Search

Peptidylarginine deiminase-4 (PAD4) is a calcium-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of arginine into citrulline of macromolecules in the body. It governs several processes including apoptosis, innate immunity (Netosis), and pluripotency. Dysregulated PAD4 plays a vital role in the occurrence and development of Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Therefore, PAD4 is considered a promising target for diagnosing and treating RA. Over the last few years research has been carried out on PAD4 inhibitors. When administered it circulates to the entire body and inhibits PAD4 causing immunosuppression which may lead to infection. A growing number of studies have demonstrated infiltration and differentiation of monocytes and macrophages into the inflamed synovium, inducing overexpression of PAD4 levels in the inflamed joints. To overcome the above-mentioned critical issues, the targeted drug delivery systems inhibit PAD4 at the inflamed site. This review provides an update on the PAD4 inhibitors and emerging advanced drug delivery systems for the treatment of RA. Finally, we concluded that active targeting of PAD4 inhibitors to inflamed joints via hybrid nanocarriers provided an improved therapeutic efficacy, minimized extra synovial toxicity, and prevent the occurrence of inflammation in RA.

A diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a consequence of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and involves complex pathological processes. Among diabetic patients DFU is a major cause of deaths resulting from the amputation of the lower limbs. Various treatment strategies have been developed for the treatment of DFUs, but to this date unfortunately no single treatment fulfills the prerequisites necessary for treating this condition due to its complex, multifactorial pathophysiology. Additionaly, costs associated with the treatment can be prohibitively high. Excipients are pharmaceutical agents which have diverse applications in the design of different dosage forms. Therefore, an ideal dosage form, with active excipients in combination or as adjuvants, which meet these requirements could be suited for treating DFUs. This review discusses the etiopathogenesis of DFUs and also the possible of the use of excipients and additives in various pathological cases of DFUs in designing medicinal products intended for the treatment of this condition.