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Additional file 1: Online Resource 1. Study flow chart. Among a total of 6655 eligible patients, 43 patients with a history of gastrectomy, 207 patients with specimens that were difficult for histological evaluation, and 475 patients whose H. pylori infection status could not be clearly determined were excluded. The final cohort of 5930 patients included 2039 patients with current H. pylori infection (CHI group), 3332 patients with confirmed H. pylori eradication (PHE group), and 559 patients without H. pylori infection (NHI group).

Additional file 3: Online Resource 3. Proportion of patientets with PACM every five site biopsy HP; Helicobacter pylori, HPE; Helicobacter pylori eradication, PACM; pancreatic acinar cell metaplasia A1; the lessor curvature of the antrum, A2; the greater curvature of the antrum, IA; incisula angularis B1; the lessor curvature of the corpus, B2; the greater curvature of the corpus Data are shown as number of patients with PACM /number of total patients (percentage).

Additional file 2: Online Resource 2. Demographic details of the patients in each group. HP; Helicobacter pylori, HPE; Helicobacter pylori eradication, PACM; pancreatic acinar cell metaplasia All patients were classified into currentrly HP infection, after HPE and no HP infection groups. All patients in no HP infection group did not have PACM.Data are shown as mean scores±standard error.

Additional file 6: Table S1. Raw data of fluorescence intensity of dimethyl-eEF1A

Additional file 2: Figure S1. Phylogenetic tree of the 18 GC and 12 MALT strains with 1439 PubMLST strains. This tree shows 18 GC and 12 MALT strains in 1439 global strains obtained from the PubMLST database. Orange and green triangles represent GC and MALT strains, respectively. hspEAsia, hspMaori, and hspAmerind are subpopulations of hpEastAsia. All GC and MALT strains were included within hpEastAsia population. (NJ-tree, Kimura-2 parameters, MEGA v. 6.0.).

Additional file 3: Figure S2. Phylogenetic tree of only 18 GC and 12 MALT strains. The star-like topology of this tree implies that these strains are genetically homogenous, and that their population has no clear structure (NJ-tree; Kimura-2 parameters; MEGA v. 6.0).

Additional file 3: Figure S2. Phylogenetic tree of only 18 GC and 12 MALT strains. The star-like topology of this tree implies that these strains are genetically homogenous, and that their population has no clear structure (NJ-tree; Kimura-2 parameters; MEGA v. 6.0).