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Supplementary Material 2: Table S1 and Table S2

Supplementary Material 1: STROBE Statement - checklist of items that should be included in reports of observational studies

Additional file 3:. Risk of bias assessment using the Newcastle Ottawa scale (NOS) for cohort studies included in home environment systematic review (Adapted for the assessment of observational, cohort studies (Modesti et al. [23]).

Additional file 5:. Cross-sectional association between physical and social aspects in the home food domain and child adiposity outcomes.

Additional file 4:. Cross-sectional association between physical and social aspects in the home media domain and child adiposity outcomes.

Additional file 1:. PRISMA Checklist

Additional file 6:. Cross-sectional association between physical and social aspects in the home PA domain and child adiposity outcomes.

Background The obesogenic quality of the home environment is hypothesised to play an important role in children’s weight development but few prospective studies have investigated relationships between the home environment and adiposity across childhood. Objective To investigate the continuity and stability of the home environment from ages 4 to 12, and bi-directional relationships between the home environment and BMI-SDS from ages 4 to 12. Methods Parents from the Gemini cohort completed the Home Environment Interview (HEI), a comprehensive measure of the obesogenic home environment, when their children were aged 4 and 12 (n = 149 families, n = 298 children). The obesogenic home environment was measured using four composite scores capturing the food, activity, media environments, and the overall home environment. Child weights and heights were used to calculate BMI-SDS. Continuity was assessed with Pearson’s correlations between scores at each time point, and stability by changes in mean scores over time. Cross-lagged analyses were performed (HEI composites at age 4 to BMI-SDS at age 12 and the reverse) to measure the magnitude and direction of associations. Results The home environment showed moderate-to-high continuity from ages 4 to 12 (r = 0.30–0.64). The overall home environment (r = 0.21, p (r = 0.23, p β; 95% CI = 0.18; 0.08,0.28, p Conclusion This study provides evidence that the obesogenic home environment tracks across childhood and highlights the importance of the early home media environment for child weight development. The findings provide insight into key aspects of the home environment that could be targeted when developing obesity treatment or prevention strategies.

Background The home environment is thought to influence children’s weight trajectories. However, few studies utilise composite measures of the home environment to examine associations with energy balance behaviours and weight. The present study aimed to adapt and update a comprehensive measure of the obesogenic home environment previously developed for pre-schoolers, and explore associations with school-aged children’s energy balance behaviours and weight. Methods Families from the Gemini cohort (n = 149) completed the Home Environment Interview (HEI) via telephone when their children were 12 years old. The HEI comprises four composite scores: one for each domain (food, activity and media) of the environment, as well as a score for the overall obesogenic home environment. The primary caregiver also reported each child’s height and weight (using standard scales and height charts), diet, physical activity and sedentary screen-based behaviours. A test-retest sample (n = 20) of caregivers completed the HEI a second time, 7–14 days after the initial interview, to establish test-retest reliability. Results Children (n = 298) living in ‘higher-risk’ home environments (a 1 unit increase in the HEI obesogenic risk score) were less likely to consume fruits (OR; 95% CI = 0.40; 0.26–0.61, p p p = 0.022), convenience foods (2.58; 1.64–4.05, p p β (SE) = 4.55 (0.78), p β (SE) = 1.56 (0.43), p p (β (SE) = 0.23 (0.09), p . This finding was mirrored for the home media composite (β (SE) = 0.12 (0.03), p Conclusion Findings reveal associations between the overall obesogenic home environment and dietary intake, activity levels and screen-based sedentary behaviours, as well as BMI in 12 year olds. These findings suggest that the home environment, and in particular the home media environment, may be an important target for obesity prevention strategies.