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This research was carried out to examine the yield and quality characteristics of sunflowers grown in different plant density and row orientation in the trial fields of Uludag University Mustafakemalpasa Vocational School during 2011 and 2012 years. Two row orientations (East-West= E-W and North-South= N-S) and three plant densities (D1= 2.5, D2= 3.8, D3= 7.7 plant m-2) were studied on variety Sanay of sunflower. The effect of row orientation on seed and oil yields and quality traits was generally minor, but values of seed and oil yield in E-W orientation were approximately 5% greater than N-S orientation in 2011. Increased plant density significantly increased seed yield, oil yield, the rates of sunlight absorbed by crop and plant height, and significantly decreased head diameter, the number of seed per head, seed weight per head and 1000 seed weight. The effect of experimental treatments on fatty acids of sunflower was generally minor; however, the highest palmitic acid content was determined from treatment D2. According to the obtained results, considering the decrease in some yield traits, the E-W row orientation and a 7.7 plant m-2 plant density can be recommended for sunflower cultivation.

Bu çalışmada, 2011 ve 2012 yıllarında Bursa ekolojik koşullarında damla sulama ile sulanan karpuz bitkisinde (Citrullus vulgaris) farklı sulama miktarlarının bitki su tüketimi, su kullanım etkinliği, verim, bazı verim bileşenleri ve meyve kalitesi üzerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla dört farklı sulama konusu (bitki su tüketiminin % 100’ü (kontrol), % 75’i, % 50’si ve % 25’i) oluşturulmuştur. Topraktaki eksik nemin tam olarak karşılandığı kontrol konusunda, ortalama mevsimlik bitki su tüketimi 505 mm ve uygulanan ortalama toplam sulama suyu miktarı ise 449 mm olarak bulunmuştur. Konulara göre ortalama su kullanım etkinliği 12.68 ile 15.66 kg m-3 arasında belirlenmiştir. Verim, denemenin ilk yılında konulara göre 37.2-77.9 t ha-1, ikinci yılında ise 38.2-80.3 t ha-1 arasında gerçekleşmiştir. Bitki su tüketimi ile su kullanım etkinliği, uygulanan sulama suyu ile verim ve bitki su tüketimi ile verim arasında anlamlı ilişkiler elde edilmiştir. Verim bileşenlerinden tek meyve ağırlığı, meyve çapı ve meyve boyu değerleri verimle paralel olarak konulara göre farklılık göstermiştir. Kalite parametrelerinden toplam şeker, toplam asitlik ve askorbik asit konulara göre farklılık gösterirken, pH ve suda çözünür kuru madde miktarı konulara göre herhangi bir farklılık göstermemiştir.

There are many types of drippers with differentflow path length, flow path shape, filtration surface. EPN delivery performanceof the most commonly used four different types of drippers (in-line short path,in-line long path, in-line cylindrical and on-line button) was examined with adrip irrigation system in laboratory conditions. Under four different pressures(0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 bar), EPNs were applied to 1-liter beakers with irrigationsystem and discharged nematodes were counted under a stereomicroscope. Theeffect of pressure on application and EPN mortality were also determined. Theresults showed that there were significant differences between the dischargeratio of EPNs from drippers. Among the four drippers, on-line button dripper sustainedthe highest and fastest discharge ratio. Pressure alone had no significanteffect on delivering EPNs. However, it should be considered that long pressureexposure may harm EPNs. Regarding our results, different irrigation drippershave significantly different effects on EPN discharge ratio. Therefore,optimizing drip irrigation systems for EPN applications may increase theirperformance., Damla sulamada kullanılan damlatıcıların akış yoluuzunluğu, akış yolu şekli, damlatıcı debisi vb. farklı özellikleribulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada damla sulamada yaygın olarak kullanılan dört farklıdamlatıcının (içten geçik kısa akış yollu damlatıcı, içten geçik uzun akışyollu damlatıcı, içten geçik silindir tipli damlatıcı, üstten geçik katifdamlatıcı) EPN uygulamasındaki performansları laboratuvarda kurulan damlasulama sistemiyle karşılaştırılmıştır. Dört farklı basınç altında (0.5, 1, 1.5,2 bar) EPN’ler 1 litrelik beherlere uygulanmış ve beherlerdeki EPN’lersüzülerek mikroskop altında sayılmıştır. Çalışmada basıncın ve uygulamaya veEPN üzerinde ölümcül etkisi de incelenmiştir. Sonuçlar değerlendirildiğinde farklıdamlatıcılardan çıkan EPN miktarları arasında önemli farklılıklar olduğu tespitedilmiştir. Denemelerde üstten geçik katif damlatıcı ile yapılan uygulamalardaen fazla ve en hızlı EPN çıkışı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Basıncın tek başına,uygulamaya ve EPN üzerine herhangi bir etkisinin olmadığı tespit edilmesinerağmen uzun süreli yüksek basınca maruz kalan EPN’lerin zarar görebileceği gözönünde bulundurulmalıdır. Çalışma sonuçları incelendiğinde farklıdamlatıcıların EPN uygulamasında farklı çıkış oranları gösterdiğibelirlenmiştir. Bu nedenle gelecekte damla sulama sistemlerinin EPN uygulamasıüzerine optimize edilmesi ile başarı şansının artacağı düşünülmektedir.

The main goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of different levels of irrigation water and nitrogen on yield, quality, and water productivity of processing tomato grown in clay-loam soil. Three water levels of pan evaporation (E-pan) replenishment applied via drip irrigation (1.00 x E-pan, 0.75 x E-pan, and 0.50 x E-pan) and four N application rates with fertigation (0, 60, 120, and 180 kg N.ha(-1)) were tested in the sub-humid climate conditions of Turkey during the 2010 and 2011 growing seasons. The highest marketable yields were observed with full irrigation (1.00 x E-pan) for each season. Decreasing irrigation rate generally improved dry matter, total soluble solids, total sugars, titratable acidity, lycopene and total carotene, and decreased fruit NO3-N content and fruit total protein content slightly. The highest water productivity was obtained with a moderate soil water deficit (0.75 x E-pan). The 180 kg N.ha(-1) fertilization rate produced the highest values for marketable yield, fruit size, total soluble solids yield, NO3-N, and total protein content. Increasing N rate also increased the values of fruit total sugars and titratable acidity. Increasing both irrigation and N levels increased the NO3-N and protein contents. The higher lycopene and total carotene values were obtained in the treatments of 60 and 120 kg N.ha(-1). Increasing N supply improved the water productivity with the 3 irrigation application ratios. Considering the quantity and quality for the processing and water productivity, the 0.75 x E-pan irrigation regime and a 120 or 180 kg.ha(-1) nitrogen supply can considered optimal.

Agricultural growers need investment and cost guidelines for drip irrigation to evaluate the economics of getting crops into production as quickly as possible and to avoid the impact of drought during the productive life of apple (Malus domestica). The benefits of irrigation may include: better apple quality, earlier crop production, greater yields, efficient nutrient distribution, less plant stress, reduced yield variability, and improved crop quality. This research was conducted to help Turkish apple growers evaluate the financial investment in drip irrigation systems. Net present value (NPV) criterion was used to determine the discounted break-even investment results from published responses to drip irrigation systems. Growers with typical drip irrigation systems can expect an initial investment of us$1415 per ha when the orchard blocks are c. 5 ha in size. Analysis of survey findings indicate that net present values were us$2584 for'Granny Smith' and us$909 for 'Golden Delicious', respectively, after an initial investment of us$1415 per ha. On the other hand, the analysis indicates that in present value terms, a grower could spend up to us$3999 for 'Granny Smith' and us$2324 for 'Golden Delicious' per ha for drip irrigation systems and still break even.