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Background Early-stage mycosis fungoides (MF) includes involvement of dermatopathic lymph nodes (LNs) or early lymphomatous LNs. There is a lack of unanimity among current guidelines regarding the indications for initial staging imaging in early-stage presentation of MF in the absence of enlarged palpable LNs. Objectives To investigate how often imaging is performed in patients with early-stage presentation of MF, to assess the yield of LN imaging, and to determine what disease characteristics promoted imaging. Methods A review of clinicopathologically confirmed newly diagnosed patients with cutaneous patch/plaque (T1/T2) MF from PROspective Cutaneous Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (PROCLIPI) data. Results PROCLIPI enrolled 375 patients with stage T1/T2 MF: 304 with classical MF and 71 with folliculotropic MF. Imaging was performed in 169 patients (45%): 83 with computed tomography, 18 with positron emission tomography-computed tomography and 68 with ultrasound. Only nine of these (5%) had palpable enlarged (>= 15 mm) LNs, with an over-representation of plaques, irrespectively of the 10% body surface area cutoff that distinguishes T1 from T2. Folliculotropic MF was not more frequently imaged than classical MF. Radiologically enlarged LNs (>= 15 mm) were detected in 30 patients (18%); only seven had clinical lymphadenopathy. On multivariate analysis, plaque presentation was the sole parameter significantly associated with radiologically enlarged LNs. Imaging of only clinically enlarged LNs upstaged 4% of patients (seven of 169) to at least IIA, whereas nonselective imaging upstaged another 14% (24 of 169). LN biopsy, performed in eight of 30 patients, identified N3 (extensive lymphomatous involvement) in two and N1 (dermatopathic changes) in six. Conclusions Physical examination was a poor determinant of LN enlargement or involvement. Presence of plaques was associated with a significant increase in identification of enlarged or involved LNs in patients with early-stage presentation of MF, which may be important when deciding who to image. Imaging increases the detection rate of stage IIA MF, and identifies rare cases of extensive lymphomatous nodes, upstaging them to advanced-stage IVA2.

Background/Aim: Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a rare, neutrophilic dermatosis often associated with an underlying disease, and clinical data or larger studies are rare. Methods: In this retrospective study, disease characteristics, clinical manifestations, and treatment response were evaluated in a Swiss cohort of PG patients. Results: In participating centers, 34 cases (21 females) of PG were analyzed based on clinical and histological presentation between 2002 and 2012. The mean age at diagnosis was 61.2 years; 50% of the patients experienced only 1 episode of PG. In 13 cases (out of 20), recurrences occurred during PG therapy; 64.1% showed only 1 lesion simultaneously. The predominant localization was the lower limb (67%). The lesions were disseminated in 26.6%. At the time of diagnosis or recurrence, the mean diameter was 37.6 mm and the mean ulcer size was 10.3 cm2. C-reactive protein (CRP) was elevated in 73.2%; leukocytosis was present in 58.9% and neutrophilia in 50.9%. At least 1 associated comorbidity was present in 85% (the most prominent being cardiovascular disease). The most often used systemic treatments were steroids (68.3%), cyclosporine A (31.7%), dapsone (31.7%), and infliximab (13.3%), and the most often used topicals were tacrolimus 0.1% (48.3%) and corticosteroids (35%). PG healed completely at discharge in 50.8%. The average time to diagnosis was 8 months, and the mean duration to healing was 7.1 months. Conclusion: PG is a difficult-to-diagnose skin disease. Here, markers for inflammation such as CRP, leukocytosis, and neutrophilia were elevated in 50-73% of the PG patients.

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Anhand der Anamnese, der Klinik sowie der Untersuchungsresultate wird der Fall einer eosinophilen Fasziitis beschrieben und das Krankheitsbild vorgestellt. Eine Beteiligung innerer Organe bei dieser Systemerkrankung aus dem Formenkreis der fibrosierenden Erkrankungen ist selten. Beim beschriebenen Fall kam es zu einer Nierenbeteiligung mit Proteinurie und Hypoproteinämie. Die therapeutischen Optionen mit Kombinationstherapien mit Steroiden, Ciclosporin A und Methotrexat werden dargestellt.

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The terminology and classification of lymphoproliferative disorders in the skin remains a source of confusion for clinicians and pathologists. More than 25 types of malignant lymphoid neoplasms may involve the skin. These either arise primarily or represent secondary cutaneous involvement due to the spread of node-based lymphomas, other extracutaneous lymphomas or leukemias. In addition, there is a variety of cutaneous pseudolymphomatous reactions. This article addresses the histopathological features of primary cutaneous B-cell lymphomas and B-cell pseudolymphomas and presents a modern approach to the diagnosis of these lymphoid neoplasms.

Cutaneous peripheral T-cell lymphoma, unspecified/not otherwise specified (PTL NOS) represents a phenotypically and prognostically heterogenous group of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL) that do not fit into any of well defined defined CTCL subtypes. In the WHO-EORTC classification as well as the WHO classification, three entities have been delineated as provisional rare subtypes of PTL based on their characteristic clinico-pathological, immunophenotypic and prognostic features and have been separated out from PTL, NOS: Primary cutaneous CD4-positive small/medium T-cell lymphoma (CD4+ SMTL), primary cutaneous CD8-positive aggressive epidermotropic T-cell lymphoma (CD8+ AECTCL), and primary cutaneous gamma/delta T-cell lymphoma (CGD-TCL). CD4+ SMTL manifests in most patients with a solitary nodule in the head and neck area and nodular infiltrates of CD4+ small to medium-sized lymphocytes with nuclear pleomorphism. The prognosis of this lymphoproliferation is excellent in patients with a solitary lesion, but may be impaired in patients with multifocal disease. Rapidly evolving erosive or necrotic plaques and nodules with an epidermotropic infiltrate of CD8+ atypical lymphocytes are the hallmark of CD8+ AECTCL, which exhibits a poor prognosis. CGD-TCL displays a broad spectrum of clinical and histological manifestations with expression of the T-cell receptor gamma/delta chain as the common denominator and diagnostic marker. As most of other forms of PTL, CGD-TCL carries a poor prognosis. Despite the rarity of PTL NOS, clinicians as well as dermatopathologists and pathologists should be familiar with these rare CTC, especially since most of these lymphomas exhibit an unfavourable prognosis. Immediate intense treatment with multiagent chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is indicated in patients with PTL NOS. This review focuses on the clinicopathological aspects, the diagnostic criteria and the classification of the rare subtypes of PTL and PTL NOS.

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4. Cyphomyrmex paniscus Wheeler (Figs. 3, 20, 28, 49) Cyphomyrmex paniscus Wheeler, 1925: 42-44 (Worker, female, male; Brazil). Types. - 3 workers and 3 alate females (MCZ), collected by Hj. Mosen in Brazil (locality not given), examined. Worker (lectotype). - Total length 4.5 mm; head length 1.07 mm; head width 0.98 mm; thorax length 1.36 mm; hind femur length 1.25 mm. Light reddish brown. Integument opaque and finely granular, including the antennal scrobe. Head as shown in Fig. 3. Mandibles finely striolate-punctate, chewing border serially dentate with (7-) 9 teeth. Clypeus: anterior border mesially excised, middle portion obliquely raised toward front, with two prominent lateral and widely separated blunt teeth next to the origin of frontal lobes. Two pairs of longitudinal carinules on dorsum of head, one extremely feeblejust behind the deeply impressed frontal area, the other strong, more widely spaced and posteriorly slightly converging on vertex. Frontal carinae behind moderately expanded frontal lobes scarcely sinuous and slightly diverging. Supraocular tooth conical and prominent, not connected by a low ridge with inferior occipital corner. Inferior or outer border of antennal scrobe only vestigially carinate and somewhat indistinct between eyes and occipital lobes. The latter (Fig. 49) prominent, rounded, not longer than their maximum width. Lower border of sides of head bluntly marginate but not carinate. Antennal scape in repose slightly projecting beyond tip of occipital lobe. All funicular segments distinctly longer than broad. Thorax as shown in Fig. 20; slender. Pronotum: anterior and lateral border of dorsal face marginate and carinate; a single prominent conical median tubercle on disc; lateral tubercles likewise prominent, blunt, projecting obliquely sidewards; anteroinferior corner of laterotergite with a small, acute tooth. Mesonotum: two pairs of prominent tubercles, anterior pair with elongate, laterally compressed base, triangular in profile, posterior, pair of subequal height, subconical. A deep and broad impression between posterior pair of mesonotal teeth and the anterior end of the widely spaced and feeble longitudinal carinules of basal face of epinotum which terminate behind in a small, rectangular tooth (sometimes indistinct). Legs relatively long and slender, hind femora weakly dilated and vestigially carinate on posteroinferior border at basal third. Pedicel as shown in Figs. 20 and 28. Petiole broader than long, anterior corners in dorsal view narrowly rounded, anterior face oblique, terminating in front of small paired dorsal tubercles. A shallow median impression between these tubercles. Postpetiole broader than long, compact, much broader than petiole, with a long raised perpendicular anterior face; dorsal face quadrituberculate, pairs of each side connected by a faint longitudinal, blunt and posteriorly diverging ridge, area between ridges, and laterad of posterior tubercles shallowly excavate, posterior border of postpetiole between posterior tubercles slightly emarginata Tergum 1 of gaster laterally marginate and subcarinate. Instead of a median pair of carinae there is a faint, longitudinal, median impression on anterior half. Small, fine, glittering and scattered hairs on body and appendages appressed; more conspicuous and denser on scapes and legs. Female (paratypes). - Total length 5.2 mm; head length 1.12-1.15 mm; head width 1.04-1.07 mm; thorax length 1.60 mm; hind femur length 1.39-1.44. Similar to the worker, with the usual differences of the caste. Differs from auritus, as follows: Head differences as stated below for worker. In addition, the anterior half of middle portion of clypeus is not quite perpendicular to, but rather continuous with, the posterior portion, wedged in between frontal lobes. Inferior head border only bluntly carinate. Midpronotal tooth small, lateral pronotal teeth welldeveloped and conspicuously projecting laterad. Mesonotum quite resembling, but welts, ridges and furrows not so strong. Scutellum lacking a distinct tumulus in front of the shorter apically blunt posterior teeth. Excision between the same teeth shallower. Epinotal spines fingerlike with the tips curved inwards. Petiole distinctly broader than long and narrower in the rear than in front. Postpetiole exactly as in worker, the sides scarcely convex and not conspicuously diverging caudad, dorsal longitudinal ridges blunt, but stronger than in worker. Gaster only laterally and weakly carinate on tergum 1 which bears in the middle a deeply impressed hairless longitudinal furrow, reaching beyond half. Rest of gaster finely tuberculata. Wings infumated, dull reddish-brown with slightly darker veins. Male described by Wheeler (1925). No specimens seen. Discussion. - The present species is known only from the type- series. In over-all similarity C. auritus seems to be the closest relative. The worker of paniscus differs from the former in the following characters: 1. Head broader, occipital lobes shorter and rounded both in dorsal and lateral view, not horn-like; supraocular tubercle lacking the connecting ridge with inferior occipital corner; scape projecting beyond the tip of occipital lobes. Inferior border not carinate. 2. Thorax: lateral and median pronotal tubercles higher; mesonotal tubercles subequal in height, anterior pair laterally compressed and triangular in profile; ridges on basal face of epinotum weak and more widely spaced. 3. Pedicelar segments broader than long. Petiole with anterior corners rounded; postpetiole with the connecting ridge between anterior and posterior tubercles blunt and low. 4. Gaster lacking the median pair of longitudinal costae on tergum 1, having instead a faint longitudinal impression. Wheeler's description is very good and detailed, with the exception of the following details: 1. His measurements are too low, due to a single linear-spread measuring. 2. The statement referring to a deep promesonotal constriction is a lapsus, should be mesoepinotal constriction. 3. 1 am at odds with the 3 pits mentioned for the petiole. At any rate, the types have no paired anterior pits on node; the posterior unpaired pit is the impression between the dorsal tubercles. Variation. - The lectotype worker is the tallest. The smallest of the three measures as follows: Total length 4.1 mm; head length 1.01 mm; head width 0.93 mm; thorax length 1.23 mm; hind femur length 1.20 mm. Note. - Unfortunately, the exact origin of the specimens is unknown. Among other captures by Hj. Mosen in Brazil, Wheeler cites Acromyrmex disciger Mayr, a typical denizen of southeastern Brazil. Hence it is quite probable that peniscus came from this region, the habitat of its closest relatives., Published as part of Kempf, W. W., 1964, A revision of the Neotropical fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex Mayr. Part I. Group of strigatus Mayr (Hym., Formicidae)., pp. 1-44 in Studia Entomologica (N. S.) 7 on pages 18-20

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8. Cyphomyrmex peltatus n. sp. (Figs. 13, 20, 35, 50) Worker (holotype). - Total length 3.1 mm; head length 0.72 mm; head width 0.69 mm; thorax length 1.04 mm; hind femur length 0.85 mm. Ferruginous; dorsum of head, scapes and tibiae strongly, promesonotum and gaster more lightly intuscated. Integument densely and finely granulate-punctate. Head as shown in Fig. 13. Mandibles finely striolatepunctate, somewhat shining. Anterior border of clypeus very gently convex, almost straight; lateral teeth triangular, not projecting. Frontal area impressed. Frontal lobes semicircular. Frontal carinae almost straight, diverging caudad, attaining tip of occipital corner. The latter scarcely, salient. Front with a weak and low tumulus just behind frontal area, followed by a shallow transverse depression between greatest constriction of frontal carinae. Carinae of vertex strong, subsemicircular, diverging both cephalad and caudad, the posterior end does not attain the occipital corner. Occiput perpendicular to vertex, distinctly excavate. Preocular carina curving mesad above eye; postocular carina extending from occipital corner to the inferior border of eye, containing the supraocular tooth, which in full-face view appears just as a blunt angle of postero-lateral border of head. Eyes with 7 facets across greatest diameter. Inferior border of cheeks sharply marginate. Antennal scape gradually but strongly incrassate toward apex; surpassing in repose the occipital corner by a distance which distinctly exceeds its maximum width. Funicular segments II-IX not longer than broad, segment I as long as II and III combined. Thorax as shown in Fig. 20. Midpronotal tubercles absent. Lateral pronotal tooth tubercular and obtuse, sending foreward a weak carinule which separates the pronotal dorsum from its sides; anteroinferior corner rectangular. Humeral angle not expressed. Mesonotum with a shallow pentagonal impression margined by blunt carinae formed by the very low and weltlike anterior and posterior pair of tubercles; the latter form at the antero-lateral corner a bluntly projecting tumulus. Mesoepinotal constriction rather strong. Basal face of epinotum laterally immarginate with two indistinct tubercles antero-laterally, blending posteriorly into the declivous face, which is laterally immarginate. Oblique welt on sides of epinotum indistinct. Hind femora (Fig. 50) ventrally angulate at basal third, postero-ventral border narrowly crested. Pedicel as shown in Figs. 20 and 35. Petiolar node nearly twice as broad as long, the anterior corners rounded, posteriorly strongly constricted in front of postpetiolar insertion; no dorsal ridges nor posterior salient laminule present. Postpetiole without a distinct anterior face, its dorsal face with a sagittal impression and postero-lateral impressions flanking a pair of blunt and low tubercles, which do not project beyond the entire posterior border. Tergum I of gaster with a feeble antero-median groove; lateral marginations at best vestigial. Hairs minute, short, shiny and recurved, not scale-like, never completely appressed. Female (paratypes). - Total length 3.6-3.7 mm; head length 0.77-0.80 mm; head width 0.75-0.77 mm; thorax length 1.15-1.20 mm; hind femur length 0.88-0.91 mm. Resembling the worker, with the differences peculiar to the caste. - Ocelli very small. Eyes with about 12 facets across the greatest diameter. Lateral pronotal tooth low, blunt, tumuliform. Mesonotum: Scutum with an antero-median, laterally marginate elevation between the anterior arms of the shallowly impressed Mayrian furrows; notauli indistinct. Paraptera flat with rounded border. Scutellum posteriorly bidentate, with a semicircular excision between the teeth. Epinotum continuously declivous, without a differentiated basal face; its upper portion laterally sharply carinate. Middorsal impression of postpetiole deeper. Wings unknown. Male unknown. Specimens examined: 28 workers and 3 females, as follows: Brazil, Santa Catarina; Ibicare, September 1960, F. Plaumann leg. 6 workers, 1 female (holotype and paratypes); Chapeco, V-1957, F. Plaumann leg. 1 worker; Nova Teutonia, strays from 8 different collections made between October 1953 and February 1963 by F. Plaumann, 17 workers; Rio Grande do Sul: Barao de Cotegipe, July 1960, F. Plaumann leg. 2 workers, 2 females; Boqueirao, September 1960, F. Plaumann leg. 2 workers. (All paratypes and deposited in WWK). Discussion. - The holotype worker is the tallest of the series; the smallest worker examined measures as follows: total length 2.8 mm; head length 0.66 mm; head width 0.63 mm; thorax length 0.93 mm; hind femur length 0.75 mm. Otherwise the paratypes agree completely with the holotype in all essential features and details. The present species is very close to rimosus but a few constant characters help to differentate both forms. The worker of peltatus differs from sympatric morphs of rimosus in the following characters: Lack of midpronotal tubercles; pentagonal impression on mesonotum, margined by the 4 low welts, the anterior pair forming a tubercle at the anterolateral corner of the pentagon; epinotum completely unarmed, the anterior pair of tubercles bluntly rounded and only vestigial; middorsal postpetiolar impression always deeper; hairs as a rule thin, recurved, not scale-like. The female is at once recognized by the lack of epinotal spines. The typical peltatus is known from southeastern Brazil in the States of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul. 1 provisionally associate with the same species stray specimens from northern Brazil (Amazonas: Benjamim Constant, Manaus; Para: Belem; Mato Grosso: Utiariti) and Surinam (La Poulle, Vank; erroneously identified as kirbyi in my paper of 1961: 518), although they are smaller in size, of lighter color, having shorter scapes and rather scale-like hairs. Another species from Mexico, dentatus Forel, is doubtless a close relative of peltatus; it will be differentiated in the ensuing description., Published as part of Kempf, W. W., 1966, A revision of the Neotropical fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex Mayr. Part II. Group of rimosus (Spinola) (Hym. Formicidae)., pp. 161-200 in Studia Entomologica (N. S.) 8 on pages 181-184

5. Cyphomyrmex bigibbosus Emery (Figs. 2, 16, 30, 48) Cyphomyrmex bigibbosus Emery, 1894: 226-227 (Worker; Brazil: Para). - Kempf, 1959: 216 (Brazil, Amapa: Serra do Navio). Cyphomyrmex bigibbosus tumulus Weber. 1938: 185-187 (Worker, female, male; Britsih Guiana: Forest Settlement on Mazaruni River; Oronoque River). - Weber, 1940: 413, figs. 7, 11, 12 (Worker, male; British Guiana; Key). - Weber, 1946: 126-128 (British Guiana; Bion.). - NOV. SYN. Types. - The lone holotype worker of bigibbosus is in the Emery collection at the "Museo Civico di Storia Naturale", Genova, Italy; not seen. Syntypes of tumulus: 3 workers examined (MCZ, NAW). Worker. - Total length 3.2-3.4 mm; head length 0.75- 0.83 mm; head width 0.67-0.75 mm; thorax length 0.93-1.04 mm; hind femur length 0.83-0.91 mm. Fuscous reddish brown; head usually darkest; mandibles, coxae, femora and sometimes also thorax light brown. Integument, including antennal scrobe, densely granular and opaque. Head as shown in Fig. 2. Mandibles with 7-8 teeth. Clypeus: anterior border mesially excised; central portion of clypeus obliquely raised towards front, with two acute teeth next to origin of frontal lobes. Vertex with a pair of short carinules. Supraocular tumulus blunt, rounded, not prominent. Preocular carinae reaching the gently produced occipital lobes (Fig. 48), closing completely the antennal scrobe. Lower border of sides of head carinate. Antennal scapes, in repose, not projecting beyond tip of occipital lobes. Only funicular segments 1 and 10 distinctly longer than broad. Thorax as shown in Fig. 16. Pronotum: the single median tubercle quite distinct, the lateral ones very low and blunt, continued foreward as a faint, often more or less obsolete, margination that separates the pronotal dorsum from the sides: antero-inferior corner acutely dentate. Mesonotum: anterior pair of tubercles prominent and conical, posterior pair very low but distinct and blunt. Mesoepinotal constriction conspicuous but relatively shallow in profile. Epinotum completely rounded and unarmed. Hind femora a little dilated ventrally but not visibly carinate posteriorly at basal third. Pedicel as shown in Figs. 16 and 30. Petiole in dorsal view rather longer than broad, anterior corners of node not sharply angulate, dorsal ridges at best vestigial, posterior dorsal border without a raised carinule. Postpetiole, in dorsal view, subquadrate not transverse, with a perpendicular anterior face, a rather flat dorsal face, having the posterior border deeply excised between a pair of prominent horizontal tubercles. Tergum I of gaster strongly vaulted, lacking lateral margination and longitudinal carinae. Hairs minute, appressed, glittering, scattered; quite inconspicuous, on body and appendages. Female. - Total length 3.8 mm; head length 0.84 mm; head width 0.79 mm; thorax length 1.20 mm; hind femur length 0.96 mm. Resembling the worker with the differences of the caste. Differs from faunulus (see below) in the following features: Bicolored, head and gaster fuscous, thorax brown. Occipital lobes much less projecting both in full-face view as in- profile, much as in worker. Midpronotal tubercle faint but still distinguishable. Pair of anterior tubercles between arms of Mayrian furrows very low; scutum laterally not deeply furrowed. Paraptera postero-laterally with a short tooth. Posterior scutellar teeth much shorter, about as long as their width at base. Epinotal teeth completely absent. Pedicel as in worker; petiole elongate, with subparallel sides, anterior corners rather rounded; postpetiole with the same deep mesial excision on posterior border, flanked by prominent lobes, as in worker. Gaster bigibbous on anterior third of tergum I. Male described by Weber (1938), as of tumulus. Distribution. - This species is known only from the Amazon valley in Brazil and from British Guiana. Specimens examined. - Brazil, Amapa Territory: Serra do Navio (K. Lenko) 30 workers (DZSP, WWK); Amazonas State: Manaus (K. Lenko) 1 female (DZSP). - British Guiana: Forest Settlement on Mazaruni River (N. A. Weber) 3 workers (syntypes of C. bigibbosus tumulus) (NAW, MCZ). Discussion and synonymy. - Besides the typical form, described by Emery upon a lone worker from Para, Brazil, three additional races have hitherto been proposed, viz. faunulus Wheeler, petiolatus Weber and tumulus Weber. This splitting shows the serious effort of dealing with the undeniable variability cf the species. But the result is nevertheless inadequate, not only from a geographical viewpoint but mainly because the previous authors have seemingly misidentified the typical bigibbosus. Although 1 have been unable to secure the holotype of the latter, I believe that Emery's concise description contains sufficient elements to show that bigibbosus s. str. is identical with tumulus on account of the little drawn out occipital lobes, the acute inferior pronotal angle, the well-developed mid-pronotal tubercle and principally the postpetiole"postice impresso et bituberculato". On the other hand, bigibbosus sensu Weber is really a different form, taking the second oldest name of faunulus, with petiolatus as its junior synonym. On account of the afore mentioned characters, C. faunulus is apparently sufficiently distinct from bigibbosus to be considered a genuine species. It is sympatric with bigibbosus, but occupies, according to our present knowledge, a much greater territory of dispersal. The head of the bigibbosus worker is strikingly similar to that of strigatus, but the configuration of the thorax, the pedicel and the gaster shows clearly the conspicuous differences between both species. Variation. - The scanty material available for this investigation is rather uniform. The series from Serra do Navio shows a vestigial lateral margination of tergum I of gaster, which in profile forms an obtuse angle at basal third, as shown in Fig., 16. This condition does not obtain in the series from British Guiana, but is well-expressed in the queen from Manaus. Bionomics. - Professor Weber made field studies of the present species (" bigibbosus tumulus ") in British Guiana. His account (Weber 1946: 126-128) contains the only available published data and should be consulted by all those that are particularly interested in this subject. Following is a brief resume of his findings: C. bigibbosus is a rain forest species and seems to prefer high humidities. The nest chambers were found in rotted wood, mostly in excavate cells, but also under bark. The cavity size is variable but averages about 20-25 cc. The fungus garden is mostly sessile, resting on the floor, but variously attached at the sides. Occasionally the chains of fungus garden are also suspended from the ceiling. The substrate is heterogeneous, consisting mainly of yellow to brown particles, often of woody consistency; once even a head of a Dolichoderus ant was used as substrate. Once a worker of Prionopelta punctulata was found inside a nest, preying perhaps on the larvae of C. bigibbosus. The finding of an dealate queen in a tiny fungus garden, with a full grown worker, suggests splitting as a possible means of colony foundation., Published as part of Kempf, W. W., 1964, A revision of the Neotropical fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex Mayr. Part I. Group of strigatus Mayr (Hym., Formicidae)., pp. 1-44 in Studia Entomologica (N. S.) 7 on pages 20-23

7. Cyphomyrmex morschi Emery (Figs. 11, 24, 29, 54) Cyphomyrmex morschi Emery, 1887: 36(1 (Worker; Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul: Sao Lourenco). - v. Ihering, 1894: 360, 385 (Worker; Bion.). - Kempf, 1962: 34, figs. 32-34 (Worker; se. Brazil). Cyphomyrmex sp. (= morschi Emery), Mayr, 1887: 556 (Key). Cyphomyrmex (Mycetosoritis) personatus Santschi, 1923: 268-269 (Female; Argentina, Buenos Aires: Monte Hermoso). - NOV. SYN. Cyphomyrmex personatus Santschi, 1925: 164. Types. - Workers from Sao Lourenco do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, collected by Prof. Hermann von Jhering, in the Emery collection at Genova; not seen. A single specimen from the same locality, belonging to: the H. v. Ihering collection (now DZSP), is presumably a syntype or ai least a topotype. A slightly damaged, and alate female, from Monte Hermoso, Buenos Aires, holotype of personatus Santschi (NHMB). Worker (syntype?). - Total length 3.0 mm; head length 0.72 mm; head width 0.64 mm; thorax length 0.93 mm; hind femur length 0.80 mm. Medium brown; front, vertex and gaster darker; opaque. Antennal scrobe reticulate-punctate; slightly shining. Head as shown in Fig. 11. Mandibles finely striate, serially dentate, with 8-9 small teeth. Clypeal border not conspicuously excised in middle. Clypeal apron lacking small teeth next to origin of frontal carinae. The latter little expanded in front, moderately constricted at level of eyes, then gently diverging caudad and becoming more or less vestigial before reaching occipital corner. Preocular carina fading out at some distance behind eyes; posterior end of scrobe vestigially delimited. Paired carinules of vertex present. Supraocular tubercle marked by a low, very blunt tuberosity. Occipital corners (Fig. 54) narrowly rounded. Occiput excised. Scapes in repose surpassing the occipital border by a distance which approximates its maximum width. Funicular segments 2-6 longer than broad. Thorax as shown in Fig. 24. Three pronotal tubercles present, the median one very weak, vestigial; antero-inferior corner of pronotum acutely dentate. Two pairs of mesonotal tubercles, the anterior pair more prominent but low, the posterior pair much feebler. Basal face of epinotum without anterior tubercles or longitudinal ridges, lacking a well-defined longitudinal furrow: posterior corners minutely dentate. Femora and tibiae.; not prismatic, rather slender; hind femora not dilated nor ventrally carinate and angulate at basal third. Petiolar node (Figs. 24, 29) trapezoidal in dorsal view, broader in front than behind, anterior "corners rounded; posterodorsal border with a distinct, obliquely raised, short, transverse laminule. Postpetiole about as long as broad, with subparallel sides, lacking dorsal ridges and tubercles; tergum completely appressed to sternum; disc with a shallow postero-median pit. Gaster with sides of tergum I scarcely marginate, lacking an anteromedian short furrow. Appressed hairs small, fine, glittering, sparse; denser and more evident on head, gaster and appendages. Female. - Total length 3.5-3.8 mm; head length 0.80- 0.83 mm; head width 0.69-0.72 mm; thorax length 1.07-1.15 mm; fore wing 3.2 mm; hind femur length 0.85-0,98 mm. Resembling the worker, except for the differences of the caste. Posterior portion of antennal scrobe usually more distinctly carinate behind. Carinae of vertex prominent, bearing on lateral face the small posterior ocelli. Midpronotal tubercle obsolete; lateral teeth prominent, antero-inferior corners of pronotum conspicuously dentate. Mesonotal scutum flat, with shallow Mayrian furrows; antero-median area between arms of furrows laterally subcarinate, with a weak median longitudinal furrow. Scutellum flat, posteriorly feebly dentate. Basal face of epinotum short, scarcely distinguishable from declivous face, epinotal teeth small or obsolete. Postpetiole relatively shorter and broader, paired tubercles on posterior border more conspicuous. Distribution. - C. morschi occurs on the Atlantic shore from Buenos Aires in the Argentine to southeastern Brazil, from Rio Grande do Sul State to Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro State. Specimens examined: Argentina, Buenos Aires: Monte Hermoso (E. Carette) 1 female (holotype of personatus Santschi) (NHMB). - Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul State: Sao Lourenco do Sul (H. v. Jhering) 1 worker (syntype?) (DZSP); Sao Paulo State: Itanhaem (H. Luederwaldt, H. Guedes and F. Grossmann) 10 workers, 1 female (DZSP, WWK), Mongagua (W. W. Kempf) 1 worker (WWK), Boqueirao (W. W. Kempf) 2 workers (WWK), Sao Sebastiao (1. Krebsbach, B. Fleddermann) 5 workers, 2 males (WWK), Caraguatatuba (K. Lenko) 1 worker, 2 females (DZSP); Rio de Janeiro State: Cabo Frio (T. Borgmeier) 1 worker (WWK). Variation. - The worker measurements vary as follows: Total length 2.5-3.0 mm; head length 0.64-0.72 mm; head width 0.52-0.64 mm; thorax length 0.75-0.93 mm; hind femur length 0.61-0.80 mm. Body color variable from light brown to fuscous brown. A small but rather indistinct tooth on clypeus next to the origin of frontal carinae, present in a few larger specimens. Carinules of vertex occasionally very weak. Supraocular tumulus indistinct in smaller specimens. Median pronotal tubercle often weak to obsolete. Anterior pair of mesonotal tubercles sometimes connected by a transverse and semicircular welt. Postero-dorsal laminule of petiolar node vestigial in smaller specimens. Postpetiole usually about as long as broad. Discussion. - Due to the feebly developed, yet complete, antennal scrobe, which is only feebly to vestigially delimited on posterior third of head, this species is quite distinct from all other forms of the genus and resembles somewhat Mycetophylax conformis (Mayr). But in the latter (worker and female), the frontal lobes are short, strongly constricted behind, and do not continue obliquely caudad as distinct carinae (or, if they do, then only as a feeble margination for a very short distance); the preocular carina disappears at the level of the posterior orbit of the eyes. Furthermore, Mycetophylax conformis does not show a distinct antennal scrobe reaching back to the occipital corner. Synonymy. - Santschi's personatus, based on a callow and alate female, was at first erroneously placed in subgenus (now genus) Mycetosoritis. Upon direct comparison of the type with authentic females of morschi, it proved to be a synonym of the latter. Bionomics. - According to H. von Jhering (1894: 385), the nest of C. morschi consists of a cavity in the soil, the small opening at the surface being surrounded by a crater-like well of loosely heaped-up earth crumps. The fungus-garden has the size of a small orange and is made up of mould-covered vegetable debris, as in mcst Attini. So far, this species has been found only at sea level along the Atlantic shore line. On the long beach "Praia Grande", southwest of the city of Santos (Boqueirao, Mongagua, Itanhaem), morschi is seemingly quite common in the sand dunes along the shore, although no intensive collections have yet been made., Published as part of Kempf, W. W., 1964, A revision of the Neotropical fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex Mayr. Part I. Group of strigatus Mayr (Hym., Formicidae)., pp. 1-44 in Studia Entomologica (N. S.) 7 on pages 25-28

12. Cyphomyrmex salvini Forel (Figs. 3, 16, 36, 40) Cyphomyrmex rimosus salvini Forel, 1899: 40, pl. 3, fig. 2 (Female; Panama: Bugaba). - Wheeler. 1907: 724 (Worker, male; Costa Rica: Port Union). - Forel, 1908: 43 (Costa Rica: Isla de Cocos). - Weber, 1940: 412 (Worker, female, male; key). Cyphomyrmex salvini: Weber, 1958: 261 (Worker). Cyphomyrmex acutus Weber, 1940: 409 (Worker; Panama C. Z.: Barro Colorado Island). - Weber, 1941: 107-8 (Bion.). - NOV. SYN. Cyphomyrmex salvini acutus Weber, 1958: 261 (Worker). Type. - A lone dealate female, collected by Champion at Bugaba, Panama, presumably deposited in the British Museum (Natural History); not seen. Types of acutus in the Weber collection (NAW); not seen. Worker. - Total length 3.3-3.8 mm; head length 0.80- 0.93 mm; head width 0.69-0.83 mm; thorax length 1.07-1.28 mm; hind femur length 1.01-1.17 mm. Close to the preceding vorticis, with the following differences: Head (Fig. 3): Frontal lobes somewhat pointed cephalad, nearly straight and strongly diverging laterad, conspicuously rounded caudad. Frontal carinae either reach (as in rimosus) or do not reach (as in vorticis) the occipital lobe. Occiput rather perpendicular than oblique. Funicular segment 1 shorter than II and III combined. Thorax (Fig. 16): Antero-inferior corner of pronotum forming an obtuse angle. Posterior mesonotal tubercles conical, although rather low, but not welt-like. Pair of longitudinal carinae on basal face of epinotum blunt, usually confined to the anterior half; when extending over posterior half then only vestigial. Oblique welt on sides of epinotum usually not well developed. Hind femur shown in Fig. 40. Petiolar node (Fig. 36) more strongly constricted behind, just in front of postpetiolar insertion. Median and lateral impressions in front of posterior border of postpetiole deeper, the paired tubercles, which separate these impressions, stronger. Body hairs conspicuous, squamous, either appressed or recurved as on scapes and ventral borders of head and on legs. Female. - This caste was described by Forel as follows: "Long 3.7 millim. Lobe anterieur des aretes frontales fort grand, plus grand que chez le C. rimosus. Angles posterieurs de la tete prolonges en oreilles recourbees plus longues que chez le C. strigatus, mais bien plus courtes que chez le C. auritus. Le borel median des aretes frontales forme deux aretes qui bordent l'epistome et l'aire frontale en forme de triangle. Chaque ocelle est place sur une elevation; celle des deux lateraux se prolonge en arete arquee vers Tangle posterieur de la tete. Le pronotum' a devant, en haut, de chaque cote une forte dent triangulaire. Le mesonotum a devant, en haut, au milieu, un disque arrondi et borde; au milieu, en arriere de ee disque, deux aretes longitudinal tres obtuses, de cote un large feston. Le proscutellum a un feston de cote. Le scutellum est profondement echancre et bidente. Le metanotum a deux tres petites dents. Les deux noeuds du pedicule rectangulaires, plus larges que longs, le 2me beaucoup plus large. Abdomen tres convexe, a peine subborde, sans trace d'elevations ni de depressions a sa surface. Mat. Microscopiquement rabcteux; finement tuberculeux et rugueux. Tout le corps couvert, comme chez le C. rimosus, i. sp., d'une pubescence espacee, courte, epaisse, brillante et squameuse. D'un brun roussatre ferugineux. Tete et abdomen bruns fonces. - Differe du C. rimosus para ses oreilles et ses aretes beaucoup plus fortes". Male described by Wheeler (1907); see below under championi. Distribution. - So far, salvini is known to occur in Panama and Costa Rica, also on the, oceanic Isla de Cocos, off the west coast of Costa Rica, where it may have been imported (Forel, 1908: 43). Specimens examined: 18 workers, 1 male, as follows: Panama Canal Zone: Barro Colorado Island, date unknown, W. M. Wheeler leg. n. 737, 3 workers (identified as acutus by Weber); same locality, January 1960, W. L. Brown & E. S. McCluskey leg. (M-66) 6 workers (WWK). - Panama: Cerro Campana, 800-950 m, January 17, 1960, G. B. Fairchild and W. L. Brown, Jr. leg. (B-85 and B-95) 5 workers (WWK). - Costa Rica: San Jose, date unknown, H. Schmidt leg. 1 worker (CTB); Port Limon, March 25, 1905, J. C. Paulmier leg. 3 workers, 1 male (MCZ). Discussion. - Although resembling rather closely vorticis, from which it was already differentiated above, salvini presents an even more intimate relationship with rimosus, already shown by the fact that up to recently it had been considered just as a race of the latter. The larger size, the prominent tooth-like occipital corners, the salient supraocular teeth, the conical or spine-like mesonotal projections, the strongly developed ridges and impressions on head, the longer legs are the chief features that separate salvini from rimosus. Attention is called to the fact that only the lone female from Panama, described by Forel (1899), is a type specimen (holotype). The association of the worker caste to this female, proposed by Wheeler (1907), although merely founded upon the similarity of differential characters, seems quite tenable. Wheeler's workers from Port Limon, Costa Rica, both in the Wheeler and Forel collection, bear erroneously type labels. Moreover, the Forel collection, according to Weber (1958), contains another worker specimen lacking a locality label. Weber suspects that this is a syntype. However, inasmuch as Forel, in the original description of salvini, does not mention any worker specimens accompanying the female, it is quite improbable that this is a type. To the contrary, I rather believe that this worker is the specimen from Cocos Island mentioned by Forel in 1908. In a revisionary note, Prof. Weber (1958) raised salvini to full specific category and reduced his own acutus to a subspecies of salvini. While I fully agree with the former step, I have come to the conclusion that acutus is nothing but a straight synonym of salvini. All the specimens coming from the type locality of acutus, i. e. Barro Colorado Island, agree completely with the Port Limon specimens, which are the digms for the worker caste of salvini. Bionomics. - Very little is known of salvini in this regard. So far, no record of the nest structure and fungus garden has been published. Weber's (1941: 107-8) observations refer to stray workers on Barro Colorado Island. One of them carried a piece of substrate in its mandibles. Although this material could not be examined more closely because the ant dropped it while being picked up, it looked like the type of substrate used by the mycelium growers, not by the yeast cultivators. Incidentally, Weber turns this surmise into a condition for the definite separation of salvini from rimosus (a yeast cultivator), which to me looks like asking too much. Fore nobody doubts about the specific distinction among the mycelium growers in spite of the possibility that all or most of them cultivate the same kind of fungus., Published as part of Kempf, W. W., 1966, A revision of the Neotropical fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex Mayr. Part II. Group of rimosus (Spinola) (Hym. Formicidae)., pp. 161-200 in Studia Entomologica (N. S.) 8 on pages 190-192

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11. Cyphomyrmex bruchi Santschi (Figs. 10, 21, 32, 53) Cyphomyrmex bruchi Santschi, 1917: 282 (Worker; Argentina: La Plata). - Santschi, 1931: 281, figs. 5, 6 (Worker; Argentina: La Plata, Buenos Aires). - Weber. 1940: 408 (Key). - Kusiezov, 1949: 436, 438. - Kusnezov, 1957: 10-11 (Key). Types. - 3 workers, collected by C. Bruch at La Plata, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, n. 631; 2 specimens, lectotype (Coll. Santschi, NHMB) and paratype (WWK) seen. Worker (lectotype) - Total length 3.0 mm; head length 0.72 mm; head width 0.72 mm; maximum diameter of eyes 0.11 mm; scape length 0.56 mm; thorax length 0.93 mm; hind femir length 0.67 mm. Brown; head fuscous reddish brown. Opaque; finely reticulate-punctate; dorsum of head between frontal carinae and less conspicuously dorsum of gaster rather finely and somewhat irregularly reticulate-rugose. Tergum I of gaster without evident small, piligerous tubercles. The whole insect covered with fine, appressed, scattered and glittering short hairs. Tip of gaster (terga and sterna II-IV) with short and erect hairs. Head as shown in Fig. 10; as broad as long. Mandibles finely punctate and vestigially striolate; chewing border with more than 7 vestigial to indistinct teeth (sign of wear?); sides sharply carinate at base; apical tooth prominent. Anterior clypeal border shallowly emarginate in middle, laterally with a small tooth. Frontal area distinct. Frontal carinae anteriorly expanded into prominent subcircular lobes, posteriorly greatly removed from each other and slightly diverging and sinuous, confluent with preocular carina on occipital corner. Vertex without paired carinules. Occiput broadly and shallowly excised between prominent occipital corner (Fig. 53), with another deeper and narrower excision in the middle. Supraocular tumulus very broad, low and blunt. Scapes in repose not surpassing the occipital corners. Funicular segments II-VI1F about as broad as long. Thorax as shown in Fig. 21. Pronotum with a pair of low and stout lateral tubercles, midpronotal tubercle practically absent; anteroinferior corner angulate and subdentate. Mesonotum without marked anterior tubercles, posterior tubercles indicated by the sharply marginate, in profile weakly raised, posterior corners. Mesoepinotal groove in the middle very shallow, laterally more deeply impressed. Sides of basal face of epinotum bluntly marginate. Epinotal teeth short and pointed. Dorsum of thorax between pronotal tubercles and epinotal spines flattened to slightly excavated on posterior half of basal face of epinotum. Hind femora ventrally dilated at basal third, the posterior border bearing there a prominent foliaceous flange. Pedicel as shown in Figs. 21 and 32. Petiolar node subtrapezoidal in dorsal aspect, broader in front than in back, anterior corners rounded, posterior border dorsally with a distinct, obliquely raised, short transverse laminule, flanked by a short, longitudinal carinule. Anterior face distinct from dorsum. Postpetiole a little more than twice as broad as long (31: 15), with laterally prominent rounded lobes. Tergal portions of both pedicelar segments ventro-laterally excavate with foliaceous margins, that are not appressed on sternites. Postpetiole posteriorly with a median and two lateral impressions. First gastric tergite antero-laterally submarginate. The present species is only known from the few type specimens. Discussion. - C. bruchi, although the mandibles bear in the types scarcely distinguishable teeth, except the apical one, belongs doubtless to the strigatus-group, as shown by the arrangement of the frontal carinae and preocular carinae. It is misplaced both in Weber's (1940) and especially in Kusnezov's (1949 and 1957) keys. According to the latter, it would fall into the rimosus-group. The closest relatives are found in the difficult olitor-subgroup. Following are the most outstanding differences from the better known species of this assembly. It differs from lectus Forel in larger size; in the shape of the frontal lobes, which are less expanded laterad and distinctly subcircular in outline; in the indistinct dentition of the mandibles; in the lack of paired carinae on vertex, in the antero-inferior tooth of pronotum which is not greatly produced; in the ill-defined anterior mesonotal tubercles; in the feebly impressed mesoepinotal groove; in the long basal face of epinotum, which is about as long the declivous face; in the extremely broad postpetiole of different shape. C. daguerrei Santschi is even more remote, from which bruchi workers may be distinguished at once by the less produced clypeus, by the better developed frontal lobes, the smoother head sculpture, the lack of vertical carinae, the length of the antennal scapes, which do not surpass in repose the occipital lobe, by the sharply carinate posterior borders of the antennal scrobe, by the absence of a midpronotal tubercle and the weak lateral ones, by the absence of anterior and the ill-developed posterior mesonotal tubercles, by the shallowly impressed mesoepinotal groove, by the ventrally angulate and carinate hind femora, by the extremely transverse postpetiole, by the lack of piligerous tubercles on first gastric tergite. On account of the broadly transverse postpetiole it resembles somewhat quebradae, which I have synonymised with olitor on a preceding page. The shape of the head in full-face view (especially the broadly expanded frontal lobes and widely separated frontal carinae, the absence of carinules on vertex, and the vestigially dentate mandibles), the dorsally flattened thorax with obsolete antero-lateral mesonotal tubercles, the broadly expanded petiole, with the lateral lobes deeply excavate from underneath and foliaceous, the absence of piligerous tubercles on gastric tergum I, separate bruchi from the higly variable olitor., Published as part of Kempf, W. W., 1964, A revision of the Neotropical fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex Mayr. Part I. Group of strigatus Mayr (Hym., Formicidae)., pp. 1-44 in Studia Entomologica (N. S.) 7 on pages 34-36

Mycocepurus smithi (Forel) (Figs. 9-14) Atta (Mycocepurus) smithi Forel, 1893: 37(1-372 (Worker; St. Vincent Island: Bellisle, Brighton). - Wheeler, 1907: 717-718, 773-774, pl. 50, figs. 15,.10; pl. 52, fig. 44 (Worker; Cuba; Bion.). - Forel, 1912: 187 (Nest; Colombia: Dibulla). Mycocepurus smithi: Wheeler & Mann, 1914: 42 (Haiti: Cape Haitien. Diquini). - Santschi, 1933: 123, fig. 9 (Worker). - Wheeler, 1936: 204 (Dominican Republic: San Lorenzo). - Weber, 1940: 417 (Panama Canal Zone: Gatun). - Weber, 1946: 128-129 (Bion., Distrib., British Guiana). - Kerr, 1961: 47 (Brazil, Sao Paulo: Rio Claro; Bion.). Atta (Mycocepurus) smithi var. borinquenensis Wheeler. 1907: 718 (Worker; Puerto Rico: Vega Baja, Arecibo, Utuado, Monte Mandios). - Wheeler, 1908: 149 (Puerto Rico: Coama Springs). - Weber. 1934: 56 (Cuba: Soledad). - NOV. SYN. Atta (Mycocepurus) smithi var. tolteca Wheeler, 1907: 718-719 (Worker; Mexico, Jalisco: Tuxpan). - NOV, SYN. Mycocepurus smithi var. eucarnitae Forel. 1913: 235-236 (Worker; Santiago de Cuba). - NOV. SYN. Trachymyrmex attaxenus Menozzi in Eidmann. 1936: 85-8b, fig. 4; pl. 1. - fig. X, 1-3 (Worker, female: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro: Mendes; Bion.). - NOV. SYN. Mycocepurus reconditus Borgmeier, 1937: 246-248, figs. 34-36 (Worker, female; Brazil, Baia: Agua Preta = Uruguca). - Borgmeier. 1948: 204-205 (Peru: Valle Chanchamayo). - Borgmeier, 1948: 470 (Argentina, Formosa: Mojon de Fierro). - Kusnezov, 1953: 221 (Bolivia; Syn.). - Kusnezov, 1956: 49, fig. 69D (Worker). - NOV. SYN. Mycocepurus smithi var. trinidadensis Weber, 1937: 378-379. fig. 1 (Worker, female; Trinidad). - NOV. SYN. Mycocepurus bolivianus Weber, 1938: 155-156, fig. 8 (Worker; Bolivia: Rurrenabaque). - NOV. SYN. Mycocepurus manni Weber, 1938: 156-157. figs. 1, 2 (Female; Bolivia: San Gregori). - NOV. SYN. Worker. - Total length 2.8-3.0 mm; head length 0.67- 0.75 mm; head width 0.61-0.67 mm; scape length 0.54-0.61 mm; thorax length 0.83-0.93 mm; hind femur length 0.61-0.69 mm. Integument distinctly and finely reticulate-rugulose and punctate. Head as shown in Fig. 9; somewhat elongate with less bulging cheeks. Occipital angles feebly obliquely truncate, the lateral angle of the truncation often quite indistinct. Frontal carinae usually obsolete on posterior half of head. Occiput in side-view obliquely curving forward and downward, not forming a conspicuous angle with gular' face. Mandibles rather narrow; chewing border with 5 teeth. Base of antennal scape not dilated in a ringlike fashion. Thorax and pedicel as shown in Figs. 10 and 11. Premesonotal disc with- a circlet of only 4 well-developed pairs of teeth; the infero-lateral pair of pronotum and the pair in the center of the circlet lacking or- at best rudimentary; sometimes there is a convex transverse carinule between the antero-lateral pair of mesonotal teeth. Anterior pair of postero-mesonotal and epinotal spines very short and toothlike. Petiole rather slender, with a longer peduncle; body of node lacking a lateral horizontal carinule, the, anterior pair of teeth on top of node separated from the posterior pair of teeth by a very shallow excision; Postpetiole depressed, with a pronounced postero-median furrow on disc. Erect hairs confined to dorsum of head, dorsum of scape; clypeus with just a few long hairs on anterior border. Hairs on dorsum of gaster appressed. Female. - Quite similar to that of goeldii but strikingly smaller in size: Total length 4.1-4.4 mm; head length 0.80-0.85 mm; head width. 0.75-0.80 mm; scape length 0.64-0.67 mm; thorax length 1.20-1.31 mm. Specific characters as in workers, except for the thoracic spinulation. Pronotum usually, with only one well-developed scapular tooth, the antero-inferior tooth either rudimentary or completely wanting. Mandibles with 5 teeth on chewing border. Vermiculate-rugose sculpture of body finer, often quite weak, especially on dorsum of postpetiole and on sides of thorax. Wings infumated, venation as stated for the male in the generic diagnosis. Tibiae and dorsum of postpetiole completely lacking erect hairs. Male. - Still undescribed. Three isolated males taken by Dr. W. E. Kerr at Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brazil, seem to represent this caste of smithi. Total length 3.8 mm; head length 0.64 min; head width, compound eyes included, 0.69 mm; scape length 0.43 mm; thorax length 1.25 mm. Black; funiculus and tarsi brown. Integument densely reticulate-punctate and opaque. Differs from goeldii as follows: Much smaller in size (cf. measurements). Head (Fig. 12) more elongate, with less pronounced occipital angles; very little rugulose. Mandibles punctate and without distinct striae. Scape relatively shorter; funicular segments II-XI about three times as long as broad. Pronotum on each side with a single scapular tooth. Mesonotal scutum and scutellum rather faintly longitudinally rugulose. Rest of thorax practically without conspicuous rugae. Epinotal spines rectangular in side-view. Tergum I of gaster distinctly longer than broad. Genitalia quite distinctive (see Figs. 13 and 14). Wings infumated, venation as in goeldii. Pilosity of pedicel and gaster appressed. Distribution. - M. smithi is widely dispersed, ranging from central Mexico and the greater and lesser Antilles through Central America to southeastern Brazil (Sao Paulo State) and northwestern Argentina (Formosa Province). Specimens examined. - Over a hundred individuals, mostly workers, a few females and tentatively three males, from the following localities: Workers. - Argentina, Formosa: Mojon de Fierro (N. Kusnezov) (CTB). - Brazil, Sao Paulo: Guaratingueta(W. W. Kempf); Rio de Janeiro: Jardim Primavera (U. Kohnen), Mendes (H. Eidmann) syntypes of Trachymyrmex attaxenus Menozzi (CTB), Petropolis (C- Gilbert), Sao Bento (C. R. Goncalves) (CTB, DDSV); Guanabara: Rio-de Janeiro (W. W. Kempf, C. R. Goncalves) (WWK, DDSV); Minas Gerais: Teofilo Otoni (P. Thiemann, O.F.M.) (CTB), Tres Pocos(T. Borgmeier) (CTB); Espirito Santo: Vila Velha (0. Seifert, O.F.M.); Goias: Anapolis (W. W. Kempf); Mato Grosso: Dourados (R. Mueller), Jardim (R. Mueller); Baia: Agua Preta (= Uruguca) (G. Bondar) syntypes of M. reconditus Borgmeier (CTB); Para: Belem (C. R. Goncalves) (CTB, DDSV). - Bolivia: Espia, Rio Beni (W. M. Mann) (NAW), San Antonio (H. Marcus (CTB), Rurrenabaque (W. M. Mann) syntypes of M. bolivianus Weber (MCZ, NAW). - Peru: Valle Chanchamayo (W. Weyrauch) (CTB). - Surinam: Courantyne R. (N. A. Weber (NAW), Paramaribo (D. C. Geijskes) (CTB). - Trinidad: s. loc. (W. M. Wheeler, N. A. Weber) (MCZ, NAW), Diego Martins (Urich) (MCZ), Mayaro Bay (N. A. Weber) (NAW), Northern Range (N. A. Weber), syntype of M. smithi var. trinidadensis Weber (NAW). - Haiti: Diquini (W. M. Mann) (MCZ). - Dominican Republic: S. Lorenzo (s. coll.) (MCZ). - Puerto Rico: Utuado (W. M. Wheeler) syntypes of M. smithi var. borinquenensis Wheeler (MCZ). - Cuba: Aspiro Range), Pinar del Rio (A. Bierig) (CTB), Bolondron (W. M. Wheeler) (MCZ), Cayajabos (A. Bierig) (CTB). - Costa Rica: Bataan (N. A. Weber) (NAW). - Mexico, Jalisco: Tuxpan (McClendon) syntypes of M. smithi var. tolteca Wheeler (MCZ). - Females. - Brazil, Rio de Janeiro: Mendes (H. Eidmann) syntypes of Trachymyrmex attaxenus Menozzi (CTB); Bafa: Uruijuca (O. Bondar) syntype of M. reconditus Borgmeier (CTB); Mato Grosso: Jardim (R. Mueller). - Bolivia: S. Gregorio(W. M. Mann) holotype of M. manni Weber (NAW). - Surinam: Paramaribo (D. C. Geijskes) (CTB). - Males. - Brazil, Sao Paulo: Rio Claro (W. E. Kerr). (All specimens in WWK unless noted otherwise). Synonymy. - All the forms herewith placed into synonymy of smithi are briefly discussed in the following. These comments will also show the range of infraspecific variation of the present species. 1. M. smithi var. borinquenensis Wheeler, 1907, worker. - Syntypes from Utuado, Puerto Rico, seen. The main distinguishing feature of this form is said to consist in the presence of a small tooth on each side of the occipital furrow at the postero-median border of the head. This character, which is here indeed well-developed, also occurs occasionally in specimens from other often distant localities and is not apt to circumscribe a taxonomically valid form. 2. M. smithi var. tolteca Wheeler, 1907, worker. - Syntypes from Tuxpan, Jalisco, Mexico, seen. They are of a slightly lighter, yellowish color, have the posterior epinotal spines more acute and upright, a feebler cephalic sculpture; the small denticles flanking the midoccipital furrow in the preceding variant are here substituted by low and pointed ridges. However, none of these characters is significant. 3. M. smithi var. eucarnitae Forel, 1913, worker. - Types from Santiago de Cuba not seen. According to the description they are of somewhat larger size, have longer promesonotal spines, the anterior pronotal ones being as long as those of the mesonotum. Teeth flanking the midoccipital furrow as in var. borinquenensis. Several Cuban specimens examined, although not visibly disagreeing with the afore mentioned diagnosis, do not vouch for the existance of a particular geographical race on that island. Hence eucarnitae is just a plain synonym of smithi. 4. Trachymyrmex attaxenus Menozzi i. litt., worker and female. - The paper by Menozzi supposed to contain the formal proposition of this species never appeared in print. The name was published by Eidmann (1936), who also figured both the worker and the female and gave an important account of the biology of this ant. Syntypes, received by Borgmeier from Eidmann, proved on examination that this is nothing but the common and widespread M. smithi. 5. M. reconditus Borgmeier, 1937, worker and female. - Syntypes examined. In the original diagnosis this species is differentiated from obsoletus according to the description and figures of the latter. The types, however, confirm that reconditus is conspecific with, and a junior synonym of, smithi. 6. M. smithi var. trinidadensis Weber, 1937, worker and female. - A syntype worker seen. According to the description "the workers of this variety differ chiefly in sculpture. The anteriorly directed convex and blunt ridge between the anterior mesothoracic spines is more reduced or practically absent. Between the sharply carinate sides of the first gastric segment the surface is longitudinally and finely rugulose". Since these characters vary at random and the examined syntype does not reveal a tangible difference, the present variety is best relegated to synonymy of smithi s. str. 7. M. bolivianus Weber, 1938, worker. - Syntypes examined. This species has been correctly synonymized by Kusnezov (1956) with reconditus Borgmeier, which in turn is a synonym of smithi. 8. M. manni Weber, 1938, female. - The holotype was examined. The specimen possesses somewhat heavier reticulate-rugose and vermiculate macrosculpture. The antero-inferior scapular spine is rudimentary. Otherwise, thise female is much like smithi from which it may not be separated specifically. Bionomics. - The ensuing data have been compiled from papers by Forel (1893a): 371-372, 1912: 187), Wheeler (1907: 773-774), Wheeler & Mann (1914: 42), Eidmann (1937: 85-86), Borgmeier (1937: 248) and Weber (1946: 128-129). The contribution by Eidmann is by far the most complete. The small and sluggish workers when foraging carry dry leaves and caterpillar droppings back to their nest. The nesting sites are either in open fields and woods or even in moist gullies. The nest proper is in the soil. On the surface it is marked by craters of earth crumbs, measuring not more than 8 cm in diameter. These superficial structures stand out by their color which is different from that of the top soil, indicating that the nest cavities are at some depth. According to Bondar (Borgmeier, 1937) nest chambers have been dug out at a depth varying from 80 to 100 cm. In Colombia, Forel (1912) found a rather shapeless fungus-garden of this species at very little profundity. A fact reported by many observers and confirmed by my own field experience is that usually a small area contains many craters of the same species, whereas neighboring areas have none at all. H. H. Smith (Forel, 1893a) who first called attention to the phenomenon, suggested that the craters of a given area represent the entrances of just one common formicarium (as happens with goeldii during the mating season, according to Luederwaldt). This, however, has not as yet been established conclusively. The nest cavity, measuring 4-5 cm in width to 2.5-3 cm in height, possesses a flat ceiling and an excavated bottom. From the ceiling without the support of a framework of plant rootlets hang narrow clusters or threads of fungus material. These threads, which are quite consistent, are made up of finely cut up leaf material connected by the mycelium. The fungus itself has not as yet been identified. Eidmann states that superficially it resembles that of Atta sexdens, whereas Forel (1912) glibly states that it is not Pholiota (Rizotes) gongylophora. Away from the nest chamber lead several fine and threadlike tunnels barely giving passage to the tiny workers. Eidmann (1936, fig. 4) gives a photograph of a nest chamber with the suspended fungus garden. While collecting in Puerto Rico, Wheeler (1907: 774) made several attempts at excavation of the fungus garden of M. smithi but succeeded only once. In moist red clay under a stone he found a small irregular chamber with about 30 ants. The fungus garden, a small mass of approximately 2 cc in volume, consisted of caterpillar droppings studded with bromatia that scarcely differed from those of Cyphomyrmex rimosus and allies, the only Attine ants known to cultivate a yeast. Wheeler's discordant observation poses an interesting problem, but also needs further confirmation.. According to Eidmann, the colonies are polygynous. At any rate he found several dealated queens in a single nest chamber. The same author proclaims a lestobiotic relationship between M. smithi and Atta sexdens because he found a great many nest chambers of the former between the cavities made by the latter. However, if any such relationship exists, it is not obligatory since M. smithi also occurs in areas where no sign of an Atta sp. could be discovered. Perhaps this association, of which no details are known, dissolves itself in the loose relationship of facultative synoecetes. In southeastern Brazil AT. smithi lives occasionally side by side with M. goeldii under the same ecological conditions. Kerr (1961) even found 3 males of the former in a swarm of 150 males of the latter species at Rio Claro, Sao Paulo State, Brazil. None of the smithi males attempted to mate with goeldii queens., Published as part of Kempf, W. W., 1963, A review of the ant genus Mycocepurus Forel, 1893 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)., pp. 417-432 in Studia Entomologica (N. S.) 6 on pages 425-430

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1. Subgenus Cyphomannia Weber - This optional category was founded upon the lone Bolivian species laevigatus Weber. It is indeed a striking species. The completely smooth thorax, devoid of the costumary tubercles, teeth and spines is unique. Nevertheless, the overall appearance and a set of characters which to my mind are useful for infrageneric grouping (without going into subgenera) show that laevigatus falls nicely into the rimosus-group, in a stricter sense, i. e. excluding the somewhat aberrant forms such as longiscapus, costatus, wheeleri and possible allies. The head of laevigatus is practically identical with that of bicornis, and the latter also lacks a pronotal and epinotal armature, only the mesonotum having an anterior pair of conical low spines and a posterior pair of inconspicuous welts; in addition, the petiole and postpetiole of bicornis are practically smooth as in laevigatus (cf. Kempf, 1966: 177-9, figs. 4, 5, 23, 26, 32, 33). Moreover, Weber is wrong in assuming that when I first proposed this case of synonymy (Kempf, 1962) I had no direct knowledge of laevigatus-material. Already in 1961 (p. 518) I mentioned the specimens from Dutch Guiana which are perfectly identical with the types, available to me already by the end of 1962. Since Cyphomyrmex contains other striking and morphologically isolated species (v. gr. occultus, morschi, longiscapus), there would be no end for decorative subgenera. Therefore, I consider Cyphomannia a useless burden which should stay buried for the sake of healthy taxonomy., Published as part of Kempf, W. W., 1968, A new species of Cyphomyrmex from Colombia, with further remarks on the genus (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)., pp. 35-41 in Revista Brasileira de Biologia 28 on page 39

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15. Cyphomyrmex hamulatus Weber, n. stat. (Figs. 9, 22, 39, 47) Cyphomyrmex rimosus hamulatus Weber, 1938: 190 (Worker; Bolivia: C. Esperanza). - Weber, 1940: 412 (Worker; key). Types. - A few workers taken in March 1922 by W. M. Mann at Cachuela Esperanza on the lower Beni River in Bolivia. Four specimens (syntypes: NAW, MCZ, WWK) examined. Worker. - Total length 2.7 mm; head length 0.66 mm; head width 0.63-0.66 mm; thorax length 0.88-0.93 mm; hind femur length 0.72-0.75 mm. Ferruginous, with head and gaster somewhat infuscated. Very close to rimosus but presenting the following particularities: Frontal carinae (Fig. 9) quite sinuous. Antennal scape surpassing the occipital corner - which bears a minute acute denticle - by a distance equalling its maximum width. Funicular segments II and III combined as long as segment I. Eyes with 7-8 facets across the greatest diameter. All carinae very sharp and somewhat foliaceous. Promesonotal tubercles acutely pointed (Fig. 22). Basal face and upper half of declivous face of epinotum laterally carinate. Hind femora (Fig. 47) angulate at basal third, postero-ventral border with a narrow foliaceous crest. Petiolar node (Fig. 39) rather transverse, strongly constricted behind. Postpetiole with a shallow and broad postero-median impression, flanked by a pair of low and inconspicuous lateral ridges, terminating behind in a low rounded tubercle, not very prominent in profile; postero-lateral impressions rather deep. Tergum I of gaster with a very short and vestigial antero-median impression; sides of same tergum rather sharply marginate. Hairs short, simple and hooked, those of gaster are produced on distinct tubercles. Female and male unknown. Distribution. - Besides the types from Bolivia, the species has been recently collected on the Cerro Campana, Panama, at an altitude of 800-950 m, on January 17, 1960, G. B. FaircHild and W. L. Brown Jr. leg. 9 workers (B-92 and B-113). Discussion. - The sharp carinae and spines and the striking hook-like pilosity arising from minute but sharp tubercles on gaster characterize the present species. Since hamulatus is now also known from Panama, the evidence in favor of its specific independence seems to me quite convincing., Published as part of Kempf, W. W., 1966, A revision of the Neotropical fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex Mayr. Part II. Group of rimosus (Spinola) (Hym. Formicidae)., pp. 161-200 in Studia Entomologica (N. S.) 8 on pages 197-198

2. Cyphomyrmex wheeleri Forel (Figs. 7, 25, 37, 49) Cyphomyrmex wheeleri Forel, 1900: 282-4 (Worker, female: U.S.A., Texas: Austin). Wheeler, 1907: 725-6, 765-8, fig. 30, pl. 49 fig. 2 (Worker, female, male; U.S.A., Texas: Austin, Belton, Langtry, Fort Davis; California: Three Rivers; Bion.). - Weber, 1940: 409 (Worker; key). - Creighton, 1950: 315-7, pl. 40, figs. 1-4 (Worker, female, male; distrtb., key). - M.R. Smith in Muesebeck et al, 1951: 830 (U.S.A.: Texas, California; Mexico). Types. - Workers and a female collected by W. M. Wheeler in the environs of Austin, Texas, U.S.A.; three syntype or nidotype workers, received on exchange from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College for my collection (WWK), were examined. Worker. - Total length 2.8-3.4 mm; head length 0.71- 0.85 mm; head width 0.62-0.72 mm; thorax length 0.83-1.06 mm; hind femur length 0.64-0.78 mm. Light yellowish-brown; older specimens also darker. Integument, very sharply reticulatepunctate, opaque. Mandibles and funiculi more superficially sculptured and somewhat shining. Head as shown in Fig. 7. Anterior apron of clypeus flattened, only vestigially notched on convex anterior border; lateral teeth, next to origin of frontal lobes, small and almost hidden by the latter. Frontal lobes elongate-rounded and flat, covering cheeks in full-face view. Frontal carinae moderately diverging caudad, straight. Occipital corners lobate, prominent, longitudinally carinate. Paired carinae on vertex feeble, short, scarcely diverging cephalad. Preocular carina fading out above eyes, not curving mesad. Postocular carina extending foreward from lateral face of occipital lobe, becoming obsolete just in front of posterior orbit of eyes, closing completely the antennal scrobe. Supraocular tumulus dentiform, situated below the postocular carina. Inferior border of sides of head carinate on posterior half. Eyes with 8-10 facets across greatest diameter. Scape strikingly attenuate at base, strongly incrassate apicad, not projecting beyond antennal scrobe. Funicular segments III-IX about as broad as long, I and X longer than broad. Thorax as shown in Fig. 25. Pronotum with a pair of small denticles on disc, the latter laterally marginate between the marked humeral angle and the strong lateral pronotal tooth; antero-inferior corner acutely dentate. Mesonotum forming a shallowly impressed oval disc, the borders of which are flanked by the pair of anterior and posterior carinate welts; the anterior pair separated from the posterior pair by a small impression. Mesoepinotal suture distinct on bottom of broadly and deeply impressed mesoepinotal groove. Basal face of epinotum transversely shallowly concave, sides somewhat diverging caudad, bordered by carinae, which become foliaceous in front of the compressed, lamellate, acute, epinotal tooth; infradental lamellae low, bordering the upper half of the declivous face. Epinotal spiracle small, situated on the vestigial oblique carinule. Femora, especially hind femora, postero-ventrally crested and bearing on basal first a broader foliaceous lobe (Fig. 49). Tibiae subprismatic. Pedicel as shown in Figs. 25 and 37. Petiolar node trapezoidal in dorsal view, broadest just behind the obliquely truncate anterior corners, its dorsum flattened, oblique; posterior corners with a raised, strong tooth; posterior border likewise raised and lamelliforns connecting the teeth from base to tip. Postpetiole decidedly broader than long, its dorsum with a shallow median impression between a pair of low, longitudinal welts, the extremities of which are tumuliform. Posterior border moderately and evenly rounded. Gaster anteriorly truncate; tergum I with a short antero-median impression, its sides submarginate. Pilosity scarce, inconspicuous, decumbent throughout; dorsum of head and gaster with small, whitish, scale-like hairs. Female. - Described both by Forel (1900) and Wheeler (1907) and pictured by Creighton (1950). Differs from costatus in larger size, reticulate-punctate body sculpture, presence of paired erect teeth on petiole and absence of two pairs of longitudinal carinae on tergum I of gaster. Male. - Described by Wheeler (1907) and pictured by Creighton (1950). No specimen seen. Distribution. - The entire range of wheeleri seems to lie outside of the Neotropical region. So far, it has been reported from central and southwestern Texas and southern California in the U.S.A., and from Mexico (Smith, 1951). Specimens examined: 6 workers, as follows: U.S.A., State of Texas: Austin, W: M. Wheeler leg. 3 workers (syntypes); Fisher Hill, Davis Mts., July 26, 1955, A. C. Cole leg. 3 workers (WWK). Discussion. - The variability of wheeleri, according to the limited material available for this study, seems to be very little and finds its expression chiefly in size and color. The syntype specimens from Austin belong to the lower range of the measurements, whereas the three workers from the Davis Mts. are considerably larger and partly darker in color. C. wheeleri is closest to costatus. Following are the main differences for the worker caste: Larger size (cf. measurements); body very sharply reticulate-punctate throughout; anterior clypeal border scarcely notched; carinae on vertex weak; postocular carina sharp, the supraocular tubercle lying below the carina; eyes larger with more facets; midpronotal denticles present; antero-inferior pronotal and epinotal teeth acute; petiole with a pair of postero-dorsal teeth; tergum I of gaster without four strongly raised longitudinal costae. Bionomics. - C. wheeleri is more xerophilous than most species of the genus. According to Wheeler (1907: 765-8), whose field studies were made in the vicinity of Austin, it occurs only in arid regions. Nests were found principally on the higher and drier terraces of limestone hills, although a few nests were also discovered in the hard, pebbly soil of open wood at lower altitudes. The hillside nests are invariably under large stones, which cover both horizontal and vertical galleries (the latter descending into the ground to a depth of 10-15 cm). One of the horizontal galleries communicates with the exterior at the edge of the stone. The entrance is sometimes marked by a small crater. The sessile fungus garden, having the size of pecan nut, is found at a particular widened portion of either the horizontal or the vertical galleries. The garden presents a. flocculent appearance, and consists of small slivers of vegetable debris (probably entire sections of stems of herbaceous plants) bound together by the snow white mycelium. Skeletal parts of dead insects, principally fragments of coleopterous elytra, have been found inside the garden; they were probably added to the structure in order to give it consistency. The ants attach the refuse as a flat mass to the undersurface of the stone, or more rarely dump it outside the entrance. The woodland nests were marked by craters of earth crumbs, around a small, circular opening of a vertical gallery, descending to appreciable depth into the soil. Wheeler was unable to unearth the fungus garden. The colonies usually do not comprise more than a few dozen workers with a single queen. Their activity seems to be mainly nocturnal. Sexual forms appear in the nests ready for nuptial flight from early to late in June. As all other species of the present genus, the worker move slowly and "feign death" at the least disturbance., Published as part of Kempf, W. W., 1966, A revision of the Neotropical fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex Mayr. Part II. Group of rimosus (Spinola) (Hym. Formicidae)., pp. 161-200 in Studia Entomologica (N. S.) 8 on pages 167-172

13. Cyphomyrmex nemei Kusnezov (Figs. 40-43) Cyphomyrmex nemei Kusnezov, 1957: 7-9, 11 (Worker, female, male; Argentina, Salta: El Rey). Types. -8 females and 107 males, taken in nuptial flight on February 17, 1953, in the subtropical forest of the valley Soco Hondo, Reserva Nacional Estancia El Rey, Salta Province, Argentina; a lone worker taken separately at the same locality. The types in the Miguel Lillo Museum are either mislaid or lost except for a slide containing 2 males and 2 females. 8 males and 1 female (lectotype) in my collection (WWK). Worker. - According to the original description, this caste resembles rather closely that of quebradae (= olitor), differing principally in the lack of a pronotal tubercle, in the laterally immarginate and discally convex mesonotum that lacks the two pairs of tubercles, in the unarmed epinotum that has a very short basal face, in the postero-dorsal contours of the postpetiole, which is less sinuous. It seems even closer to lectus from which it is separated by the following differences: frontal lobes less expanded, not covering part of the eyes in full-face view; inferior pronotal spine not drawn out; mesonotum as described above; petiole nearly twice as broad as long with conspicuously convex sides; postpetiole more than twice as broad as long, similar to that of " quebradae "; pilosity on tergum of gaster curved and subappressed. Female (lectotype). - Total length 3.5 mm; head length 0.80 mm; head width 0.69 mm; thorax length 1.04 mm; hind femur length 0.75 mm. Light ferruginous; front and vertex darker. Integument opaque; sharply and finely reticulate-punctate, with sparser and larger punctures all over body and appendages; dorsum of head, scutum and scutellum, dorsum of gaster with superimposed reticula of coarser and intertwined rugulae, predominantly longitudinal on front and vertex and on tergum I of gaster. Head as shown in Fig. 42. Mandibles with 9 teeth. Frontal lobes converging cephalad, lateral borders straight to feebly impressed. Occipital lobes slightly prominent and set off. Thorax as shown in Fig. 40. Midpronotal tubercle absent, lateral ones low but distinct and subcorneal. Scutellum bluntly bidentate behind, a shallow excision between the teeth. Epinotal teeth weak, basal face of epinotum scarcely distinct from declivous face. Femora carinate and narrowly crested on flexor face, hind femora forming ventrally an angle on basal third, with a low foliaceous crest projecting from posterior border of femora on angle. Fore wing as shown in Fig. 43. Pedicel shown in Figs. 40 and 41. Postpetiole unusually broad as in bruchi and " quebradae ", with a middorsal longitudinal shallow impression, and postero-laterally more deeply impressed. Tergum I of gaster anteriorly marginate, anterior half with a broad and deeply impressed longitudinal furrow, which is traversed by a series of irregular rugulae. Pilosity rather fine, curved and subappressed, subdecumbent on gular face of head and sternum of gaster. Male as described by Kusnezov (1957). Discussion. - Since the only known worker of the present species has been collected separately and is to all appearances lost, I select the above diagnosed female as the lectotype. The differential characters for the worker have already been pointed out in the preceding description. The female differs from that of quebradae (previously synonymized with olitor!) in the following characters: frontal lobes not evenly rounded, but forming a blunt angle, converging cephalad in front of angle, straight and slightly impressed. Epinotal teeth extremely feeble. Tergum I of gaster with the deeply impressed sagittal furrow on anterior half, traversed by rugosities. The frontal carinae are as in the olitor types, and do not possess distinctive value. It is quite possible that nemei will eventually end up as synonym of olitor, unless we find another way of dealing with the striking variability of the latter species., Published as part of Kempf, W. W., 1964, A revision of the Neotropical fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex Mayr. Part I. Group of strigatus Mayr (Hym., Formicidae)., pp. 1-44 in Studia Entomologica (N. S.) 7 on pages 39-40

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