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Introduction: Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting remains a challenge, despite having clinical perception and evidence that its severity has diminished. Aim of the study: This study intends to identify the magnitude of postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients aged 3–79 years. Methods: A descriptive study was carried out in the postoperative ward of Rajshahi Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh from October 2020 to September 2020. A total of 150 patients were enrolled in this study following the inclusive criteria. Results: Nausea, vomiting and the need for anti-emetic medication were recorded for 24 h postoperatively. In the early post \operative period, nausea and vomiting were 27.25% and 13.25%, respectively. Over the whole 2 day period, nausea and vomiting were 65.75% and 35%. 52% of the patients who received general anaesthesia and 38% of the patients who received regional anaesthesia reported nausea. Conclusion: Female gender, a previous history of postoperative sickness, a longer duration of surgery and a history of motion sickness are the most important predictive factors associated with an increased risk for nausea and vomiting. Even though nausea and vomiting problem is neglected in developing worlds like Bangladesh but it’s indeed a big problem for the patients and can affect the outcome of the treatment & the patients' wellbeing as well.

The present research work was carried out for the detection of aflatoxigenic fungus from poultry feed samples. During a period of 12 months (from June 2018 to June 2019), a total of 100 poultry feed samples comprising of 50 commercially prepared and 50 self compounded poultry feed were collected from different 5 different farms of Dinajpur districts, Bangladesh. Among the 100 feed samples Aspergillus spp was found on 54 feed samples with 54% prevalence. But Aflatoxigenic Aspergillus spp was found on 48 samples with 48% prevalence. In this study the prevalence of Aspergillus spp was 56% in self compounded poultry feed and 52% prevalence in commercially prepared poultry feed. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of Aspergillus spp and also in the prevalence of aflatoxigenic fungus isolated from commercially prepared feed as well as in self compounded feed on the basis of farms. Maximum level of aflatoxin was ≥20 ppb. This study alarms us about the potential risks of Aspergillus spp to public health if contaminate agricultural commodities such as grains or raw materials such as poultry feed.

Plant availability of soil K is controlled by dynamic interactions among solution, exchangeable and nonexchangeable pools. Potassium (K+) directly released from primary K-bearing minerals can contribute to plant nutrition. The objective of this research was to assess short-term K+ release and fixation on Barisal silt (Barisal) and Chhiatasilty clay loam (BAU-Bangladesh Agricultural University) soils, which are intensively cropped with rice. Potassium sorption and desorption properties and the contributions of exchangeable K+ (EK) and nonexchangeable K+ (NEK) pools to K+ dynamics of the soil-solution system was measured using a modified quantity-to-intensity (Q/I) experiment. The soil ability for K+ release and fixation (β) for BAU and Barisal soil was 0.109 and 0.089, respectively. The equilibrium potential buffering capacity for exchangeable K+ (PBCExch) derived from Q/I experiment was 48.41 for BAU soil and 65.24 for Barisal soil. The equilibrium potential buffering capacity for nonexchangeable K+ (PBCNon-exch) was 149.73 in BAU soil and 119.29 in Barisal soil, respectively. The BAU soil showed higher β value than the Barisal soil, indicating release and fixation of nonexchangeable K (NEK) would be greater in BAU soil than the Barisal soil. The amount of exchangeable K (EK) that was not in exchange equilibrium with Ca (Emin) in the experimental conditions was higher (0.114 cmol kg-1) in Barisal soil than in BAU soil (0.049 cmol kg-1). Equilibrium concentration ratio (CR0) in Barisal soil was 0.807 (mmol L– 1)1/2 compared to 0.338 (mmol L – 1)1/2 in BAU soil. The equilibrium solution K (CK0) was greater in Barisal soil 0.098 (mmol L – 1)1/2 than the BAU soil 0.039 (mmol L – 1)1/2. Estimated equilibrium exchangeable K (EK0) for BAU and Barisal was 0.065 and 0.165 cmol kg–1, respectively. Critical solution K (CKr) value for Barisal soil was 0.103 mmol L–1, which was greater than that of BAU soil (0.038 mmol L–1). The calculated critical exchangeable K (EKr) for BAU and Barisal soil was 0.049 and 0.109 cmol kg –1, respectively. The value of EKr indicates that the release of nonexchangeable K would be initiated in BAU and Barisal soils when exchangeable K will be less than 0.049 and 0.109 cmol kg –1, respectively. Potassium supplying parameters obtained from these K+ release and fixation experiments would be useful for decision making in soil fertility management

In Bangladesh transgender women (hijras) are thought to be highly mobile that may be an impediment to condom use. This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the extent of mobility of hijras, in-country and cross-border, and whether mobility affects condom use in anal intercourse. Hijras ≥15 years of age, receiving services from the Global Fund supported HIV prevention program were enrolled. A behavioral questionnaire was administered and blood was tested for antibodies to HIV and syphilis. Of 889 hijras sampled, 41.3 % never traveled, 26.4 % traveled in-country and 32.3 % crossed the border in the last year. HIV and active syphilis was at 0.8 and 1.8 % respectively. Among hijras who crossed the border condom use was less likely in last anal intercourse (AOR 0.68; 95 % CI 0.48-0.96), and consistently with new (AOR 0.59; 95 % CI 0.34-1.01) and regular clients (AOR 0.45; 95 % CI 0.27-0.76) in the last week. This study concludes that in Bangladesh hijras are highly mobile and cross-border mobility negatively affects condom use.

The structural, electronic, optical and thermodynamic properties of Mo2Ga2C are investigated using density functional theory (DFT) within the generalized gradient approximation (GGA). The optimized crystal structure is obtained and the lattice parameters are compared with available experimental data. The electronic density of states (DOS) is calculated and analyzed. The metallic behavior for the compound is confirmed and the value of DOS at Fermi level is 4.2 states per unit cell per eV. Technologically important optical parameters (e.g., dielectric function, refractive index, absorption coefficient, photo conductivity, reflectivity, and loss function) have been calculated for the first time. The study of dielectric constant (e1) indicates the Drude-like behavior. The absorption and conductivity spectra suggest that the compound is metallic. The reflectance spectrum shows that this compound has the potential to be used as a solar reflector. The thermodynamic properties such as the temperature and pressure dependent bulk modulus, Debye temperature, specific heats, and thermal expansion coefficient of Mo2Ga2C MAX phase are derived from the quasi-harmonic Debye model with phononic effect also for the first time. Analysis of Tc expression using available parameter values (DOS, Debye temperature, atomic mass etc.) suggests that the compound is less likely to be superconductor., Comment: Submitted to Chinese Physics B

Bilkis Jahan Lumbiny, Mst Rikta Khatun, M. Azizul Islam

Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) can be used as feed prebiotics, but are limited by high production costs. In this study, low-cost sugarcane molasses was used to produce whole-cell biocatalysts containing transfructosylating enzymes by Aureobasidium pullulans FRR 5284, followed by FOS production from molasses using the whole-cells of A. pullulans. A. pullulans in molasses-based medium produced cells and broth with a total transfructosylating activity of 123.6 U/mL compared to 61.0 and 85.8 U/mL in synthetic molasses-based and sucrose-based media, respectively. It was found that inclusion of glucose in sucrose medium reduced both transfructosylating and hydrolytic activities of the produced cells and broth. With the use of pure glucose medium, cells and broth had very low levels of transfructosylating activities and hydrolytic activities were not detected. These results indicated that A. pullulans FRR 5284 produced both constitutive and inducible enzymes in sucrose-rich media, such as molasses while it only produced constitutive enzymes in the glucose media. Furthermore, treatment of FOS solutions generated from sucrose-rich solutions using an invertase-deficient Saccharomyces yeast converted glucose to ethanol and acetic acid and improved FOS content in total sugars by 20–30%. Treated FOS derived from molasses improved the in vitro growth of nine probiotic strains by 9–63% compared to a commercial FOS in 12 h incubation. This study demonstrated the potential of using molasses to produce FOS for feed application.

Whole blood stimulation assay (WBA) with killed gram-positive and gram-negative udder pathogens were used to investigate the interference of the endotoxin-binding antibiotic polymyxin B (PMB) on the ex vivo TNF-α response. Blood samples were collected from first to third lactating dairy cows in their early lactation (6/mL; and pathogen-associated molecular pattern molecules, namely E. coli LPS (10 μg/mL), and S. aureus peptidoglycan (PG, 10 μg/mL). The PMB was added at a concentration of 0, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 μg/mL to each stimulant, respectively. All bacteria stimulants resulted in an increased TNF-α response compared to the negative control. The PMB affected the TNF-α responses of gram-positive (except S. dysgalactaie), gram-negative bacteria; and bacterial cell wall components at a PMB concentration of 25–50 μg/mL. The LPS and E. coli had similar TNF-α response but PG had a lower TNF-α response than gram-positive bacteria. The doses of PMB (≥ 25 μg/mL) should be used with caution when using different types of pathogens or should be avoided in ex vivo TNF-α studies.

A whole blood stimulation assay was used to investigate the effects of parity, number of weeks after calving and Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria on the ex vivo TNF-α responsiveness of Danish Holstein-Friesian cows of first to third lactation (n = 28). Blood samples were collected in weeks 2, 3, 5 and 8 after parturition and stimulated with Escherichia coli LPS (10 μg/mL), Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan (PGN, 10 μg/mL) and dead Escherichia coli, Streptococcus uberis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus dysgalactiae at a concentration of 2.5 × 10 6/mL. The antibiotic polymyxin-B (100 μg/mL) was added to the Gram-positive bacteria to avoid the influence of environmental endotoxin by ELISA test. Overall, parity had no effect, whereas number of weeks after calving altered the TNF-α responsiveness of the majority of the stimulants. Ex vivo, Gram-positive bacteria always resulted in a higher TNF-α response than Gram-negative bacteria with large differences within the individual cows. High correlations were found within the Gram-negative stimulants panel (r = 0.83) and within the Gram-positive (r = 0.81 to 0.86) stimulants panel except PGN. The higher TNF-α responsiveness by Gram-positive bacteria is in agreement with in vitro studies in human but in contrast to the in vivo TNF-α responsiveness in bovine udder.

Whole blood stimulation assay (WBA) has been widely used to study production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and is considered a relatively good predictor for the in vivo release of TNF-a during endotoximia in dairy cattle. However, it requires a standardized and optimized dose of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) to simulate the in vivo cytokine response during WBA when using killed bacteria. Moreover, if an association between genome (e. g., Quantitative trait loci) and ex vivo TNF-alpha responsiveness can be established; it helps to reduce mastitis in dairy cattle using selective breeding. Three experiment scenarios for pathogen dose, stimulation time and estimation of genetic variables effect in ex vivo TNF-alpha production were carried out to investigate differences of TNF-alpha responsiveness in early lactation in 4, 38 and 40 Danish Holstein Friesian dairy cows respectively. Statistical analysis done using ANOVA, t.test and lm functions in R software. Results showed that, ex vivo TNF-alpha response to E. coli is dose and time dependent and a dose of 2.5 x 10(6) CFU/mL for 3.5 h is optimal for observing TNF-alpha response after ex vivo stimulation.Relatively consistent inter-individual cow differences in the TNF-alpha response ex vivo were observed from week 3 to week 8. No statistically significant association were found between the ex vivo TNF-alpha responsiveness and the two E. call associated mastitis QTLs which may be due to the low number of animals (n =) in the study.

The present study aimed to investigate the neuropharmacological potential of methanol extract of African oil palm or Elaeis guineensis (MEEG) in Swiss albino mice and through computer-aided model. To identify the secondary metabolites in MEEG, standard phytochemical and GC-MS analyses were performed. Antidepressant activity of MEEG was assessed by forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) in Swiss albino mice. Besides, elevated plus maze (EPM), hole board test (HBT) and light-dark test (LDT) were used to investigate anxiolytic activities while for assessing sleeping disorder, open field test (OFT) and hole cross test (HCT) were performed. Additionally, computational and ADME/T analysis was performed using Schrodinger Maestro (v11.1) software and admetSAR online tools. The qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses revealed the existence of several secondary metabolites in MEEG. The oral administration of MEEG significantly reduced the immobility time in FST and TST. Similarly, promising dose-dependent anxiolytic effects were noted in all corresponding tests as compared to the control. As well, a significant decrease in the locomotion activities in experimental animals was noted during the OFT and HCT analysis. In case of computational and toxicological studies, most of the selected compounds were found considerably safe. Among the safe compounds, squalene showed promising binding energy for the antidepressant and anxiolytic activities, while stearic acid showed promising effects for the locomotion activity. The outcomes of the investigation recommend MEEG as a potential source of therapeutic candidate for the management of neurological disorders.

Several quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting mastitis incidence and mastitis-related traits such as somatic cell score exist in dairy cows. Previously, QTL haplotypes associated with susceptibility to Escherichia coli mastitis in Nordic Holstein-Friesian (HF) cows were identified on Bos taurus autosome 9. In the present study, we induced experimental E. coli mastitis in Danish HF cows to investigate the effect of 2 E. coli mastitis-associated QTL haplotypes on the cows' disease phenotypes and recovery in early lactation. Thirty-two cows were divided in 2 groups bearing haplotypes with either low (HL) or high (HH) susceptibility to E. coli . In addition, biopsies (liver and udder) were collected from half of the cows (n=16), resulting in a 2 × 2 factorial design, with haplotype being one factor (HL vs. HH) and biopsy being the other factor (biopsies vs. no biopsies). Each cow was inoculated with a low E. coli dose (20 to 40 cfu) in one front quarter at time 0h. Liver biopsies were collected at −144, 12, 24, and 192h; udder biopsies were collected at 24h and 192h post- E. coli inoculation. The clinical parameters: feed intake, milk yield, body temperature, heart rate, respiration rate, rumen motility; and the paraclinical parameters: bacterial counts, somatic cell count (SCC), and milk amyloid A levels in milk; and white blood cell count, polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocyte (PMNL) count, and serum amyloid A levels in blood were recorded at different time points post- E. coli inoculation. Escherichia coli inoculation changed the clinical and paraclinical parameters in all cows except one that was not infected. Clinically, the HH group tended to have higher body temperature and heart rate than the HL group did. Paraclinically, the HL group had faster PMNL recruitment and SCC recovery than the HH group did. However, we also found interactions between the effects of haplotype and biopsy for body temperature, heart rate, and PMNL. In conclusion, when challenged with E. coli mastitis, HF cows with the specific Bos taurus autosome 9-located QTL haplotypes were associated with differences in leukocyte kinetics, with low-susceptibility cows having faster blood PMNL recruitment and SCC recovery and a tendency for a milder clinical response than the high-susceptibility cows did.

Study questionDo endometrial stromal fibroblasts (eSF) in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) (eSFpcos) exhibit altered estrogen and/or progesterone (P4) responses, which may explain some of the adverse reproductive outcomes and endometrial pathologies in these women?Summary answerIn vitro, eSF from women with PCOS exhibit an aberrant decidualization response and concomitant changes in pro-inflammatory cytokine, chemokine and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) release and immune cell chemoattraction. In vivo these aberrations may result in suboptimal implantation and predisposition to endometrial cancer.What is known alreadyThe endometrium in women with PCOS has several abnormalities including progesterone (P4) resistance at the gene expression level, likely contributing to subfertility, pregnancy complications and increased endometrial cancer risk in PCOS women.Study design, size, durationProspective, university-based, case-control, in vitro study.Participants/materials, setting, methodsCultures of eSFPCOS (n = 12, Rotterdam and NIH criteria) and eSFControl (Ctrl) (n = 6, regular cycle length, no signs of hyperandrogenism) were treated with vehicle, estradiol (E2, 10 nM) or E2P4 (10 nM/1 μM) for 14 days. Progesterone receptor (PGR) mRNA was assessed with quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and eSF decidualization was confirmed by insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) transcript and protein expression. Fractalkine (CX3CL1), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin (IL) 6, 8 and 11, macrophage chemoattractant protein (MCP) 1 and 3, CCL5 (RANTES) and MMPs (MMP1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 10 and 12) were measured in conditioned media by Luminex multiplex assays, and chemotactic activity of the conditioned media was tested in a migration assay using CD14+ monocyte and CD4+ T-cell migration assay. Effects of IL-6 (0.02, 0.2, 2 or 20 ng/ml) or IL-8 (0.04, 0.4, 4, or 40 ng/ml) or combination (0.2 ng/ml IL-6 and 4.0 ng/ml IL-8) on 14-d decidualization were also tested. ANOVA with pre-planned contrasts was used for statistical analysis.Main results and the role of chanceHormonal challenge with E2P4 to induce decidualization revealed two distinct subsets of eSFPCOS. Eight eSFPCOS (dPCOS) and all eSFCtrl (dCtrl) cultures showed a normal decidualization response to E2P4 as determined by morphology and IGFBP-1 secretion. However, 4 eSFPCOS cultures showed blunted decidualization (ndPCOS) in morphological assessment and low IGFBP-1 levels even though all three groups exhibited normal estrogen-mediated increase in PGR expression. Interestingly dPCOS had decreased IL-6 and GM-SCF secretion compared with dCtrl, whereas the ndPCOS cultures showed increased IL-6 and 8, MCP1, RANTES and GM-CSF secretion at base-line and/or in response to E2 or E2P4 compared with dCtrl and/or dPCOS. Furthermore, even though PGR expression was similar in all three groups, P4 inhibition of MMP secretion was attenuated in ndPCOS resulting in higher MMP2 and 3 levels. The conditioned media from ndPCOS had increased chemoattractic activity compared with dCtrl and dPCOS media. Exogenously added IL-6 and/or 8 did not inhibit decidualization in eSFCtrl indicating that high levels of these cytokines in ndPCOS samples were not likely a cause for the aberrant decidualization.Limitations, reasons for cautionThis is an in vitro study with a small sample size, utilizing stromal cell cultures from proliferative and secretory phase endometrium. The effect of PCOS on endometrial epithelium, another major histoarchitectural cell compartment of the endometrium, was not evaluated and should be considered in future studies. Furthermore, results obtained should also be confirmed in a larger data set and with mid/late secretory phase in vivo samples and models.Wider implications of the findingsThe alterations seen in ndPCOS may contribute to endometrial dysfunction, subfertility and pregnancy complications in PCOS women. The results emphasize the importance of understanding immune responses related to the implantation process and normal endometrial homeostasis in women with PCOS.Study funding/competing interestsSigrid Juselius Foundation, Academy of Finland, Finnish Medical Foundation, Orion-Farmos Research Foundation (to T.T.P.), the NIH Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) U54HD 055764-07 Specialized Cooperative Centers Program in Reproduction and Infertility Research (to L.C.G.), the NICHD the Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Awards grant 1F32HD074423-03 (to J.C.C.). The authors have no competing interests.