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A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted during 2018-2019 to decipher the prevalence of yeast mastitis. The results indicated a 19.68% prevalence of clinical mastitis in bovines. Among them, 5.51% of samples revealed yeasts constituting 1.09% overall prevalence. Candida albicans was recorded as a significant fungal agent involved in clinical bovine mastitis. We record the association of Kodamaea ohmeri in clinical bovine mastitis. On proteomic and molecular confirmation, K. ohmeri isolates were re-identified from phenotypically identified Candida isolates associated with bovine mastitis. After conventional identification, the yeast isolates were re-identified by MALDI-TOF MS-based proteomic approaches. The D1/D2 domains of 26S-rRNA gene and 5.8S-internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA regions based molecular phylogenetic analysis identified the isolates as K. ohmeri. The isolates were resistant to fluconazole. This study reports the first systemic study of K. ohmeri isolates recovered from bovine clinical mastitis, utilizing conventional, automated, proteomic, and genomic approaches followed by antifungal susceptibility. The findings suggest K. ohmeri as a potent opportunistic emerging pathogen of veterinary and public health concern, need for accurate identification of fungal agents from mycotic mastitis, and use of validated antifungal susceptibility assay because of developing resistance to antimycotic agents. Our findings suggest judicious use of fluconazole and alternative antifungal agents may be considered in case of an outbreak.

Aethina tumida (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), comunmente conocido como el Pequeno Escarabajo de la Colmena (PEC), se esta posicionando como una plaga importante en la industria apicola fuera de su rango de distribucion natural. En Mexico, informes recientes indican que el PEC esta distribuido en toda la peninsula de Yucatan. La invasion de las colonias de abeja melifera por el PEC esta quimicamente mediada por compuestos volatiles producidos por la levadura Kodamaea ohmeri , considerada un simbionte secundario del PEC. Se analizo la presencia de esta levadura en colonias de abeja melifera en Yucatan con base en la premisa de que los simbiontes se encuentran frecuentemente distribuidos junto con su huesped, por lo que la presencia de K. ohmeri en colmenas estaria fuertemente asociada con la presencia del PEC. En colonias manejadas de abeja melifera africanizada (AMA), se aislaron e identificaron levaduras asociadas con escarabajos adultos y los resultados muestran que el PEC junto con su levadura asociada, K. ohmeri , ha invadido colonias de AMA en Yucatan. Tambien se reporto por primera vez la presencia de levaduras diferentes a K. ohmeri asociadas con el PEC en esta region geografica.

Introduction Species of genus Candida are part of the common microbiota of humans; however, some of the Candida species are known opportunistic pathogens. Formation of biofilms, resistance to antifungal drugs, and increase in asymptomatic infections demands more studies on isolation, identification and characterization of Candida from clinical samples. Methods The present manuscript deals with assessment of authentic yeast identification by three methods viz., DNA sequencing of 28S rRNA gene, protein profiles using MALDI-TOF MS, and colony coloration on chromogenic media. Antifungal susceptibility and in vitro cell invasion assays were performed to further characterize these isolates. Results Comparison of three methods showed that DNA sequence analysis correctly identified more than 99.4% of the isolates up to species level as compared to 89% by MALDI-TOF MS. In this study, we isolated a total of 176 yeasts from clinical samples and preliminary morphological characters indicated that these yeast isolates belong to the genus Candida. The species distribution of isolates was as follows: 75 isolates of Candida albicans (42.61%), 50 of C. tropicalis (28.40%), 22 of C. glabrata (12.5%), 14 of C. parapsilosis (7.95%) and 4 of Clavispora lusitaniae (2.27%). Other species like Cyberlindnera fabianii, Issatchenkia orientalis, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Kodamaea ohmeri, Lodderomyces sp., and Trichosporon asahii were less than 2%. Antifungal susceptibility assay performed with 157 isolates showed that most of the isolates were resistant to the four azoles viz., clotrimazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, and ketoconazole, and the frequency of resistance was more in non-albicans Candida isolates. The susceptibility to azole drugs ranged from 7% to 48%, while 75% of the tested yeasts were susceptible to nystatin. Moreover, 88 isolates were also tested for their capacity to invade human cells using HeLa cells. In vitro invasion assay showed that most of the C. albicans isolates showed epithelial cell invasion as compared to isolates belonging to C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis. Discussion The identification of yeasts of clinical origin by sequencing of 28S rRNA gene performed better than MALDI-TOF MS. The present study reiterates the world scenario wherein there is a shift from Candida strains to emerging opportunistic pathogens which were earlier regarded as environmental strains. The present study enlightens the current understanding of identification methods for clinical yeast isolates, increased antifungal drug resistance, epithelial cell invasion as a virulence factor, and diversity of yeasts in Indian clinical samples.

Species of the nitidulid beetle Conotelus found in flowers of Convolvulaceae and other plants across the New World and in Hawaii consistently harbour a yeast community dominated by one or more large-spored Metschnikowia species. We investigated the yeasts found in beetles and flowers of cultivated passionfruit in Rondonia state, in the Amazon biome of Brazil, where a Conotelus species damages the flowers and hinders fruit production. A sample of 46 beetles and 49 flowers yielded 86 and 83 yeast isolates, respectively. Whereas the flower community was dominated by Kodamaea ohmeri and Kurtzmaniella quercitrusa, the major yeasts recovered from beetles were Wickerhamiella occidentalis, which is commonly isolated from this community, and a novel species of large-spored Metschnikowia in the arizonensis subclade, which we describe here as Metschnikowia amazonensis sp. nov. Phylogenetic analyses based on barcode sequences (ITS-D1/D2) and a multigene alignment of 11,917 positions (genes ura2, msh6, and pmt2) agreed to place the new species as a sister to Metschnikowia arizonensis, a rare species known only from one locality in Arizona. The two form sterile asci when mated, which is typical of related members of the clade. The α pheromone of the new species is unique but typical of the subclade. The type of M. amazonensis sp. nov. is UFMG-CM-Y6309T (ex-type CBS 16156T , mating type a), and the designated allotype (mating type α) is UFMG-CM-Y6307A (CBS 16155A ). MycoBank MB 833560.

The lipolytic oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica was used in the bioaugmentation and biovalorization of oily industrial wastes during successive-batch fermentation. Five cycles of non-sterile successive-batch fermentation with 70 % medium replacement achieved the highest oil removal of 68.1±5.60 % and produced biomass and lipid yields of 0.213±0.07 g/g-COD and 146.2 ± 46.5 mg/g-COD, respectively. The cell-bound lipase activity observed in the system was 170.74 ± 32 U/L. The auto-flocculation efficiency of the biomass was > 90 % within 60 min. The microbial community changes between Y. lipolytica and indigenous microorganisms were monitored by metagenomic next-generation sequencing of internal transcribed spacer rDNA regions for yeasts and 16S rRNA gene for bacteria. Y. lipolytica was retained in the consortium together with other indigenous strains until the fifth cycle. Other minor oleaginous yeasts such as Kodamaea ohmeri and Candida tropicalis as well as polyhydroxyalkanoate-accumulating bacteria were found and are likely to have participated in lipid production. This study has shown the robustness of Y. lipolytica in non-sterile successive-batch fermentation and its use could contribute greatly to the practical valorization of industrial wastes for lipids and lipases. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Origanum vulgare L. (oregano) and Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary) are vegetal species belonging to the family Lamiaceae, popularly known as oregano and rosemary. Aromatic plants are used in the treatment and prevention of diseases and in the culinary as functional food in the preparation and conservation of foods. In the chemical composition of oregano and rosemary are present bioactive compounds with antimicrobial, antioxidant and flavoring effect. Several reports in the literature have presented the chemical composition and biological activity of the essential oils of oregano and rosemary. However, few studies have been carried out regarding the chemical composition and biological potential of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Origanum vulgare L. and Rosmarinus officinalis L. Evidencing a need to investigate the chemical composition and antifungal activity of these extracts. The objective of the study was to evaluate the bioactive compounds and antifungal activity of the aqueous and ethanolic extract of Origanum vulgare L. and Rosmarinus officinalis L. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Origanum vulgare L. and Rosmarinus officinalis L. present in the chemical composition phenolic acids and flavonoids. The antifungal test of the aqueous and ethanolic extract of Origanum vulgare L. and Rosmarinus officinalis L. presented antifungal potential against Candida globosa, Cryptococcus laurentii, Trichosporum assai, Rhodotorula sp., Candida albicans, Kodamaea ohmeri, Saccharomyces and Geotrichum. According to the results obtained in this study, it was concluded that the ethanolic extract of oregano and rosemary present antifungal activity against several yeasts tested, thus proving that these plant species must be carefully evaluated, aiming at a potential for use as an antimicrobial agent.

Background:Kodamaea ohmeri, previously known as Pichia ohmeri or Yamadazyma ohmeri, has been regarded as an emerging human pathogen in recent decades, and has caused various types of infections with high mortality. This study systematically reviewed all the published cases of K. ohmeri infection, aiming to have a better understanding of the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the organism.Methods: All the published literature (as of March 31, 2021) on K. ohmeri, in four databases: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and CNKI, were systematically reviewed to select appropriate studies for summarizing the demographic information, clinical and microbiological characteristics of relevant infections.Results: A total of 51 studies involving 67 patients were included for final analysis, including 49 sporadic cases and two clusters of outbreaks. Neonates and the elderly constituted the majority of patients, and fungemia was the dominant infection type. Comorbidities (like malignancy, diabetes, and rheumatism), invasive operations, previous antibiotic use and prematurity, were commonly described in patients. Gene sequencing and broth microdilution method, were the most reliable way for the identification and antifungal susceptibility testing of K. ohmeri, respectively. Amphotericin B and fluconazole were the commonest antifungal therapies administered. The calculated mortality rates for K. ohmeri infection was higher than that of common candidemia.Conclusion: In this study, we systematically reviewed the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, microbiological features, treatment, and outcomes, of all the published cases on K. ohmeri. Early recognition and increased awareness of K. ohmeri as an emerging human pathogen by clinicians and microbiologists is important for effective management of this organism.

The aim of this study was to examine four strains of two yeast species in relation to their capability for assimilating alkanes in the presence of heavy metals (HMs). The four strains tested were Candida pseudoglaebosa ENCB-7 and Kodamaea ohmeri ENCB-8R, ENCB-23, and ENCB-VIK. Determination was made of the expression of CYP52 genes involved in alkane hydroxylation. When exposed to Cu2+ , Zn2+ , Pb2+ , Cd2+ , and As3+ at pH 3 and 5, all four strains could assimilate several n-alkanes having at least six carbon atoms. The three K. ohmeri strains could also utilize branched alkanes, cycloalkanes, and n-octanol as sole carbon sources. Kinetic assays demonstrated greater biomass production and specific growth of the yeasts exposed to long-chain n-alkanes. Fragments of paralogous CYP52 genes of C. pseudoglaebosa ENCB-7 and K. ohmeri ENCB-23 were amplified, sequenced, and phylogenetically evaluated. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction revealed that n-nonane and n-decane induced to CpCYP52-G3, CpCYP52-G9, and CpCYP52-G10. KoCYP52-G3 was induced with n-decane and n-octanol. Also, CpCYP52-G3 and CpCYP52-G9 were induced by glucose. In conclusion, C. pseudoglaebosa and K. ohmeri were able to degrade several alkanes in the presence of HMs and under acidic conditions. These yeasts harbor paralogous alkane-induced CYP52 genes, which display different profiles of transcriptional expression.

The small hive beetle, Aethina tumida Murray (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), is a significant pest of managed honeybees in the USA and eastern Australia. The beetle damages hives by feeding on hive products and leaving behind fermented wastes. The beetle is consistently associated with the yeast Kodamaea ohmeri (Etchells & Bell) Yamada et al. (Saccharomycetales: Metschnikowiaceae), and this yeast is the presumed agent of the fermentation. Previous work has noted that the small hive beetle is attracted to volatiles from hive products and those of the yeast K. ohmeri. In this study, we investigated how the volatile compounds from the fermenting hive products change depending upon the source of the hive material and also how these volatiles change through time. We used gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and choice-test behavioural assays to investigate these changes using products sampled from apiaries across the established range of the beetle in eastern Australia. The starting hive products significantly affected the volatile composition of fermenting hive products, and this composition varied throughout time. We found 61.7% dissimilarity between attractive and non-attractive fermenting hive products, and identified individual compounds that characterise each of these groups. Eleven of these individual compounds were then assessed for attractiveness, as well as testing a synthetic blend in the laboratory. In the laboratory bioassay, 82.1 ± 0.02% of beetles were trapped in blend traps. These results have strong implications for the development of an out-of-hive attractant trap to assist in the management of this invasive pest.

Background Kodamaea ohmeri has been a rare fungal pathogen in the past decades but is now becoming more common in various invasive fungal diseases, with high mortality. There are limited data on the occurrence and distribution of K. ohmeri. Methods Sixty-two K. ohmeri isolates collected from 24 hospitals in China over a 7-year period were studied. Performance of three phenotypic methods in the identification of this organism was assessed against a gold standard, 26S rDNA sequencing. Original identification results submitted by the participating local hospitals were reviewed. The Sensititre YeastOne YO10 (SYY) was evaluated in determining the in vitro antifungal susceptibilities using standard broth microdilution method (BMD) as a reference, and essential agreement (EA) was calculated. Results Accurate species identification was achieved in 82.3% and 96.8% of the cases by Vitek 2 Compact and Vitek mass spectrometry (MS), respectively. For Bruker MS, 12.9% and 96.8% of the isolates were correctly identified to species level using the direct transfer and protein extraction methods, respectively. Only 29 (46.8%) isolates were initially correctly identified as K. ohmeri by the local hospitals. The highest misidentification rate (100%, 16/16) was observed in CHROMagar. According to BMD, the highest MIC90 was seen in fluconazole (8 μg/mL), followed by 1 μg/mL for micafungin, caspofungin, 5-fluorocytosine, and amphotericin B, 0.5 μg/mL for itraconazole, 0.25 μg/mL for posaconazole and voriconazole. Significant differences in EAs for different drugs were observed, ranging from 95.2% for amphotericin B to 22.6% for itraconazole between SYY and BMD. Conclusion Our study emphasizes the need for accurate identification of clinical K. ohmeri isolates and the importance of validating antifungal susceptibility by standard BMD.

The study aimed to investigate yeast communities in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum Linn.) phylloplane in Thailand by a culture-dependent approach using a direct isolation method; namely, plating of leaf washing for yeast isolation. A total of 150 yeast strains were obtained from 79 sugarcane leaf samples collected in ten provinces. Identification on the basis of the D1/D2 region of the large subunit (LSU) rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that 126 yeast strains (84%) were identified to be yeast in the phylum Basidiomycota and 24 strains (16%) were in the phylum Ascomycota. Basidiomycetous yeast consisted of 27 known species in 18 genera viz. Cystobasidium, Dioszegia, Dirkmeia, Hannaella, Jaminaea, Kwoniella, Langdonia, Moesziomyces, Occultifur, Papiliotrema, Piskurozyma, Pseudozyma, Rhodosporidiobolus, Rhodotorula, Saitozyma, Sporobolomyces, Symmetrospora and Tremella, whereas, ascomycetous yeast consisted of three species viz. Candida parapsilosis, Kodamaea ohmeri and Meyerozyma caribbica. In addition, the most common known yeast species detected were Dirkmeia churashimaensis with relative frequency and frequency of occurrence of 12.0 and 22.8%, respectively. Subsequently, seven strains were found to be five new yeast species, which were already proposed as Kalmanozyma vetiver, Wickerhamiella siamensis, Papiliotrema siamense, Hannaella phyllophila and Occultifur tropicalis. The results of this study revealed a higher number of yeast strains and species in the phylum Basidiomycota, which agreed with other reports. However, the present results are opposite to those of our previous study when the enrichment technique was used for yeast isolation.

Globally, a change has been noticed in the epidemiology of fungal infections in the intensive care units (ICUs). The current review provides an insight into the current epidemiology of emerging fungal infections with special reference to their prevalence, spectrum of pathogen, outbreaks, and emergence of antifungal resistance reported from different ICUs of the world. The ICUs across the world are witnessing multiple changes in the epidemiology of fungal infections including change in prevalence and spectrum of etiological agents, new susceptible risk groups, geographical variations, emergence of novel multi-drug resistant Candida auris, outbreak due to rare fungal species, emergence of antifungal resistance, etc. An understanding of the contemporary local epidemiology of fungal agents in ICU is essential for optimal patient management. Invasive candidiasis and invasive aspergillosis continue to haunt as major pathogens in the ICU, and several new risk factors associated with these infections have surfaced up. There is a contrasting picture for the species distribution of Candida among the different countries of the world. C. auris, the yeast behaving like bacteria, has emerged as a potential threat to ICUs across the five continents. Other mycelial agents like Mucorales, Paecilomyces spp., Fusarium spp., and Cladosporium spp., although encountered infrequently, continue to be reported as serious infections in ICU. The ICUs are also vulnerable sites for fungal infection outbreaks due to several fungi including rare ones like Cryptococcus spp., Pichia anomala, and Kodamaea ohmeri.

Candida species are major fungal pathogens in humans. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of individual Candida species and their susceptibility to antifungal drugs among clinical isolates in a tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh. During a 10-month period in 2021, high vaginal swabs (HVSs), blood, and aural swabs were collected from 360 patients. From these specimens, Candida spp. was isolated from cultures on Sabouraud dextrose agar media, and phenotypic and genetic analyses were performed. A total of 109 isolates were recovered, and C. albicans accounted for 37%, being derived mostly from HVSs. Among non-albicans Candida (NAC), C. parapsilosis was the most frequent, followed by C. ciferrii, C. tropicalis, and C. glabrata. Three isolates from blood and two isolates from aural discharge were genetically identified as C. auris and Kodamaea ohmeri, respectively. NAC isolates were more resistant to fluconazole (overall rate, 29%) than C. albicans (10%). Candida isolates from blood showed 95% susceptibility to voriconazole and less susceptibility to fluconazole (67%). Two or three amino acid substitutions were detected in the ERG11 of two fluconazole-resistant C. albicans isolates. The present study is the first to reveal the prevalence of Candida species and their antifungal susceptibility in Bangladesh.

A 46-year-old male was having un-resolving fever for six weeks. Trans-esophageal echocardiography showed tricuspid valve myxoma (TVM). Kodamaea ohmeri was identified in 2 blood cultures and confirmed by 28S rDNA sequencing. Over three weeks of liposomal Amphotericin-B, fever has subsided thus indicated a clinical response. Subsequent echocardiography revealed no regression of suspected vegetation, and it was removed, and TV replacement was done. Histopathology revealed an infected myxoma and K. omeri was detected following 28S rDNA sequencing. For cardiac myxoma, excision is offered while for IE prolonged use of antifungals with or without vegetectomy is offered. So proper identification is important.

Objective: L-Asparaginase is an important enzyme that converts L-asparagine to L-aspartate and ammonia. Microbial L-asparaginase has important applications as anticancer and food processing agents. Methods: This study reported the isolation, screening of a local yeast isolate from banana peel for L-asparaginase production using submerged fermentation, optimization of the production, purification, and anticancer assay of L-asparaginase. The yeast isolate was identified as Kodamaea ohmeri ANOMY based on the analysis of nuclear large subunit (26S) rDNA partial sequences. It was a promising L-asparaginase producer with a specific activity of 3059±193 U/mg in a non-optimized medium. The classical one-variable-at-a-time method was used to optimize the production medium components, and it was found that the elimination of K2HPO4 from the medium increased L-asparaginase specific activity (3100.90±180 U/mg). Results: Statistical optimization of L-asparaginase production was done using Plackett-Burman and Box-Behnken designs. The production medium for the maximum L-asparaginase specific activity (8500±578U/mg) was as follows (g/L): L-asparagine (7.50), NaNO3 (0.50), MgSO4.7H2O (0.80), KCl (0.80) associated with an incubation period of 5 days, inoculum size of 5.60 %, and pH (7.0). The optimization process increased L-asparaginase production by 2.78-fold compared to the non-optimized medium. L-Asparaginase was purified using ammonium sulphate precipitation followed by gel filtration on a Sephadex G-100 column. Its molecular weight was 66 KDa by SDS-PAGE analysis. Conclusion: The cell morphology technique was used to evaluate the anticancer activity of L-asparaginase against three different cell lines. L-Asparaginase inhibited the growth of HepG-2, MCF-7, and HCT-116 cells at a concentration of 20, 50, and 60 μL, respectively.

Background Kodamaea ohmeri, previously known as Pichia ohmeri or Yamadazyma ohmeri, belongs to the Saccharomycetaceae family and the Ascomycetae class, is the telomorphic form of C guilliermondii var. membranaefaciens and is frequently mistaken for Candida, as they belong to the same family. It has been isolated from environmental sources, such as sand, pools, seawater and fruits, while the last decades it is recognised as a rare pathogen that causes life-threatening infections in humans. The purpose of this study was to systemically review all published cases of K ohmeri infections in the literature and describe the epidemiology, microbiology, antimicrobial susceptibility, treatment and outcomes of these infections in humans. Methods Systematic review of PubMed (through 27th December 2019) for studies providing epidemiological, clinical, microbiological as well as treatment data and outcomes of K ohmeri infections. Results A total of 35 studies, containing data of 44 patients, were included in the analysis. The most common K ohmeri infections were those of the bloodstream, infective endocarditis and onychomycosis. Previous antibiotic use, presence of a central venous catheter, parenteral nutrition and cancer were very common among patients. Mortality was high in the case of fungemias but low for other types of infections. Amphotericin B and fluconazole are the most common agents used for treatment, even though alarming MICs for fluconazole were noted. Conclusions This systematic review thoroughly describes infections by K ohmeri and provides information on their epidemiology, clinical presentation, microbiology, antibiotic resistance patterns, treatment and outcomes.

The small hive beetle, Aethina tumida Murray, is a pest of honeybees, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae). We investigated the significance of its association with the yeast, Kodamaea ohmeri (Etchells & Bell) (Ascomycota: Saccharomycotina), in laboratory experiments. The mean (± SEM) viability of A. tumida eggs was 84 (± 3)%; the viability was not affected if eggs were separated from clutches or if mucilage containing K. ohmeri was removed from the egg surface. Life tables of conventional (= K. ohmeri contaminated) A. tumida and K. ohmeri-free A. tumida revealed no differences in stage-specific mortality between the treatments; in both cases, the highest mortality occurred in the first larval instar. There was no significant difference in the initial egg production of conventionally reared and K. ohmeri-free A. tumida under laboratory conditions. The volatile profiles of pollen dough (Bee Build) fed on by conventional and K. ohmeri-free A. tumida larvae were qualitatively and quantitatively different; the volatiles produced by pollen dough fed on by conventional A. tumida were more attractive to adult beetles. There was a clear difference between growth of K. ohmeri on pollen dough substrate in the presence and absence of A. tumida. Results suggest that this association is facultative for A. tumida under laboratory conditions but has benefit for the yeast associate, K. ohmeri. A clearer understanding of the nature of this fungus-insect association is essential for the development of management strategies for this pest, especially in the development of fermentate-based attractants in trapping systems.

Aim To investigate the volatile flavour components (VFCs), microbiota and their correlations of three categories of sufu, a Chinese fermented soybean food. Methods and results The VFCs were analyzed by headspace solid-phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) combined with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. A total of 141 VFCs were tentatively identified, in which 12 esters, eight aldehydes, five alcohols and nine miscellaneous compounds were recognized as the characteristic VFCs through the relative odour activity value. The complex microbial community was revealed by Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Among the total 202 bacteria and 125 fungi species identified, 16 bacteria and 7 fungi species were revealed as dominant community members. Furthermore, the VFC-microbiota correlation was characterized by Spearman's rank correlation coefficients (ρ). Based on the positive VFC-microbiota correlation, two bacterial species and three fungal species were selected as potential flavour-producing microbiota. Conclusions A variety of VFCs and complicated microbiota were observed in the three categories of sufu. Lactococcus lactis, Sphingobacterium sp., Pichia fermentans, Kodamaea ohmeri and Saccharomyces rouxii were the potential flavour-producing microbiota. Significance and impact of the study The preliminary results would be useful for designing starter cultures to produce sufu with desirable sensory properties, consistent flavour and shorter ripening time. Furthermore, these results will also provide a new insight to improve the flavour quality of traditional fermented soybean food.

The deterioration of fresh food by spoilage microorganisms remains a significant problem even though a diversity of preservation approaches has been proposed. The consumer's choice is demanding for chemical and antimicrobial-free products, which has prompted the development of natural alternatives to retard food spoilage. This study was performed to evaluate the effect of the combination of essential oils (EOs) (orange, tea tree, citronella grass and cinnamon) and enterocin KT2W2G against spoilage microorganisms isolated from the surface of spoiled banana (Musa ABB cv. Kluai “Namwa”) peel by using the agar well diffusion assay. Eighteen spoilage microorganisms (9 strains of bacteria and 9 strains of yeast) were selected as indicator strains. They were identified based on partial 16S rDNA and 18S rDNA gene sequencing for bacteria and yeast, respectively. Selected spoilage bacteria were identified as Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Klebsiella variicola and Serratia marcescens, whereas selected spoilage yeast were identified as Kodamaea ohmeri, Pichia aff. fermentans, Pichia kudriavzevii, Hanseniaspora opuntiae and Candida metapsilosis. The agar well diffusion assays resulted in cinnamon as being the most effective EO against selected spoilage indicator. The combination of cinnamon oil and enterocin KT2W2G at 6:4 ratios exhibited the best synergistic effect against selected spoilage microorganisms, whereas enterocin KT2W2G applied as single substance displayed no activity. The results obtained indicate that the combination of cinnamon oil with enterocin KT2W2G harbours the potential to be used as a natural biocontrol agent to improve food quality and to extend the shelf life of harvested bananas.

Biofuels, especially bioethanol, are renewable resources that can supplement fossil fuel use. Gracilaria fisheri is a major cultivated seaweed in Thailand and can be a potential source of bioethanol due to its high polysaccharide content. Marine yeasts collected from the surface of seaweed are poorly known, but could be a source of fermenting yeast when using seaweeds. We collected samples of G. fisheri cultivated in shrimp pond effluent from southern Thailand and isolated yeasts from their surface. Molecular methods (ITS2 sequence) were used to identify the species and ethanol production was measured using algal powder hydrolyzed with 1 M of H2SO4 as a substrate. These species (Candida parapsilosis, Candida glabrata, Kodamaea ohmeri) were identify and used in fermentation experiment. These three yeast species produced different amounts of ethanol (per gram sugars) with C. glabrata producing the highest amount (2.5 × 10−2 g ethanol g−1 sugars) and C. parapsilosis (1.70 × 10−2 g ethanol g−1 sugars) the lowest. This study revealed that epiphytic yeasts isolated from G. fisheri have potential for use in the production of ethanol.

The small hive beetle, Aethina tumida Murray (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), is a pest of colonies of social bees, including the honeybee Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae). We investigated A. tumida oviposition behavior and development and found that it laid eggs in clutches that ranged in size (3-75 eggs per clutch) and that when fed on hive products in laboratory culture (27°C; RH 65%; 12:12 (L:D) h) it completed three larval instars before pupation. The yeast Kodamaea ohmeri (Etchells & Bell) Y. Yamada, T. Suzuki, M. Matsuda & K. Mikata (Ascomycota: Saccharomycotina) is associated with A. tumida, but the exact nature of this relationship is unknown. We examined the association in host eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults to establish its extent and potential specificity and determined the likely mechanism of vertical transmission. K. ohmeri was detected in egg mucilage and on host cuticle and from internal preparations of A. tumida at every stage of development. Based on colony forming unit (CFU) counts, the K. ohmeri densities varied significantly between developmental stages; the highest internal density was recorded in third instar larvae. Presence of K. ohmeri within adult A. tumida was not affected by contamination of the cuticle by the yeast during the larval and pupal stages nor by the mated status of the adult. This deepened understanding of A. tumida ovipositional behavior and larval development along with a better understanding of the relationship between K. ohmeri and its host is important for the development of management strategies for this important pest.

Kodamaea ohmeri is a rare yeast pathogen that has recently emerged as an important cause of fungemia in immunocompromised patients. However, appropriate therapy for this infection remains unclear. We report a case of catheter-related blood stream infection caused by K. ohmeri in a 58-year-old patient who improved after removal of the central venous catheter and administration of micafungin. Considering the antibiotic susceptibility of this pathogen and reviewing literature, echinocandins may be the first choice for an empiric therapy for this pathogen.

Kodamaea ohmeri, a yeast used in food industry, is an emerging opportunist causing sepsis, endocarditis, cellulitis, urinary tract infection, peritonitis. Only 40 cases of Kodamaea ohmeri fungemia were reported worldwide till 2017. Many of them were associated with indwelling central venous catheter. Four Taiwan cases were founded in the literature, and one of them had underlying solid malignancy. Here we report a patient with newly diagnosed metastatic gastric cancer presenting with Kodamaea ohmeri fungemia. There was no previous history of central venous catheter insertion. Despite of antifungal treatment, the patient succumbed to rapid progression of gastric cancer after one course of chemotherapy. We conclude that Kodamaea ohmeri fungemia found in patients with advanced cancer may suggest poor clinical outcome in spite of treatment. Keywords: Kodamaea ohmeri, Fungemia, Malignancy

Kodamaea ohmeri is a relatively rare yeast isolated form clinical specimens, and it is known to be a causative fungus of severe invasive infectious diseases in immunocompromised hosts. Herein, we describe fungemia due to K. ohmeri in a patient with a severe extended burn. The isolate was obtained from not only blood specimens but also skin lesions. We should be aware of risk for fungemia including K. ohmeri in case of severe burn. Keywords: Kodamaea ohmeri, Echinocandin, Fungemia, Microbial substitution

We present a case of subcutaneous granuloma caused by Kodamaea ohmeri and describe the histopathological characteristics and skin lesions caused by this pathogen. A 55-year-old woman, with a history of rheumatoid arthritis, presented with red, painless plaque on her forehead, persistent for 3 months; based on the histopathological and mycological findings and gene sequencing, the patient was diagnosed with subcutaneous granuloma caused by K. ohmeri. This report highlights that early identification and diagnosis and optimal regimens are vital in the management of this intractable infection.

This work aimed to evaluate in vitro antagonistic activities and mechanisms of endophytic yeasts against phytopathogenic fungi. A total of 407 yeast strains isolated from tissue of rice, corn, and sugarcane leaves were evaluated for their antagonistic activities against ten phytopathogenic fungi. Only strains of Wickerhamomyces anomalus and Kodamaea ohmeri were found to inhibit the growth of phytopathogenic fungi. Wickerhamomyces anomalus (seven strains) showed antagonistic activity against Curvularia lunata (cause of dirty panicle disease of rice), three Fusarium moniliforme strains (cause of bakanae disease of rice, stalk rot disease of corn, and red rot disease of sugarcane), and Rhizoctonia solani (cause of sheath blight disease of rice). Whereas four Kodamae ohmeri strains inhibited growth of F. moniliforme (cause of bakanae disease of rice). Antagonistic mechanisms of W. anomalus were based on the production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (mainly 3-methyl-1-butyl acetate and 3-methyl-1-butanol), fungal cell wall-degrading enzymes (β-1,3-glucanase and chitinase), and siderophores as well as phosphate and zinc oxide solubilization. As for K. ohmeri, the production of VOCs (mainly 3-methyl-1-butanol), β-1,3-glucanase and chitinase were hypothesized as possible mechanisms. The antagonistic activity of W. anomalus against these phytopathogenic fungi and of K. ohmeri against F. moniliforme, and the analysis of the VOCs produced by K. ohmeri are reported for the first time. Two W. anomalus strains, DMKU-RE13 and DMKU-CE52, were evaluated for controlling rice sheath blight disease caused by R. solani in rice plants in the greenhouse and found to suppress the disease 55.2-65.1%, whereas 3% validamycin suppressed this disease by 88.5%.

Kodamaea ohmeri is a symbiont of the small hive beetle (SHB), which is a scavenger of honey bee colonies. The SHB causes absconding of the economically important honey bee ( Apis mellifera ) and deposits K. ohmeri in the honeycomb. We describe long-read sequencing and further analyses of the K. ohmeri genome.

Background Kodamaea ohmeri has been a rare fungal pathogen in the past decades but is now becoming more common in various invasive fungal diseases, with high mortality. There are limited data on the occurrence and distribution of K. ohmeri. Methods Sixty-two K. ohmeri isolates collected from 24 hospitals in China over a 7-year period were studied. Performance of three phenotypic methods in the identification of this organism was assessed against a gold standard, 26S rDNA sequencing. Original identification results submitted by the participating local hospitals were reviewed. The Sensititre YeastOne YO10 (SYY) was evaluated in determining the in vitro antifungal susceptibilities using standard broth microdilution method (BMD) as a reference, and essential agreement (EA) was calculated. Results Accurate species identification was achieved in 82.3% and 96.8% of the cases by Vitek 2 Compact and Vitek mass spectrometry (MS), respectively. For Bruker MS, 12.9% and 96.8% of the isolates were correctly identified to species level using the direct transfer and protein extraction methods, respectively. Only 29 (46.8%) isolates were initially correctly identified as K. ohmeri by the local hospitals. The highest misidentification rate (100%, 16/16) was observed in CHROMagar. According to BMD, the highest MIC90 was seen in fluconazole (8 μg/mL), followed by 1 μg/mL for micafungin, caspofungin, 5-fluorocytosine, and amphotericin B, 0.5 μg/mL for itraconazole, 0.25 μg/mL for posaconazole and voriconazole. Significant differences in EAs for different drugs were observed, ranging from 95.2% for amphotericin B to 22.6% for itraconazole between SYY and BMD. Conclusion Our study emphasizes the need for accurate identification of clinical K. ohmeri isolates and the importance of validating antifungal susceptibility by standard BMD.

Cutaneous fungal infections include onychomycosis, an infection of the nail that affects both healthy and immunocompromised patients. This study investigated the in vitro hydrolytic enzymes production, adhesion and biofilm formation capacity of Candida parapsilosis complex species and Kodamaea ohmeri isolates from onychomycoses of HIV/AIDS patients and also established the antifungal sensitivity profiles of these isolates. Onychomycosis in HIV/AIDS patients showed a high prevalence of emerging yeasts, among which C. parapsilosis complex species and K. ohmeri were the most frequent. Three C. parapsilosis sensu stricto and two C. orthopsilosis isolates were resistant to amphotericin B and 83% of isolates were resistant to terbinafine. All three different species evaluated were proteinase and hemolysin producers. All isolates adhered to stainless steel and siliconized latex surfaces, and carbohydrates intensified adhesion of all isolates. Isolates adhered to keratinous nail and 50% formed biofilms with strong intensity. In multispecies or polymicrobial biofilms, C. albicans and Staphylococcus aureus regulated the biofilm formation of the analyzed species, decreasing the number of their cells in biofilms. The isolation of emerging yeast species from onychomycosis which are great producers of hydrolytic enzymes and with high adhesion and biofilm formation capacity is a result that should be considered relevant in clinical practice. In addition, half of the isolates was resistant to at least one of the tested antifungals. Taken together these data corroborate the infectious capacity and viability of these isolates under favorable conditions.

Fungemia due to rare yeasts constitutes an emerging but poorly investigated condition. Data on risk factors, clinical features, therapy, and outcome of episodes of fungemia due to rare (non-Candida, non-Cryptococcus) yeasts were analyzed in a population-based surveillance program conducted in 29 Spanish hospitals between May 2010 and April 2011. Species identification (DNA sequencing) and antifungal susceptibility testing (EUCAST and CLSI methods) were centrally performed. Fourteen out of 767 episodes of fungemia (1.8%) were due to rare yeasts: Trichosporon asahii, Magnusiomyces capitatus (three cases each), Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Wickerhamomyces anomalus (two cases each), and Pichia kudriavzevii, Cyberlindnera fabianii, Kodamaea ohmeri, and Lodderomyces elongisporus (one case each). Misidentification by local laboratories was observed in two isolates. Breakthrough fungemia occurred in two episodes due to M. capitatus MIC values for echinocandins were generally high (particularly for M. capitatus, T. asahii, and R. mucilaginosa isolates [≥2 mg/l]), whereas T. asahii isolates showed MICs ≥1 mg/l to amphotericin B. Patients with fungemia due to rare yeasts were more likely to have hematological malignancies (28.6% vs. 7.8%; P-value = .021), chronic lung disease (50.0% vs. 22.3%; P-value = .023), and prior immunosuppression (57.1% vs. 22.2%; P-value = .005) compared to those with candidemia. The rate of clinical failure (persistent fungemia and/or 30-day mortality) was 46.2% and did not significantly differ from that observed in episodes of candidemia. In conclusion, non-Candida, non-Cryptococcus yeasts are uncommon causes of fungemia, with immunosuppression and chronic lung disease as predisposing factors. Outcome does not appear to be worse than that of candidemia.

Since, there is no study reporting the mechanism of azole resistance among yeasts isolated from aquatic environments; the present study aims to investigate the occurrence of antifungal resistance among yeasts isolated from an aquatic environment, and assess the efflux-pump activity of the azole-resistant strains to better understand the mechanism of resistance for this group of drugs. For this purpose, monthly water and sediment samples were collected from Catú Lake, Ceará, Brazil, from March 2011 to February 2012. The obtained yeasts were identified based on morphological and biochemical characteristics. Of the 46 isolates, 37 were Candida spp., 4 were Trichosporon asahii, 3 were Cryptococcus laurentii, 1 Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, and 1 was Kodamaea ohmeri. These isolates were subjected to broth microdilution assay with amphotericin B, itraconazole, and fluconazole, according to the methodology standardized by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of amphotericin B, itraconazole, and fluconazole were 0.03125–2 µg/mL, 0.0625 to ≥16 µg/mL, and 0.5 to ≥64 µg/mL, respectively, and 13 resistant azole-resistant Candida isolates were detected. A reduction in the azole MICs leading to the phenotypical reversal of the azole resistance was observed upon addition of efflux-pump inhibitors. These findings suggest that the azole resistance among environmental Candida spp. is most likely associated with the overexpression of efflux-pumps.

Necrotizing soft tissue infection, NSTI, involves the soft tissue characterized by rapid spread of infection and consequent cell necrosis. NSTI, in particular necrotizing fasciitis (NF), is a significant disease burden in the US with an annual mortality of 4.8 per 1,000,000 person years. Here we describe a rare fungal pathogen, Kodamaea Ohmeri, as a cause of NF in a diabetic but otherwise healthy male patient. In the past K. Ohmeri has been described in children, immunocompromised individuals, and in cases with IV catheters and prolonged use of IV antibiotics. A febrile and hypotensive male (LRINEC score of 6) presented after sustaining abrasions of his right lower extremity. He was initially started on broad-spectrum antibiotics and underwent surgical exploration. During the following weeks, the patient developed sepsis and endured a total of four debridement. Wound cultures resulted K. Ohmeri with sensitivity to miconazole and voriconazole. Anti-fungal, silver dressings and wound vacuum, were utilized to assist in treatment and tissue granulation. To our knowledge, this is the first case describing Kodamea ohmeri as a causative agent of NF. K. Ohmeri should be on the radar of the health care providers taking care of patients with NF, especially in the context of intermittent bouts of sepsis and prolonged hospital course. Our case illustrates the fact that prompt identification, addition of fungal cultures and appropriate surgical treatment are crucial to improve patient outcomes.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-04T13:15:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-06-01 The objectives of this study were to identify yeasts in 40 feces samples of Agapornis birds and determine their antifungal susceptibility profile by two methodologies. Results indicated 92.5% of positivity (46 isolates). Six genera were identified (14 species): Cryptococcus (39.13%), four species; Candida (36.96%), four species; Rhodotorula (13.05%), two species; Trichosporon (6.52%), two species; Kodamaea ohmeri (2.17%); and Sporobolomyces salmonicolor (2.17%). Regarding the susceptibility profiles, 41.3% of the isolates showed low sensibility to fluconazole and 47.8% to itraconazole. Thus, Agapornis sp. disseminate potentially pathogenic and resistant yeasts. Precautionary measures should be taken regarding breeding and keeping them as pets. Fac Med Sao Jose do Rio Preto, Lab Microbiol, 5416 Brigadeiro Faria Lima Ave, BR-15090000 Sao Jose Do Rio Preto, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, 2265 Cristovao Colombo St, BR-15054000 Sao Jose Do Rio Preto, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, 2265 Cristovao Colombo St, BR-15054000 Sao Jose Do Rio Preto, Brazil

Kodamaea (Pichia) ohmeri is an emerging fatal opportunistic fungal infection. We describe the case of a 9-year-old boy known to have steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. The child, on peritoneal dialysis and cyclosporine, presented with peritonitis related to K. ohmeri. The patient's condition was cured by immediate removal of the peritoneal catheter and treatment with Caspofungin, which was prescribed for susceptible fungal infection.

Kodamaea ohmeri, also known as Pichia ohmeri, is a yeast belonging to the Saccharomycetes family. In 2012, our hospital has recorded the first case of fungemia caused by K. ohmeri in an 80-year-old male, admitted to intensive care following an acute anterior-lateral myocardial infarction. K. ohmeri grew in blood cultures. Biochemical identification was confirmed using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry and molecular sequencing. Antifungal susceptibility has been performed by broth dilution technique. This case confirms that K. ohmeri is an emergent pathogen even though rarely isolated in human disease. Permanent catheterization is a risk factor and may cause the persistence of a K. ohmeri infection, as well as support treatments (mechanical ventilation, tracheotomy, dialysis). Our therapeutic strategy has been empirical and based exclusively on tested antifungals MIC because EUCAST recommendations does not indicate breakpoints.

Few studies have systematically standardised and evaluated matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for identification of yeasts from bloodstream infections. This is rapidly becoming pertinent for early identification of yeasts and appropriate antifungal therapy. We used 354 yeast strains identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) sequencing for standardisation and 367 blind clinical strains for validation of our MALDI-TOF MS protocols. We also evaluated different sample preparation methods and found the on-plate formic acid extraction method as most cost- and time-efficient. The MALDI-TOF assay correctly identified 98.9% of PCR-sequenced yeasts. Novel main spectrum projections (MSP) were developed for Candida auris, C. viswanathii and Kodamaea ohmeri, which were missing from the Bruker MALDI-TOF MS database. Spectral cut-offs computed by receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis showed 99.4% to 100% accuracy at a log score of ≥1.70 for C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. pelliculosa, C. orthopsilosis, C. albicans, C. rugosa, C. guilliermondii, C. lipolytica, C. metapsilosis, C. nivariensis. The differences in the species-specific scores of our standardisation and blind validation strains were not statistically significant, implying the optimal performance of our test protocol. The MSPs of the three new species also were validated. We conclude that MALDI-TOF MS is a rapid, accurate and reliable tool for identification of bloodstream yeasts. With proper standardisation, validation and regular database expansion, its efficiency can be further enhanced.

Common green lacewing, Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi is one of the important biological control agents and is used effectively to manage various insect pests. Chrysopid predators are found to harbor many endosymbiotic yeasts and bacteria. Keeping this in view, a study on the distribution of yeast and bacteria in the adult diverticulum and larval gut was conducted using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and molecular techniques. TEM showed the presence of a load of bacterial cells towards the periphery of inner side of the epithelial lining and the dividing bacterial cells in the larval gut. Numerous oval and kidney shaped yeast fauna were found to be distributed within the lumen and diverticular folds of the diverticulum of adult. Our study reveals the presence and distribution of yeast and bacterial cells from the adult diverticulum and gut of larva. Microbial isolates were identified by sequencing 16S rRNA gene for bacteria and ITS region of yeast including partial rRNA genes ITS-1 and partial 5.8S rRNA gene for yeast, respectively which revealed the presence of yeast isolates namely Kodamaea ohmeri, Torulaspora delbrueckii, Wickerhamomyces anomalus and bacterial isolates namely: Enterobacter hormaechei, E. cloacae and Enterobacter sp. as most common from adult and larvae, respectively. Key words: Diverticulum, diverticular folds, epithelial lining, lumen, yeast, bacteria

Kodamaea ohmerikeratitis is an opportunistic pathogen seen in patients who have undergone invasive procedures and immunocompromised state. It has been identified in septicemia patients, resulting in mortality. To the best of our knowledge, we identified the first case ofK. ohmerikeratitis following an injury with vegetative material. A 57-year-old woman with underlying, poorly controlled diabetes mellitus was gardening when a tree leaf accidentally poked her in the eye. Two weeks later, the patient presented with right eye pain, redness and progressive blurring of vision due to a traumatised right cornea. Slit-lamp examination showed a small inferior paracentral corneal stromal infiltrate with overlying epithelial defect. A corneal scraping sample yieldedK. ohmerifrom Analytical Profile Index (API) 20C yeast identification system. She was treated with intensive topical amphotericin B and fluconazole. After 6 weeks of treatment, the keratitis resolved with faint scar tissue, and her visual acuity improved.

Maize was traditionally the second most common staple food in Indonesia. Conversion to maize flour has been accomplished to improve its convenience. Traditionally, maize flour is produced by soaking the kernels in water followed by grinding. It was reported that final physicochemical characteristics of the maize flour were influenced by spontaneous fermentation which occurred during soaking. This research aimed to isolate and identify important microorganisms that grew during fermentation thus a standardized starter culture can be developed for a more controlled fermentation process. Soaking of maize grits was conducted in sterile water (grits:water=1:2, w/v) in a closed container at room temperature (±28oC) for 72 hours. After 0, 4, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 hours, water and maize grits were sampled and tested for the presence of mold, yeast, and lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Isolates obtained from the spontaneous fermentation were reinoculated into the appropriate media containing starch to observe their amylolytic activity. Individual isolate was then identified; mold by slide culture method, while yeast and LAB by biochemical rapid kits, i.e. API 20C AUX and API CH50, respectively. The number of each microorganism was plotted against time to obtain the growth curve of the microorganisms during spontaneous fermentation. The microorganisms were identified as Penicillium chrysogenum, P. citrinum, A. flavus, A. niger, Rhizopus stolonifer, R.oryzae, Fusarium oxysporum, Acremonium strictum, Candida famata, Kodamaea ohmeri, Candida krusei/incospicua, Lactobacillus plantarum 1a, Pediococcus pentosaceus, L. brevis 1, L. plantarum 1b, and L. paracasei ssp paracasei 3. Four molds and one yeast were amylolytic while none of the LAB was capable of starch hydrolysis. The growth curve suggested that the amylolitic mold and yeast grew to hydrolyze starch during the course of fermentation, while the LABs benefited from the hydrolyzed products and dominated the later stage of the fermentation.

Kodamaea ohmeri ( K ohmeri ) is an emerging opportunistic fungal pathogen that infects an increasing number of immunocompromised patients worldwide. Herein, we present 3 cases of K ohmeri infection in mainland China: 1 case of peritonitis and 2 of fungemia. We review the 32 cases described thus far in the English-language medical literature to investigate the characteristics and treatment of K ohmeri infections and to compare the new cases with those described previously. The increase in infections highlights the significance of K ohmeri as a potential yeast pathogen. Early identification and appropriate antifungal therapy, combined with removal of implanted medical devices, greatly influence clinical outcomes. Further studies are required to determine optimal antifungal regimens and to obtain more comprehensive data on the use of novel antifungal agents such as voriconazole and echinocandins. * HIV : human immunodeficiency virus; CAPD : continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis; bpm : beats per minute; RBC : red blood cell; HGB : hemoglobin; WBC : white blood cell; PLT : platelet; ip : intraperitoneal; tid : 3 times a day; qn : once a night; iv : intravenously; qd : once a day; bid : twice a day; tiw : three times a week; HBV : hepatitis B virus; CT : computed tomography; q8h : once every 8 hours; q12h : once every 12 hours; ALB : plasma albumin; SCR : serum creatinine; CysC : serum cystatin C; BUN : blood urea nitrogen; AST : serum aspartate aminotransferase; PT : prothrombin time; APTT : activated partial thromboplastin time; PCT : serum procalcitonin; MODS : multiple organ dysfunction syndrome; ICU : intensive care unit; CRRT : continuous renal replacement therapy; CVC : central venous catheter; SDA : Sabouraud dextrose agar; ITS : internal transcribed spacer; PCR : polymerase chain reaction; BLAST : Basic Local Alignment Search Tool; MIC : minimum inhibitory concentration; CLSI : Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; MICs : minimum inhibitory concentrations

Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-12T18:39:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-01-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T18:34:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-01-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T14:04:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0036-46652012000100004.pdf: 200291 bytes, checksum: 3d68bdf8c27bb5742e75037b796eef8c (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T14:04:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0036-46652012000100004.pdf: 200291 bytes, checksum: 3d68bdf8c27bb5742e75037b796eef8c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-01-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa da UNESP (PROPe UNESP) Introduction: In HIV-infected patients, colonization of the oral cavity by potential pathogenic yeast may lead to development of systemic fungemia. We evaluated the prevalence of yeast in the oral cavity of Brazilian HIV-positive patients and verified whether or not the species characterized were enzymatically active. Furthermore, the species identified were tested for their susceptibility to antifungal treatment. Methods: Patient saliva and oropharyngeal candidiasis samples were collected from 60 seropositive HIV patients and identified by the API20C system. Enzymatic activity was evaluated by the production of proteinase and phospholipase. Susceptibility to antifungal treatments were determined using the broth microdilution method. Results: the most commonly isolated species were C. albicans (51.56%) followed by non-albicans Candida species (43.73%), Trichosporon mucoides (3.12%) and Kodamaea ohmeri (1.56%). Oral colonization by association of different species was observed in 42% of the patients. Enzymatic activity was verified in most of species isolated, except for C. glabrata, C. lusitaniae and C. guilliermondii. Resistance to Fluconazole and Amphotericin B was observed in isolates of C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, C. krusei, and K. ohmeri. Conclusion: HIV-positive patients are orally colonized by single or multiple species of yeast that are occasionally resistant to Fluconazole or Amphotericin B. Univ Estadual Paulista UNESP, Dept Biosci & Oral Diag, BR-12245000 Sao Jose Dos Campos, SP, Brazil Emilio Ribas Inst Infectol, BR-01246900 São Paulo, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista UNESP, Dept Biosci & Oral Diag, BR-12245000 Sao Jose Dos Campos, SP, Brazil FAPESP: 2009/52283-0

The biofilms formed by opportunistic yeasts serve as a persistent reservoir of infection and impair the treatment of fungal diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of biofilms formed by Candida spp. and the emerging pathogens Trichosporon mucoides and Kodamaea ohmeri by a cationic nanoemulsion of zinc 2,9,16,23-tetrakis(phenylthio)-29H,31H-phthalocyanine (ZnPc). Biofilms formed by yeasts after 48 h in the bottom of 96-well microtiter plates were treated with the photosensitizer (ZnPc) and a GaAlAs laser (26.3 J cm(-2)). The biofilm cells were scraped off the well wall, homogenized, and seeded onto Sabouraud dextrose agar plates that were then incubated at 37°C for 48 h. Efficient PDI of biofilms was verified by counting colony-forming units (CFU/ml), and the data were submitted to analysis of variance and the Tukey test (p

Mangrove wetland is a unique ecosystem and has rich bioresources. In this article, the roots, stems, branches, leaves, barks, fruits, and flowers from 12 species of the mangrove plants and six species of the accompanying mangrove plants, seawater and sediments in mangrove ecosystems in China were used as sources for isolation of yeasts. A total of 269 yeasts strains were obtained from the samples. The results of routine identification and phylogenetic analysis showed that they belonged to 22 genera and 45 species. Of all the 269 strains, Candida spp. was predominant with the proportion of 44.61%, followed by Kluyveromyces spp. (8.55%), Pichia spp. (7.44%), Kodamaea ohmeri (5.58%), Issatchenkia spp. (4.83%) and Debaryomyces hansenii (4.46%). We also found that strains N02-2.3 and ST3-1Y3 belonged to the undescribed species of Pichia sp. and Trichosporon sp. respectively while strain HN-12 was not related to any known yeast strains. This means that different yeast strains of Candida spp. especially C. tropicalis were widely distributed in the mangrove ecosystems and may have an important role in the mangrove ecosystems. The results also showed that some of them may have potential applications.