310, n = 6) length, 35 (32–38, n = 6) width. Sperm pump (Fig. 3O): 148 (148–160, n = 6); ejaculatory apodeme: 119 (116–128, n = 6); aedeagal ducts: 377 (377–409, n = 6) length and 3 (3, n = 6) width, with bevelshaped apex (Fig. 3O) and approximately 2.5 times longer than the sperm pump. Cerci: 122 (101–150, n = 6) length and 43 (29–43, n = 6) width. Female. Head (Fig. 4A): 391 (377–404, n = 7) length, 354 (313–362, n = 7) width; arrangement of deciduous bristles in the occiput region forming an “X” shape; clypeus: 139 (122–151, n = 7) length, 93 (87–101, n = 7) width; eyes: 203 (177–206, n = 7) length, 119 (96–122, n = 7) width; interocular distance 110 (107–133, n = 7). Pharynx with striations and small teeth (Fig. 4B). Cibarium with 4 well-developed posterior teeth, two internal, pointing to the pharynx, two lateral inclined outwards, and 15–16 small, anterior teeth arranged in an undulating transverse row (Fig. 4B); sclerotized arch complete (Fig. 4B). Labrum-epipharynx (LE) (Fig. 4F): 310 (261–287, n = 7); mandible as shown (Fig. 4H). Apical region of the hypopharynx with 14–15 serrated teeth (Fig. 4G). Lacinia of maxilla with 25 internal teeth and 5 external teeth (Fig. 4I). Antenna (Figs 4C–E, 5A–K): flagellomeres (F) length: FI: 241 (203–235, n = 6), FII: 110 (99–104, n = 6), FIII: 107 (99–107, n = 6), FXIII: 61 (55–64, n =6) and FXIV: 61 (55–64, n =6). Ascoids: short posterior spur, atrophied peduncle; anterior spur is long on FI, but does not reach the level of the preapical papilla (Fig. 4C); insertion of the ascoids on FI is variable; presence of a preapical papilla on FI–FIII (Figs 4C–E), papillae absent on FIV–FXI (Figs 5A–H), presence of three papillae on FXII and FXIII (Figs 5I and J), and four on FXIV (Fig. 5K); preapical spiniform papilla on FIX, FXI and FXIII (Figs 5F, H and J); presence of simple setae on FIV–FXIV (Figs 5A–K). Palpi (P) (Figs 5L–P) length: palpomere I: 46 (35–43, n = 7), palpomere II: 159 (139–159, n = 7), palpomere III: 165 (154–162, n = 7), palpomere IV: 130 (93–133, n = 7) and palpomere V: 348 (310–385, n = 7); palpal formula: 1.4.2.3.5.; PIII with Newstead’s sensillae concentrated in the median region in the article (Fig. 5N). Parallel labial sutures not forked (Fig. 4a). Cervix: ventro-cervical sensilla present. Cervical sclerites bearing a pair of spiniform sensillae. Thorax: mesonotum: 584 (555–584, n = 6) length. Pronotum, metanotum and post-notum light brown; paratergites and pleura off-white. Presence of three proepimeral setae; eight upper anepisternal setae. Absence of setae in the anterior region of the katepisternum. Wing (Fig. 5Q): 2,164 (1,868 –2,109, n = 6) length, 591 (526–577, n = 6) width. Veins: R 5: 1,332 (1,184 –1,295, n = 6), alfa: 414 (335–446, n = 7), beta: 335 (270–339, n = 7), gamma: 316 (284–307, n = 7), delta: 84 (49–151, n = 7), pi: 161 (117–182, n = 6). Legs: anterior, median and posterior. Coxa: 330 (279–339, n = 7), 335 (288–330, n = 7), 344 (293–330, n = 7); Femur: 777 (684–795, n = 7), 740 (647–740, n = 6), 851 (684–851, n = 5); Tibia: 832 (721–832, n = 7), 999 (795–980, n = 6), 1.276 (832–1.239, n = 5); Tarsomere I: 482 (409–467, n = 7), 569 (445–532, n = 6), 693 (481–671, n = 5); Sum of tarsomeres II+III+IV+V: 664 (584–650, n = 7), 686 (606–664, n = 5), 759 (606–752, n = 5). Abdomen: 1,554 (1,295 –1,682, n = 7) length. Spermathecae (Fig. 5R): body of spermathecae ringed, 20 (17– 26, n = 7) in length, 14 (14–17, n = 7) in width, with subspherical apical ring; junction between the body of the spermathecae and the individual duct marked by a slight constriction; common duct of the spermathecae: 17 (20–23, n = 2) in length, 9 (12–14, n = 2) in width; individual ducts: 142 (136–165, n = 7) in length, 6 (6, n = 7) in width; common and individual sperm ducts are membranous with smooth walls (Fig. 5R). Cerci: 139 (116–136, n = 7) in length, 61 (35–46, n = 7) in width. Material examined: Holotype, ♁, BRAZIL: Gruta do Itambé (21º04′08″ S, 47º26′15″ W), municipality of Altinópolis, state of S„o Paulo, 01.iv.2021, col. Lima, G. C. & Paranhos, trap CDC, aphotic zone. Paratypes: BRAZIL, 6♁♁, 8♀♀, Gruta do Itambé (21º04′08″ S, 47º26′15″ W), municipality of Altinópolis, state of São Paulo, 30.iii. to 3.vi.2021, col. Lima, G. C. & Paranhos, trap CDC, photic zone (3♁♁: 31.iii.2021), disphotic zone (1♀: 31.iii.2021; 1♀: 01.iv.2021; 1♀: 02.vi.2021; 1♀: 03.vi.2021), aphotic zone (1♁: 01.iv.2021; 1♁: 11.v.2021; 1♁. 01.vi.2021 / 2♀♀: 30.iii.2021; 2♀♀: 01.iv.2021). The material will be deposited in the FSP-USPLESP-Phlebotominae. Etymology: the specific epithet itambe, derives from the type-locality where the specimens were collected at Gruta do Itambé, municipality of Altinópolis, state of S„o Paulo, Brazil. The epithet is noun in apposition. Distribution: BRAZIL. São Paulo: Altinópolis., Published as part of Chaves Júnior, Salvador P., Lima, Guilherme C., Mendonça, Rafael P. & Andrade, Andrey J., 2023, Description of a new species of the genus Lutzomyia França, 1924 (Diptera: Phlebotominae) and of the male of Lutzomyia fonsecai (Costa Lima, 1932), pp. 521-537 in Zootaxa 5277 (3) on pages 524-525, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5277.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7890157

Lutzomyia fonsecai (Costa Lima, 1932) (Figs 6–7) Phlebotomus fonsecai Costa Lima, 1932: 49 (♀, Gruta de Inscripciones, Carmen, Santa Cruz, Bolivia); Martins et al. 1978: 168 (listet, distribution). Flebotomus fonsecai: Rapp, 1945: 23 (listed). Lutzomyia fonsecai: Theodor, 1965: 196 (♀, listed); Forattini 1973: 348 (♀, figure, listed, distribution, identification key); Young & Duncan 1994: 686 (♀, figure., listed, distribution, identification key); Galati et al. 2011 (♁, figure); Sábio et al. 2015: 597 (taxonomic discussion); Shimabukuro et al. 2017: 79 (listed, distribution); Galati 2018: 35 (♁, ♀, listed, distribution, identification key). Micropygomyia (Sauromyia) fonsecai: Galati 2003: 32 (♀, listed, distribution); Galati 2007: 448 (♀, listed, distribution). Male. Head (Fig. 6A): 330 (340–391, n = 7) in length, 287 (270–328, n = 7) in width; the arrangement of deciduous bristles in the occiput region forming an “X” shape; clypeus: 122 (122–151, n = 7) in length, 84 (72–96, n = 7) in width; eyes: 157 (142–186, n = 7) in length, 93 (81–107, n = 7) in width; interocular distance: 104 (107–119, n = 7). Pharynx with striations and small teeth (Fig. 6B). Cibarium: absence of teeth (Fig. 6B) (some specimens present between 6 and 9 anterior teeth distributed in a transverse row). Sclerotized arch complete (Fig. 6B). Labrum-epipharynx (LE): 209 (203–246, n = 7) (Fig. 6F). Antenna (Figs 6C–E, 7A–J): flagellomeres (F) length: FI: 246 (252–284, n = 6), FII: 116 (116–130, n = 6), FIII: 128 (116–128, n = 6), FXIII: 64 (52–61, n = 6) and FXIV: lost (52–64, n = 5). Ascoids: short posterior spur, atrophied peduncle; long anterior spur on FI, but it does not reach the level of the preapical papilla (Fig. 6C); external ascoids implanted at a more apical level than the internal on FI; presence of one preapical papilla on FI–FIII (Figs 6C–E), papilla absent on FIV–FXI (Figs 7A–H); presence of two papillae on FXII and three on FXIII (Figs 7I and J), FXIV lost (presence of four papillae on FXIV in the other specimens); preapical spiniform papilla in FIX, FXI and FXIII (Figs 7F, H and J); presence of simple setae on FIV–FXIII (Figs 7A–J). Palpi (P) (Figs 6G–K) length: palpomere I: 38 (29–43, n = 7), palpomere II: 119 (122–142, n = 7), palpomere III: 133 (136–168, n = 7), palpomere IV: 107 (110–130, n = 7) and palpomere V: 273 (235–343, n = 7); palpal formula: 1.4.2.3.5; PIII with Newstead’s sensillae concentrated in the median region in the article (Fig. 6I). Parallel labial sutures not forked (Fig. 6a). Cervix: ventro-cervical sensilla present. Cervical sclerites bearing a pair of spinifom sensillae. Thorax. Mesonotum: 416 (394–496, n = 7) in length. Pronotum, metanotum and post-notum light brown; paratergites and pleura off-white. Presence of three proepimeral setae; eight upper anepisternal setae. Absence of setae in the anterior region of the katepisternum. Costal vein broken in the specimen used for description. Wing (Fig. 7K): 1,609 (1,609 –1,831, n = 7) in length, 418 (418–465, n = 7) in width; Veins: R 5: 1,017 (1,036 –1,110, n = 7), alfa: 367 (367–414, n = 7), beta: 226 (223–255, n = 7), gamma: 215 (226–273, n = 7), delta: 113 (125–159, n = 7), pi: 131 (116–182, n = 7). Legs: anterior, median and posterior. Coxae: 251 (260–316, n = 7), 260 (260–316, n = 7), 260 (265–316, n = 7); only the femur (678, n = 1) and tibia (657, n = 1) of the anterior leg of one of the specimens were not lost. Abdomen: 1,313 (1,184 –1,498, n = 7) in length; tergal papillae absent. Genitalia (Fig. 7L): gonocoxite: 235 (229–249, n = 7) in length, 87 (87–113, n = 7) in width, with basal tuft containing 4 setae, with the apical being smaller and thinner than the others; two long slender setae and one semifoliaceous seta longer than the others with sickle-shaped apex.; gonostyle: 145 (145–162, n = 7) in length, without preapical seta, and with 4 spines well developed: one apical, one upper external, one lower external and one internal. Upper external spine implanted in the apical third of the gonostyle and the lower external spine is situated at a more basal level than the internal spine. Paramere (Fig. 7M): dorsal margin: 157 (142–151, n = 7) in length, ventral margin: 139 (139–168, n = 7) in length; convex dorsal margin, with seven straight setae; apical extremity of the dorsal margin curved upwards; tubercule of the dorsal margin: upper edge 29 (26–35, n = 7) in length, lower edge 14 (17–23, n = 7) in length, 9 (9–12, n = 7) in width, with three setae with hook–shaped apex; digitiform apex of the paramere: 17 (17–23, n = 7) in length and 9 (6–12, n = 7) in width; ventral margin with preapical spur covered by a row of long setae. Parameral sheath sclerotized and coniform. Epandrial lobe: 281 (290–325, n = 7) in length, 23 (20–26, n = 7) in width. Sperm pump (Fig. 7N): 162 (148–168, n = 7); ejaculatory apodeme: 125 (121–142, n =7); aedegal ducts, 357 (377–418, n = 7) in length, and 3 (3, n = 7) in width; with bevel–shaped apex (Fig. 7N) and approximately 2.4 times longer than the sperm pump. Cerci damaged in the specimen used in the description, the measurements refer to other specimens; damaged (99–162, n = 6) in length, damaged (23–49, n = 6) in width. Material examined: BOLIVIA, 4♁♁, Calvario cave, municipality of Robore, Chiquitos Province (17º50′22″ S, 60º53′13″ W), Santa Cruz Department, without collection data, col. Le Pont, R., (FSP-USP-LESP-Phlebotominae); 4♁♁, Águas Calientes cave, German Busch Province (19º04′06″ S, 58º21′08″ W), Santa Cruz Department, vi.2007, col. Le Pont, R (FSP-USP-LESP-Phlebotominae). Etymology. Costa Lima named the species in honour of Doctor Olympio da Fonseca, the first person to capture female specimens of L. fonsecai on 26.i.1925, in the Gruta de Las Inscriciones, municipality of Carmen, Santa Cruz Department, Bolivia. Distribution: Bolivia. Santa Cruz Department: Robore, Chiquitos Province; Carmen, German Busch Province. Medical importance: no study proves vectorial competence or capacity, or natural infection by parasites. Taxonomic discussion Based on the classification of Galati (1995; 2003; 2018), the new species presents characters consistent with the genus and subgenus Lutzomyia s. str., such as, palpomere V much longer than palpomere III and absence of setae in the anterior region of the katepisternum in both sexes. In the males, the gonostylus has 4 well-developed spines, with the lower external more basal than the internal and the dorsal margin of the paramere having two or more setae with hook-shaped apex. The females present spermathecae segmented and cibarium with complete sclerotized arch. The males of Lutzomyia itambe sp. n. have some morphological characters close to males of L. dispar and L. fonsecai, and these separate them from the other 19 species of the subgenus Lutzomyia, such as: parallel labial sutures not forked (Figs 2a, 4a and 6a) and paramere with digitiform apex preceded by a spur on the ventral margin (Galati 2018). The male of Lutzomyia itambe sp. n. is bigger than the other two species. The distinction between them is made based on the parameres: (i) in the males of L. dispar (Figs 8A and B), the tubercule where the hook-shaped setae are implanted presents a height equivalent to 2.6 of its width, the area of the preapical spur is covered with a few short setae and the dorsal margin of the paramere immediately after the tubercule is concave, with 2–3 straight setae and turned towards the gonocoxite; (ii) in the males of L. fonsecai (Figs 8C and D), the height of the tubercule does not extend beyond double its width, the area of the preapical spur is covered with a row of long setae and the dorsal margin of the paramere immediately after the tubercule is convex, with 6–7 straight setae and turned towards the gonocoxite; (iii) the parameres of the males of Lutzomyia itambe sp. n. (Figs 8E and F) are more similar to those of the males of L. fonsecai, since they have the dorsal margin of the paramere immediately after the tubercule straight or slightly convex, with 5–6 straight setae, but they differ in relation to the covering of the setae in the area of the preapical spur. In Lutzomyia itambe sp. n. there are rows of short and long setae, whereas in L. fonsecai, there are only long setae. The dorsal margin of the paramere tapers off brusquely in its median region in L. fonsecai when compared to Lutzomyia itambe sp. n., giving the former a more pointed aspect and the latter a more robust aspect. In addition, the delta wing differs in these two species, being bigger than 100 µm in L. fonsecai and smaller than 90 µm in the new species. As in males, in females of Lutzomyia itambe sp. n., the labial sutures do not form a fork, a character which makes this species close to the females of L. dispar and L. fonsecai and distinguishes them from the other 19 species of the subgenus Lutzomyia s. str. (Galati 2018). The difference between the females of Lutzomyia itambe sp. n., L. fonsecai and L. dispar are the distribution of Newstead’s sensillae in the palpus, present in palpomeres II, III and IV in L. dispar (Fig. 9A), and only in palpomere III in L. fonsecai and Lutzomyia itambe sp. n. (Figs 9B, C). In L. dispar the Newstead ‘s sensillae are found dispersed in palpomere III, while in the other two these sensory structures are concentrated in the median region of the article. None difference was observed between the spermathecae of L. dispar (Fig. 9D) and L. fonsecai (Fig. 9F). The difference in the females of Lutzomyia itambe sp. n. and L. fonsecai is based on the length of the common and individual ducts: L. fonsecai (Fig. 9E) common duct 6–12 µm (n = 2), individual ducts 119–128 µm (n = 2); Lutzomyia itambe sp. n. (Fig. 9F) common duct 18–23 µm (n = 3), individual ducts 136–165 µm (n = 8), respectively. Furthermore, these two females can be distinguished by the delta wing, being less than or equal to 151 µm in L. itambe sp. n. (49–151, n = 8) and greater than 198 µm in females of L. fonsecai (198–201, n = 2)., Published as part of Chaves Júnior, Salvador P., Lima, Guilherme C., Mendonça, Rafael P. & Andrade, Andrey J., 2023, Description of a new species of the genus Lutzomyia França, 1924 (Diptera: Phlebotominae) and of the male of Lutzomyia fonsecai (Costa Lima, 1932), pp. 521-537 in Zootaxa 5277 (3) on pages 530-535, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5277.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7890157, {"references":["Costa Lima, A. (1932) Sobre os phlebotomos americanos (Diptera: Psychodidae). Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 26, 15 - 69. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02761932000100002","Martins, A. V., Williams, P. & Falc \" o, A. L. (1978) American Sand Flies (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae). Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, Rio de Janeiro, 195 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 108717","Rapp, F. W. Jr. (1945) Check-list of Psychodidae of South and Central America. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 53, 21 - 30.","Theodor, O. (1965) On the classification of American Phlebotominae. Journal of Medical Entomology, 2, 171 - 197. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 2.2.171","Forattini, O. P. (1973) Entomologia Medica. IV. Psychodidae. Leishmanioses. Bartolonese. Edgar Blucher, S \" o Paulo, 658 pp.","Young, D. & Duncan, M. A. (1994) Guide to the identification and geographic distribution of Lutzomyia sand flies in Mexico, the West Indies, Central and South America (Diptera: Psychodidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 54, 1 - 881. https: // doi. org / 10.21236 / ADA 285737","Galati, E. A. B., Le Pont, F. & Galvis, F. O. (2011) Fonsecai complex of the genus Lutzomyia (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae). I SOPS 7. International Symposium on Phlebotomine Sandflies. Kusadasi, Turkey. [unknown pagination]","Sabio, P. B., Andrade, A. J. & Galati, E. A. B. (2015) Redescription of Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) renei Martins, Falc \" o & Silva, 1957 (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae). Zootaxa, 4, 589 - 599. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3999.4.9","Shimabukuro, P. H. F., Andrade, A. J. & Galati, E. A. B. (2017) Checklist of American sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae): genera, species, and their distribution. Zookeys, 660, 67 - 106. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 660.10508","Galati, E. A. B. (2018) Phlebotominae (Diptera, Psychodidae): classification, morphology and terminology of adults and identification of American taxa. In: Rangel, E. F. & Shaw, J. J. (Eds.), Brazilian Sand flies. Springer International Publishing, Berlin, pp. 09 - 212. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 75544 - 1 _ 2","Galati, E. A. B. (2003) Classificac \" o de Phlebotominae e morfologia, terminologia de adultos e identificac \" o dos taxons da America. In: Rangel, E. F. & Lainson, R. (Eds.), Flebotomineos do Brasil. Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 23 - 51.","Galati, E. A. B. (2007) Description of Micropygomyia (Sauromyia) vonatzingeni sp. nov. (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) from the states of Para and Tocantins, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 51, 445 - 451. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0085 - 56262007000400007","Galati, E. A. B. (1995) Phylogenetic systematics of Phlebotominae (Diptera, Psychodidae) with emphasis on American groups. Boletin de la Direccion de Malariologia y Saneamiento Ambiental, 35, 133 - 142."]}

Brazil is one of the countries that concentrates 90% of all tegumentary and visceral leishmaniases cases and Bahia is one of the highly affected states. In the present report, we consolidated secondary data from several complementary databases that allowed us to record the sand fly species identified including areas of Leishmania spp. transmission in the state of Bahia. We then overlayed the geographical distribution data onto maps of vegetational aspects found across the state. Overall, 21 602 records of phlebotomine sand flies occurrence between 1949 and 2016 were analysed, encompassing 85% of Bahia's municipalities. Seventy-six sand fly species under 17 genera were enlisted. Among described species, 27 were proven or putative Leishmania spp. vectors and three were considered exclusively endemic in the state. Lutzomyia longipalpis, Nyssomyia intermedia and Nyssomyia whitmani were found in 74, 29 and 27% of municipalities, respectively. Salvador, the state capital and major city presented records for 21 different sand fly species, including known vectors for leishmaniasis. In particular, a wide distribution of Evandromyia sallesi was detected for this city. This consolidated account on phebotomine fauna and distribution may be explored for improving the planning and deployment of vector-focused leishmaniasis control measures in affected areas of Bahia.

En Guatemala, la leishmaniasis continúa siendo un problema de salud pública, siendo endémica en los departamentos de Petén, Alta Verapaz, Izabal, Quiché Huehuetenango y El Progreso. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 38 años, originario y residente de Alta Verapaz, con leishmaniasis ulcerada en miembro superior izquierdo.

Introducción: La Leishmaniasis es una enfermedad parasitaria zoonotica de alta prevalencia en regiones tropicales y subtropicales del mundo. En la selva peruana aún no se ha podido establecer con claridad los hospederos. Para poder entender la dinámica de la enfermedad es necesario conocer la dinámica de Lutzomyia silvestre y antropofílicas, sus hábitos y comportamiento. En este escenario, el objetivo de nuestro estudio fue observar la presencia de Lutzomyia sp asociados a nidos y frutos en la Estación Biológica Cocha Cashu. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal donde se evaluó la asociación entre la presencia de adultos de Lutzomyia y la presencia de nidos y frutos disponibles en el suelo en la Estación Biológica Cocha Cashu (EBCC) durante noviembre 2018. La evaluación de la presencia de Lutzomyia se realizó cada 25m de trocha recorrida iniciando desde los edificios de la EBCC en el horario de 8:00-13:00 horas. Además, se realizaron capturas de mosquitos con un único aspirador manual y se identificaron con claves taxonómicas. Resultados: Se utilizó un aspirador manual con el cual se realizaron 955 inspecciones en las cuales se encontró Lutzomyia en el 14,8% (n = 141), estando presente 125% más veces en trochas con nidos (PR: 2,25, IC95%: 1,59 - 3,19) y 70% en trochas con frutos (PR: 1,7, IC95%: 1,21 – 2,39) . Conclusiones: Durante noviembre 2018, la presencia de Lutzomyia en las trochas de la Estación Biológica Cocha Cashu (EBCC) fue de 14,8% (n=141). Asimismo, la presencia de nidos y frutos incrementan las probabilidades de hallar Lutzomyia en las trochas de la EBCC.

Leishmaniasis is a chronic disease caused by protozoa of the distinct Leishmania genus transmitted by sandflies of the genus Phlebotomus (old world) and Lutzomyia (new world). Among the molecular factors that contribute to the virulence and pathogenesis of Leishmania are metalloproteases, e.g., glycoprotein 63 (gp63), also known as leishmanolysin or major surface protease (MSP). This protease is a zinc-dependent metalloprotease that is found on the surface of the parasite, abundant in Leishmania promastigote and amastigote. This study describes the prediction of three-dimensional (3D) structures of leishmanolysin (UniProt ID A0A088RJX7) of Leishmania panamensis employing a homology modeling approach. The 3D structure prediction was performed using the SWISS-MODEL web server. The tools PROCHECK, Molprobyty, and Verify3D were used to check the quality of the model, indicating that they are reliable. Best docking configurations were identified applying AutoDock Vina in PyRx 0.8 to obtain a potential antileishmanial activity. Biflavonoids such as lanaroflavone, podocarpusflavone A, amentoflavone, and podocarpusflavone B showed good scores among these molecules. Lanaroflavone appears to be the most suitable compound from binding affinity calculations.

In view of recent cases of human and canine visceral leishmaniasis reported in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, we investigated the sand fly fauna inhabiting the neighborhoods of Morro Santana and Jardim Carvalho, Brazil, continuing a series of entomological surveys aimed to identify potential vectors of Leishmania (Ross, 1903) parasites. Sand flies were collected monthly from October 2016 to October 2017 using CDC light traps in the intradomiciliary and peridomiciliary environments of seven residences. Sand fly abundance was correlated to climatic variables. Females were pooled by species, location, and date for Leishmania DNA molecular screening using ITS1 and kDNA polymerase chain reaction. In total, 501 sand flies from five species were collected in which Lutzomyia gaminarai (Cordero, Vogelsang & Cossio, 1928) (Diptera: Psychodidae) (78%) was the most abundant species in the intradomiciliary sites while Migonemyia migonei (Franca, 1920) (Diptera: Psychodidae) (43.3%) was the most abundant in the peridomiciliary sites. A higher number of sand flies were collected during the warmest months, from December to March (Mann–Whitney statistical test – P < 0.001). Leishmania infantum DNA was detected in Lu. gaminarai (2), Pintomyia fischeri (Pinto, 1926) (1) and Mg. migonei (1). Leishmania braziliensis DNA was detected in Lu. gaminarai (1) and Pi. fischeri (1). Our results add support to the possible vector role of Pi. fischeri in the epidemiological cycle of Le. infantum in Brazil. Furthermore, the first documented detection of Leishmania DNA in Lu. gaminarai may be indicative of multiple vectors being involved in the Leishmania cycle within Porto Alegre.

The genus Phlebovirus contains about 70 named viruses, distributed widely in Europe, Africa, Central Asia, and the Americas. These viruses are currently classified into 10 species by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV): Bujaru phlebovirus, Candiru phlebovirus, Chilibre phlebovirus, Frijoles phlebovirus, Punta Torro phlebovirus, Rift Valley fever phlebovirus, Salehabad phlebovirus, Sandfly fever Naples phlebovirus, Mukawa phlebovirus, and Uukuniemi phlebovirus. In addition, at least 32 unclassified strains are associated with this genus.1 Phleboviruses have a genome comprising three segments of negative sense, single-stranded RNA. The large segment (L) encodes the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, the medium segment (M) encodes the structural glycopolyproteins, and the small segment (S) has an ambisense strategy encoding the nucleoprotein (NP) in the negative sense and the nonstructural small (NSs) protein in the positive sense.2 Phleboviruses are largely transmitted by sand flies; Phlebotomus species in the Old World or Nyssomyia (previously Lutzomyia) species in the New World.3 However, some viruses in this genus are transmitted by mosquitoes, Culicoides, and ticks. Many phleboviruses have been associated with human and animal disease. Pathogenic strains include Rift Valley fever, Toscana, Candiru, Sandfly fever Naples, Sandfly fever Sicilian, and severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome viruses.4 Recent discoveries of Sandfly fever Turkey,5 Heartland,6 Hunter Island Group,7 Fermo,8 and Malsoor9 viruses highlight the extent to which the diversity and public or animal health impact of phleboviruses are still unknown and likely underestimated. Despite their public health impact, some phlebovirus species remain characterized solely by serological techniques. Given the many recent discoveries, genetic characterization of historically identified phleboviruses is important for the development of diagnostic and surveillance tools, and evolutionary insights into the ever-growing breadth of recognized phleboviruses. Here, we describe the complete sequences of two phlebovirus species complexes, and three previously unclassified phleboviruses isolated in the Americas.

A Leishmaniose Tegumentar Americana e uma importante zoonose causada por diferentes especies de Leishmania, sendo Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis a principal delas. Estes parasitos possuem animais silvestres e domesticos como reservatorios conhecidos. A forma tegumentar de Leishmaniose esta difundida no territorio brasileiro e, apesar de acarretar um prognostico menos grave do que a forma visceral, e de extrema importância por possuir potencial lesivo as mucosas e a pele, trazendo tambem uma grande carga emocional, afetando socialmente a vida dos pacientes. Neste estudo, realizamos a analise in silico das sequencias de catepsina L- like a fim de padronizar um diagnostico molecular sensivel e especifico para L. (V.) braziliensis . A busca por iniciadores para o diagnostico molecular especifico foi realizada investigando-se caracteristicas fisico-quimicas e analise in silico da especificidade dos segmentos escolhidos atraves dos valores de similaridade com bancos de dados ( Nucleotide Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLASTn)). Os resultados do delineamento in silico levaram a escolha dos seguintes iniciadores: CatLeishBF; CatLeishBR; CatLeishBLF; CatLeishBLR e Calbra. A analise in silico destes iniciadores demonstrou 100% de similaridade com L. (V.) brazilensis , nao sendo observada complementaridade com sequencias de outras especies depositadas no banco de dados. Os testes in vitro , contudo, nao apresentaram amplificacoes especificas. Novos estudos devem ser conduzidos a fim de aprimorarmos o diagnostico das leishmanioses tegumentares para medidas terapeuticas mais efetivas e precoce.

Lutzomyia vargasi (Fairchild & Hertig, 1961) vargasi Fairchild & Hertig, 1961a: 24 (as Phlebotomus). Type locality: Mexico, Morelos, Cañón de Lobos. Lutzomyia vargasi (Fairchild & Hertig): Theodor (1965, listed), Forattini (1971, listed), Forattini (1973, taxonomy), Martins et al. (1978, catalogue), Williams (1999, listed, distribution), Shimabukuro et al. (2017, listed). Lutzomyia (Helcocyrtomyia) vargasi (Fairchild & Hertig): Young & Duncan (1994, taxonomy), Ibáñez-Bernal (2003, taxonomy), Ibáñez-Bernal (2005a, male keyed), Galati (2018, listed, keyed), Durán-Luz et al. (2019, Puebla record), Galati (2021, classification, keys). General distribution. Mexico (Young & Duncan 1994; Shimabukuro et al. 2017; Galati 2018, 2021). Distribution in Mexico. Morelos (Fairchild & Hertig 1961a), Puebla (Durán-Luz et al. 2019)., Published as part of Ibáñez-Bernal, Sergio & Durán-Luz, Juana, 2022, An actualized catalogue of the Psychodidae (Diptera) of Mexico and their known distribution by state, pp. 347-408 in Zootaxa 5104 (3) on page 359, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5104.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6332122, {"references":["Fairchild, G. B. & Hertig, M. (1961 a) Three new species of Phlebotomus from Mexico and Nicaragua (Diptera: Psychodidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 63, 22 - 28.","Theodor, O. (1965) On the classification of American Phlebotominae. Journal of Medical Entomology, 2, 171 - 197. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 2.2.171","Forattini, O. P. (1971) Sobre a classificacao da subfamilia Phlebotominae nas Americas (Diptera, Psychodidae). Papeis Avulsos, Sao Paulo, 24, 93 - 111.","Forattini, O. P. (1973) Psychodidae, Phlebotominae, Leishmanioses, Bartonelose. In: Blucher, E. (Ed.), Entomologia Medica. Vol. IV. Editora Edgard Blucher & Editorada Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 658.","Martins, A. V., Williams, P. & Falcao, A. L. (1978) American sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae). Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, Rio de Janeiro, 195 pp.","Williams, P. (1999) Patterns in geographical distribution of members of the genus Lutzomyia Franca (Diptera, Psychodidae- Phlebotominae). In: Burger, J. F. (Ed.), Contributions to the knowledge of Diptera. Memoirs on Entomology, International, 14, 455 - 502.","Shimabukuro, P. H. F., de Andrade, A. J. & Galati, E. A. B. (2017) Checklist of American sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae): genera, species, and their distribution. ZooKeys, 660, 67 - 106. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 660.10508","Young, D. G. & Duncan, M. A. (1994) Guide to the identification and geographic distribution of Lutzomyia sand flies in Mexico, The West Indies, Central and South America (Diptera: Psychodidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 54, 1 - 881.","Ibanez-Bernal, S. (2003) Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) de Mexico. IV. - Las especies de Lutzomyia (Psychodopygus) Mangabeira, de Lutzomyia (Micropygomyia) Barretto, Lutzomyia grupo Oswaldoi, L. (Helcocyrthomyia) Barretto y especies del genero sin agrupar. Folia Entomologica Mexicana, 42, 109 - 152.","Ibanez-Bernal, S. (2005 a) Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) de Mexico. V. - Clave ilustrada para la identificacion de los machos de Lutzomyia Franca. Folia Entomologica Mexicana, 44, 49 - 66.","Galati, E. A. B. (2018) Phlebotominae (Diptera, Psychodidae): Classification, Morphology and Terminology of Adults and Identification of American Taxa. In: Rangel, E. F. & Shaw, J. J. (Eds.), Brazilian Sand Flies. Biology, Taxonomy, Medical Importance and Control. Springer International Publishing AG, Cham, pp. 9 - 212","Galati, E. A. B. (2021) Morfologia e terminologia de Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae). Classificacao e identificacao de taxons das Americas. Vol. I. Apostila da Disciplina Bioecologia e Identificacao de Phlebotominae do Programa de Pos- Graduacao em Saude Publica. Faculdade de Saude Publica da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 133 p. [http: // www. fsp. usp. br / egalati]"]}

Genus Lutzomyia França, 1924 Lutzomyia França, 1924: 10 (as subgenus of Phlebotomus, new name for Lutzia França). Type species: Phlebotomus longipalpis Lutz & Neiva, 1912. Additional references: Lewis et al. (1977, classification), Young & Duncan (1994, taxonomic revision), Galati (1995, phylogeny), Galati (2003, classification, list of species), Ibáñez-Bernal et al. (2015, taxonomic history, diagnosis), Galati (2018, classification, list of species), Galati (2021, classification, keys). Lutzia França, 1920: 234. Type species: Phlebotomus longipalpus Lutz & Neiva, 1912 (original description, preoccupied by Theobald, 1903 [Culicidae]). Francaia Dyar & Nuñez-Tovar, 1926-27: 155 (as Françaia or Fransaia, new name for Lutzia França). Lutziomyia Cordero, Vogelsang & Cossio, 1928: 649 (new name for Lutzia França). Lutziola Strand, 1932: 195 (new name for Lutzia França)., Published as part of Ibáñez-Bernal, Sergio & Durán-Luz, Juana, 2022, An actualized catalogue of the Psychodidae (Diptera) of Mexico and their known distribution by state, pp. 347-408 in Zootaxa 5104 (3) on page 356, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5104.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6332122, {"references":["Franca, C. (1924) Notes parasitologiques. Jornal de Sciencias Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes, Lisboa, 17, 1 - 12.","Lutz, A. & Neiva, A. (1912) Contribuicao para o conhecimento das especies do genero Phlebotomus existentes no Brasil. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 4, 82 - 95. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / s 0074 - 02761912000100006","Lewis, D. J., Young, D. J., Fairchild, G. B. & Minter, D. M. (1977) Proposals for a stable classification of the Phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera, Psychodidae). Systematic Entomology, 2, 319 - 332. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1977. tb 00381. x","Young, D. G. & Duncan, M. A. (1994) Guide to the identification and geographic distribution of Lutzomyia sand flies in Mexico, The West Indies, Central and South America (Diptera: Psychodidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 54, 1 - 881.","Galati, E. A. B. (1995) Phylogenetic systematics of the Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) with emphasis on American groups. Boletin de la Direccion de Malariologia y Saneamiento Ambiental, 35 (1), 133 - 142.","Galati, E. A. B. (2003) 2. Morfologia e Taxonomia, 2.1. Classificacao de Phlebotominae. In: Rangel, E. F. & Lainson, R. (Eds.), Flebotomineos do Brasil. Ed. FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 23 - 175.","Ibanez-Bernal, S., Munoz, J., Rebollar-Tellez, E. A., Pech-May, A. & Marina, C. F. (2015) Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of Chiapas collected near the Guatemala border, with additions to the fauna of Mexico and a new subgenus name. Zootaxa, 3994 (2), 151 - 186. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3994.2.1","Galati, E. A. B. (2018) Phlebotominae (Diptera, Psychodidae): Classification, Morphology and Terminology of Adults and Identification of American Taxa. In: Rangel, E. F. & Shaw, J. J. (Eds.), Brazilian Sand Flies. Biology, Taxonomy, Medical Importance and Control. Springer International Publishing AG, Cham, pp. 9 - 212","Galati, E. A. B. (2021) Morfologia e terminologia de Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae). Classificacao e identificacao de taxons das Americas. Vol. I. Apostila da Disciplina Bioecologia e Identificacao de Phlebotominae do Programa de Pos- Graduacao em Saude Publica. Faculdade de Saude Publica da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 133 p. [http: // www. fsp. usp. br / egalati]","Franca, C. (1920) Observations sur le genre Phlebotomus. II. - Phlebotomus du Nouveau Monde (Phlebotomes du Bresil et du Paraguay). Bulletin de la Societe Portugaise des Sciences Naturelles, 8, 215 - 236.","Theobald, F. V. (1903) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. General notes. Vol. 3. British Museum (Natural History), London, xvii + 359 pp.","Cordero, E. H., Vogelsang, E. G. & Cossio, V. (1928) Phlebotomus gaminarai n. sp. Nueva especie de flebotomo del Uruguay. Cuarta Reunion de la Sociedad Argentina de Patologia, Region del Norte, Santiago del Estero. Boletin del Instituto Clinico Quirurgico, 4, 649 - 652.","Strand, E. (1932) Miscellanea nomenclatorica zoologica et palaeontologica. IV. Folia Zoologica et Hydrobiologica, 4, 193 - 196."]}

Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) longipalpis Lutz & Neiva, 1912: 89 (as Phlebotomus). Type locality: Brazil, locality not specified. Syn. otamae Nuñez-Tovar, 1924: 44 (as Phlebotomus). Type locality: Venezuela, Carabobo, Isla de Otama. Additional reference: Pinto (1930, as otamoe, Venezuela). Syn. almazani Galliard, 1934b: 193 (as Phlebotomus). Type locality: Mexico, Yucatán, Chichén Itzá. Additional reference: Fairchild & Hertig (1958b, as synonym). Flebotomus longipalpis Lutz & Neiva: Chagas et al. (1937), Ferreira et al. (1938), Mangabeira (1938), Coutinho (1940), Galvão & Coutinho (1940), Coutinho (1941), Mangabeira (1942c), Barretto (1947, full references to that date). Phlebotomus longipalpis Lutz & Neiva: Lutz (1922, taxonomy), Pinto (1930, Brazil and Paraguay records), Costa Lima (1932, taxonomy, Brazil), Bequaert (1938, Brazil, Venezuela records), Ortiz (1942, Venezuela records), Floch & Abonnenc (1943, male), Ortiz (1944, Venezuela records), Floch & Abonnenc (1945, female), Vargas & Díaz-Nájera (1953b, Mexican records), Fairchild (1955, as Phlebotomus (Brumptomyia) group Cruciatus, series longipalpis), Fairchild & Hertig (1959, distribution), Guitton (1969, immature stages). Phlebotomus (Lutzia) longipalpis Lutz & Neiva: França (1920), França & Parrot (1921). Phlebotomus (Lutzomyia) longipalpis Lutz & Neiva: França (1924), Dyar (1929), Pinto (1939). Phlebotomus (Fransaia) longipalpis Lutz & Neiva: Dyar & Nuñez-Tovar (1927, Venezuela). Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva): Theodor, 1965 (taxonomy), Forattini (1971, listed), Forattini (1973, taxonomy), Martins et al. (1978, distribution, references), Young (1979, figures, references), Ward et al. (1988, taxonomy, distribution, biology), Young & Duncan (1994, references, taxonomy, keys, distribution), Ibáñez-Bernal (1999, taxonomy, Mexican distribution), Williams (1999, listed, distribution), Ibáñez-Bernal (2000a, diagnosis), Galati (2003, listed, keys), Rebollar-Téllez et al. (2004, Campeche records), Ibáñez-Bernal (2005a, 2005b, keys), Rebollar-Téllez et al. (2006, Yucatán records), Godínez-Álvarez & Ibáñez-Bernal (2010, Mexican collection data), Ibáñez-Bernal et al. (2011, Veracruz records), May-Uc et al. (2011, Quintana Roo records), Salomón et al. (2011, Uruguay record), Ibáñez-Bernal et al. (2015, Chiapas records), Ibáñez-Bernal & Ibarra-Juárez (2016, Michoacán records), Galati (20018, keyed), Adeniran et al. (2019, bar coding, Quintana Roo), Durán-Luz et al. (2019, Puebla records), Galati (2021, classification, keys). General distributio n. Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Uruguay, Venezuela (Williams 1991; Shimabukuro et al. 2017; Galati 2018, 2021). Distribution in Mexic o. Chiapas, Guerrero, Michoacán, Morelos, Puebla, Quintana Roo, Yucatán (Ibáñez-Bernal 1999), Campeche (Rebollar-Téllez et al. 2004), Chiapas (Ibáñez-Bernal et al. 2015), Michoacán (Ibáñez-Bernal & Ibarra-Juárez 2016), Puebla (Durán-Luz et al. 2019), Quintana Roo (May-Uc et al. 2011; Adeniran et al. 2019), Puebla, Morelos, Michoacán, Guerrero, Chiapas (Godínez-Álvarez & Ibáñez-Bernal 2010), Veracruz (Ibáñez-Bernal et al. 2011)., Published as part of Ibáñez-Bernal, Sergio & Durán-Luz, Juana, 2022, An actualized catalogue of the Psychodidae (Diptera) of Mexico and their known distribution by state, pp. 347-408 in Zootaxa 5104 (3) on page 357, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5104.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6332122, {"references":["Lutz, A. & Neiva, A. (1912) Contribuicao para o conhecimento das especies do genero Phlebotomus existentes no Brasil. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 4, 82 - 95. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / s 0074 - 02761912000100006","Nunez-Tovar, M. (1924) Mosquitos y Flebotomos de Venezuela. Lit. y Tip. Del Comercio, Caracas, 46 pp.","Pinto, C. (1930) Phlebotomos. Arthropodes parasitos e transmissores de doencas, 2, 491 - 538.","Galliard, H. (1934 b) Un Phlebotome nouveau du Yucatan: Phlebotomus almazani n. sp. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparee, 12, 193 - 195. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / parasite / 1934123193","Fairchild, G. B., Hertig, M. (1958 b) Notes on the Phlebotomus of Panama. XV. Four apparently new synonymies (Diptera, Psychodidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 60, 203 - 205.","Chagas, E., Castro, O. H. & Castro, F. L. (1937) Leishmaniasis visceral. Consideraciones sobre la leishmaniasis visceral americana. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 32, 354.","Ferreira, L. C., Deane, L. & Mangabeira, O. (1938) Infeccao do Phlebotomus longipalpis pela Leishmania chagasi. Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, 14, 1078 - 1079.","Mangabeira, O. (1938) Sobre duas novas especies de Phlebotomus (Diptera: Psychodidae). Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 33, 349 - 356.","Coutinho, J. O. (1940) Observacaoes sobre algumas especies de flebotomos com a descricao do macho de Flebotomus lloydi Antunes, 1937. Arquivos de Zoologia, Sao Paulo, 1, 331 - 336.","Galvao, A. L. A. & Coutinho, J. O. (1940) Contribuicao ao estudo dos flebotomos de Sao Paulo. Dipt. 1 ª. nota. Revista de Entomologia, 11, 427 - 440.","Coutinho, J. O. (1941) Observacaoes sobre algumas especies de flebotomos com a descricao do macho de Flebotomus lloydi Antunes, 1937. Arquivos de Higiene & Saude Publica, Sao Paulo, 6, 67 - 78.","Mangabeira, O. (1942 c) 11 a Contribuicao ao estudo dos Flebotomus (Diptera: Psychodidae). Flebotomus oswaldoi Mangabeira, 1942. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 37, 287 - 295.","Barretto, M. P. (1947) Catalogo dos flebotomos Americanos. Arquivos de Zoologia, Sao Paulo, 5, 177 - 242.","Lutz, A. (1922) Nematoceros hematophagos nao pertenecendo aos Culicideos. Folha Medica, Rio de Janeiro, 3, 89 - 92.","Costa Lima, A. (1932) Sobre os phlebotomos americanos (Diptera: Psychodidae). Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 26, 15 - 69.","Bequaert, J. (1938) The distribution of Phlebotomus in Central and South America. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication, 499, 229 - 235.","Ortiz, I. (1942) Revision historica de nuestros Phlebotomus con citacion de una especie (Phlebotomus cruciatus Coq.) nueva para Venezuela. Boletin del Laboratorio Clinico Luis Razetti, 3, 162 - 170.","Floch, H. & Abonnenc, E. (1943) Phlebotomes de la Guyane Francaise. VI. Table d'identification des Phlebotomes males americains. lnstitut Pasteur Guyane Francaise et du Territoire de l'Inini, 62, 1 - 9.","Ortiz, I. (1944) Contribucion al estudio de la entomologia medica del estado Falcon. Boletin del Laboratorio Clinico Luis Razetti, 5, 247 - 251.","Floch, H. & Abonnenc, E. (1945) Phlebotomes de la Guyane Francaise. XIV. Table d ' identification des phlebotomes femalles d'Amerique. lnstitut Pasteur Guyane Francaise et du Territoire de l'Inini, 100, 1 - 22.","Vargas, L. & Diaz-Najera, A. (1953 b) Lista de flebotomos mexicanos y su distribucion geografica (Diptera, Psychodidae). Revista del Instituto de Salubridad y Enfermedades Tropicales, Mexico, 13, 309 - 314.","Fairchild, G. B. (1955) The relationships and classification of the Phlebotominae (Diptera, Psychodidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 48, 182 - 196. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 48.3.182","Fairchild, G. B. & Hertig, M. (1959) Geographic distribution of the Phlebotomus sandflies of Central America (Diptera: Psychodidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 52, 121 - 124. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 52.2.121","Franca, C. (1920) Observations sur le genre Phlebotomus. II. - Phlebotomus du Nouveau Monde (Phlebotomes du Bresil et du Paraguay). Bulletin de la Societe Portugaise des Sciences Naturelles, 8, 215 - 236.","Franca, C. & Parrot, L. (1921) Essai de classification des Plebotomes. Archives Institute Pasteur Afrique du Nord, 1, 279 - 284.","Franca, C. (1924) Notes parasitologiques. Jornal de Sciencias Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes, Lisboa, 17, 1 - 12.","Dyar, H. G. (1929) The present knowledge of the American species of Phlebotomus Rondani (Diptera, Psychodidae). American Journal of Hygiene, 10, 112 - 124. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / oxfordjournals. aje. a 112742","Pinto, C. (1939) O Phlebotomus fischeri Pinto, 1926 nao e absolutamente sinonimo do Phlebotomus longipalpis Lutz e Neiva, 1912. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 11, 59 - 66.","Dyar, H. G. & Nunez-Tovar, M. (1927) Notes on biting flies from Venezuela (Diptera, Culicidae, Psychodidae). Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, 14, 152 - 155.","Theodor, O. (1965) On the classification of American Phlebotominae. Journal of Medical Entomology, 2, 171 - 197. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 2.2.171","Forattini, O. P. (1971) Sobre a classificacao da subfamilia Phlebotominae nas Americas (Diptera, Psychodidae). Papeis Avulsos, Sao Paulo, 24, 93 - 111.","Forattini, O. P. (1973) Psychodidae, Phlebotominae, Leishmanioses, Bartonelose. In: Blucher, E. (Ed.), Entomologia Medica. Vol. IV. Editora Edgard Blucher & Editorada Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 658.","Martins, A. V., Williams, P. & Falcao, A. L. (1978) American sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae). Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, Rio de Janeiro, 195 pp.","Young, D. G. (1979) A review of the bloodsucking flies of Colombia (Diptera: Phlebotominae and Sycoracinae). Agricultural Experiment Station, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Bulletin 806 (techni- cal), 1 - 266.","Ward, R. D., Philips, A., Burnet, B. & Marcondes, C. B. (1988) The Lutzomyia longipalpis complex: reproduction and distribution. In: Service, M. W. (Ed.), Biosystematics of haemataphagous Insects. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 205 - 226.","Young, D. G. & Duncan, M. A. (1994) Guide to the identification and geographic distribution of Lutzomyia sand flies in Mexico, The West Indies, Central and South America (Diptera: Psychodidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 54, 1 - 881.","Ibanez-Bernal, S. (1999) Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) de Mexico. I. - Brumptomyia Franca y Parrot; Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) Franca, las especies de L. (Lutzomyia) Franca y del grupo Verrucarum. Folia Entomologica Mexicana, 107, 61 - 116.","Williams, P. (1999) Patterns in geographical distribution of members of the genus Lutzomyia Franca (Diptera, Psychodidae- Phlebotominae). In: Burger, J. F. (Ed.), Contributions to the knowledge of Diptera. Memoirs on Entomology, International, 14, 455 - 502.","Ibanez-Bernal, S. (2000 a) Los Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) de Mexico. Tesis doctoral, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 291 pp.","Galati, E. A. B. (2003) 2. Morfologia e Taxonomia, 2.1. Classificacao de Phlebotominae. In: Rangel, E. F. & Lainson, R. (Eds.), Flebotomineos do Brasil. Ed. FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 23 - 175.","Rebollar-Tellez, E. A., Manrique-Saide, P. C., Tun-Ku, E., Che-Mendoza, A. & Dzul-Manzanilla, F. A. (2004) Further records of phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Phlebotomidae) from Campeche, Mexico. Entomological News, 115, 283 - 291.","Ibanez-Bernal, S. (2005 a) Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) de Mexico. V. - Clave ilustrada para la identificacion de los machos de Lutzomyia Franca. Folia Entomologica Mexicana, 44, 49 - 66.","Ibanez-Bernal, S. (2005 b) Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) de Mexico. VI. - Clave ilustrada para la identificacion de las hembras de Lutzomyia Franca. Folia Entomologica Mexicana, 44, 195 - 212.","Rebollar-Tellez, E. A., Orilla-Moguel, H., Dzul-Manzanilla, F., Che-Mendoza, A., Manrique-Saide, P. & Zapata-Peniche, A. (2006) An update on the phlebotomid sandfly fauna from Yucatan, Mexico. Entomological News, 117, 21 - 24. https: // doi. org / 10.3157 / 0013 - 872 x (2006) 117 [21: auotps] 2.0. co; 2","Godinez-Alvarez, A. & Ibanez-Bernal, S. (2010) Catalogo de Psychodidae (Diptera) de la Coleccion de Artropodos con Importancia Medica del InDRE, Secretaria de Salud, Mexico. Acta Zoologica Mexicana, New Series, 26, 99 - 121.","Ibanez-Bernal, S., Suarez-Landa, M. T. & Mendoza, F. (2011) An updated checklist of the phlebotomine sand flies of Veracruz, Mexico (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae). Zootaxa, 2928 (1), 29 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2928.1.3","May-Uc, E., Hernandez-Arana, H. A. & Rebollar-Tellez, E. A. (2011) Distribucion de flebotominos (Diptera: Psychodidae) en Quintana Roo, Mexico. Acta Zoologica Mexicana, New Series, 27, 273 - 289. https: // doi. org / 10.21829 / azm. 2011.272753","Salomon, O. D., Basmajdian, Y., Fernandez, M. S. & Santini, M. S. (2011) Lutzomyia longipalpis in Uruguay: the first report and the potential of visceral leishmaniasis transmission. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 106, 381 - 382. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02762011000300023","Ibanez-Bernal, S., Munoz, J., Rebollar-Tellez, E. A., Pech-May, A. & Marina, C. F. (2015) Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of Chiapas collected near the Guatemala border, with additions to the fauna of Mexico and a new subgenus name. Zootaxa, 3994 (2), 151 - 186. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3994.2.1","Ibanez-Bernal, S. & Ibarra-Juarez, L. A. (2016) Notes on phlebotomine sand flies of Michoacan, Mexico, with a key for the identification of species currently recorded from this state (Diptera: Psychodidae). Acta Zoologica Mexicana, New Series, 32, 49 - 54.","Adeniran, A. A., Fernandez-Santos, N. A., Rodriguez-Rojas, J. J., Trevino-Garza, N., Huerta-Jimenez, H., Mis-Avila, P. C., Perez- Pech, W. A., Hernandez-Triana, L. M. & Rodriguez-Perez, M. A. (2019) Identification of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) from leishmaniasis endemic areas in southeastern Mexico using DNA barcoding. Ecology and Evolution, 9, 13543 - 13554. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ece 3.5811","Galati, E. A. B. (2021) Morfologia e terminologia de Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae). Classificacao e identificacao de taxons das Americas. Vol. I. Apostila da Disciplina Bioecologia e Identificacao de Phlebotominae do Programa de Pos- Graduacao em Saude Publica. Faculdade de Saude Publica da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 133 p. [http: // www. fsp. usp. br / egalati]","Williams, P. (1991) Geographical distribution of the subgenus Helcocyrtomyia, genus Lutzomyia (Diptera: Psychodidae - Phlebotominae). In: Maroli, M. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 1 st International Symposium on Phlebotomine Sandflies, Rome, Parassitologia, 33 (1), pp. 535 - 540.","Shimabukuro, P. H. F., de Andrade, A. J. & Galati, E. A. B. (2017) Checklist of American sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae): genera, species, and their distribution. ZooKeys, 660, 67 - 106. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 660.10508","Galati, E. A. B. (2018) Phlebotominae (Diptera, Psychodidae): Classification, Morphology and Terminology of Adults and Identification of American Taxa. In: Rangel, E. F. & Shaw, J. J. (Eds.), Brazilian Sand Flies. Biology, Taxonomy, Medical Importance and Control. Springer International Publishing AG, Cham, pp. 9 - 212"]}

Subgenus Lutzomyia (Helcocyrtomyia) Barretto, 1962 Helcocyrtomyia Barretto, 1962: 96 (as subgenus of Lutzomyia). Type species: Phlebotomus peruensis Shannon, 1929, original designation. Additional references: Martins et al. (1978), Williams (1991, taxonomy, distribution); Artemiev (1991, in part), Young & Duncan (1994, references, taxonomy revision), Galati (1995, phylogenetic analysis), Galati (2003, listed, keys), Ibáñez-Bernal et al. (2015, taxonomic history, diagnosis), Shimabukuro et al. (2017, listed), Galati (2018, list of species, key), Galati (2021, classification, keys). Phlebotomus species group Vexator of Fairchild & Hertig, 1957: 325 (species keyed). Phlebotomus species group Sanguinarius of Ortiz, 1965b: 25 (in part). Lutzomyia species group Vexatrix of Theodor, 1965: 183 (defined), Lewis et al., 1977: 325 (as species group Vexator). Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) França: Forattini, 1971: 99 (in part); Forattini, 1973: 212 (in part). Psychodopygus (Trichophoromyia) Barretto: Forattini, 1971: 105 (in part); Forattini, 1973: 416 (in part). Isolutzomyia Artemiev, 1991: 72 (in part). Type species: Lutzomyia cirrita Young & Porter, 1974, by original designation. Lutzomyia (Sauromyia) Artemiev, 1991: 74 (in part). Type species: Phlebotomus oswaldoi Mangabeira, 1942a., Published as part of Ibáñez-Bernal, Sergio & Durán-Luz, Juana, 2022, An actualized catalogue of the Psychodidae (Diptera) of Mexico and their known distribution by state, pp. 347-408 in Zootaxa 5104 (3) on page 356, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5104.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6332122, {"references":["Barretto, M. P. (1962) Nova subgeneros de Lutzomyia Franca, 1924 (Psychodidae, subfamilia Phlebolominae). Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo, 4, 91 - 100.","Shannon, R. C. (1929) Entomological investigations in connection with Carrion's disease. American Journal of Hygiene, 10, 78 - 111. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / oxfordjournals. aje. a 112758","Martins, A. V., Williams, P. & Falcao, A. L. (1978) American sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae). Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, Rio de Janeiro, 195 pp.","Williams, P. (1991) Geographical distribution of the subgenus Helcocyrtomyia, genus Lutzomyia (Diptera: Psychodidae - Phlebotominae). In: Maroli, M. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 1 st International Symposium on Phlebotomine Sandflies, Rome, Parassitologia, 33 (1), pp. 535 - 540.","Artemiev, M. M. (1991) A classification of the subfamily Phlebotominae. Parassitologia, 33, 69 - 77.","Young, D. G. & Duncan, M. A. (1994) Guide to the identification and geographic distribution of Lutzomyia sand flies in Mexico, The West Indies, Central and South America (Diptera: Psychodidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 54, 1 - 881.","Galati, E. A. B. (1995) Phylogenetic systematics of the Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) with emphasis on American groups. Boletin de la Direccion de Malariologia y Saneamiento Ambiental, 35 (1), 133 - 142.","Galati, E. A. B. (2003) 2. Morfologia e Taxonomia, 2.1. Classificacao de Phlebotominae. In: Rangel, E. F. & Lainson, R. (Eds.), Flebotomineos do Brasil. Ed. FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 23 - 175.","Ibanez-Bernal, S., Munoz, J., Rebollar-Tellez, E. A., Pech-May, A. & Marina, C. F. (2015) Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of Chiapas collected near the Guatemala border, with additions to the fauna of Mexico and a new subgenus name. Zootaxa, 3994 (2), 151 - 186. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3994.2.1","Shimabukuro, P. H. F., de Andrade, A. J. & Galati, E. A. B. (2017) Checklist of American sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae): genera, species, and their distribution. ZooKeys, 660, 67 - 106. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 660.10508","Galati, E. A. B. (2018) Phlebotominae (Diptera, Psychodidae): Classification, Morphology and Terminology of Adults and Identification of American Taxa. In: Rangel, E. F. & Shaw, J. J. (Eds.), Brazilian Sand Flies. Biology, Taxonomy, Medical Importance and Control. Springer International Publishing AG, Cham, pp. 9 - 212","Galati, E. A. B. (2021) Morfologia e terminologia de Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae). Classificacao e identificacao de taxons das Americas. Vol. I. Apostila da Disciplina Bioecologia e Identificacao de Phlebotominae do Programa de Pos- Graduacao em Saude Publica. Faculdade de Saude Publica da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 133 p. [http: // www. fsp. usp. br / egalati]","Fairchild, G. B. & Hertig, M. (1957) Notes on the Phlebotomus of Panama (Diptera, Psychodidae). XIII. The Vexator group with descriptions of new species from Panama and California. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 50, 325 - 334. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 50.4.325","Ortiz, I. (1965 b) Contribucion al estudio de los flebotomos americanos del grupo sanguinarius con la descripcion de una nueva especie: Phlebotomus scorzai n. sp. (Diptera, Psychodidae). Acta Biologica Venezuelica, 5, 25 - 39.","Theodor, O. (1965) On the classification of American Phlebotominae. Journal of Medical Entomology, 2, 171 - 197. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 2.2.171","Lewis, D. J., Young, D. J., Fairchild, G. B. & Minter, D. M. (1977) Proposals for a stable classification of the Phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera, Psychodidae). Systematic Entomology, 2, 319 - 332. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1977. tb 00381. x","Forattini, O. P. (1971) Sobre a classificacao da subfamilia Phlebotominae nas Americas (Diptera, Psychodidae). Papeis Avulsos, Sao Paulo, 24, 93 - 111.","Forattini, O. P. (1973) Psychodidae, Phlebotominae, Leishmanioses, Bartonelose. In: Blucher, E. (Ed.), Entomologia Medica. Vol. IV. Editora Edgard Blucher & Editorada Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 658.","Young, D. G. & Porter, C. H. (1974) Lutzomyia cirrita n. sp. from Colombia with a new synonym in the genus (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae). Florida Entomologist, 57, 321 - 325. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3493272","Mangabeira, O. (1942 a) 7 a Contribuicao ao estudo dos Flebotomus (Diptera: Psychodidae). Descricao dos machos de 24 novas especies. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 37, 111 - 218. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02761942000200003"]}

Lutzomyia (Tricholateralis) gomezi (Nitzulescu, 1931) gomezi Nitzulescu, 1931: 247 (as Phlebotomus (Sintonius)). Type locality: Venezuela, Táchira, San Cristóbal. Phlebotomus gomezi Nitzulescu: Pinto (1938), Bequaert (1938), Ortiz (1942), Floch & Abonnenc (1945), Fairchild & Hertig (1948a), Fairchild & Hertig (1953b), Hanson (1968). Flebotomus gomezi Nitzulescu: Barretto (1946), Barretto (1947). Syn. suis Rozeboom, 1940: 8 (as Flebotomus (Brumptomyia)). Type locality: Panama. Additional references: lriarte (1944, male, female), Mangabeira (1941b, as Flebotomus), Floch & Abonnenc (1943, as Phlebotomus), Fairchild (1943, as Phlebotomus), Floch & Abonnenc (1945, as Phlebotomus), Fairchild & Hertig (1948a, as synonym of Phlebotomus gomezi). Syn. japignyi Floch & Abonnenc (1944a, as Phlebotomus). Type locality: French Guiana. Additional references: Fairchild & Hertig (1948a, as synonym of Phlebotomus gomezi). Lutzomyia gomezi (Nitzulescu): Martins et al. (1962), Vergara et al. (2008, Colombia records). Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) gomezi (Nitzulescu): Forattini (1971, listed), Forattini (1973, taxonomy), Martins et al. (1978, listed, distribution), Intermill & Muller (1976, Honduras records), Léger et al. (1977, French Guiana), Martins et al. (1978, catalogue, distribution), Ramírez-Pérez et al. (1978, Venezuela), Young (1979, taxonomy), Feliciangeli (1980, keys), Léger et al. (1980, French Guiana records), Morales & Minter (1981, Colombia records), Ramírez-Pérez et al. (1982a, Venezuela records), Biancardi et al. (1982, Brazil records), Arias & Freitas (1982, Brazil records), Le Pont & Desjeux (1983, cf. to eliensis), Murillo & Zeledón (1985, Costa Rica), Ryan (1986, Brazil records), Morales et al. (1987, Colombia records), Añez et al. (1988, Venezuela records), Alexander et al. (1992a, 1992b, Ecuador records), Young & Duncan (1994, taxonomy), Alexander et al. (1996), Ibáñez-Bernal (1999, taxonomy, Mexican records), Williams (1999, listed, distribution), Ibáñez-Bernal (2000a, taxonomy), Ibáñez-Bernal (2005a, male keyed), Ibáñez-Bernal (2005b, female keyed). Lutzomyia (Tricholateralis) gomezi (Nitzulescu): Galati (2003, listed, distribution, keys), Shimabukuro et al. (2017, listed, distribution), Galati (2018, listed, keyed), Galati (2021, classification, keys). General distribution. Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela (Shimabukuro et al. 2017; Galati 2018, 2021). Distribution in Mexico. Campeche (Ibáñez-Bernal 1999)., Published as part of Ibáñez-Bernal, Sergio & Durán-Luz, Juana, 2022, An actualized catalogue of the Psychodidae (Diptera) of Mexico and their known distribution by state, pp. 347-408 in Zootaxa 5104 (3) on page 359, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5104.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6332122, {"references":["Nitzulescu, V. (1931) Sur un Phlebotome nouveau du Venezuela. P. gomezi n. sp. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparee, 9, 247 - 255. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / parasite / 1931093247","Pinto, C. (1938) Zoo-parasitos de interesse medico e veterinario. Pimenta de Mello & Cia, Rio de Janeiro, 376 pp.","Bequaert, J. (1938) The distribution of Phlebotomus in Central and South America. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication, 499, 229 - 235.","Ortiz, I. (1942) Revision historica de nuestros Phlebotomus con citacion de una especie (Phlebotomus cruciatus Coq.) nueva para Venezuela. Boletin del Laboratorio Clinico Luis Razetti, 3, 162 - 170.","Floch, H. & Abonnenc, E. (1945) Phlebotomes de la Guyane Francaise. XIV. Table d ' identification des phlebotomes femalles d'Amerique. lnstitut Pasteur Guyane Francaise et du Territoire de l'Inini, 100, 1 - 22.","Fairchild, G. B. & Hertig, M. (1948 a) Notes on the Phlebotomus of Panama (Diptera. Psychodidae). III. P. cruciatus Coq., trinidadensis Newst. and gomezi Nitz. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 41, 247 - 257. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 41.2.247","Fairchild, G. B. & Hertig, M. (1953 b) Notes on the Phlebotomus of Panama (Diptera, Psychodidae). Xl. The male of P. cruciatus Coq. and notes on related species. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 46, 373 - 385. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 46.3.373","Hanson, W. J. (1968) The immature stages of the subfamily Phlebotominae in Panama (Diptera: Psychodidae). PhD Dissertation. University of Kansas, Manhattan, 104 pp.","Barretto, M. P. (1947) Catalogo dos flebotomos Americanos. Arquivos de Zoologia, Sao Paulo, 5, 177 - 242.","Rozeboom, L. E. (1940) Flebotomus suis, a new Flebotomus from Panama (Diptera: Psychodidae). American Journal of Hygiene, 32 (Sect. C), 8 - 11.","Mangabeira, O. (1941 b) 6 a Contribuicao ao estudo dos Flebotomus. Flebotomus (Pintomyia) damascenoi n. sp. (Diptera: Psychodidae). Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 36, 369 - 377. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02761941000300012","Floch, H. & Abonnenc, E. (1943) Phlebotomes de la Guyane Francaise. VI. Table d'identification des Phlebotomes males americains. lnstitut Pasteur Guyane Francaise et du Territoire de l'Inini, 62, 1 - 9.","Fairchild, G. B. (1943) An annotated list of the blood-sucking insects, ticks and mites known from Panama. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 23, 569 - 591. https: // doi. org / 10.4269 / ajtmh. 1943. s 1 - 23.569","Floch, H. & Abonnenc, E. (1944 a) Phlebotomes de la Guyane Francaise. IX. Description de la femelle de P. fluviatilis et de trois especes nouvelles. Institute Pasteur Guyane, Publication, 83, 1 - 11.","Martins, A. V., Godoy, T. L. & Silva, J. E. (1962) Uma nova especie de flebotomo dos Estados do Rio de Janeiro e Espirito Santo- Lutzomyia gasparviannai n. sp. (Diptera: Psychodidae). Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo, 4, 85 - 90.","Vergara, D., Carrillo, L. M., Bejarano, E. E. & Velez, I. D. (2008) Primer informe de Lutzomyia yuilli Young & Porter, 1972 y Lutzomyia triramula (Fairchild & Hertig 1952) (Diptera: Psychodidae) en el departamento de Caldas, Colombia. Biota Neotropica, 8, 251 - 253. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1676 - 06032008000300022","Forattini, O. P. (1971) Sobre a classificacao da subfamilia Phlebotominae nas Americas (Diptera, Psychodidae). Papeis Avulsos, Sao Paulo, 24, 93 - 111.","Forattini, O. P. (1973) Psychodidae, Phlebotominae, Leishmanioses, Bartonelose. In: Blucher, E. (Ed.), Entomologia Medica. Vol. IV. Editora Edgard Blucher & Editorada Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 658.","Martins, A. V., Williams, P. & Falcao, A. L. (1978) American sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae). Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, Rio de Janeiro, 195 pp.","Intermill, R. W. & Muller, W. B. (1976) New distributional records for Lutzomyia gomezi (Nitzulescu) and L. chiapanensis (Dampf) from Honduras. Mosquito News, 36, 543.","Leger, N., Abonnenc, E., Pajot, F. X., Kramer, R. & Claustre, J. (1977) Liste commentee des phlebotomes de la Guyane Francaise. Cahiers ORSTOM, Serie Entomologie Medicale et Parasitologie, 15, 217 - 232.","Ramirez-Perez, J., Ochoa, G. R., Ramirez, A. & Carvillo, F. (1978) Estudio de la fauna flebotomica del estado de Aragua (Venezuela). Boletin de la Direccion de Malariologia y Sanidad Ambiental, 18, 43 - 80.","Young, D. G. (1979) A review of the bloodsucking flies of Colombia (Diptera: Phlebotominae and Sycoracinae). Agricultural Experiment Station, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Bulletin 806 (techni- cal), 1 - 266.","Feliciangeli, D. M. (1980) The phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of Venezuela. Journal of Medical Entomology, 17, 245 - 264. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 17.3.245","Leger, N., Abonnenc, E. & Claustre, J. (1980) L'anthropophilie des phlebotomes de la Guyane Francaise. Bulletin de la Societe de Pathologie Exotique, 73, 112 - 123.","Morales, A. & Minter, D. M. (1981) Estudio sobre flebotomineos en Araracuara, Caqueta, Colombia, S. A. incluyendo la descripcion de Lutzomyia araracuarensis (Diptera, Psychodidae). Biomedica, Bogota, 3, 94 - 116. https: // doi. org / 10.7705 / biomedica. v 1 i 3.1790","Ramirez-Perez, J., Ochoa, G. R. & Ramirez, A. (1982 a) Estudio de la fauna flebotomica del estado de Sucre (Venezuela). Boletin de la Direccion de Malariologia y Sanidad Ambiental, 22, 11 - 22.","Biancardi, C. B., Arias, J. R., Freitas, R. A. & Castellon, E. G. (1982) The known geographical distribution of sand flies in the state of Rondonia, Brazil (Diptera, Psychodidae). Acta Amazonica, 12, 167 - 179. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1809 - 43921982121167","Arias, J. R. & Freitas, R. A. (1982) The known geographical distribution of sand flies in the state of Acre, Brasil (Diptera, Psychodidae). Acta Amazonica, 12, 401 - 408. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1809 - 43921982122401","Le Pont, F. & Desjeux, P. (1983) Lutzomyia eliensis n. sp. (Diptera, Psychodidae) nouveau phlebotomme decouvert en Guyane Francaise. Cahiers ORSTOM, Serie Entomologie Medicale et Parasitologie, 21, 47 - 52.","Murillo, J. & Zeledon, R. (1985) Flebotomos de Costa Rica. Brenesia: Museo Nacional de Costa Rica, 137 pp.","Ryan, L. (1986) Flebotomos do estado Para, Brasil (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae). Documento Technico 1, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belem, Para, Brazil, 154 pp.","Morales, A., Ferro, C., Rodriguez, C. I. & Cura, E. (1987) Encuesta sobre artropodos de interes medico en La Guajira, Colombia, Suramerica. Biomedica, Bogota, 7, 87 - 94. https: // doi. org / 10.7705 / biomedica. v 7 i 3 - 4.1939","Anez, N., Cazorla, D., Nieves, E., Chataing, B., Castro, M. & Yarbuh, L. (1988) Epidemiologia de la leishmaniasis tegumentaria en Merida, Venezuela. l. Diversidad y dispersion de especies flebotominas en tres pisos altitudinales y su posible role en la transmision de la enfermedad. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 83, 455 - 463. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02761988000400011","Alexander, J. B., Eshita, Y., Gomez, E. A. & Hashiguchi, Y. (1992 a) The phlebotomine sandfly fauna (Diptera: Psychodidae) of nine Leishmania endemic sites in Ecuador. In: Hashiguchi, Y. (Ed.), Studies on New World Leishmaniasis and its transmission, with particular reference to Ecuador, Japan, Research Report Series, 3. pp. 33 - 40.","Alexander, J. B., Takaoka, H., Eshita, Y., Gomez, E. A. & Hashiguchi, Y. (1992 b) New records of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) from Ecuador. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 87, 123 - 130. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / s 0074 - 02761992000100019","Young, D. G. & Duncan, M. A. (1994) Guide to the identification and geographic distribution of Lutzomyia sand flies in Mexico, The West Indies, Central and South America (Diptera: Psychodidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 54, 1 - 881.","Alexander, J. B., Gomez, E. A., Takaoka, H. & Hashiguchi, Y. (1996) La fauna de flebotominos (Diptera: Psychodidae) del Ecuador. In: Hashiguchi, Y. (Ed.), Studies on New World Leishmaniasis and its transmission, with particular reference to Ecuador, Japan, Research Report Series, 2, pp. 40 - 57.","Ibanez-Bernal, S. (1999) Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) de Mexico. I. - Brumptomyia Franca y Parrot; Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) Franca, las especies de L. (Lutzomyia) Franca y del grupo Verrucarum. Folia Entomologica Mexicana, 107, 61 - 116.","Williams, P. (1999) Patterns in geographical distribution of members of the genus Lutzomyia Franca (Diptera, Psychodidae- Phlebotominae). In: Burger, J. F. (Ed.), Contributions to the knowledge of Diptera. Memoirs on Entomology, International, 14, 455 - 502.","Ibanez-Bernal, S. (2000 a) Los Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) de Mexico. Tesis doctoral, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 291 pp.","Ibanez-Bernal, S. (2005 a) Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) de Mexico. V. - Clave ilustrada para la identificacion de los machos de Lutzomyia Franca. Folia Entomologica Mexicana, 44, 49 - 66.","Ibanez-Bernal, S. (2005 b) Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) de Mexico. VI. - Clave ilustrada para la identificacion de las hembras de Lutzomyia Franca. Folia Entomologica Mexicana, 44, 195 - 212.","Galati, E. A. B. (2003) 2. Morfologia e Taxonomia, 2.1. Classificacao de Phlebotominae. In: Rangel, E. F. & Lainson, R. (Eds.), Flebotomineos do Brasil. Ed. FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 23 - 175.","Shimabukuro, P. H. F., de Andrade, A. J. & Galati, E. A. B. (2017) Checklist of American sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae): genera, species, and their distribution. ZooKeys, 660, 67 - 106. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 660.10508","Galati, E. A. B. (2018) Phlebotominae (Diptera, Psychodidae): Classification, Morphology and Terminology of Adults and Identification of American Taxa. In: Rangel, E. F. & Shaw, J. J. (Eds.), Brazilian Sand Flies. Biology, Taxonomy, Medical Importance and Control. Springer International Publishing AG, Cham, pp. 9 - 212","Galati, E. A. B. (2021) Morfologia e terminologia de Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae). Classificacao e identificacao de taxons das Americas. Vol. I. Apostila da Disciplina Bioecologia e Identificacao de Phlebotominae do Programa de Pos- Graduacao em Saude Publica. Faculdade de Saude Publica da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 133 p. [http: // www. fsp. usp. br / egalati]"]}

Subgenus Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) s. str. França, 1924 Lutzomyia França, 1924: 10 (as subgenus of Phlebotomus, new name for Lutzia França). Type species: Phlebotomus longipalpis Lutz & Neiva, 1912. Additional references: Galati (1995, classification), Galati (2003, listed, key), Ibáñez-Bernal et al. (2015, diagnosis), Shimabukuro et al. (2017, listed). Aguayoimyia Vargas, 1978: 89 (as a subgenus of Lutzomyia). Type species: Lutzomyia dispar Martins & Silva, 1963., Published as part of Ibáñez-Bernal, Sergio & Durán-Luz, Juana, 2022, An actualized catalogue of the Psychodidae (Diptera) of Mexico and their known distribution by state, pp. 347-408 in Zootaxa 5104 (3) on page 357, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5104.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6332122, {"references":["Franca, C. (1924) Notes parasitologiques. Jornal de Sciencias Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes, Lisboa, 17, 1 - 12.","Lutz, A. & Neiva, A. (1912) Contribuicao para o conhecimento das especies do genero Phlebotomus existentes no Brasil. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 4, 82 - 95. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / s 0074 - 02761912000100006","Galati, E. A. B. (1995) Phylogenetic systematics of the Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) with emphasis on American groups. Boletin de la Direccion de Malariologia y Saneamiento Ambiental, 35 (1), 133 - 142.","Galati, E. A. B. (2003) 2. Morfologia e Taxonomia, 2.1. Classificacao de Phlebotominae. In: Rangel, E. F. & Lainson, R. (Eds.), Flebotomineos do Brasil. Ed. FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 23 - 175.","Ibanez-Bernal, S., Munoz, J., Rebollar-Tellez, E. A., Pech-May, A. & Marina, C. F. (2015) Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of Chiapas collected near the Guatemala border, with additions to the fauna of Mexico and a new subgenus name. Zootaxa, 3994 (2), 151 - 186. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3994.2.1","Shimabukuro, P. H. F., de Andrade, A. J. & Galati, E. A. B. (2017) Checklist of American sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae): genera, species, and their distribution. ZooKeys, 660, 67 - 106. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 660.10508","Vargas, L. (1978) Los Lutzomyinae como transmisores de enfermedades. Foranttiniella n. subgen. y Aguayoimyia n. subgen., ambos del genero Lutzomyia (Diptera: Phlebotomidae). Medicina, Mexico, 58, 85 - 93.","Martins, A. V., Falcao, A. L. & Silva, J. E. (1963) Notas sobre los flebotomos do Territorio de Roraima, com a descricao de tres novas especies (Diptera, Psychodidae). Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 23, 333 - 348."]}

Lutzomyia manciola Ibáñez-Bernal, 2001 manciola Ibáñez-Bernal, 2001b: 376. Type locality: Belize, Toledo District, near Punta Gorda, Blue Creek Preserve. Additional references: Galati (2003, listed), Rodríguez-Rojas & Rebollar-Téllez (2017, Mexican record), Shimabukuro et al. (2017, listed), Galati (2018, listed, keyed), Galati (2021, classification, keys). General distribution. Belize (Shimabukuro et al. 2017; Galati 2018), Mexico (Rodríguez-Rojas & RebollarTéllez 2017). Distribution in Mexico. Quintana Roo (Rodríguez-Rojas & Rebollar-Téllez 2017)., Published as part of Ibáñez-Bernal, Sergio & Durán-Luz, Juana, 2022, An actualized catalogue of the Psychodidae (Diptera) of Mexico and their known distribution by state, pp. 347-408 in Zootaxa 5104 (3) on page 359, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5104.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6332122, {"references":["Ibanez-Bernal, S. (2001 b). Notes on the Psychodidae (Diptera) of Belize: Subfamilies Bruchomyiinae and Phlebotominae. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 94, 367 - 385. https: // doi. org / 10.1603 / 0013 - 8746 (2001) 094 [0367: NOTPDO] 2.0. CO; 2","Galati, E. A. B. (2003) 2. Morfologia e Taxonomia, 2.1. Classificacao de Phlebotominae. In: Rangel, E. F. & Lainson, R. (Eds.), Flebotomineos do Brasil. Ed. FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 23 - 175.","Rodriguez-Rojas, J. J. & Rebollar-Tellez, E. A. (2017) Effect of trapping methods on the estimation of alpha diversity of a phlebotomine sandfly assemblage in southern Mexico. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 31, 392 - 401. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / mve. 12253","Shimabukuro, P. H. F., de Andrade, A. J. & Galati, E. A. B. (2017) Checklist of American sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae): genera, species, and their distribution. ZooKeys, 660, 67 - 106. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 660.10508","Galati, E. A. B. (2018) Phlebotominae (Diptera, Psychodidae): Classification, Morphology and Terminology of Adults and Identification of American Taxa. In: Rangel, E. F. & Shaw, J. J. (Eds.), Brazilian Sand Flies. Biology, Taxonomy, Medical Importance and Control. Springer International Publishing AG, Cham, pp. 9 - 212","Galati, E. A. B. (2021) Morfologia e terminologia de Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae). Classificacao e identificacao de taxons das Americas. Vol. I. Apostila da Disciplina Bioecologia e Identificacao de Phlebotominae do Programa de Pos- Graduacao em Saude Publica. Faculdade de Saude Publica da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 133 p. [http: // www. fsp. usp. br / egalati]"]}

Lutzomyia (Helcocyrtomyia) hartmanni (Fairchild & Hertig, 1957) hartmanni Fairchild & Hertig, 1957: 328 (as Phlebotomus). Type locality: Panama, Cerro Campana. Lutzomyia hartmanni (Fairchild & Hertig): Barretto, 1962 (listed), Martins et al. (1978, references, distribution), Young (1979, references, figures), Morales & Minter (1981, Colombia), Christensen et al. (1983, Panama), Young & Rogers (1984, Ecuador), Murillo & Zeledón (1985, Costa Rica), Alexander et al. (1992a, 1992b, Ecuador). Psychodopygus hartmanni (Fairchild & Hertig): Forattini (1971), Forattini (1973, taxonomy). Lutzomyia (Helcocyrtomyia) hartmanni (Fairchild & Hertig): Young & Duncan (1994, taxonomy, references, distribution), Williams (1999, listed, distribution), Galati, 2003 (listed as series sanguinaria, keys), Ibáñez-Bernal et al. (2015, Mexican records), Shimabukuro et al. (2017, listed, distribution), Galati (2018, listed, keyed), Galati (2021, classification, keys). General distributio n. Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, Peru (Shimabukuro et al. 2017; Galati 2018; Galati 2021). Distribution in Mexic o. Chiapas (Ibáñez-Bernal et al. 2015)., Published as part of Ibáñez-Bernal, Sergio & Durán-Luz, Juana, 2022, An actualized catalogue of the Psychodidae (Diptera) of Mexico and their known distribution by state, pp. 347-408 in Zootaxa 5104 (3) on pages 356-357, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5104.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6332122, {"references":["Fairchild, G. B. & Hertig, M. (1957) Notes on the Phlebotomus of Panama (Diptera, Psychodidae). XIII. The Vexator group with descriptions of new species from Panama and California. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 50, 325 - 334. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 50.4.325","Barretto, M. P. (1962) Nova subgeneros de Lutzomyia Franca, 1924 (Psychodidae, subfamilia Phlebolominae). Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo, 4, 91 - 100.","Martins, A. V., Williams, P. & Falcao, A. L. (1978) American sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae). Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, Rio de Janeiro, 195 pp.","Young, D. G. (1979) A review of the bloodsucking flies of Colombia (Diptera: Phlebotominae and Sycoracinae). Agricultural Experiment Station, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Bulletin 806 (techni- cal), 1 - 266.","Morales, A. & Minter, D. M. (1981) Estudio sobre flebotomineos en Araracuara, Caqueta, Colombia, S. A. incluyendo la descripcion de Lutzomyia araracuarensis (Diptera, Psychodidae). Biomedica, Bogota, 3, 94 - 116. https: // doi. org / 10.7705 / biomedica. v 1 i 3.1790","Young, D. G. & Rogers, T. E. (1984) The phlebotomine sand fly fauna (Diptera: Psychodidae) of Ecuador. Journal of Medical Entomology, 21, 597 - 611. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 21.5.597","Murillo, J. & Zeledon, R. (1985) Flebotomos de Costa Rica. Brenesia: Museo Nacional de Costa Rica, 137 pp.","Alexander, J. B., Eshita, Y., Gomez, E. A. & Hashiguchi, Y. (1992 a) The phlebotomine sandfly fauna (Diptera: Psychodidae) of nine Leishmania endemic sites in Ecuador. In: Hashiguchi, Y. (Ed.), Studies on New World Leishmaniasis and its transmission, with particular reference to Ecuador, Japan, Research Report Series, 3. pp. 33 - 40.","Alexander, J. B., Takaoka, H., Eshita, Y., Gomez, E. A. & Hashiguchi, Y. (1992 b) New records of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) from Ecuador. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 87, 123 - 130. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / s 0074 - 02761992000100019","Forattini, O. P. (1971) Sobre a classificacao da subfamilia Phlebotominae nas Americas (Diptera, Psychodidae). Papeis Avulsos, Sao Paulo, 24, 93 - 111.","Forattini, O. P. (1973) Psychodidae, Phlebotominae, Leishmanioses, Bartonelose. In: Blucher, E. (Ed.), Entomologia Medica. Vol. IV. Editora Edgard Blucher & Editorada Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 658.","Young, D. G. & Duncan, M. A. (1994) Guide to the identification and geographic distribution of Lutzomyia sand flies in Mexico, The West Indies, Central and South America (Diptera: Psychodidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 54, 1 - 881.","Williams, P. (1999) Patterns in geographical distribution of members of the genus Lutzomyia Franca (Diptera, Psychodidae- Phlebotominae). In: Burger, J. F. (Ed.), Contributions to the knowledge of Diptera. Memoirs on Entomology, International, 14, 455 - 502.","Galati, E. A. B. (2003) 2. Morfologia e Taxonomia, 2.1. Classificacao de Phlebotominae. In: Rangel, E. F. & Lainson, R. (Eds.), Flebotomineos do Brasil. Ed. FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 23 - 175.","Ibanez-Bernal, S., Munoz, J., Rebollar-Tellez, E. A., Pech-May, A. & Marina, C. F. (2015) Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of Chiapas collected near the Guatemala border, with additions to the fauna of Mexico and a new subgenus name. Zootaxa, 3994 (2), 151 - 186. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3994.2.1","Shimabukuro, P. H. F., de Andrade, A. J. & Galati, E. A. B. (2017) Checklist of American sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae): genera, species, and their distribution. ZooKeys, 660, 67 - 106. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 660.10508","Galati, E. A. B. (2018) Phlebotominae (Diptera, Psychodidae): Classification, Morphology and Terminology of Adults and Identification of American Taxa. In: Rangel, E. F. & Shaw, J. J. (Eds.), Brazilian Sand Flies. Biology, Taxonomy, Medical Importance and Control. Springer International Publishing AG, Cham, pp. 9 - 212","Galati, E. A. B. (2021) Morfologia e terminologia de Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae). Classificacao e identificacao de taxons das Americas. Vol. I. Apostila da Disciplina Bioecologia e Identificacao de Phlebotominae do Programa de Pos- Graduacao em Saude Publica. Faculdade de Saude Publica da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 133 p. [http: // www. fsp. usp. br / egalati]"]}

Lutzomyia (Tricholateralis) diabolica (Hall, 1936) diabolicus Hall, 1936: 28 (as Phlebotomus (Brumptomyia)). Localidad tipo: United States of America, Texas, Uvalde. Phlebotomus diabolicus Hall: Lindquist (1936, immature descriptions), Dampf (1938, mention), Floch & Abonnenc (1943, taxonomy), Rozeboom (1944, listed), Addis (1945a, taxonomy), Addis (1945b, key), Packchanian (1946, listed), Barretto (1947, as Flebotomus, catalogue), Fairchild & Hertig (1948a, cf. to gomezi and cruciatus), Thurman et al. (1949, listed), Fairchild & Hertig (1953b, redescription, keys), Vargas & Díaz-Nájera (1953b, Mexican distribution), Quate (1955, keys), Fairchild & Hertig (1959, distribution), Lewis & Garnham (1959, mention), Eads et al. (1965, listed), Quate (1965, listed), Easton et al. (1968, Texas records). Lutzomyia diabolica (Hall): Theodor (1965, classification, listed), Disney (1968, as synonym of L. cruciata), Díaz-Nájera (1971, Coahuila records), Gustafson et al. (1985, mention), Lawyer et al. (1987), Endris et al. (1987), McHugh (1991). Lutzomyia cruciata, not cruciata (Coquillett) (as synonym of L. cruciata): Rosabal & Miller (1970, key), Martins & MoralesFrías (1972, in part, distribution), Young (1972, in part, Texas records), Eads (1978, in part, Texas records), Chaniotis (1978, mention), Martins et al. (1978, catalogue, distribution). Lutzomyia cruciata diabolica (Hall): Lewis (1975a, mouthparts morphology). Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) diabolica (Hall): Forattini (1971, listed), Forattini (1973, taxonomy), Young & Perkins (1984, taxonomy, distribution), Young & Duncan (1994, keys, distribution), Ibáñez-Bernal (1999, taxonomy, Mexican distribution), Williams (1999, listed, distribution), Ibáñez-Bernal (2000a, taxonomy, Mexican distribution), Ibáñez-Bernal (2005a, 2005b, keys), Godínez-Álvarez & Ibáñez-Bernal (2010, distribution). Lutzomyia (Tricholateralis) diabolica (Hall): Galati (2003, classification, listed), Le Pont et al. (2011, compared with Lutzomyia maesi), Ibáñez-Bernal & Ibarra-Juárez (2016, distribution), Shimabukuro et al. (2017, listed, distribution), Galati (2018, listed, keyed), Durán-Luz et al. (2019, Puebla records), Galati (2021, classification, keys). General distribution. Mexico, United States of America (Young & Perkins 1984; Young & Duncan 1994; Shimabukuro et al. 2017; Galati 2018, 2021). Distribution in Mexico. Chihuahua, Coahuila, Guerrero, Michoacán, Morelos, Nuevo León, Puebla (IbáñezBernal 1999; Godínez-Álvarez & Ibáñez-Bernal 2010), Michoacán (Ibáñez-Bernal & Ibarra-Juárez 2016), Puebla (Durán-Luz et al. 2019)., Published as part of Ibáñez-Bernal, Sergio & Durán-Luz, Juana, 2022, An actualized catalogue of the Psychodidae (Diptera) of Mexico and their known distribution by state, pp. 347-408 in Zootaxa 5104 (3) on pages 358-359, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5104.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6332122, {"references":["Hall, D. G. (1936) Phlebotomus (Brumptomyia) diabolicus, a new biting gnat from Texas (Diptera: Psychodidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 38, 27 - 29.","Lindquist, A. W. (1936) Notes on the habits and biology of a sand fly, Phlebotomus diabolicus Hall, in southwestern Texas (Diptera: Psychodidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 38, 29 - 32.","Floch, H. & Abonnenc, E. (1943) Phlebotomes de la Guyane Francaise. VI. Table d'identification des Phlebotomes males americains. lnstitut Pasteur Guyane Francaise et du Territoire de l'Inini, 62, 1 - 9.","Rozeboom, L. E. (1944) Phlebotomus limai Fonseca in the United States. Journal of Parasitology, 30, 274 - 275. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3272651","Addis, C. J. (1945 a) Phlebotomus (Dampfomyia) anthophorus n. sp., and Phlebotomus diabolicus Hall from Texas (Diptera: Psychodidae). Journal of Parasitology, 31, 119 - 127. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3272935","Addis, C. J. (1945 b) Collection and preservation of sandflies (Phlebotomus) with keys to U. S. species (Diptera: Psychodidae). Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 64, 328 - 332.","Packchanian, A. (1946) The distribution of species of sandflies, genus Phlebotomus, in the United States, and their relation to the transmission of leishmaniasis. Texas Reports on Biology and Medicine, 4, 35 - 41.","Barretto, M. P. (1947) Catalogo dos flebotomos Americanos. Arquivos de Zoologia, Sao Paulo, 5, 177 - 242.","Fairchild, G. B. & Hertig, M. (1948 a) Notes on the Phlebotomus of Panama (Diptera. Psychodidae). III. P. cruciatus Coq., trinidadensis Newst. and gomezi Nitz. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 41, 247 - 257. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 41.2.247","Thurman, D. C., Mulrennan, J. A. & Thurman, E. B. (1949) Occurrence of Phlebotomus (Neophlebotomus) shannoni Dyar in Florida (Diptera, Psychodidae). Journal of Parasitology, 35, 199 - 200. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3273125","Fairchild, G. B. & Hertig, M. (1953 b) Notes on the Phlebotomus of Panama (Diptera, Psychodidae). Xl. The male of P. cruciatus Coq. and notes on related species. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 46, 373 - 385. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 46.3.373","Vargas, L. & Diaz-Najera, A. (1953 b) Lista de flebotomos mexicanos y su distribucion geografica (Diptera, Psychodidae). Revista del Instituto de Salubridad y Enfermedades Tropicales, Mexico, 13, 309 - 314.","Quate, L. W. (1955) A revision of the Psychodidae (Diptera) in America north of Mexico. University of California Publications in Entomology, 10, 103 - 273.","Fairchild, G. B. & Hertig, M. (1959) Geographic distribution of the Phlebotomus sandflies of Central America (Diptera: Psychodidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 52, 121 - 124. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 52.2.121","Lewis, D. J. & Garnham, P. C. C. (1959) The species of Phlebotomus (Diptera: Psychodidae) in British Honduras. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society, London (B), 28, 79 - 89. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1959. tb 00135. x","Eads, R. B., Trevino, H. A. & Campos, E. G. (1965) Additional records of Phlebotomus texanus (Diptera: Psychodidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 67, 251 - 252.","Quate, L. W. (1965) Family Psychodidae. In: Stone, A., Sabrossky, C. W., Wirth, W. W., Foote, R. H. & Coulson, J. R. (Eds.), A catalogue of the Diptera of America north of Mexico. Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., pp. 91 - 97.","Easton, E. R., Price, M. A. & Graham, O. H. (1968) The collection of biting flies in west Texas with Malaise trap and animalbaited traps. Mosquito News, 28, 465 - 469.","Theodor, O. (1965) On the classification of American Phlebotominae. Journal of Medical Entomology, 2, 171 - 197. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 2.2.171","Disney, R. H. L. (1968) Evidence that Lutzomyia diabolica Hall is conespecific with L. cruciata Coquillett (Diptera: Psychodidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 5, 267 - 268. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 5.2.267","Diaz-Najera, A. (1971) Presencia de Lutzomyia (L.) diabolica (Hall, 1936) en Muzquiz, Coahuila. Mexico (Diptera, Psychodidae). Revista de lnvestigacion en Salud Publica, Mexico, 31, 62 - 66.","Gustafson, T. L., Read, C. M., McGreevy, P. B., Pappas, M. G., Fox, J. C. & Lawyer, P. G. (1985) Human cutaneous leishmaniasis acquired in Texas. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 34, 58 - 63. https: // doi. org / 10.4269 / ajtmh. 1985.34.58","Lawyer, P. G., Young, D. G., Butler, J. F. & Akin, D. E. (1987) Development of Leishmania mexicana in Lutzomyia diabolica and Lutzomyia shannoni (Diptera: Psychodidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 24, 347 - 355. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 24.3.347","Endris, R. G., Young, D. G. & Perkins, P. V. (1987) Ultrastructural comparison of egg surface morphology of five Lutzomyia species (Diptera: Psychodidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 24, 412 - 415. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 24.4.412","McHugh, C. P. (1991) Distributional records for some North American sand flies, Lutzomyia (Diptera: Psychodidae). Entomological News, 102, 192 - 194.","Rosabal, R. & Miller, A. (1970) Phlebotomine sand flies in Louisiana (Diptera: Psychodidae). Mosquito News, 30, 180 - 187.","Young, D. G. (1972) Phlebotomine sandflies from Texas and Florida (Diptera: Psychodidae). Florida Entomologist, 55, 61 - 64. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3493648","Eads, R. B. (1978) Sandfly distribution in the United States, with a first record for Colorado (Diptera: Psychodidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 80, 538 - 542.","Chaniotis, B. N. (1978) Phlebotomine sandflies (family Psychodidae). In: Bram, R. A. (Ed.), Surveillance and collection of Arthropods of veterinary importance. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington, D. C., pp. 19 - 30.","Martins, A. V., Williams, P. & Falcao, A. L. (1978) American sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae). Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, Rio de Janeiro, 195 pp.","Lewis, D. J. (1975 a) Functional morphology of mouth parts in New World phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 126, 497 - 532. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1975. tb 00859. x","Forattini, O. P. (1971) Sobre a classificacao da subfamilia Phlebotominae nas Americas (Diptera, Psychodidae). Papeis Avulsos, Sao Paulo, 24, 93 - 111.","Forattini, O. P. (1973) Psychodidae, Phlebotominae, Leishmanioses, Bartonelose. In: Blucher, E. (Ed.), Entomologia Medica. Vol. IV. Editora Edgard Blucher & Editorada Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 658.","Young, D. G. & Perkins, P. V. (1984) Phlebotomine sand flies of North America (Diptera: Psychodidae). Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 44, 263 - 304.","Young, D. G. & Duncan, M. A. (1994) Guide to the identification and geographic distribution of Lutzomyia sand flies in Mexico, The West Indies, Central and South America (Diptera: Psychodidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 54, 1 - 881.","Ibanez-Bernal, S. (1999) Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) de Mexico. I. - Brumptomyia Franca y Parrot; Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) Franca, las especies de L. (Lutzomyia) Franca y del grupo Verrucarum. Folia Entomologica Mexicana, 107, 61 - 116.","Williams, P. (1999) Patterns in geographical distribution of members of the genus Lutzomyia Franca (Diptera, Psychodidae- Phlebotominae). In: Burger, J. F. (Ed.), Contributions to the knowledge of Diptera. Memoirs on Entomology, International, 14, 455 - 502.","Ibanez-Bernal, S. (2000 a) Los Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) de Mexico. Tesis doctoral, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 291 pp.","Ibanez-Bernal, S. (2005 a) Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) de Mexico. V. - Clave ilustrada para la identificacion de los machos de Lutzomyia Franca. Folia Entomologica Mexicana, 44, 49 - 66.","Ibanez-Bernal, S. (2005 b) Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) de Mexico. VI. - Clave ilustrada para la identificacion de las hembras de Lutzomyia Franca. Folia Entomologica Mexicana, 44, 195 - 212.","Godinez-Alvarez, A. & Ibanez-Bernal, S. (2010) Catalogo de Psychodidae (Diptera) de la Coleccion de Artropodos con Importancia Medica del InDRE, Secretaria de Salud, Mexico. Acta Zoologica Mexicana, New Series, 26, 99 - 121.","Galati, E. A. B. (2003) 2. Morfologia e Taxonomia, 2.1. Classificacao de Phlebotominae. In: Rangel, E. F. & Lainson, R. (Eds.), Flebotomineos do Brasil. Ed. FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 23 - 175.","Le Pont, F., Ibanez-Bernal, S. & Fuentes, C. (2011) Phlebotomes du Nicaragua. 3. Une nouvelle espece du genre Lutzomyia Franca, 1924 (Diptera, Psychodidae). Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France, 116, 271 - 276.","Ibanez-Bernal, S. & Ibarra-Juarez, L. A. (2016) Notes on phlebotomine sand flies of Michoacan, Mexico, with a key for the identification of species currently recorded from this state (Diptera: Psychodidae). Acta Zoologica Mexicana, New Series, 32, 49 - 54.","Shimabukuro, P. H. F., de Andrade, A. J. & Galati, E. A. B. (2017) Checklist of American sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae): genera, species, and their distribution. ZooKeys, 660, 67 - 106. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 660.10508","Galati, E. A. B. (2018) Phlebotominae (Diptera, Psychodidae): Classification, Morphology and Terminology of Adults and Identification of American Taxa. In: Rangel, E. F. & Shaw, J. J. (Eds.), Brazilian Sand Flies. Biology, Taxonomy, Medical Importance and Control. Springer International Publishing AG, Cham, pp. 9 - 212","Galati, E. A. B. (2021) Morfologia e terminologia de Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae). Classificacao e identificacao de taxons das Americas. Vol. I. Apostila da Disciplina Bioecologia e Identificacao de Phlebotominae do Programa de Pos- Graduacao em Saude Publica. Faculdade de Saude Publica da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 133 p. [http: // www. fsp. usp. br / egalati]"]}

Subgenus Lutzomyia (Tricholateralis) Galati, 1995 Tricholateralis Galati, 1995: 136 (as subgenus of Lutzomyia). Type species: Phlebotomus cruciatus Coquillett = Lutzomyia cruciata (Coquillett, 1907). Additional references: Galati (2003, listed, keys), Ibáñez-Bernal et al. (2015, diagnosis), Shimabukuro et al. (2017, listed), Galati (2018, listed, distribution by country, keyed), Galati (2021, classification, keys). Lutzomyia species group Cruciata: Theodor (1965), Martins et al. (1978). Lutzomyia (Helcocyrtomyia) species group Cruciata: Artemiev (1991). Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia): Young & Duncan (1994, in part), Ibáñez-Bernal (1999, in part). Lutzomyia (Tricholateralis) cruciata (Coquillett, 1907) cruciata Coquillett, 1907: 102 (as Flebotomus cruciatus). Type locality: Guatemala, Alta Vera Paz, Trece Aguas, Cacao. Flebotomus cruciatus Coquillett: Haseman (1907), Galvão & Coutinho (1940, taxonomy), Barretto (1947, catalogue, taxonomic history, distribution). Phlebotomus cruciatus Coquillett: Summers (1913, female), Shannon (1913, feeding habits), Shannon (1926, female), Pinto (1930, female), Costa Lima (1932, male), Pinto (1938, male), Bequaert (1938), Ortiz (1942), Floch & Abonnenc (1943, male), Fairchild (1943), Ortiz (1944), Fairchild & Hertig (1948a, male), Fairchild & Hertig (1953b, male and female), Biagi & Biagi (1953, Mexican distribution, habits, taxonomy), Vargas & Díaz-Nájera (1953b, Mexican distribution), Rosabal (1954, Costa Rica records), Fairchild (1955, listed), Fairchild & Hertig (1959, Central American distribution), Rosabal & Trejos (1964, El Salvador records), Rosabal & Trejos (1965), Biagi et al. (1965, mentioned), Biagi (1966, keys). Phlebotomus (Neophlebotomus) cruciatus Coquillett: Dyar (1929, male and female), Hall (1936, male). Brumptomyia cruciata (Coquillett): Lewis (1965, internal structures, Belize records). Lutzomyia cruciata (Coquillett): Theodor (1965, taxonomy, listed), Williams (1966, Belize transmission), Disney (1968, synonymy), Williams (1970, Belize records), Lewis (1971, listed), Young (1972, Florida records), May-Uc et al. (2011, Quintana Roo records), Pérez et al. (2014, Chiapas records). Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) cruciata (Coquillett): Forattini (1971, 1973, taxonomy, distribution), Eads (1978, listed), Martins et al. (1978, in part, distribution), Zeledón et al. (1982, Honduras records), Zeledón & Murillo (1983, Nicaragua records), Le Pont & Desjeux (1983), Young & Perkins (1984, keys, distribution), Murillo & Zeledón (1985), Porter et al. (1987), Endris et al. (1987, egg), Rowton et al. (1991), Young & Duncan (1994, taxonomy, references between 1947 and 1994, keys), Ibáñez-Bernal (1999, diagnosis, references, distribution), Williams (1999, listed, distribution), Ibáñez-Bernal (2000a, taxonomy), Rebollar-Téllez & Manrique-Saide (2001, Yucatán records), Rebollar-Téllez et al. (2004, Campeche records), Ibáñez-Bernal (2005a, 2005b, keys), Rebollar-Téllez et al. (2005, Campeche, abundance data), Rebollar-Téllez et al. (2006, Yucatán records), Pech-May et al. (2010, infection rates in Campeche), Sánchez-García et al. (2010, infection rates in Quintana Roo), González et al. (2011, distribution), Méndez-Pérez & Rebollar-Téllez (2012, morphological studies), Pech-May et al. (2013, population genetics study), Pérez et al. (2014, Chiapas records at coffee plantations). Lutzomyia (Tricholateralis) cruciata (Coquillett): Galati (2003, list, keys), Ibáñez-Bernal et al. (2011, Veracruz records), Ibáñez-Bernal et al. (2015, Chiapas records), Montes de Oca-Aguilar et al. (2017a, immature characteristics), Montes de Oca-Aguilar et al. (2017b, egg characteristics), Galati (2018, listed, keyed), Adeniran et al., (2019, bar-coding, Quintana Roo), Montes de Oca-Aguilar et al. (2019, morphometry variation), Lozano-Sardaneta et al. (2020, bar-coding, Veracruz), Galati (2021, classification, keys). General distribution. Belize, Brazil, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, United States of America (Shimabukuro et al. 2017; Galati 2018, 2021). Distribution in Mexico. Campeche, Chiapas, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo León, Oaxaca, Puebla, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosí, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatán. Additional references: Chiapas (Ibáñez-Bernal et al. 2015), Michoacán (Ibáñez-Bernal & Ibarra-Juárez 2016), Veracruz (IbáñezBernal et al. 2006, 2011), Quintana Roo (May-Uc et al. 2011; Adeniran et al. 2019), Chiapas, Guerrero, Michoacán, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosí, Tabasco, Veracruz (Godínez-Álvarez & Ibáñez-Bernal 2010)., Published as part of Ibáñez-Bernal, Sergio & Durán-Luz, Juana, 2022, An actualized catalogue of the Psychodidae (Diptera) of Mexico and their known distribution by state, pp. 347-408 in Zootaxa 5104 (3) on pages 357-358, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5104.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6332122, {"references":["Galati, E. A. B. (1995) Phylogenetic systematics of the Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) with emphasis on American groups. Boletin de la Direccion de Malariologia y Saneamiento Ambiental, 35 (1), 133 - 142.","Coquillett, D. W. (1907) Discovery of a blood sucking Psychodidae in America. Entomological News, 18, 101 - 102.","Galati, E. A. B. (2003) 2. Morfologia e Taxonomia, 2.1. Classificacao de Phlebotominae. In: Rangel, E. F. & Lainson, R. (Eds.), Flebotomineos do Brasil. Ed. FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 23 - 175.","Ibanez-Bernal, S., Munoz, J., Rebollar-Tellez, E. A., Pech-May, A. & Marina, C. F. (2015) Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of Chiapas collected near the Guatemala border, with additions to the fauna of Mexico and a new subgenus name. Zootaxa, 3994 (2), 151 - 186. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3994.2.1","Shimabukuro, P. H. F., de Andrade, A. J. & Galati, E. A. B. (2017) Checklist of American sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae): genera, species, and their distribution. ZooKeys, 660, 67 - 106. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 660.10508","Galati, E. A. B. (2018) Phlebotominae (Diptera, Psychodidae): Classification, Morphology and Terminology of Adults and Identification of American Taxa. In: Rangel, E. F. & Shaw, J. J. (Eds.), Brazilian Sand Flies. Biology, Taxonomy, Medical Importance and Control. Springer International Publishing AG, Cham, pp. 9 - 212","Galati, E. A. B. (2021) Morfologia e terminologia de Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae). Classificacao e identificacao de taxons das Americas. Vol. I. Apostila da Disciplina Bioecologia e Identificacao de Phlebotominae do Programa de Pos- Graduacao em Saude Publica. Faculdade de Saude Publica da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 133 p. [http: // www. fsp. usp. br / egalati]","Theodor, O. (1965) On the classification of American Phlebotominae. Journal of Medical Entomology, 2, 171 - 197. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 2.2.171","Martins, A. V., Williams, P. & Falcao, A. L. (1978) American sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae). Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, Rio de Janeiro, 195 pp.","Artemiev, M. M. (1991) A classification of the subfamily Phlebotominae. Parassitologia, 33, 69 - 77.","Young, D. G. & Duncan, M. A. (1994) Guide to the identification and geographic distribution of Lutzomyia sand flies in Mexico, The West Indies, Central and South America (Diptera: Psychodidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 54, 1 - 881.","Ibanez-Bernal, S. (1999) Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) de Mexico. I. - Brumptomyia Franca y Parrot; Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) Franca, las especies de L. (Lutzomyia) Franca y del grupo Verrucarum. Folia Entomologica Mexicana, 107, 61 - 116.","Haseman, L. (1907) A Monograph of North American Psychodidae, including Ten New Species and an Aquatic Psychodid from Florida. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 33, 299 - 333.","Galvao, A. L. A. & Coutinho, J. O. (1940) Contribuicao ao estudo dos flebotomos de Sao Paulo. Dipt. 1 ª. nota. Revista de Entomologia, 11, 427 - 440.","Barretto, M. P. (1947) Catalogo dos flebotomos Americanos. Arquivos de Zoologia, Sao Paulo, 5, 177 - 242.","Summers, S. L. M. (1913) A synopsis of the genus Phlebotomus. Journal of the London School of Tropical Medicine, 2, 104 - 116.","Shannon, R. C. (1913) Feeding habits of Phlebotomus vexator Coq. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 15, 165 - 166.","Shannon, R. C. (1926) The occurrence of Phlebotomus in Panama. Journal of the Washington Academy of Science, 16, 190 - 193.","Pinto, C. (1930) Phlebotomos. Arthropodes parasitos e transmissores de doencas, 2, 491 - 538.","Costa Lima, A. (1932) Sobre os phlebotomos americanos (Diptera: Psychodidae). Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 26, 15 - 69.","Pinto, C. (1938) Zoo-parasitos de interesse medico e veterinario. Pimenta de Mello & Cia, Rio de Janeiro, 376 pp.","Bequaert, J. (1938) The distribution of Phlebotomus in Central and South America. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication, 499, 229 - 235.","Ortiz, I. (1942) Revision historica de nuestros Phlebotomus con citacion de una especie (Phlebotomus cruciatus Coq.) nueva para Venezuela. Boletin del Laboratorio Clinico Luis Razetti, 3, 162 - 170.","Floch, H. & Abonnenc, E. (1943) Phlebotomes de la Guyane Francaise. VI. Table d'identification des Phlebotomes males americains. lnstitut Pasteur Guyane Francaise et du Territoire de l'Inini, 62, 1 - 9.","Fairchild, G. B. (1943) An annotated list of the blood-sucking insects, ticks and mites known from Panama. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 23, 569 - 591. https: // doi. org / 10.4269 / ajtmh. 1943. s 1 - 23.569","Ortiz, I. (1944) Contribucion al estudio de la entomologia medica del estado Falcon. Boletin del Laboratorio Clinico Luis Razetti, 5, 247 - 251.","Fairchild, G. B. & Hertig, M. (1948 a) Notes on the Phlebotomus of Panama (Diptera. Psychodidae). III. P. cruciatus Coq., trinidadensis Newst. and gomezi Nitz. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 41, 247 - 257. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 41.2.247","Fairchild, G. B. & Hertig, M. (1953 b) Notes on the Phlebotomus of Panama (Diptera, Psychodidae). Xl. The male of P. cruciatus Coq. and notes on related species. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 46, 373 - 385. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 46.3.373","Biagi, F. & Biagi, A. M. B. (1953) Algunos flebotomos del area endemica de leishmaniasis tegumentaria americana del E. de Campeche, (Mex.). Revista Medicina, Mexico, 24, 315 - 319.","Vargas, L. & Diaz-Najera, A. (1953 b) Lista de flebotomos mexicanos y su distribucion geografica (Diptera, Psychodidae). Revista del Instituto de Salubridad y Enfermedades Tropicales, Mexico, 13, 309 - 314.","Rosabal, R. (1954) Contribucion al estudio de los Phlebotomus de Costa Rica. (Diptera. Psychodidae). Tesis, Universidad de Costa Rica, Ministerio de Salubridad Publica, 3, 1 - 55.","Fairchild, G. B. (1955) The relationships and classification of the Phlebotominae (Diptera, Psychodidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 48, 182 - 196. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 48.3.182","Fairchild, G. B. & Hertig, M. (1959) Geographic distribution of the Phlebotomus sandflies of Central America (Diptera: Psychodidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 52, 121 - 124. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 52.2.121","Rosabal, R. & Trejos, A. (1964) Phlebotomus de El Salvador (Diptera, Psychodidae). l. Especies conocidas. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 12, 167 - 173.","Rosabal, R. & Trejos, A. (1965) Phlebotomus de El Salvador (Diptera, Psychodidae). II. Observaciones sobre su biologia con especial referencia a P. longipalpis. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 13, 219 - 228.","Biagi, F., Biagi, A. M. B. & Beltran, F. (1965) Phlebotomus flaviscutellatus transmisor natural de Leishmania mexicana. Prensa Medica Mexicana, 30, 267 - 272.","Dyar, H. G. (1929) The present knowledge of the American species of Phlebotomus Rondani (Diptera, Psychodidae). American Journal of Hygiene, 10, 112 - 124. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / oxfordjournals. aje. a 112742","Hall, D. G. (1936) Phlebotomus (Brumptomyia) diabolicus, a new biting gnat from Texas (Diptera: Psychodidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 38, 27 - 29.","Lewis, D. J. (1965) Internal structural features of some Central American phlebotomine sandflies. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 59, 375 - 385. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00034983.1965.11686322","Williams, P. (1966) Experimental transmission of Leishmania mexicana by Lutzomyia cruciata. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 60, 365 - 372.","Disney, R. H. L. (1968) Evidence that Lutzomyia diabolica Hall is conespecific with L. cruciata Coquillett (Diptera: Psychodidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 5, 267 - 268. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 5.2.267","Williams, P. (1970) Phlebotomine sandflies and leishmaniasis in British Honduras (Belize). Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 64, 317 - 368. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0035 - 9203 (70) 90171 - 9","Lewis, D. J. (1971) Phlebotomid Sandflies. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 44, 535 - 551.","Young, D. G. (1972) Phlebotomine sandflies from Texas and Florida (Diptera: Psychodidae). Florida Entomologist, 55, 61 - 64. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3493648","May-Uc, E., Hernandez-Arana, H. A. & Rebollar-Tellez, E. A. (2011) Distribucion de flebotominos (Diptera: Psychodidae) en Quintana Roo, Mexico. Acta Zoologica Mexicana, New Series, 27, 273 - 289. https: // doi. org / 10.21829 / azm. 2011.272753","Perez, J., Virgen, A., Rojas, J. C., Rebollar-Tellez, E. A., Castillo, A., Infante, F., Mikery, O., Marina, C. F. & Ibanez-Bernal, S. (2014) Species composition and seasonal abundance of sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) in coffee agroecosystems. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 109, 80 - 86. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 0074 - 0276130224","Forattini, O. P. (1971) Sobre a classificacao da subfamilia Phlebotominae nas Americas (Diptera, Psychodidae). Papeis Avulsos, Sao Paulo, 24, 93 - 111.","Forattini, O. P. (1973) Psychodidae, Phlebotominae, Leishmanioses, Bartonelose. In: Blucher, E. (Ed.), Entomologia Medica. Vol. IV. Editora Edgard Blucher & Editorada Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 658.","Eads, R. B. (1978) Sandfly distribution in the United States, with a first record for Colorado (Diptera: Psychodidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 80, 538 - 542.","Zeledon, R., Macaya, G., Ponce, C., Chavez, F., Murillo, J. & Bonilla, J. A. (1982) Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Honduras, Central America. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 76, 276. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0035 - 9203 (82) 90295 - 4","Zeledon, R. & Murillo, J. (1983) Anthropophilic sandflies of Nicaragua, Central America. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 77, 280. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0035 - 9203 (83) 90097 - 4","Le Pont, F. & Desjeux, P. (1983) Lutzomyia eliensis n. sp. (Diptera, Psychodidae) nouveau phlebotomme decouvert en Guyane Francaise. Cahiers ORSTOM, Serie Entomologie Medicale et Parasitologie, 21, 47 - 52.","Young, D. G. & Perkins, P. V. (1984) Phlebotomine sand flies of North America (Diptera: Psychodidae). Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 44, 263 - 304.","Murillo, J. & Zeledon, R. (1985) Flebotomos de Costa Rica. Brenesia: Museo Nacional de Costa Rica, 137 pp.","Porter, C. H., Steurer, F. J. & Kreutzer, R. D. (1987) Isolation of Leishmania mexicana mexicana from Lutzomyia ylephiletor in Guatemala. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 81, 929 - 930. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0035 - 9203 (87) 90355 - 5","Endris, R. G., Young, D. G. & Perkins, P. V. (1987) Ultrastructural comparison of egg surface morphology of five Lutzomyia species (Diptera: Psychodidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 24, 412 - 415. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 24.4.412","Rowton, E., Mata, M., Rizzo, N., Navin, T. & Porter, C. (1991) Vectors of Leishmania braziliensis in the Peten, Guatemala. In: Maroli, M. (Ed.), Proc. 1 \" lnt. Symp. Phlebotominae Sandflies, Rome, Parassitologia, 33, pp. 501 - 504.","Williams, P. (1999) Patterns in geographical distribution of members of the genus Lutzomyia Franca (Diptera, Psychodidae- Phlebotominae). In: Burger, J. F. (Ed.), Contributions to the knowledge of Diptera. Memoirs on Entomology, International, 14, 455 - 502.","Ibanez-Bernal, S. (2000 a) Los Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) de Mexico. Tesis doctoral, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 291 pp.","Rebollar-Tellez, E. A. & Manrique-Saide, P. (2001) New distributional record of Lutzomyia cruciata (Diptera: Phlebotomidae) in the state of Yucatan, Mexico. Entomological News, 112, 337 - 339.","Rebollar-Tellez, E. A., Manrique-Saide, P. C., Tun-Ku, E., Che-Mendoza, A. & Dzul-Manzanilla, F. A. (2004) Further records of phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Phlebotomidae) from Campeche, Mexico. Entomological News, 115, 283 - 291.","Ibanez-Bernal, S. (2005 a) Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) de Mexico. V. - Clave ilustrada para la identificacion de los machos de Lutzomyia Franca. Folia Entomologica Mexicana, 44, 49 - 66.","Ibanez-Bernal, S. (2005 b) Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) de Mexico. VI. - Clave ilustrada para la identificacion de las hembras de Lutzomyia Franca. Folia Entomologica Mexicana, 44, 195 - 212.","Rebollar-Tellez, E. A., Tun Ku, E., Manrique-Saide, P. & Andrade-Narvaez, F. J. (2005) Relative abundance of sandfly (Diptera: Phlebotominae) in two villages in the same area of Campeche, in southern Mexico. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 99, 193 - 201. https: // doi. org / 10.1179 / 136485905 x 16390","Rebollar-Tellez, E. A., Orilla-Moguel, H., Dzul-Manzanilla, F., Che-Mendoza, A., Manrique-Saide, P. & Zapata-Peniche, A. (2006) An update on the phlebotomid sandfly fauna from Yucatan, Mexico. Entomological News, 117, 21 - 24. https: // doi. org / 10.3157 / 0013 - 872 x (2006) 117 [21: auotps] 2.0. co; 2","Pech-May, A., Escobedo-Ortegon, F. J., Berzuna-Cruz, M. & Rebollar-Tellez, E. A. (2010) Incrimination of four sandfly species previously unrecognized as vectors of Leishmania parasites in Mexico. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 24, 150 - 161. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2915.2010.00870. x","Sanchez-Garcia, L., Berzunza-Cruz, M., Becker-Fauser, I. & Rebollar-Tellez, E. A. (2010) Sandflies naturally infected by Leishmania (L.) mexicana in the peri-urban area of Chetumal city, Quintana Roo, Mexico. 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(2013) Genetic structure and divergence in populations of Lutzomyia cruciata, a phlebotomine sandfly (Diptera: Psychodidae) vector of Leishmania mexicana in southeastern Mexico. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 16, 254 - 262. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. meegid. 2013.02.004","Ibanez-Bernal, S., Suarez-Landa, M. T. & Mendoza, F. (2011) An updated checklist of the phlebotomine sand flies of Veracruz, Mexico (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae). Zootaxa, 2928 (1), 29 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2928.1.3","Montes de Oca-Aguilar, A. C., Rebollar-Tellez, E. A., Piermarini, P. M. & Ibanez-Bernal, S. (2017 a) Descriptions of the immature stages of Lutzomyia (Tricholateralis) cruciata (Coquillett) (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae). Neotropical Entomology, 46, 66 - 85. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13744 - 016 - 0439 - 1","Montes de Oca-Aguilar, A. C., Mikery-Pacheco, O., Castillo, A., Rebollar-Tellez, E. A., Piermarini, P. M. & Ibanez-Bernal, S. (2017 b) Morphology variation of Lutzomyia cruciata eggs (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) in southern Mexico. Zootaxa, 4258 (5), 477 - 489. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4258.5.5","Montes de Oca-Aguilar, A. C., De Luna, E., Rebollar-Tellez, E. A., Piermarini, P. M. & Ibanez-Bernal, S. (2019) Morphological discontinuous variation and disparity in Lutzomyia (Tricholateralis) cruciata Coquillett, 1907 are not related to contrasting environmental factors in two biogeographical provinces. Zoomorphology, 138, 335 - 348. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00435 - 019 - 00450 - 8","Lozano-Sardaneta, Y. N., Paternina, L. E., Sanchez-Montes, S., Quintero, A., Ibanez-Bernal, S., Sanchez-Cordero, V., Bejarano, E. E. & Becker, I. (2020) DNA barcoding and fauna of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) from Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico. 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Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a parasitic infection caused by certain Leishmania spp and is endemic in the New world (Central and South America) and Old World (Africa and the Middle East) where it is transmitted via sandflies of the Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia species. We describe a case of a 61-year-old woman who presented with an asymptomatic red-brown papule on her lower back approximately one year after returning to the United States from a trip to Ethiopia and Cameroon. Polymerase chain reaction was performed on the biopsy material and identified Leishmania aethiopica. This case highlights an atypical location and demonstrates how to accurately diagnose and treat this parasitic infection.

The genus Bartonella encompasses several zoonotic species that cause emerging infectious diseases in humans. These species are transmitted to humans by hematophagous arthropods. In South America, sand flies are the most important vectors of Bartonella bacilliformis, the etiological agent of Verruga peruana. Due to the importance of bartonellosis in public health, the aim of this study was to detect Bartonella in wild populations of phlebotomine sand flies in southern Mexico. In total, 29 sand flies belonging to 6 species were collected. Only 2 specimens were positive, representing a prevalence of 8.69% (2/23). This appears to be the first report of Bartonella sp. in phlebotomine sand flies outside the endemic area of Verruga peruana in South America. Further studies are needed to clarify the relation between this bacterium and sand flies in Mexico.

Leishmania rely heavily on glycans to complete their digenetic life cycle in both mammalian and phlebotomine sand fly hosts. Leishmania promastigotes secrete a proteophosphoglycan-rich gel (Promastigote Secretory Gel, PSG) that is regurgitated during transmission and can exacerbate infection in the skin. Here we explored the role of PSG from natural Leishmania-sand fly vector combinations by obtaining PSG from Leishmania (L.) major-infected Phlebotomus (P.) papatasi and P. duboscqi and L. tropica-infected P. arabicus. We found that, in addition to the vector's saliva, the PSG from L. major and L. tropica potently exacerbated cutaneous infection in BALB/c mice, improved the probability of developing a patent cutaneous lesion, parasite growth and the evolution of the lesion. Of note, the presence of PSG in the inoculum more than halved the prepatent period of cutaneous L. tropica infection from an average of 32 weeks to 13 weeks. In addition, L. major and L. tropica PSG extracted from the permissive experimental vector, Lutzomyia (Lu.) longipalpis, also exacerbated infections in mice. These results reinforce and extend the hypothesis that PSG is an important and evolutionarily conserved component of Leishmania infection that can be used to facilitate experimental infection for drug and vaccine screening.

Leishmaniose visceral (LV) é uma doença grave que pode apresentar letalidade de 95%, é provocada pelo protozoário Leishmania infantum chagasi, transmitido pelas fêmeas de flebotomíneos do gênero Lutzomyia sp. e que afeta o homem e os animais, particularmente o cão doméstico. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a perfil epidemiológico de pacientes com (LV) notificados em hospital de referência de Teresina-PI, no período de 2007 a 2016. A pesquisa foi realizada no Núcleo de Vigilância Epidemiológica do hospital de estudo utilizando-se o banco de dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos e Notificação – SINAN. Os dados foram estruturados em questionário, compreendendo as variáveis, como: idade, sexo, município de residência, escolaridade, evolução do caso e presença de outros agravos como o HIV. Os resultados apontam que há relação entre infecção por (LV) e HIV, relação com o gênero, acometendo principalmente o sexo masculino, escolaridade abordando pessoas com o ensino fundamental incompleto e idade onde os pacientes são menores de 10 anos. Os notificados em sua maioria são de Teresina. Considera-se a necessidade de programas de combate à (LV), podendo-se pontuar a necessidade de novas investigações para subsidiar tais programas no Brasil, e contribuir para compreensão da epidemiologia desta doença.Palavras-chave: Leishmania. Zoonoses. Diagnóstico. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PROFILE OF PATIENTS WITH VISCERAL LEISHMANIOSIS NOTIFIED IN REFERENCE HOSPITAL IN TERESINA – PIABSTRACT: Visceral leishmaniasis (LV) is a serious disease that may present lethality of 95%, is caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum chagasi, transmitted by females of sand flies of the gender Lutzomyia sp. and which affects man and animals, particularly the domestic dog. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiological profile of patients with (LV) reported in a reference hospital in Teresina-PI in the period from 2007 to 2016. The research was carried out at the Center for Epidemiological Surveillance of the study hospital using the database of the System of Information of Injuries and Notification – SINAN. The data were structured in a questionnaire, including variables such as: age, sex, municipality of residence, schooling, case evolution and presence of other diseases such as HIV. The results indicate that there is a relationship between (LV) infection and HIV. related to gender, affecting mainly males, schooling addressing people with incomplete primary education and age where the patients are younger than 10 years. Most of them are from Teresina. It is considered the need of programs to combat (LV), and it is possible to point out the need for new research to subsidize such programs in Brazil, and contribute to the understanding of the epidemiology of this disease.Keywords: Leishmania. Zoonoses. Diagnosis.

Lutzomyia cruciata (Diptera: Phlebotominae) is an important Leishmania vector with wide distribution in America. However, geographical patterns of morphological variation of populations along its longitudinal and latitudinal distribution are still unknown. In this work, we quantified morphological variation and disparity in 243 specimens (females) from nine sample groups of Lu. cruciata from two biogeographical provinces in Mexico: Veracruzan Province (five groups) and Yucatan Peninsula Province (four groups). We registered two linear morphometric data of a reproductive structure (spermatheca) and one landmark configuration for wing shape. Our questions were if intraspecific morphological variation and disparity are related to contrasting environmental factors in these two provinces. First, our results from canonical variates analyses of the spermatheca and wing shape revealed more differences among groups of specimens within a biogeographic province than between. Second, our regression analyses revealed that morphometric variation is weakly related to 20 environmental variables considered for the two biogeographic provinces. Levels of morphological disparity in the spermatheca and wing shape within the two provinces are the same regardless of environmental homogeneity in the Yucatan Province or heterogeneity in the Veracruzan Province. These patterns of morphological variation and disparity weakly correlated with environmental variables suggest that intraspecific variation in Lu. cruciata is not clinal within a province. Subsequent investigations will be required to elucidate suspected correlations of local discontinuous phenotypes with genetic divergence within a biogeographical province.

Leishmania is a parasitic protozoan which is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected female Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia sand flies. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), caused by Leishmania major and L. tropica, is an endemic disease in many areas of Jordan and considered as a major public health problem. The political instability in the Syrian Arab Republic has resulted in the immigration of large number of refugees into Jordan where most of them resided in camps near the Syrian borders. Therefore, the main objective of the present study was to inspect Leishmania species/genotypes which are responsible for CL infections among Syrian refugees and compare them with the recovered species/genotypes isolated from Jordanian patients. Three molecular-based assays (ITS1-PCR-RFLP, Nested ITS1-5.8S rDNA PCR, and Kinetoplast DNA PCR) followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were undertaken and compared for their efficiency to confirm CL diagnosis and genotype the infecting Leishmania species. Thereafter, the evolutionary relationships among various Leishmania isolates from Syrian and Jordanian CL patients were elucidated. Results from the present study indicated that 20 and 9 out of the inspected 66 patients (39 Jordanian and 27 Syrian) were infected with L. major and L. tropica respectively. ITS1-PCR RFLP typing proved to be more sensitive in the detection of Leishmania species (positive in 44% of the isolates) compared to both ITS1-5.8S rDNA gene and Kinetoplast DNA PCR which were successful in identifying Leishmania species only in 23% and 33% of the isolates respectively. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of ITS1 and ITS1-5.8S rDNA genes revealed high levels of heterogeneity among the sequenced isolates. One sample typed as L. tropica from Jordanian patient showed high similarity with L. tropica sample isolated from a Syrian patient in a Lebanon refugee camp; therefore, the need for comprehensive studies to confirm if any new L. tropica strains might be introduced to Jordan by Syrian refugees is urgently indicated. These observations highlighted the need for further studies to clarify the risk status of species and strains which might be introduced from Syria to Jordan.

espanolResumen Los modelos de distribucion de especies son una poderosa herramienta que presentan diferentes aplicaciones. El presente trabajo aporta los patrones de diversidad espacial de los flebotominos en el estado Merida por medio del modelado aplicando el algoritmo de maxima entropia MaxEnt generando los mapas de distribucion de riqueza especifica y riqueza potencial del genero Lutzomyia en el estado Merida Venezuela y a partir de dichas distribuciones se proyectan los vacios de representatividad que es la ocurrencia de flebotominos en areas con insuficiente informacion. Para el analisis se creo una base de datos de presencia con 30 especies del genero Lutzomyia (Diptera: Psychodidae) capturados en diferentes puntos georrefenciados del estado Merida Venezuela. Los resultados muestran que las regiones de alta riqueza especifica y potencial correspondieron a la zona del valle del Mocoties, seguida por areas de la zona Panamericana del estado Merida. Mientras que los municipios pertenecientes a los Pueblos del Sur y municipios que comprenden al Paramo merideno presentaron los valores mas bajos de riqueza especifica y potencial. El analisis identifico vacios de representatividad, espacios probables de presencia de flebotominos del genero Lutzomyia en zonas sin registro de captura detectados en los municipios de los Pueblos del Sur, en municipios de la zona metropolitana y del Paramo Merideno. Se aportan datos sobre la biodiversidad de los flebotominos en el estado Merida importantes para los entes de control en la prevencion contra la leishmaniasis. EnglishSpecies distribution models are a powerful tool that presents different applications. This work contributes patterns spatial diversity of sandflies in the state of Merida by applying modeling algorithm of maximum entropy MaxEnt generating maps specific richness distribution and potential richness of the genus Lutzomyia in the state Merida Venezuela and from these distributions are projected gaps of representativeness sandflies occurrence in areas with insufficient record. For the analysis a database of presence with 30 species of the genus Lutzomyia (Diptera: Psychodidae) captured in different georeferenced points state Merida Venezuela was created. The results show that the regions of high specific and potential richness corresponded to the zone of the Mocoties valley, followed by areas of the Pan-American zone of Merida state. While the municipalities belonging to the Towns of the South and municipalities that comprise the Paramo Merida presented the lowest values of specific and potential richness. The analysis identified gaps of representativeness, probable spaces for the presence sandflies of genus Lutzomyia in areas without capture record detected in the municipalities of the Towns of the South, in municipalities of the metropolitan area and the Paramo Merida. Data on the biodiversity of sandflies in the Merida state are provided important for control agencies in the prevention of leishmaniasis.

The recognized action of some proteins present in the saliva of the phlebotomine dipteran vectors of Leishmaniasis, as modulators of the hemostatic, inflammatory and immune responses during the colonization of the protozoan in the host organism, created the expectation of formulating a vaccine against this disease. The present study aimed to provide an overview about researchs that deals with the role of phlebotomine saliva in Leishmania infections. A bibliographic search was carried out in PubMed, SciELO and LILACS databases. The articles listed address the following aspects of the vector’s saliva: intensification of infection; suppression and modulation of the host immune system; chemotaxis on phagocytic cells; induction of innate and adaptive immunity; isolation and characterization of immunoactive molecules and their possible protective function against Leishmaniasis. Efeitos imunomoduladores da saliva de flebotominio na infeccao por Leishmania : Revisao Resumo. A reconhecida acao de algumas proteinas presentes na saliva dos vetores flebotomineos da Leishmaniose, como moduladores das respostas hemostaticas, inflamatorias e imunes durante a colonizacao do protozoario no organismo hospedeiro, criou a expectativa de formular uma vacina contra essa doenca. O presente estudo teve como objetivo fornecer uma visao geral sobre pesquisas que abordam o papel da saliva de flebotomineos em infeccoes por Leishmania . Foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliografica nas bases de dados PubMed, SciELO e LILACS. Os artigos listados abordam os seguintes aspectos da saliva do vetor: intensificacao da infeccao; supressao e modulacao do sistema imune do hospedeiro; quimiotaxia em celulas fagociticas; inducao da imunidade inata e adaptativa; isolamento e caracterizacao de moleculas imunoativas e sua possivel funcao protetora contra a leishmaniose.

As leishmanioses são um grupo de doenças infecciosas que afetam humanos, animais domésticos (cães e gatos) e silvestres, causadas por protozoários do gênero Leishmania. A transmissão ocorre pela picada do mosquito do gênero Phlebotomus no Velho Mundo e Lutzomyia no Novo Mundo. A Leishmaniose Visceral Canina (LVC), a forma mais agressiva, é causa frequente de doença clínica em cães e, ocasionalmente em gatos. Seus reservatórios variam de acordo com a região, podendo ser animais domésticos ou silvestres. Leishmania infantum está presente do sul do México até a América do Sul. No caso da LVC, a recomendação do Conselho Federal de Medicina Veterinária é a eutanásia. O tratamento era considerado ilegal até 2013, quando houve autorização do tratamento pelo Tribunal Regional Federal da 3ª Região em todo País, desde que não se utilizassem medicamentos para o tratamento da leishmaniose humana. Tratar ou não, indicar ou não eutanásia é questão polêmica para os clínicos veterinários, pois o tratamento não elimina totalmente a carga parasitária dos animais, e trata-se de uma zoonose. Em Brasília, a leishmaniose visceral é considerada endêmica, considerando o comportamento epidemiológico e a confirmação da autoctonia dos casos humanos. No presente estudo, foi aplicado questionário para se avaliar a prática do tratamento dessa enfermidade, em clínicas veterinárias de pequenos animais de Brasília. Cinco delas realizam o tratamento da LVC. Todas recomendam o alopurinol, quatro a miltefosina, três a marbofloxacina e duas a anfotericina B e antimoniais pentavalentes. Duas clínicas se recusaram a responder o questionário, e outras duas não realizam o tratamento, recomendando eutanásia

Orientador: Ingrid Menz Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia Resumo: A incidência das leishmanioses tegumentar (LTA) e visceral americanas (LVA) em hospedeiros caninos e humanos encontra-se em crescente expansão no Brasil. Para a vigilância epidemiológica dessas endemias, é fundamental o conhecimento da distribuição das diferentes espécies vetoras de flebotomíneos e, para a LVA, o conhecimento de parâmetros epidemiológicos como a prevalência, incidência, período de incubação e potencial de transmissibilidade de Leishmania infantum chagasi no cão, seu principal reservatório. Objetivou-se assim esclarecer alguns aspectos epidemiológicos das infecções caninas, incluindo-se levantamento entomológico no município de Monte Mor, situado na região centro-leste do estado de São Paulo, além da obtenção de parâmetros epidemiológicos da LVA por estudo longitudinal de 105 cães em área endêmica para a doença em Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, por dois anos. Em Monte Mor, 319 amostras de soro canino foram avaliadas por ELISA e RIFI, sendo todas negativas para anticorpos anti-Leishmania, identificou-se sete espécies de flebotomíneos, com predomínio de Nyssomyia neivai (48,84%) considerada a principal transmissora do agente causador da LTA no interior paulista, além do diagnóstico de dois casos caninos de LTA, com sorologia reagente para ELISA FML e infecção por L. (Viannia) braziliensis. No estudo longitudinal dos 105 cães acompanhados por meio de avaliações clínicas, exames sorológicos (ELISA L. major-like, FML e S7) e parasitológicos diretos (esfregaços e PCR de aspirados de medula óssea e linfonodo e imunoistoquímica de pele) obteve-se prevalência sorológica inicial de 30,40% (145/477) no ELISA L. major-like e 26,28% (97/369) no ELISA FML. A prevalência da doença clínica (sintomáticos) foi de 7,13% (62/870), sendo que 24,53% (117/477) foram soropositivos no ELISA L. major-like, mas sem sintomas de leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC), demonstrando quantidade elevada de cães infectados assintomáticos na área. Ao final de 24 meses não se observou associação estatística significativa nas variáveis ambientais avaliadas no início do estudo e a ocorrência de casos de LVC, como a ocorrência prévia de LVA e/ou LVC no entorno ou na casa do proprietário, a existência de outras espécies animais na casa, o hábito intra ou peridomiciliar, o temperamento, a idade e o sexo do cão. A incidência de novas infecções variou de 11,76% (8/68), 11,76% (8/68) e 18,18% (12/66) respectivamente entre o Dia -30 e Zero, Dia Zero e Mês 12 por sorologia e Dia Zero e Mês 12 para os métodos diretos. A mortalidade natural e induzida via eutanásia de animais doentes e/ou infectados foi de 28,57% (30/105). O período de incubação médio foi de 6,46 meses. Alguns animais infectados com resultados positivos em prova diagnóstica de PCR e/ou prova de sorologia no início do estudo não apresentaram novos resultados positivos após 12 meses, indicando possível cura ou não estabelecimento da infecção. Observaram-se alguns animais com provas diretas positivas mostrando infecção assintomática por período de 24 meses. Obteve-se baixa prevalência de amastigotas em pele saudável, presente apenas em animais sintomáticos, enquanto que a ausência de amastigotas observada em cães portadores assintomáticos indica que os mesmos podem não ter papel importante na transmissão de parasitas ao flebotomíneo vetor Abstract: Cutaneous (ACL) and visceral american leishmaniasis (AVL) incidences in human and canine hosts are increasing and expanding in Brazil. In order to perform an adequate vigilance of these diseases, the knowledge regarding distribution of different sandfly vector species is mandatory, besides of precising epidemiological parameters like prevalence, incidence, incubation period and potential of transmissibility in the dog, the main reservoir for the AVL etiologic agent. This way, the objectives of this study were to clarify some epidemiological aspects of canine leishmaniases, including entomological surveillance in the county of Monte Mor, central east region of São Paulo state and performance of a longitudinal study in an AVL endemic area located in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul state, including 105 dogs in order to evaluate epidemiological data during two years. In Monte Mor county, 319 sera samples were analysed through in house developed ELISA and IFA methods. No seropositive result was found, seven different sandfly species were identified, prevailing Nyssomyia neivai (48.84%) considered the main vector for the ACL etiologic agent in São Paulo state countryside, and two dogs were diagnosed with ACL symptoms, presenting seropositivity through ELISA FML and positive identification of L. (Viannia) braziliensis infection using PCR. The longitudinal study was performed using clinical examination, serology (ELISA L. major-like, FML and S7) and direct diagnostic techniques (bone marrow and lymph node smears and PCR and immunohistochemistry in skin tissues) on dogs. A seroprevalence of 30.40% (145/477) at ELISA L. major-like and 26.28% (97/369) at ELISA FML was obtained at the pre-initial phase. Clinical disease prevalence was 7.13% (62/870), and 24.53% (117/477) dogs were seropositive at ELISA L. major-like, but asymptomatic, showing the high amount of infected healthy carriers. At the end of the 24 months period no significant association was found between visceral leishmaniasis (VL) canine cases with environmental variables evaluated at Day Zero like previous registration of human or canine VL on the study house or neighborhood, other domestic animal species at the backyard, intra or peridomiciliar, aggressive behavior, age or sex of the study dog. Incidence of infections varied from 11.76% (8/68), 11.76% (8/68) e 18.18% (12/66) respectively between Day -30 and Zero, Day Zero and Month 12 using serology and Day Zero and Month 12 for direct diagnostic methods. Natural and induced mortality through euthanasia of sick/infected dogs was 28.57% (30/105). The mean disease incubation period was 6.46 months. Some of the infected animals with positive diagnosis at the beggining of the study had no other positive results after 12 months, indicating a possible cure or an absence of infection establishment, while others had positive diagnosis at the beginning and at month 12 with asymptomatic condition for more than 24 months. A low Leishmania amastigotes prevalence at healthy skin was obtained and positive results were observed only in symptomatic animals. Absence of parasites in skin of asymptomatic carriers may indicate they have no important role on the transmission of Leishmania to competent vectors Doutorado Parasitologia Doutor em Parasitologia

BackgroundIn Brazil, due to new and complex epidemiologic scenarios, the focal and dynamic transmissions of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL) occur in different patterns, depending on location. An important example of this phenomenon is the widespread distribution and various behavior patterns of Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) whitmani, a vector that transmits three types of dermatropic leishmaniases: Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, Leishmania (Viannia) shawi and Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis. This study aims to correlate different types of Brazilian vegetation with the spatial distribution of L. (N.) whitmani in the areas representing Spatial Circuits of Production for American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL).MethodsIn order to evaluate the ACL vigilance and monitoring model in Brazil, the Ministry of Health has analyzed the Spatial Circuit of the disease until 2013, currently adopting a classification of ACL transmission in municipalities that is based on the composite indicator of tegumentary leishmaniasis (ICLT). For this study, a Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to integrate the layers of L. (N.) whitmani’s geographic distribution with vegetation cover and Spatial Circuits of ACL in Brazilian municipalities.ResultsOut of the 5570 Brazilian municipalities here analyzed, information on the L. (N.) whitmani was found for 862. The vector occurred in nearly all types of vegetation, with a widespread distribution in: Dense Ombrophilous Forests, Open Ombrophilous Forests (or transition forests), Seasonal Decidual Forests (or deciduous woods), Seasonal Semidecidual Forests (semideciduous woods) and Steppe. The vector was not found in Oligotrophic Woody Vegetation of the Marshes and of Sand Accumulation. ConclusionsThis ample presence of the vector reinforces the hypothesis that L. (N.) whitmani is a notable species, that can easily adapt to different environments.

Lutzomyia longipalpis and Lutzomyia cruzi are the main sandflies species involved in the transmission of Leishmania infantum protozoan in Brazil. The morphological characteristics can be used for species identification of males specimens, while females are indistinguishable. Although, sandflies identification is essential to understand vectorial capacity, and susceptibility to infectious agents or insecticides, there is a lack of new strategies for specimen identification. In this study, Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis identified intraspecific differences between Lutzomyia populations. Successfully group clustering was achieved by principal component analysis. The main differences observed can be related to the protein content of the specimens. A classification with 100% accuracy was obtained using machine learning approach, allowing the identification of sandflies specimens.

La leishmaniasis es un conjunto de enfermedades zoonóticas trasmitida a los humanos por la picadura de insectos hematófagos del género Lutzomyia. Su eco-epidemiología es compleja y los patrones de variación de su incidencia, en tendencia creciente, contradicen las propuestas anteriores de que el desarrollo socioeconómico y la urbanización eliminaría la enfermedad. Por el contrario, la vulnerabilidad de la población se ha visto afectada por los cambios demográficos y factores antropogénicos que, a su vez, transforman la dinámica y el flujo genético poblacional de los vectores y reservorios, modificando sus ciclos de transmisión. Por sus elevados números de casos y su progresiva expansión geográfica, la leishmaniasis es considerada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) una enfermedad parasitaria de carácter emergente o reemergente de alto impacto. Las incapacidades que genera esta enfermedad por mutilaciones y deformaciones no solo se traducen en pérdida de horas de productividad, sino también tienen el impacto incapacitante de la pérdida de salud y bienestar en la población que, en la mayoría de los casos, son desestimados por el desconocimiento del comportamiento epidemiológico que presenta. En este artículo se propone una reflexión sobre los factores que inciden en el ciclo de transmisión de las Leishmania spp, y el impacto que las misma pueda tener en la región del Darién, con lo cual pretendemos intentar dilucidar aspectos para la actualización de la información para Panamá y subrayar la importancia de la reflexión teórica ante cualquier tipo de intervención práctica relacionada con este tema.ABSTRACTLeishmaniasis is a group of zoonotic diseases transmitted to humans by the bite of blood-sucking insects of the genus Lutzomyia. It has a complex eco-epidemiology and the patterns of variation of its incidence in increasing trend, contradict the previous proposals that socioeconomic development and urbanization would eliminate the disease. Contrary sensu, the vulnerability of the population has been affected by demographic changes and anthropogenic factors that, in turn, transform the dynamics and population gene flow of vectors and reservoirs, modifying their transmission cycles. Due to a high number of cases and its progressive geographical expansion, leishmaniasis is considered by World Health Organization (WHO) to be an emerging or re-emerging parasitic disease with a high impact. The disabilities generated by this disease due to mutilations and deformations translate into lost hours of productivity, but, the disabling impact of the loss of health and well-being in the population, in most cases, are dismissed due to ignorance of epidemiological behavior. This article proposes a reflection on the factors that affect the transmission cycle of Leishmania spp, and the impact that they may have in the Darien region, with which we intend to try to elucidate aspects for updating information for Panama and underline the importance of theoretical reflection before any type of practical intervention related to this topic.

Background The two most abundant sand fly species on the Honduran Pacific coast are Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) longipalpis and Pintomyia (Pifanomyia) evansi. Both species are known vectors of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum, the etiological agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the Americas. Although VL and non-ulcerative cutaneous leishmaniasis (NUCL) are endemic on the Pacific versant of the Central American Pacific, the latter is the most frequent manifestation of leishmaniasis there. We evaluated the circulation of Leishmania spp. in the sand fly species on El Tigre Island, an endemic area of NUCL. Results We collected 222 specimens of six sand fly species. Lu. longipalpis (180 specimens; 81%) and Pif. (Pi.) evansi (35 specimens; 16%) were the most abundant species. L. (L.) infantum DNA was detected in nine of the 96 specimens analyzed; seven of these specimens were identified as Lu. longipalpis, and the remaining two were Pi.evansi, with an infection rate of 9.4% and 2.7%, respectively. Conclusion We present the first record of L. (L.) infantum DNA in Pi.evansi from a NUCL endemic region of Central America. Our results suggest that Pi. evansi could be a secondary vector of L. (L.) infantum in the transmission cycle of leishmaniasis. The detection of natural infections of L. (L.) infantum in sand flies in this region contributes to an understanding of the epidemiology of leishmaniasis in Honduras. Graphical Abstract

Dogs are the main urban reservoir of Leishmania infantum, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), which is transmitted by sand flies. In the state of Paraná, the first detection of a positive dog for VL was in 2014, this year Paraná lost free status for this disease (VL). The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Palotina, the occurrence of vectors that may transmit Leishmania infantum, and the number of notifications of human visceral leishmaniasis cases from period 2010 to 2020. To determine the occurrence of canine visceral leishmaniasis, blood samples from 204 dogs were analyzed using the rapid test DPP® to detect anti-L. infantum antibodies. To investigate the occurrence of potential vectors, monthly collections were made at 18 points within the urban area of the municipality. The number of human visceral leishmaniasis cases was investigated from Epidemiological Surveillance records. None of the serologically tested dogs showed positive titration. Only two specimens of Lutzomyia neivai, one of Lutzomyia sp. and four of Brumptomyia brumpti specimens were collected. No human visceral leishmaniasis cases were reported. These results suggest that there is no evidence of circulation of L. infantum in Palotina. Resumo Os cães são os principais reservatórios urbanos da Leishmania infantum, agente causador da leishmaniose visceral (VL), transmitida por vetores conhecidos como flebotomíneos. No Paraná, a primeira detecção de casos positivos caninos ocorreu em 2014, ano em que o Paraná perdeu o status de estado indene. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência da leishmaniose visceral canina no município de Palotina, a ocorrência de vetores que possam transmitir Leishmania infantum e o número de notificação de casos de leishmaniose visceral humana, no período de 2010 a 2020. Para determinar a ocorrência da leishmaniose visceral canina, amostras de sangue de 204 cães foram analisadas, utilizando-se o teste rápido (DPP®) para detectar anticorpos anti-L. infantum. Com o objetivo de investigar a ocorrência de potenciais vetores, coletas foram realizadas mensalmente em 18 pontos na área urbana do município. O número de casos de leishmaniose visceral humana foi investigado a partir de registros da Vigilância Epidemiológica. Nenhum cão testado foi positivo no teste sorológico. Apenas dois espécimes de Lutzomyia neivai, uma de Lutzomyia sp. e quatro de Brumptomyia brumpti foram coletados. Nenhum caso de leishmaniose visceral humana foi notificado. Esses resultados sugerem que não há evidência da circulação de L. infantum em Palotina.

It is registered for the first time, the encounter ofLutzomyia edwardsi(Mangabeira) species of sandfly considered as a probable vector ofLeishmania(Viannia)braziliensis(Vianna), main etiological agent of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans, for the municipality of Sumidouro, State of Rio of Janeiro. Leishmaniasis is currently considered a neglected tropical disease in the Americas. The objective of this study was to know the phlebotomine fauna in an area of Atlantic forest, with a cave in this municipality. From the sandflies collected, in 2009 and 2010, with a light trap, type CDC it is reported in a unique way, the encounter of a femaleL. edwardsi, infected with nematodes in a cave in the locality of São Caetano, in Sumidouro, state of Rio of Janeiro, Brazil. The description of sandfly and nematodes was carried out. The presence of this species in areas of leishmaniasis cases in the municipality of Sumidouro and its surroundings, requires the adoption of relevant entomological and / or epidemiological surveillance, by the Municipal Health Department of the region, when registering this disease.

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is a vector-borne disease caused by Leishmania species and transmitted by infected female sand flies. CL is widely distributed in Brazil, but knowledge about vectors and transmission cycles could be complex according to localities. The sand fly fauna in Rondonia State is extensive, diverse, and largely unexplored. Although the state records a mean of 1,000 CL cases per year, the vectors of CL are unknown. The aim of this study was to assess phlebotomine sand fly fauna composition using diversity indexes (Shannon [H’] and Simpson [1/D]) and to detect the prevalence of Leishmania infection to verify potential vectors in three ecotopes: (i) forest fragment (FF), (ii) forest edge (FE), and (iii) peridomicile (PE). Captures were performed in four rural districts in the municipality of Porto Velho. A total of 7,026 specimens were captured comprising 72 species, and individuals classified in subgenus level. Overall, the most abundant species were Lutzomyia davisi (n: 1,105), Lutzomyia melloi (n: 760), Lutzomyia auraensis (n: 738) and Lutzomyia antunesi (n: 479). Fauna was most diverse in the FF ecotope (H’ = 20.2, 1/D = 11.2), followed by the FE (H’ = 18.0, 1/D = 10.1) and PE (H’ = 16.6, 1/D = 10.1) ecotopes. Leishmania DNA was detected in 24 of 232 pools. In every ecotope, Leishmania naiffi DNA was identified in the following sand fly species: Lu. antunesi, Lu. davisi, Lu. hirsuta hirsuta, Lu. shawi, Lu. sordellii and Lu. (Trichophoromyia) spp. This observation may indicate that a Le. naiffi transmission focus is present in the study localities. In addition, Leishmania lainsoni was detected in Lutzomyia (Trichophoromyia) spp. Our findings show that sand fly fauna in the study localities is diverse, that Leishmania parasites are circulating in all three ecotopes, and that some sand fly species may be implicated in the transmission of Leishmania to humans in localities evaluated.

A Leishmaniose Tegumentar Americana - LTA vem causando graves problemas à saúde pública em todo país. Por isso, esta dissertação de mestrado tem como objetivo apresentar estudos sobre a Geografia Médica e as doenças infecto-parasitárias. São mostrados dados sobre os aspectos ambientais, a fauna flebotomínica e a variação sazonal dos flebotomíneos em áreas de transmissão da LTA na Bacia do Rio Araguari no Município de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais. Também são propostas medidas de vigilância ambiental em saúde para prevenir e de controlar a doença no Município. A Geografia Médica como disciplina visa estudar a distribuição e a prevalência das doenças na superfície da Terra. Foram identificados 11 locais como áreas de ocorrência da LTA na Bacia do Rio Araguari no Município de Uberlândia, por meio do levantamento das fichas de pacientes diagnosticados com LTA no Município (casos autóctones). Nestes locais, de 7 de outubro de 1999 à 18 de janeiro de 2001 foram realizadas 60 capturas de flebotomíneos, perfazendo um total de 226 horas. Para capturar os flebotomíneos, utilizaram-se armadilhas CDC (Center on Disease Control) e Shannon, nas quais foram capturados 8 657 flebótomos, de dois gêneros (Lutzomyia e Brumptomyiá) e 13 espécies, sendo 2 284 espécimes machos e 6 373 fêmeas. A espécie mais abundante foi a Lutzomyia intermedia, com 8 602 flebotomíneos, o que eqüivale a 99,36%, enquanto que as demais espécies representam apenas 0,64%. Para observar a variação sazonal dos insetos realizaram-se 4 capturas de 15 horas cada tendo início às 16h e término às 7h do dia seguinte, em 4 épocas do ano: frio úmido (maio, 2000) frio seco (junho, 2000) quente seco (outubro, 2000) e quente chuvoso (janeiro, 2001). A Lutzomyia intermedia foi a espécie incriminada como vetora responsável pela transmissão da LTA no Município de Uberlândia. Por isso há necessidade da implantação um Sistema de Vigilância Ambiental em Saúde com medidas preventivas e de controle dos flebotomíneos para diminuir o risco de aumentar o número de casos humanos da doença no Município de Uberlândia. American cutaneous leishmaniasis - LTA has caused serious problems to people’s health all around the country. This work has the objective to present some studies on Medicai Geography and on infector-parasite diseases. It shows data about the environment aspects, the phlebotominic fauna and the seasonal variation of the phlebotomine in the transmition areas of LTA in the Araguari River Basin, in Uberlândia, Minas Gerais. The work intends to suggest environmental vigilance measures conceming to health as a preventive measure and disease control. Medicai Geography aims to study the distribution and prevalence of diseases in the world. Eleven places were identified as occurrence areas of LTA in the Araguari River Basin in the city of Uberlândia. Data were taken from the patients records which were diagnosed as having LTA. (autochthonous cases) In those places from October 7th, 1999 iq January 18th, 2001, 60 phlebotomine were captured in 226 hours. Capturing the phlebotomine. CDC (Center on Disease Control) and Shannon traps were used in which 8,657 phlebotomine were caught. They belong to two genders, (Lutzomyia and Brumptomyia\ 13 species being 2,284 male and 6,373 female. The prevalent species was Lutzomyia intermedia, with 8 602 phlebotomine, representing 99.36%, while the other species accounted for 0.64%. To observe the insects’ seasonal variation 4 fifteen-hour collecting were made (from 4 p.m. to 7 a.m.) in four periods of the year, that is, humid (May, 2000), Cold and dry (June, 2000), Warm and dry (October, 2000) and Warm and rainy (January, 2001). Lutzomyia intermedia was the species found as the vector, responsible for the transmission of LTA in the city of Uberlândia. For that reason there is the necessity of a Health Environmental Vigilance System implantation with preventive measures to control phlebotomine in order to diminish the risk of increasing the human cases of that disease in the city of Uberlândia. Dissertação (Mestrado)

Phlebotomine sand flies employ an elaborate system of pheromone communication wherein males produce pheromones that attract other males to leks (thus acting as an aggregation pheromone) and females to the lekking males (sex pheromone). In addition, the type of pheromone produced varies among populations. Despite the numerous studies on sand fly chemical communication, little is known of their chemosensory genome. Chemoreceptors interact with chemicals in an organism’s environment to elicit essential behaviors such as the identification of suitable mates and food sources. Thus, they play important roles during adaptation and speciation. Major chemoreceptor gene families, odorant receptors (ORs), gustatory receptors (GRs) and ionotropic receptors (IRs) together detect and discriminate the chemical landscape. Here, we annotated the chemoreceptor repertoire in the genomes of Lutzomyia longipalpis and Phlebotomus papatasi, major phlebotomine vectors in the New World and Old World, respectively. Comparison with other sequenced Diptera revealed a large and unique expansion where over 80% of the ~140 ORs belong to a single, taxonomically restricted clade. We next conducted a comprehensive analysis of the chemoreceptors in 63 L. longipalpis individuals from four different locations in Brazil representing allopatric and sympatric populations and three sex-aggregation pheromone types (chemotypes). Population structure based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and gene copy number in the chemoreceptors corresponded with their putative chemotypes, and corroborate previous studies that identified multiple populations. Our work provides genomic insights into the underlying behavioral evolution of sexual communication in the L. longipalpis species complex in Brazil, and highlights the importance of accounting for the ongoing speciation in central and South American Lutzomyia that could have important implications for vectorial capacity., Author summary Phlebotomine sand flies are the primary vectors of Leishmania parasites, the causative agents of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. Due to the lack of vaccines, control of leishmaniasis relies upon reducing human exposure to sand flies. Sand flies produce sex-aggregation pheromones that elicit robust olfactory behaviors, and the molecular targets for pheromone detection remain unknown. We identified chemoreceptors in the genomes of L. longipalpis and P. papatasi, and used these gene models to explore chemoreceptor evolution in 63 L. longipalpis individuals representing different pheromone types. These analyses identified genomic loci underlying chemosensory behavior in sand flies. This paves the way for understanding the sand fly species diversity at the molecular level, and functional characterization of these candidate genes will isolate and identify chemostimuli that can directly be tested as potential attractants for odor-baited traps.

Aiming to compare and update the sand fly fauna of Portão de Pedra site, Sumidouro District, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, and considering the environmental changes occurred, the biology and ecology of the local sandfly species were examined five years later as a complementary study carried. Captures were made in the cave, surroundings of cave and forest of the region, from 6 p.m. to 6 a.m. 2 3 2 3 sandflies of eigth species of the Lutzomyia were captured: L. gasparviannai, L. edwardsi, L. tupynambai, L. hirsuta, L. whitmani, L. migonei, L. intermedia, Lutzomyia. sp and one species of the Brumptomyia Kind: B. brumpti. In 2009 and 2010 were collected 1756 samples from ten species of the former genus and two of the second. L. gasparviannai was predominant, in the three collection sites, in both periods. Five species implicated as vector of Leishmania: L. intermedia, L. whitmani, L. migonei, L. hirsuta and L. davisi have been collected in the area. Poisson regression and ANOVA were used to perform statistical analysis of species most relevant. The record of L. intermedia and a case of American tegumentary leishmaniasis are relevant to public health of municipality and of state of Rio de Janeiro.

In the United States, phlebotomine sand flies carrying Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana are endemic along the southern border. However, relatively little is known about the enzootic and zoonotic transmission of L. (L.) mexicana within the United States, and autochthonous cases of the consequent disease are rarely reported. We investigated an atypical case of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by L. (L.) mexicana in a patient from central Texas which did not respond to a typical antileishmanial chemotherapy. We also investigated sand fly vectors around the patient's residence. PCR followed by DNA sequencing was used for determination of Leishmania spp., sand fly species, and host blood meal source. The L. (L.) mexicana genotype from the patient was identical to one found in a positive sand fly. Moreover, this genotype presented the same single-nucleotide polymorphisms as other historical CL cases acquired in Texas over the last 10 years, but distinct from those originating in Mexico and Central America. Three sand fly species were identified among the samples analyzed (n = 194), the majority of which were Lutzomyia (Dampfomyia) anthophora (n = 190), of which four specimens tested positive for Leishmania and two blood-fed specimens showed the presence of a human blood meal. This study highlights the complexity of clinical management of CL in a setting where the disease is infrequently encountered. The detection of human blood in Lu. (D.) anthophora is the first documentation of anthropophagy in this species. This is the first report of wild-caught, naturally infected sand flies found in association with an autochthonous case of human leishmaniasis and the specific strain of Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana in the United States.

Sandflies are known for having vector species of the tropical disease Leishmaniasis, a disease which is of an endemic nature in Western Boyacá, where the town of Otanche is one of the main source of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis.To identify the species of sandfly present in an endemic area of cutaneous leishmaniasis in West Boyacá.The search and collection of sandflies was carried out using CDC gravid traps, over a period of twelve hours (18:00- 06:00). Identification was carried out by revising the genitalia on both male and female samples under a microscope. The distribution took as reference households with a history of people infected with this disease, locating them intra, peri and extra domicile.Were recollected 361 individuals (252 females and 109 male), belonging to 9 genres and 16 species. 60% of all recollected phlebotominae consists ofIt was established that, due to its abundance and vector precedent for the country and the area under study,Los flebótomos, son conocidos por tener especies vectoras de la enfermedad tropical Leishmaniasis, enfermedad que se presenta con carácter endémico en el occidente del departamento de Boyacá, donde el municipio de Otanche es uno de los principales focos de leishmaniasis cutánea.Identificar las especies de flebótomos presentes en una zona endémica de leishmaniasis cutánea en el occidente del Boyacá.La búsqueda y recolección de los flebótomos se realizó con trampas CDC durante doce horas (18:00- 06:00), tomando como referencia viviendas con antecedentes de personas que hubieran tenido la enfermedad, ubicándolas en el intra, peri y extradomicilio. La identificación se realizó por medio de revisión del órgano genital de machos y hembras al microscopio.Se colectaron 361 individuos (252 hembras y 109 machos), pertenecientes a 9 géneros y 16 especies, de las cuales, el 60% de toda la flebótomofauna recolectada está representada porSe estableció, que por sus altas abundancias y por sus antecedentes vectoriales para el país y para la zona de estudio

Background Sand flies are vectors of Leishmania spp., the causative agents of leishmaniasis in vertebrates, including man. The sand fly saliva contains powerful pharmacologically active substances that prevent hemostasis and enhance Leishmania spp. infections. On the other hand, salivary proteins can protect vaccinated mice challenged with parasites. Therefore, sand fly salivary proteins are relevant for the epidemiology of leishmaniasis and can be a potential target for a vaccine against leishmaniasis. Despite this, studies on sand fly salivary glands (SGs) are limited. Methods The present study analyzes, in detail, the morphology, anatomy and ultrastructure of the SGs of sand fly vectors of the genera Lutzomyia and Phlebotomus. We used histology, transmission and scanning electron microscopy and lectin labeling associated with confocal laser microscopy. Results The SGs have conserved and distinct morphological aspects according to the distinct sand fly species. Each SG has a single rounded lobe constituting of c.100–120 secretory cells. The SG secretory cells, according to their ultrastructure and lectin binding, were classified into five different subpopulations, which may differ in secretory pathways. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, these morphological details of sand fly salivary glands are described for the first time. Further studies are necessary to better understand the role of these different cell types and better relate them with the production and secretion of the saliva substances, which has a fundamental role in the interaction of the sand fly vectors with Leishmania.

Current knowledge of sand fly salivary components has been based solely on Lutzomyia and Phlebotomus species which feed mainly on mammals; their hyaluronidases and apyrases were demonstrated to significantly affect blood meal intake and transmission of vector-borne pathogens. Members of the third sand fly genus Sergentomyia preferentially feed on reptiles but some of them are considered as Leishmania and arboviruses vectors; however, nothing is known about their salivary components that might be relevant for pathogens transmission. Here, marked hyaluronidase and apyrase activities were demonstrated in the saliva of a Sergentomyia schwetzi colony maintained on geckos. Hyaluronidase of S. schwetzi cleaved hyaluronan as the prominent substrate, and was active over a broad pH range from 4.0 to 8.0, with a sharp peak at pH 5.0. SDS PAGE zymography demonstrated the monomeric character of the enzyme, which remained active in reducing conditions. The apparent molecular weight of 43 kDa was substantially lower than in any sand fly species tested so far and may indicate relatively low grade of the glycosylation of the enzyme. The apyrase of S. schwetzi was typical strictly Ca2+ dependent Cimex -family apyrase. It was active over a pH range from 6.5 to 9.0, with a peak of activity at pH 8.5, and had an ATPase/ADPase ratio of 0.9. The apyrase activity increased during the first 3 days post-emergence, then reached a plateau and remained relatively constant until day 8. In comparison with a majority of Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia species tested to date, both the hyaluronidase and apyrase activities of S. schwetzi were relatively low, which may reflect an adaptation of this sand fly to blood feeding on non-mammalian hosts.

The richness and abundance of sand fly species were studied in northeastern Brazil in areas of leishmaniasis transmission. The study was carried out in two forest areas with different deforestation times for agricultural and livestock activities: one modified by long-term settlement (more than 50 years of occupation) and another less impacted by short-term settlement (10 years). The sand flies were captured with CDC light traps from 18:00 to 06:00 for three consecutive nights, once a month, from May, 2012 to April, 2014. The study captured 21,708 specimens and also 33 species of Lutzomyia and two of Brumptomyia. Species richness and abundance were higher in the more conserved area of short-term occupation (31 species; 61.7%) than in the more degraded area with long-term occupation (17 species; 38.3%). In the most conserved area, the species richness was higher in the forest fragment than in the rural settlement, whereas in the degraded area the richness was higher in the peri-domicile than in the forest. The diversity was higher in the degraded area forest. There were significant statistical differences when comparing the means of total abundance with the intra-domicile, peri-domicile, and forest environments. The average abundance was statistically higher in the peri-domicile compared to the forest (p = 0.009), but there were no statistically significant differences between intra-domicile-peri-domicile (p = 0.11) and forest-intra-domicile (p = 0.87). In conclusion, a change in vegetation cover negatively affects the richness and abundance of sand flies in the natural environment.

The medical and veterinary importance of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) follow as a result of some species ability to transmit the zoonotic protozoa of the genus Leishmania. Of all municipalities in the state of Mato Grosso, Sinop ranks first in reported cases of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL). Sinop urban zone encompasses three permanent forest preservation areas (APPs) that provide refuge for insects and other vertebrate hosts. We assessed ecological parameters and investigated the natural infection by Leishmania spp. of the phlebotomine fauna from four ecotypes with different levels of urbanization in the urban area of Sinop. A total of 62,745 sand flies were collected, of which 52.34% female. Out of 37 species in this study, nine were found to be constant. Sand flies frequency and diversity were highest in APPs (96.85%; 33 species). Lutzomyia dasypodogeton was the most frequent species and exhibited the greatest abundance (SISA = 0.977). The neighborhoods around APPs and completely urbanized neighborhoods presented noteworthy ecological similarity. Moreover, eight vector sand fly species with medicalwere identified, and one L. antunesi sample pool was found to be naturally infected with Le. hertigi. We observed a high frequency and diversity of sand flies, including some species that are known to be major vectors of ACL. Further studies are needed on the natural rates of infection in humans, domestic animals, and sylvatic hosts to better comprehend the leishmaniases dynamics.

The sand fly Lutzomyia (L.) longipalpis has been implicated as the primary vector of Leishmania infantum, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis VL. In addition, it has been associated with atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis transmission in the Neotropic and Central America, respectively. The existence of a L. longipalpis complex species has been suggested with important implications for leishmaniasis epidemiology; however, the delimitation of species conforming it remains a topic of controversy. The DNA Barcoding Initiative based on cox1 sequence variation was used to identify the MOTUs in L. longipalpis including previously described L. pseudolongipalpis. The genetic variation was analyzed based on tree and distance methods. Fifty-five haplotypes were obtained from 103 sequences which were assigned to MOTUs, with a clear separation and a high correspondence of individuals to the groups. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analysis showed eight MOTUs (100% bootstrap) with high genetic divergence (12.6%). Data obtained in the present study suggest that L. longipalpis complex consists of at least 8 lineages that may represent species. It would be desirable perform additional morphological and molecular analysis of L. longipalpis from Coloso (Caribbean ecoregion) considering that specimens from that area were grouped with L. pseudolongipalpis one of the complex species previously described from Venezuela, which has not been registered in Colombia.

Phlebotomine sand flies are considered the main vectors of Leishmania, the causal agents of leishmaniasis, which is a serious emerging public health problem worldwide. The use of biological control alternatives, like endosymbiotic bacteria (Wolbachia and Rickettsia), have been proposed to decrease sand fly populations and reduce Leishmania transmissions, yet only few records on the detection of Wolbachia or Rickettsia in sand flies are available worldwide. The aim of this study was to perform the molecular detection of Rickettsial agents associated with sand flies from the last patch of a rainforest in south-eastern Mexico, where a high prevalence of Leishmania infantum has been reported. Sampling effort of sand flies covered 300 trap-nights between 2011 and 2013, and a total of 925 specimens from twelve species were morphologically identified. Using PCR techniques, we identified a new lineage of the endosymbionts Rickettsia in Psathyromyia aclydifera (prevalence of 19.54%), and Wolbachia in Psathyromyia shannoni and Lutzomyia sp. (prevalence of 25%). The detected Wolbachia lineage was similar to the wWhi strain found in Pa. shannoni from Colombia and Nyssomyia whitmani from Brazil; whereas the identified Rickettsia represents a new lineage worldwide. This is the first record of Rickettsial agents associated to sand flies from this region, yet it remains for analysed if these bacteria possibly play a role as vector control agents, capable of reducing the sand fly populations in Mexico.

A polymerase chain reaction-based method was used to screen sandflies for infection with Wolbachia (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae), an intracellular bacterial endosymbiont found in many arthropods and filarial hosts. Positive results were obtained in five of 200 field-collected sandflies and were confirmed by sequencing. All sandflies were Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) captured in a region endemic for visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. This is the first study to identify Wolbachia infection in this Lutzomyia species, which is the main vector of leishmaniasis in the study area. The low infection rate found in this study (2.5%), together with the lack of detection of Wolbachia in previous studies and the diversity found in the sequences analysed, suggests horizontal transmission to these sandflies.

The Lutzomyia subgenus (Diptera: Psychodidae) includes sibling species with morphologically indistinguishable females. The aims of this study were to analyse variations in the size and shape of wings of species within the Lutzomyia subgenus and to assess whether these analyses might be useful in their identification. Wings (n = 733) of 18 species deposited in Brazilian collections were analysed by geometric morphometrics, using other genera and subgenera as outgroups. Shape variation was summarized in multivariate analyses and differences in wing size among species were tested by analysis of variance. The results showed significant variation in the sizes and shapes of wings of different Lutzomyia species. Two clusters within the Lutzomyia subgenus were distinguished in analyses of both males and females. In Cluster 1 (Lutzomyia ischnacantha, Lutzomyia cavernicola, Lutzomyia almerioi, Lutzomyia forattinii, Lutzomyia renei and Lutzomyia battistinii), scores for correct reclassification were high (females, kappa = 0.91; males, kappa = 0.90), whereas in Cluster 2 (Lutzomyia alencari, Lutzomyia ischyracantha, Lutzomyia cruzi, Lutzomyia longipalpis, Lutzomyia gaminarai and Lutzomyia lichyi), scores for correct reclassification were low (females, kappa = 0.42; males, kappa = 0.48). Wing geometry was useful in the identification of some species of the Lutzomyia subgenus, but did not allow the identification of sibling species such as L. longipalpis and L. cruzi.