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In this paper monetary risk measures that are positively superhomogeneous, called star-shaped risk measures, are characterized and their properties studied. The measures in this class, which arise when the controversial subadditivity property of coherent risk measures is dispensed with and positive homogeneity is weakened, include all practically used risk measures, in particular, both convex risk measures and Value-at-Risk. From a financial viewpoint, our relaxation of convexity is necessary to quantify the capital requirements for risk exposure in the presence of liquidity risk, competitive delegation, or robust aggregation mechanisms. From a decision theoretical perspective, star-shaped risk measures emerge from variational preferences when risk mitigation strategies can be adopted by a rational decision maker.

What drives short-term credit spreads: credit risk, liquidity risk, or both? We investigate this issue using the structural approach to credit risk modeling and a novel data set of secondary market transaction prices for Chinese commercial papers (CPs). In particular, we propose and test a structural model with jump risk and exogenous market illiquidity under which the predicted yield spreads can be decomposed into a credit component and a liquidity component. We find that credit risk and, especially liquidity risk, are important determinants of short-term yield spreads. Our model-based decomposition results show that, on average, credit risk and market liquidity account for about 25% and 52% of CP yield spreads, respectively. For comparison, we also examine the drivers of the US CP yield spreads using security-level data. We find that credit risk accounts for a small fraction of the observed yield spreads but liquidity contributes a much greater proportion.

This study aimed to determine the impact of liquidity risk on financial performance of Jordanian banks, where liquidity risk was measured by (Liquidity ratio, net working capital, cash and investment ratio to total deposits), and financial performance was also measured through the index (return on assets) and the modifying variable (bank size) measured through the natural logarithm of total assets was also added. To achieve the objectives of the study, the analytical quantitative approach was adopted. The study community consisted of all 13 commercial banks listed on the Amman Stock Exchange. All banks in the study community were selected as a study sample using the comprehensive survey method, and the statistical analysis program (SPSS) was used to test the study hypotheses. Based on the results of the statistical analysis, it was found that there was an impact of liquidity risk on financial performance measured by return on assets in Jordanian commercial banks listed on Amman Stock Exchange, and there was an impact for each of (current liquidity ratio, net working capital, cash and investment ratio to total deposits) on financial performance measured by return on assets in Jordanian commercial banks listed on Amman Stock Exchange. It was also found that the size of the bank contributes to modifying the effect of liquidity risk on financial performance measured by return on assets in Jordanian commercial banks listed on Amman Stock Exchange. The study concluded a set of recommendations, the most important of which are: commercial bank administrations should increase interest in exploiting their liquidity within acceptable risk limits to reach optimal ratios for financial performance by balancing the returns to be achieved with the potential risks of such expenses in a way that ensures the positive impact of liquidity risk on the financial performance of those banks.

This paper investigates the effect of market and liquidity risks on corporate bond pricing in Turkey, an emerging market, and in Europe. Results show that corporate bond returns have exposure to liquidity factors and not to market factors in both settings. Corporate bonds issued in Turkey have significant exposure to fluctuations in benchmark treasury bond liquidity and corporate bond market liquidity; while corporate bonds issued in Eurozone have exposure to equity market liquidity and are sensitive to fluctuations in a 10-year generic government bond liquidity. The total estimated liquidity risk premium is 0.7% per annum for Turkish “A” and above graded corporate bonds, and 1.08% for the last investment grade level (BBB-) long term bonds. For Eurozone, the total liquidity risk premium is 0.27% for investment grade 5-10 year term bonds, 1.05% for high-yield 1-5 year term bonds and 1.02% for high-yield 5-10 year term category. Key words: Corporate bond, Liquidity risk, Credit spread, Risk premium. JEL: G12, G13.

Introduction: Commercial banks in Nigeria are more engrossed with profit maximization and as such they tend to neglect the importance of liquidity management. This eventually leads to financial indebtedness and consequently low patronage and deposit flight. Purpose: This study examined the effect of liquidity management on profitability of commercial banks in Nigeria using data obtained from the financial statements of tier 1 banks over the period 1998 to 2018. Methodology: The study employed the correlational research design and engaged the Johansen test with the vector error correction model to access the long run and short run relationship among the variables. Findings: The results of the Johansen test revealed at most two cointegrating equations among the variables, while result of vector error correction revealed a positive effect of liquidity on return on asset and return on equity but a negative effect on net profit margin. Results revealed a fairly stable trend in the liquidity and profitability indicators from 1998-2018 and concluded that banks controlled enough liquidity to serve their obligations. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study recommends that the central bank of Nigeria should maintain the regulation over the minimum liquidity of commercial banks as this affects their profitability.

Purpose - This study aims to determine the effect of intellectual capital and bank risk on the performance of maqashid sharia based Islamic banking in Indonesia (An empirical study on Islamic Commercial Banks registered in Financial Services Authority (OJK) in 2017-2019).Method - This study used secondary data and used the multiple linear regression analysis method. The sample used was the purposive sampling method with the results of 12 Islamic Commercial Bank (BUS) as a sample of 14 BUS populations.Result - The results of this study stated that iB-VACA had a significant adverse effect on MSI variable; iB-VAHU had a positive but not significant effect on MSI variable; iB-STVA had an insignificant negative effect on MSI variable; CAR had an insignificant negative effect on MSI variable, and FDR had a positive but not significant effect on MSI variable.Implication - Islamic banking is advised to optimize its intangible assets and estimate the risks that will occur, as well as to pay attention to its sharia objectives to increase company value and performance.Originality - The secondary data source of this research is obtained from the official website of OJK, and financial report data is obtained from the website of each BUS.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the influence of financial flexibility (FF) on enterprise performance (EP) within Taiwan’s hospitality industry during the COVID-19 shock and explore whether EP varies with hospitality industry characteristics. Design/methodology/approach Secondary data of 39 Taiwan Stock Exchange-listed hospitality firms were collected from the Taiwan Economic Journal databases. Quantile regression analysis was applied to examine the FF-EP relationship Findings The results evidence that there is a U-shaped (convex) FF-EP relationship for hospitality firms in the 10th, 25th and 50th Tobin’s Q quantiles and in asset-heavy firms. For asset-light firms, FF has an inverted U-shaped (concave) effect on EP in the 90th Tobin’s Q quantile Practical implications The empirical results highlight the need for Taiwan’s hospitality industry as a whole to take rolling adjustment and optimization of FF and concentrate on liquidity risk management after the COVID-19 pandemic and for long-term sustainability. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is one of the first to examine the nonlinear FF-EP relationship in the hospitality industry of Taiwan, particularly amid the COVID-19 shock. Moreover, this study extends current literature by revealing the hospitality industry’s FF-EP relationship and highlights the importance of the pandemic crisis context.

The sea is of paramount importance in the life of man and peoples. Since ancient times, it has represented a tool for communication between nations, a link for civilizational meeting between them, and a source of sustenance. Man’s need and interest in exploiting this wealth moves his curiosity and ambitions to think and search for means that contribute and help in expanding the scope of maritime exploitation and consolidating relations between countries more and more. The maritime field was among the important areas touched by industrial and technological development, especially in the field of maritime transport, which led to the emergence of giant ships capable of embarking on sea voyages and thus moving foreign trade in a positive way. The aim of the research is to know the extent to which ship hull insurance is related to the liquidity and profitability of the National Insurance Company, and where the main research problem is manifested in the extent to which ship hull insurance is linked to the liquidity and profitability of the National Insurance Company. Only the research relied on the questionnaire as a tool for all data and information from the sample of 64 and those who have responsibility are (General Director, Department Director, Division Officer, Unit Officer) and the statistical program was used spss 21 in the calculation standard deviation, simple linear regression, testF ) R² (. The conclusions reached by the research are the evaluation of the degree of risk surrounding the ship and the evaluation of the degree of classification in the classification record is based on which the insurance price for the structures of marine vessels is determined, which shows that the degree of risk varies up and down according to the type of ship, origin, shipping lines, and the experience of the crew and the master. The results of the study also showed the existence of a strong correlation between the liquidity variable and profitability in the respondents' response to the research sample in the National Insurance Company, as there is no profitability without the presence of liquidity and good liquidity expresses the company's ability to meet the payment of its obligations. (*) An extracted thesis, which is part of the requirements for obtaining a higher diploma equivalent to a master’s degree. There are also a number of recommendations, including; Adoption of a unified plan for all insurance branches. To measure the liquidity risk in order to ensure that the company is protected from bankruptcy or its exit from the insurance market in the event of a financial crisis again.

The study examined the determinants of liquidity management in twelve Nigerian banks during 2009–2018. Liquidity ratio (LQR) and deposit to asset ratio (DAR) were used as surrogates for liquidity management. As the potential liquidity management determinant indicators, five bank-specific variables (capital adequacy, size, asset quality, profitability and deposit growth) and three macroeconomic variables (GDP growth rate, inflation rate and interest rate) were used as proxies. Results from balanced fixed effects least square regression analytical technique show that size, profitability, GDP growth rate and inflation rate are important liquidity determinants in Nigerian banks. Specifically, bank size has a positive and significant influence on LQR, while GDP growth rate and inflation rate exhibit a negative and significant relationship with LQR. It further reveals a positive and significant relationship between profitability (ROA) and DAR. It is recommended that banks’ management should focus attention on both bank-specific (size and profitability) and macroeconomic (GDP growth and inflation rate) factors when deciding appropriate liquidity management strategy to be adopted. These four variables have the capacity to influence the profitability, sustainable growth and survival of banks operating in a volatile business environment such as Nigeria.

This research investigates the effects of shadow banking on the relation between capital and liquidity creation in China's banking industry. We consider three trust beneficiary rights as the proxies for shadow bank activities, which transform risky corporate loans into interbank loans inside the banking system. Findings present that these activities tend to exaggerate the regulatory capital ratios and liquidity creation measures and then distort the relationship between capital and liquidity creation ratios. The result shows that before removing the influence of shadow banking, banks with a lower capital ratio would engage in more liquidity creation, thus supporting the financial risk-taking hypothesis. By contrast, the risk-absorption hypothesis exists whereby banks would engage in more liquidity creation when they have a higher capital ratio if we consider the effect of shadow banking. Our study also contributes to policymaking by indicating that a failure to use correct information for the assessments of capital and liquidity creation can lead to false conclusion that China's banks are safe, which further mislead any regulatory policy.

Purpose: The study sought to investigate the effect of liquidity risk management on financial performance of state owned enterprises in Kenya. Materials and Methods: The study adopted a desktop methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library Results: The results revealed that the studies done had conceptual framework gap. The study also found out that the study had geographical gap because they were not conducted in Kenya and also had different time scope Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study will be significant to state owned enterprises, students, general public and State Corporations Advisory Committee as it will offer contributions from both a theoretical and practical perspective. Regulatory bodies such as SCAC as well as the government can utilize the findings from the study to improve on the framework for policy formulation and regulation. The study also recommends the Commercial and manufacturing state Corporations to adopt efficient strategies to improve financial performance through risk management process.

The article identifies the significance and relationship of the state of liquidity management of commercial bank (CB) in providing its financial security (FS). The subsystems of scientific support, as well as normative-legal, organizational, methodical, managerial, information-analytical, personnel and technological supports of the liquidity management system are critically analyzed in CB. There are positive / negative impact of these subsystems on the financial security of commercial bank (FSCB) in general and its components such as: debt, currency, deposit, investment, credit, tax, resource security, security in the field of international settlements and payments, as well as security of income and expenses and CB liquidity.

Purpose Capital, risk and liquidity are the vitality of the banking industry, which can improve the efficiency of banking and promote the efficiency of resource allocation. The purpose of this study is to examine how Basel III new liquidity ratios affect bank capital and risk adjustments and how banks respond to the new liquidity rules. Design/methodology/approach The authors adopted the system generalized method of moments (GMM) to examine how Basel III new liquidity ratios affect bank capital and risk adjustments and how banks respond to the new liquidity rules. Based on the call reports data from banks, GMM was used to test the hypotheses that new liquidity ratios affect bank capital and risk adjustments, as well as how banks respond to the regulation. Findings The results indicate banks targeted capital, risk and liquidity and simultaneously coordinate short-term adjustments in capital and risk. New liquidity measures enable banks to coordinate risk and liquidity decisions. Short-term adjustments in new liquidity rules inversely impact bank capital. Short-term adjustments in new liquidity rules inversely impact bank capital and capital adjustments adversely affect changes in the liquidity coverage ratio (LCR). Research limitations/implications The primary results revealed that Ghanaian banks simultaneously coordinate and target capital, risk exposure and liquidity level. Also, capital adjustments positively influence risk adjustments and vice versa while bidirectional negative coordination exists between bank capital and risk on one hand and liquidity on the other hand. Short-term adjustments in new liquidity rule inversely impact bank capital and capital adjustments adversely affect changes in the LCR. The findings partially confirm the theoretical predictions of Repullo (2005) regarding the negative links between capital, risk and liquidity but the authors have higher capital induces higher risk. Practical implications Banks should balance off their targeted risk and liquidity in order not to sacrifice capital accumulation for liquidity. Originality/value This research offers new contributions in the research of bank management of capital and liquidity toward banks during a financial crisis from a theoretical perspective and trust management from an applicative perspective.

Виявлення та оцінка підприємницького ризику, визначення рівня його суттєвості та впливу на функціонування суб’єктів господарювання різних організаційно-правових форм і форм власності можливе за належно організованої системи внутрішнього контролю. Основною метою внутрішнього контролю є забезпечення своєчасного виявлення та аналіз підприємницького ризику, достовірність релевантної інформації, цілісність активів, дотримання нормативно-правових засад, внутрішніх політик і процедур, виконання планів та ефективне використання ресурсів. Визначено особливості методологічного інструментарію внутрішнього контролю виявлення та оцінки ризиків відповідно до характеру й структури процесів підприємницької діяльності, на основі чого сформовано зміст показників: ймовірність появи ризиків та величина можливих втрат. Встановлено, що підприємницький ризик слід розглядати як інтегрований ризик, який має об’єктивно враховувати три основні категорії ризику – кредитний, операційний та ринковий ризик (ризик ліквідності), що дасть змогу охопити не тільки фінансово-економічні аспекти функціонування суб’єктів господарювання, а й соціальні та екологічні. На основі моделювання даних системи бухгалтерського обліку із одночасним зіставленням виробничих балансів, які відображають структуру та аспекти різних господарських процесів підприємства, запропоновано обліково-аналітичне забезпечення внутрішнього контролю економіко-екологічного ризику із урахуванням трьох видів ризиків та рівнем впливу системи внутрішнього контролю на ризик. Таке забезпечення має універсальний характер та дозволить певною мірою відчути вплив сукупного підприємницького ризику та на основі мобілізації внутрішніх і зовнішніх ресурсів створити й регулювати суб’єктами внутрішнього контролю резервної системи підприємства як основного інструменту нейтралізації рівня і ступеня сукупного підприємницького ризику.

PurposeThis study investigates the interrelationships between efficiency, competition and risk in the Chinese banking industry.Design/methodology/approachParametric stochastic frontier analysis is used to estimate bank efficiency; the Lerner index is used as the competition indicator; accounting ratios and a translog function are used to measure different types of risk and finally, the three-stage least square estimator is used to investigate the interrelationships.FindingsThe results of this study show that the impact of competition on different types of risk is significant and positive, while there is a significant and positive impact of credit risk, liquidity risk and capital risk on bank competition. In addition, the findings demonstrate that the interrelationships between efficiency and competition are significant and negative. The authors do not find any robust interrelationships between different types of risk and different types of efficiency; the authors find that diversification and higher levels of profitability reduce bank credit risk. The results suggest that a higher developed banking sector reduces the level of bank competition in China.Originality/valueThis is the first piece of research that comprehensively investigates the interrelationships between different types of risk, competition and different efficiencies in China.

As opposed to the "low beta low risk'' convention, we show that low beta stocks are illiquid and exposed to high liquidity risk. After adjusting for liquidity risk, low beta stocks no longer outperform high beta stocks. Although investors who ``bet against beta'' earn a significant beta premium under the Fama--French three- or five-factor models, this strategy fails to generate any significant returns when liquidity risk is accounted for. Our work helps understand the beta premium from a new liquidity-risk perspective, and draws useful implications for both fund and corporate managers.

This study investigates how the 2018-currency crisis in Turkey, which exacerbated the borrowing costs, has affected the liquidity management of a sample of 186 Turkish listed firms. The results rev...

We consider the optimal dynamic liquidity management of a financially constrained firm when its existing shareholders are risk neutral but ambiguity averse with respect to the firm’s future cash flows. The shareholders’ ambiguity aversion generates endogenous time-varying worst-case beliefs that overweight recent cash flow realizations, thereby providing a microeconomic foundation for extrapolation bias. Moreover, shareholders’ ambiguity aversion has different implications on firms’ liquidity management and recapitalization policies than risk. Models with risk alone imply that higher cash flow volatility increases firms’ payout and refinancing thresholds. By contrast, our model predicts that, when ambiguity-averse shareholders face a higher long-term cash flow uncertainty, they optimally reduce firms’ payout and refinancing thresholds. The implications for investment are also studied. This paper was accepted by Agostino Capponi, finance.

This study was on the effect of liquidity risk on the investment of the Nigerian insurance industry. The specific objectives of the study were to examine the effect of liquidity risk on insurance industry investments in federal government securities; and evaluate the effect of liquidity risk on insurance industry investments in stocks and bonds. The research design applied was Ex-post facto design. Hypotheses formulated were tested using the Ordinary Least Squares statistical technique. It was found that liquidity risk did not have a positive and significant effect on insurance industry investments in federal government securities. Also, liquidity risk did have a positive and significant effect on insurance industry investments in stocks and bonds. Based on the findings it was concluded that liquidity risks affect insurance industry investment in Stocks and Bonds but not investment in federal government securities. In line with the findings of the study, it was recommended that the insurance industry should not put in more resources in federal government securities. It is not a very attractive financial instrument and tends to sell based on the performance of the government team in power. In addition, the insurance industry should mix their purchase of Stocks and Bonds with both local and foreign financial instruments. This will aid the industry to have a diversified portfolio and that can bring in foreign currency returns

In this article, we account for the liquidity risk in the underlying assets when pricing European exchange options, which has not been considered in the literature. An Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process with the mean -reversion property is selected to model the market liquidity risk, whose impacts on the underlying assets are assumed to be imposed with a liquidity discount factor. Under this framework, we develop a simplified approach to obtain the pricing formula, a distinguishing feature of which is that it does not require any numeraire change. We first transform the exchange option's pricing PDE into a pricing PDE of the European vanilla option, which is then solved in closed-form using the characteristic function approach. Finally, we present accuracy tests and sensitivity analysis to demonstrate the correctness of the formula and the influence of introducing the liquidity risk on exchange options, respectively.

Objective – This paper uses a sample of annual observations of European banks to examine whether the liquidity risk affects a bank’s risk-taking behavior and its future loan growth. Methodology – A sample of European banks (27 member countries of the European Union plus U.K.) over the period of 2005 to 2019 are used in this study. Liquidity risk is measured by the ratio of liquid assets to total assets. Given the longitudinal nature of the data, the authors use panel regression with bank fixed effects to control for unobserved characteristics that might affect the dependent variable. Findings – The authors find that banks holding more liquid assets take less risk and show a higher subsequent loan growth rate. These results hold for both small and large banks. Novelty – To the authors’ best knowledge, this is one of the earliest studies to carefully examine the effects of liquidity risk on risk-taking behavior and loan growth rate for European banks. Our research suggests that the current Basel III requirement on liquidity ratio can decrease bank’s risking-taking behavior while not necessarily impact their future loan growth. Type of Paper: Empirical JEL Classification: G21, G01, G18. Keywords: Bank Liquidity Risk; Risk-taking Behavior; Loan Growth; Basel III

Research background: We examine the dividend payout policies across companies listed on the main stock exchanges in Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS). Unlike the highly developed capital markets, the literature regarding dividend policy on BRICS? stock exchanges is scarce. Purpose of the article: The purpose of this paper is threefold: verification of the existence of dividend smoothing pattern; selection of the significant drivers that affect both dividend levels and dividend smoothing; examination of differences between dividend policy of cross- and single-listed companies. Methods: Based on a dataset of 564 companies that paid dividends for at least 11 consecutive years in the period of 1995?2015, we apply a GMM two-step estimator to assess the speed of dividend adjustment (SOA) coefficient. Further we employ the linear panel regression to indicate the individual and market determinants of the dividend levels and SOAs. In the latter case, we base on time series of the SOAs obtained from the rolling estimation technique. Finally, we conduct separate estimations for cross-listed companies. Findings & value added: We confirm a moderate level of dividend smoothing within BRICS countries. Among the firm-level characteristics affecting the SOA the most important are: ownership dispersion, age and size of a firm, retained earnings, leverage, long term debt, asset tangibility, liquidity risk ratio, and issuing the depositary receipts (DR). Two relevant market factors are found: market capitalisation and turnover in relation to GDP. Similar characteristics have a significant impact on dividends? levels in the entire sample, whereas in the subsample of cross-listed companies fewer variables are significant. Our paper is the first comprehensive attempt to investigate the dividend policy and determinants of dividend smoothing among BRICS countries.

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menguji hubungan antara risiko likuiditas, risiko kredit dan kinerja keuangan, melalui penerapan konsep nilai catur purusa artha sebagai dasar pengelolaan risiko, pada BUMDes Dwi Tunggal Kabupaten Buleleng. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode regresi linier berganda. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa risiko likuiditas berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja keuangan. Sedangkan risiko kredit tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja keuangan. Implementasi nilai catur purusa artha dengan dharma sebagai dasar pengelolaan risiko, mendorong pengelola BUMDes, mempunyai komitmen yang sama dalam membangun kesadaran pengendalian risiko. Strategi inilah yang akhirnya menekan risiko kredit, yang menyebabkan turunnya NPL dan risiko likuiditas tetap terjaga.

Banks in low-income countries face severe liquidity risk due to volatile deposits, which destabilize their funding, and dysfunctional liquidity markets, which induce expensive interbank and central bank lending. Such liquidity risk dissuades the transformation of short-term deposits into long-term loans and deters long-term investment. To validate this mechanism, we exploit a Sharia-compliant levy in Pakistan, which generates unintended and quasi-experimental variation in liquidity risk, with data from the credit registry and firm imports. We find that banks with a stronger exposure to liquidity risk lower their supply of long-term finance, which reduces the long-term investment of connected firms.

The objective of the study is to show the remedial effect of bank liquidity risk in the marketplace by disseminating financial information and practicing corporate governance mechanisms. The link between financial disclosure, corporate governance, and banks' liquidity risk management in Bangladesh is examined in this paper. The study used panel data on 32 commercial banks from the 2008 to 2018 with 346 observations collected from published annual reports. Based on the preliminary diagnosis, the study chose the two-stage least squares (2SLS) regression method to minimize the errors arising from heteroskedasticity, autocorrelation, and endogeneity issues. The study found that adequate financial disclosure and corporate governance practices minimize bank liquidity risk to maintain a stable image in the minds of investors and withstand immense regulatory pressure. To allow banks to detect issues early, they must implement changes quickly and be more robust to crises, thus risk management efficacy and excellent corporate governance implementation are required. Moreover, banks are mainly concerned about liquidity risk as it directly affects the market's performance and stability. Liquidity crises can be eradicated by proper monitoring and providing information pertaining to risks to prudent investors in a reliable and transparent corporate culture.

In this note, we establish necessary and sufficient conditions for second-order stochastic dominance of linear combinations of two Bernoulli random variables. We relax the assumptions of exchangeab...

This study using the multivariate linear regression model based on the ordinary least squares method (OLS) to estimate the internal factors affecting profitability of 9 listed banks on Vietnam Stock Market for the period from 2008 to 2016. A sample with 81 observations was used in study model, and Return on assets (ROA) is used to measure banks’ profitability in the study model. The results indicated that capital size and loan have a positive and significant effect on bank profitability, and asset size, deposits, liquidity risk and bad debts have a negative and significant impact on bank profitability. These findings suggest that banks can improve their profitability through increasing capital size and loan, remaining asset size, deposits, liquidity risk and bad debts reasonably. These findings allow authors to give some solutions to support Vietnam commercial banks increasing their profitability in integration era

We model competition for liquidity provision between high-frequency traders (HFTs) and slower execution algorithms (EAs) designed to minimize investors’ transaction costs. Under continuous pricing, EAs dominate liquidity provision by using aggressive limit orders to stimulate HFTs’ market orders. Under discrete pricing, HFTs dominate liquidity provision if the bid-ask spread is binding at one tick. If the tick size (minimum price variation) is not binding, EAs choose between stimulating HFTs and providing liquidity to non-HFTs. Transaction costs increase with the tick size but can be negatively correlated with the bid-ask spread when all traders can provide liquidity. This research is supported by National Science Foundation grant 1,352,936 (jointly with the Office of Financial Research at the US Department of the Treasury) and National Science Foundation grant 1,838,183.

This study used empirical facts and assessed the trade-off of profitability versus liquidity (and vice versa) for five commercial banks in Nigeria. Multivariate research design, regression analysis, Ordinary Least Square, and correlation coefficient approaches were used to apply quantitative methodologies to data collected. Amongst the population of twenty-two banks, Zenith, First, United Bank for Africa, Guaranteed Trust and Union Banks were chosen as case studies for this study using a purposive sample approach. Secondary data was gathered from their five-year annual reports, which were published between 2015 and 2019. The correlation coefficient was employed to test the hypothesis, which revealed that there was a statistically perfect correlation (positive and negative) between LA (loans), BA (bank advances), and MDI (marketable debt instruments) against PAT (profit after tax) and ROA (return on assets). Furthermore, since banks strive to maintain their current assets, the findings revealed that efficient liquidity management is a key determinant that may boost or impair a bank’s profitability. To avoid future insolvency and bankruptcy, this study recommends that these banks use contemporary and effective liquidity management strategies amid the current post-pandemic environment. In addition, while focusing on the same topic of research, interested scholars should make significant use of a broader data coverage area.

A central counterparty (CCP) interposes itself between buyers and sellers of financial contracts to extinguish their bilateral exposures. Therefore, central clearing and settlement through a CCP should affect how financial institutions engage in financial markets. Though, financial institutions’ interactions are difficult to observe and analyze. Based on a unique transaction dataset corresponding to the Colombian peso non-delivery forward market, this article compares—for the first time—networks of transactions agreed to be cleared and settled by the CCP with those to be cleared and settled bilaterally. Networks to be centrally cleared and settled show significantly higher connectivity and lower distances among financial institutions. This suggests that agreeing on central clearing and settlement reduces liquidity risk. After CCP interposition, exposure networks show significantly lower connectivity and higher distances, consistent with a reduction of counterparty risk. Consequently, evidence shows CCPs induce a change of behavior in financial institutions that emerges as two distinctive economic structures for the same market, which corresponds to CCP’s intended reduction of liquidity and counterparty risks.

The modern specifics of the temporarily free funds management on Unified Treasury Account of the Federal budget have been analysed. The assessment of the possibility and expediency of using of the income part received from the management of these funds to transfer to the Pension Fund of Russia budget as an additional factor in balancing its income and expenditure obligations, – has been made. An analysis of the current legislation has shown that the Pension Fund of Russia is not included in the number of recipients of income shares from managing balances on a single treasury account. In this regard, an estimate of the approximate amount of income from managing balances on a single treasury account based on open data has been made. It is proposed to include the Pension Fund of Russia in process of distributing these revenues since their value is sufficient to cover up to 10 % of the budget deficit of the Pension Fund of Russia.

The purpose of this paper is to identify the impact of risk indicators of insurance companies listed on the Palestine Stock Exchange on earnings per share over the period 2010–2017. The sample consists of seven insurance companies listed on the Palestine Stock Exchange. The data was analyzed using the OLS regression technique. This helps to determine the relationship between the independent variable (earnings per share) and the dependent variables (liquidity risk, capital risk, rate of risky assets). The results show that the liquidity risk has a positive impact on earnings per share, while capital risk and rate of risky assets have a negative impact. This means that insurance companies listed on the Palestine Stock Exchange can achieve an acceptable balance between the liquidity risk index and the earnings per share in a way that does not prevent them from fulfilling their obligations. The findings of this study are demonstrated using figures and diagrams. The study recommends that insurance companies need to pay extra attention to risks and identify effective policies to deal with risks and reduce their impact, especially capital risk and the rate of risky assets. This is because these factors negatively affect earnings per share. The results of this study will be useful to relevant stakeholders in the sector. AcknowledgmentWe would like to thank the Palestine Technical University for their continuous and valuable support.

We analyze the hoarding of reserves by Sub-Saharan African (SSA) banks while nonfinancial firms struggle to access credit. Using country-level data, we show that SSA bank reserves are structurally associated with insufficient credit demand. We highlight asymmetric liquidity management practices, where banks hoard reserves in low demand states, while states of excess demand are not associated to decreasing reserves. Moreover, liquid assets holdings are related to the extent of disequilibrium on credit markets, possibly reflecting a rationing behavior in states of excess demand. We do not confirm the usually alleged precautionary motive for reserves holdings based on deposit volatility. However, SSA banks, to some extent, manage their liquid assets buffers to withstand repeated episodes of deposit outflows. Our results suggest that the structural policies facilitating the access to the credit market may lead banks to displace the reserves toward the private sector, while short-term risk management concerns might be of secondary importance in explaining reserve hoarding.

Risks of payment system of banking institutions of Ukraine are considered in this study. Risk events clearly correlate to the effectiveness of network interaction of banking institutions to adapt information technology of payment systems in the payment portfolio of banks when changing operating environment, so mechanism for minimizing their probability has been developed. Economic elements of the mechanism of minimizing the risks of payment systems are identified, which allow forming the planned level of profitability, risk and liquidity of institutions (organizations) within the relevant principles, methods, levers, cash flows in order to respond and adapt to changes in the environment. A methodical approach to assessing the effectiveness of risk management of payment systems of banking institutions, which is from the standpoint of multivariate structuring and a list of their indicators of the microeconomic level, forms an optimal set of tools to minimize the set of risks. Indicators of payment systems of Ukraine are determined, according to the net level of credit risk, liquidity risk, business risk, investment risk, legal risk, operational risk, systemic risk, technological and information security risk. The impulse index of functioning of payment systems of Ukraine is calculated. A neuro-fuzzy model for assessing the individual credit risk of participants – legal entities (users-borrowers) of card payment scoring of a banking institution is developed. The basic criteria for assessing the individual credit risk of a participant-legal entity (user-borrower) by card payment scoring are determined.

Efficiency is one measure of bank performance. The efficiency of a bank is influenced by the way management manages risk. Financial services authority regulation number 18 /pojk.03/2016 issued by Bank Indonesia which requires every bank in Indonesia to form a risk management team. Risk management problems in the banking world are related to the losses they experience, and Regional Development Banks are expected to be able to detect maximum losses that may arise in the future. This team is obliged to control various aspects of risk management in each bank and observe the impact of risk management implementation. This study aims to determine the efficiency level of conventional banking at PT Bank Pembangunan Daerah Jawa Tengah and the effect of financing risk, operational risk and liquidity risk on the efficiency level. Efficiency is measured by the method of Operating Expenses from Operating Income. The data used as the object of this research is Bank DKI Jakarta for the 2015-2020 period. The level of influence of the variables X1, X2, X3 on Y on the determinant coefficient (R2) shows the Adjusted R Square number of 0.359 or 35.9% which means that the variation in efficiency level can be explained by financing risk, operational risk and liquidity risk, the remaining 64.1% can be explained from other variables outside, for previous related studies there is no similarity in the influence of independent (x) and dependent (Y) values, because of differences in values ??generated from SPSS processing data. Based on the results of statistical tests and discussion analysis, it is known that financing risk, operational risk, liquidity risk simultaneously have no effect on the level of efficiency and only financing risk has a significant positive effect on the level of efficiency at PT Bank DKI Jakarta.

This paper derives a liquidity cost process in a non-cooperative cost competition game among market makers and discusses its implication for the structure of a dealer market. The main result shows that there does not exist an equilibrium supporting both multiple market makers earning strictly positive profits and a well-behaved liquidity cost process (i.e. strictly increasing and convex) as documented in the price impact literature. Bertrand price competition arises as an equilibrium phenomenon, which naturally leads to the dominance of a cost-efficient market maker in the dealer market.

The main purpose of this paper was to investigate the relationship between banks’ credit risk and profitability and liquidity shocks in Namibia for the period 2009 to 2018 using the SVAR model. In estimating the SVAR regression model, granger causality, impulse-response functions and forecast error variance decomposition were employed and evaluated. The sample consisted of Namibian commercial banks. By auditing liquidity data between 2009 and 2018, empirical results showed that liquidity risk is caused by a combination of structural shocks. The granger causality, impulse-response functions and forecast error variance decomposition documented that credit risk (non-performing loans) is key factor affecting liquidity conditions in Namibia in the medium to long run. In addition, the empirical results showed that quality earnings (ROA) have minimal impact on liquidity conditions in the short run. Reforming assets quality policies and earnings quality policies can be valuable policy tools to minimize liquidity shortages and avoid insolvent banks in Namibia.

This study aims to examine the impact of risk and reputation on financial performance. More specifically, we use financing risk, liquidity risk, reputation with rewards, and growth in profit-sharing based financing as our variable of interests. We also assign bank size as a control variable. Our data is analyzed using Generalized Least Square (GLS) regression. Islamic Commercial Banks listed in Sharia Banking Statistics (Statistik Perbankan Syariah - SPS) published by OJK in 2015−2019 are selected as our sample. We find that (1) financing risk has a negative effect on financial performance; and (2) both reputation with rewards and bank size have a positive effect on financial performance. However, liquidity risk and growth in profit-sharing based financing do not affect financial performance. Several research implications are the importance of risk mitigation, the importance to maintain the reputation of the Islamic bank’s stakeholders, and creating innovative funding and financing products.

Every financing funded by Islamic banks always contains a risk, including murabahah contracts. The risks faced by Islamic banks are very diverse and multifaceted in line with innovations in the financial and banking products offered. This study is to conduct a critical analysis of the practice of murabahah contracts that have been carried out by almost all Islamic banks in Indonesia. The analysis is carried out with reference to ten categories of risk regulated in the Financial Services Authority (OJK) Regulation number 65/POJK.03/2016. This study uses a qualitative approach in the form of a literature study to describe the problem identified. The results show that financing with a murabahah contract takes various risks, namely: financing risk, market risk, liquidity risk, operational risk, legal risk, reputation risk, strategic risk, compliance risk, return risk, and investment risk. The implication is that Islamic banks shall give attention to all those risks that have been identified by preparing mitigation efforts

The study investigated the extent of liquidity management practices among Small and Medium-Scale Enterprises in Lagos State, Nigeria. The study made use of primary data and the population of the study comprised of 4,460 registered Small and Medium-Scale Enterprises in Lagos State based on the Nigerian government contacts database (2015). Using Taro Yamane’s formula, a sample size of 367 Small and Medium-Scale Enterprises was computed for questionnaire administration. In each Small and Medium Enterprises that was randomly sampled, questionnaires were administered to the respondents; Owner, Supervisor or Financial Manager who provided the necessary information on liquidity management practices of their firms. Data collected from the study were analysed with the use of appropriate descriptive statistics. The result of the study revealed that SMEs engaged in liquidity management practices such as cash budget (97%), bank account operation (77%), investment in current assets (67%), and making current assets available for immediate conversion into cash (71%). Use of mechanisms in the realisation of sundry debtors (64%) and collection of debts due (64%). The study, therefore, recommended that regulatory authorities should put in place an appropriate policy with compliance measures to check high volume cash transactions and cash hoarding prevalent in the economy.

Purpose This paper aims to study the impact of liquidity risk and transaction costs on stock pricing in Iran, a closed market operating under a financial embargo and compare the results with those of an important neighboring market, namely, Turkey. Design/methodology/approach This study follows Liu et al. (2016) and incorporates liquidity risk and transaction costs into the traditional consumption-based asset-pricing model (CCAPM) from 2009 to 2017. Effective transaction costs are estimated a la Hasbrouck (2009) and liquidity risk according to eight different criteria. Findings According to the results, both liquidity risk and transaction costs are higher in Iran, possibly due to the financial embargo. Thus, relative to Turkey, this paper should expect a higher increase in the CCAPM pricing performance in Iran when accounting for these two variables. The results are in line with this expectation and indicate that adjusting the CCAPM significantly increases its pricing performance in both countries, but relatively more in Iran. Originality/value This study compares liquidity risk and transaction costs in an economy under the extreme case of a financial embargo to an open yet in other important aspects similar economy from the same region.

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the impact of corporate governance and other related factors on the risk-taking of Islamic banks. Risk-taking is defined according to credit risk, liquidity risk and operational risk. Design/methodology/approach The study uses the two step system generalized method of moment (2SYS-GMM) estimation technique by using a panel data set of 129 Islamic banks (IBs) from 29 countries in the Middle East, South Asia and the Southeast Asia regions covering from 2008 to 2017. Governance variables incorporated include board size, board independence, chief executive officer (CEO) power, Shariah board and audit committee, as well as other control variables. Findings This study provides evidence that board size and Shariah board are positively and significantly related to credit and liquidity risk. Board independence and CEO power are negative and significantly associated with credit and liquidity risk, but the audit committee has a mixed relationship with bank risk. Male CEOs take more risk compared to the female and more board meeting has an inverse relationship with Islamic banks risk. Bank size, however, does not influence the level of risk in Islamic banks, but leverage has an inverse relationship with bank risk. Research limitations/implications The present study sheds light on the risk-taking behaviour of the board of IBs, particularly the board independence and CEO power reducing the level of risk in IBs thereby contributing to the agency theory. Therefore, regulators and policymakers can use the findings of this study to strengthen the internal corporate governance mechanism to protect IBs at a time of financial distress. Moreover, it increases the trust of the shareholders and stakeholders in the effectiveness of governance reforms that have been pursued to reap long-term benefits. Originality/value To the best of the knowledge, this research is preliminary in examining the board behaviour on risk-taking of IBs from four different regions. The results are robust and suggest that the board of directors mitigate the level of risk in IBs.

PurposeA change in monetary operating procedures provides a natural experiment which is used to evaluate, first, whether Indian monetary policy transmission is better when durable liquidity is in surplus or when it is in deficit; second whether it is better with interest rates as the policy instrument or quantity of money or a mixture of the two.Design/methodology/approachThis study first shows that the period of analysis can be divided into two separate regimes one of liquidity surplus (2002–2010) and the other of deficit (2011–2019).This study then estimates separate structural vector auto-regressions (SVARs) for the financial and real sector, with relevant exogenous foreign, policy and other variables for each of the periods as well as SVARs for the whole period with alternative operating instruments.FindingsMonetary transmission from the repo rate was better during the period the liquidity adjustment facility (LAF) was in surplus with the central bank in absorption mode denoting excess durable liquidity. Pass through was faster and the repo rate had a greater influence on other variables. The impact of the rate on output gap exceeds that on inflation. The weighted average call money rate was found to outperform others as the operating target. Monetary policy has evolved so that policy rates are more effective in transmission compared to money supply, but best results are when durable liquidity is also in surplus.Originality/valueThe results contribute to ongoing debates on the Indian monetary policy framework and give useful inputs for policy in emerging markets where research is scarce. They suggest keeping the LAF in deficit mode over 2011–19 was not optimal.

This study constructs an extended value-at-risk model that incorporates all microstructural liquidity components using a high-quality tick-by-tick index options market dataset. Out-of-sample backte...

Exposure of the banking system to the Global Financial Crisis attracted attention to the study of riskiness and spillover. This paper studies the pattern of systemic risk and size effect in the Indian banking sector. Based on market capitalization, three public sector banks and three from the private sector were taken. Data are taken from the year 2007 to 2020. The analysis is done through quantile- CoVaR (Conditional Value at Risk) and TENET (Tail-Event-Driven Network) measure. State variables like Indian market volatility and global risk measures negatively influence the Indian banks’ returns. Liquidity risk is a crucial aspect of private banks. Public banks experience public confidence even in the distress period. Large banks like HDFC and SBI bank offer the highest degree of systemic risk contribution. The role of private banks in transmitting systemic risk has been intensifying since 2015. Small-sized banks like PNB and BOB have become significant receivers and transmitters of risk.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to apply various data mining techniques for predicting the financial performance of Islamic banking in Indonesia through the main exogenous determinants of profitability by choosing the best data mining technique based on the criteria of the highest accuracy score of testing and training. Design/methodology/approach This paper used data mining techniques to predict the financial performance of Islamic banking by applying all of LASSO regression, random forest (RF), artificial neural networks and k-nearest neighbor (KNN) over monthly data sets of all the full-fledged Islamic banks working in Indonesia from January 2011 until March 2020. This study used return on assets as a real measurement of financial performance, whereas the capital adequacy ratio, asset quality and liquidity management were used as exogenous determinants of financial performance. Findings The experimental results showed that the optimal task for predicting the financial performance of Islamic banking in Indonesia is the KNN technique, which affords the best-predicting accuracy, and gives the optimal knowledge from the financial performance of Islamic banking determinants in Indonesia. As well, the RF provides closer values to the optimal accuracy of the KNN, which makes it another robust technique in predicting the financial performance of Islamic banking. Research limitations/implications This paper restricted modeling the financial performance of Islamic banking to profitability through the main determinants of return of assets in Indonesia. Future research could consider enlarging the modeling of financial performance using other models such as CAMELS and Z-Score to predict the financial performance of Islamic banking under data mining techniques. Practical implications Owing to the lack of using data mining techniques in the Islamic banking sector, this paper would fill the literature gap by providing new effective techniques for predicting financial performance in the Islamic banking sector using data mining approaches, which can be efficient tools in business and management modeling for financial researchers and decision-makers in the Islamic banking sector. Originality/value According to the author’s knowledge, this paper is the first that provides data mining techniques for predicting the financial performance of the Islamic banking sector in Indonesia.

We conduct a meta-analysis on the Liquidity-adjusted CAPM of Acharya and Pedersen (2005). The pre-registration document provides our research plan.

Research background: Risk-taking is the basis for sustainable development of enterprise. It was clear that the influence COVID-19 epidemic on the global market economy has increased operational risks for businesses. The semiconductor industry has high operating risks and financial risks. Moderate financial flexibility (FF) can improve the ability of semiconductor enterprises to acquire financial resources in real time, calmly cope with the impact of uncertainties in operation, improve investment opportunities, and enhance sustainable operation. It is therefore interesting to study the influence of FF on enterprise risk-taking (ERT). Purpose of the article: The aim of the contribution is to explore the effect of FF on ERT within Taiwan’s semiconductor industry amid the COVID-19 pandemic period, and investigate whether ERT varies with semiconductor industry characteristic. Methods: Data from first three quarters of 2020, from multinational semiconductor firms listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange (TSE), were collected and analyzed. Fixed effects regression with heteroscedasticity adjustment used to evaluate the influence of FF on the ERT of Taiwan’s semiconductor industry. Furthermore, in order to corroborate and support the reliability of the results, this research also used the different measures of ERT and Quantile regression (median regression) in the research model to check the robustness. Findings & value added: Empirical results indicate that FF has a U-shaped effect on ERT for multinational semiconductor firms listed on the TSE, particularly within the integrated circuits (IC) manufacturing industry. Additionally, FF also has a U-shaped effect on ERT for the asset-light semiconductor and IC manufacturing industries. This article also suggests that for the asset-light semiconductor and IC manufacturing industries, the optimal inflection points are 1.1397 and 0.9729, respectively. Based on the consequences of this study, it is suggested that Taiwan’s semiconductor industry should reasonably maintain FF and focus on the liquidity risk management for the long term value added, even after the COVID-19 pandemic period. © 2021 Nicolaus Copernicus University. All rights reserved.