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1. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPENDING BEHAVIOR AND STUDENT FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT SKILLS

Author

ABLAY, JANA ATHENA MARIE CAPRICHO, GINDAP, REY ALMER L., RALLA, PATRICK JAYSON L., GARCIA, NIÑA PAULEEN P., PACETE, DENISE ABIGAIL BRILLANTES, RAMINTO, PRINCESS NICOLE, SAYON, SOPHIA KAYE S. SOPHIA KAYE S., and TOMAQUIN, RELYN GROSPE

Subjects
Spending Behavior, Financial Management Skill, Correlational Research, Mean, Pearson R
Abstract

This quantitative descriptive-correlational research aims to determine the relationship between spending behavior and student financial management skills. One hundred fifty-three (153) online Senior Highschool students voluntarily participated as respondents of this study using Universal Sampling Technique. In quantifying the Factors Affecting the Spending Behavior of College Students and measuring the Financial Management Skills of Students, the 4-point Likert-type and 5-point Likert-type scale was used as survey questionnaires. Mean, and Pearson-R were used to test the significant relationship between students' spending behavior and financial management skills. The results revealed that while students' management skills were lacking, they could ameliorate managing their finances. This study found a significant relationship between students' spending behavior and their financial management skills. This study suggested that students should spend their money more intelligently to attain better achievements in financial management. Teachers and educators should prioritize educating kids about the value of financial management. &nbsp

Published
2023
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2. M ultimodal intrinsic speckle-tracking (MIST) to extract images of rapidly-varying diffuse X-ray dark-field

Author

Samantha J. Alloo, Kaye S. Morgan, David M. Paganin, and Konstantin M. Pavlov

Subjects
Multidisciplinary
Abstract

Speckle-based phase-contrast X-ray imaging (SB-PCXI) can reconstruct high-resolution images of weakly-attenuating materials that would otherwise be indistinguishable in conventional attenuation-based X-ray imaging. The experimental setup of SB-PCXI requires only a sufficiently coherent X-ray source and spatially random mask, positioned between the source and detector. The technique can extract sample information at length scales smaller than the imaging system’s spatial resolution; this enables multimodal signal reconstruction. “Multimodal Intrinsic Speckle-Tracking” (MIST) is a rapid and deterministic formalism derived from the paraxial-optics form of the Fokker–Planck equation. MIST simultaneously extracts attenuation, refraction, and small-angle scattering (diffusive dark-field) signals from a sample and is more computationally efficient compared to alternative speckle-tracking approaches. Hitherto, variants of MIST have assumed the diffusive dark-field signal to be spatially slowly varying. Although successful, these approaches have been unable to well-describe unresolved sample microstructure whose statistical form is not spatially slowly varying. Here, we extend the MIST formalism such that this restriction is removed, in terms of a sample’s rotationally-isotropic diffusive dark-field signal. We reconstruct multimodal signals of two samples, each with distinct X-ray attenuation and scattering properties. The reconstructed diffusive dark-field signals have superior image quality—as measured by the naturalness image quality evaluator, signal-to-noise ratio, and azimuthally averaged power-spectrum—compared to our previous approaches which assume the diffusive dark-field to be a slowly varying function of transverse position. Our generalisation may assist increased adoption of SB-PCXI in applications such as engineering and biomedical disciplines, forestry, and palaeontology, and is anticipated to aid the development of speckle-based diffusive dark-field tensor tomography.

Published
2023

3. Icosapent Ethyl Reduces Ischemic Events in Patients With a History of Previous Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: REDUCE-IT CABG

Author

Subodh Verma, Deepak L. Bhatt, Ph. Gabriel Steg, Michael Miller, Eliot A. Brinton, Terry A. Jacobson, Nitish K. Dhingra, Steven B. Ketchum, Rebecca A. Juliano, Lixia Jiao, Ralph T. Doyle, Craig Granowitz, C. Michael Gibson, Duane Pinto, Robert P. Giugliano, Matthew J. Budoff, R. Preston Mason, Jean-Claude Tardif, Christie M. Ballantyne, Fabrice M.A.C. Martens, Astrid Schut, Brian Olshansky, Mina Chung, Al Hallstrom, Lesly Pearce, Cyrus Mehta, Rajat Mukherjee, Anjan K. Chakrabarti, Eli V. Gelfand, Megan Carroll Leary, Duane S. Pinto, Yuri B. Pride, Steven Ketchum, Ramakrishna Bhavanthula, Gertrude Chester, Christina Copland, Katelyn Diffin, Ralph Doyle, Kurt Erz, Alex Giaquinto, Paula Glanton, Angela Granger, Richard H. Iroudayassamy, Rebecca Juliano, James Jin, Dimitry Klevak, Hardik Panchal, Robert Wang, Shin-Ru Wang, Gerard Abate, Peggy J. Berry, Rene Braeckman, Declan Doogan, Anne Elson, Amy HauptmannBaker, Isabel Lamela, Catherine Lubeck, Mehar Manku, Sabina Murphy, Monica Sanford, William Stirtan, Paresh Soni, Arnaud Bastien, Demetria Foster, Evangelito Gascon, Judith Johnson, Lasbert Latona, Gang Liu, Sandra Palleja, Nelly Sanjuan, Jimmy Shi, William Stager, Mukund Venkatakrishnan, Ahmed Youssef-Agha, Julie Zhu, Leela Aertker, Suresh Ankolekar, Lisa Goldberg, Natasa Rajicic, Jianfen Shu, Heng Zou, Magdy Mikhail, Gamil Dawood, N. Mathew Koshy, Sandip K. Mukherjee, Rafik Abadier, Andrea L. Lawless, William P. McGuinn, Howard Weintraub, Kathryn Rohr, Edmund Claxton, Robert J. Weiss, Terry D. Klein, Mani Nallasivan, Stephen Crowley, Marilyn King, Anthony D. Alfieri, David Fitz-Patrick, Irving Loh, Nolan J. Mayer, Rakesh Prashad, Samuel Lederman, Debra Weinstein, Harold E. Bays, Keith Chu, Alireza Maghsoudi, Paul D. Thompson, Jeff Carstens, Anna Chang, Kenneth R. Cohen, Julius Dean, Howard S. Ellison, Bernard Erickson, Enrique A. Flores, Daniel W. Gottlieb, Paul Grena, John R. Guyton, Peter H. Jones, John M. Joseph, Norman E. Lepor, Sam Lerman, Robert D. Matheney, Theodore R. Pacheco, Michael B. Russo, John Rubino, Edward S. Pereira, Albert A. Seals, Eduardo Viera, Alan D. Steljes, Jason Thompson, Shaival Kapadia, Michael McIvor, Jorge E. Salazar, Jose O. Santiago, Ralph Vicari, Martin R. Berk, William A. Kaye, Marcus McKenzie, David Podlecki, Brian D. Snyder, Stephen Nash, David M. Herrington, Wallace Johnson, Joseph R. Lee, Ronald Blonder, Alpa M. Patel, Ramon Castello, Susan Greco, Dean J. Kereiakes, Venkatesh K. Nadar, Mark Nathan, Ranganatha P. Potu, Robert Sangrigoli, Richard Smalling, Mitchell Davis, Robert Braastad, James McCriskin, Kunal Bodiwala, Joe L. Hargrove, Mark W. Graves, George Emlein, Raegan W. Durant, James W. Clower, Rohit Arora, Narendra Singh, Lisa Warsinger Martin, W Herbert Haught, Marc P. Litt, Michael D. Klein, Peter Hoagland, Michael Goldstein, Marco S. Mazzella, Daniel H. Dunker, Brian H. Kahn, Carlos S. Ince, Frank A. McGrew, Jay Lee, David Pan, Salman A. Khan, Uri Elkayam, Wasim Deeb, Anne C. Goldberg, Christopher S. Brown, Wayne N. Leimbach, Thomas S. Backer, David R. Sutton, Joel Gellman, Anu R. George, Alan S. Hoffman, Mark Kates, Kishlay Anand, Robert Bear, Brendan J. Cavanaugh, Ramon G. Reyes, Rodolfo Sotolongo, Kenneth Sabatino, Kevin Gallagher, Ehab Sorial, Chris Geohas, Kathleen E. Magness, Bernard P. Grunstra, Frederik A. Martin, William S. Knapp, Mel E. Lucas, John J. Champlin, Jason Demattia, Patrick H. Peters, Judith Kirstein, William J. Randall, Cezar S. Staniloae, Jennifer G. Robinson, Alexander Adler, Christopher Case, Andrew J. Kaplan, Gregory F. Lakin, Krishan K. Goyle, Michael J. DiGiovanna, Chester L. Fisher, Michael Lillestol, Michael Robinson, Robert G. Perry, Lawrence S. Levinson, Brian G. Everhart, Robert D. Madder, Earl F. Martin, Earl E. Martin, Imtiaz Alam, Jose Mari L. Elacion, Robina Poonawala, Taddese T. Desta, Jerome A. Robinson, Gilbert J. Martinez, Jakkidi S. Reddy, Jeffrey D. Wayne, Samuel Mujica Trenche, Westbrook I. Kaplan, Rubin H. Saavedra, Michael D. DiGregorio, Barry D. Bertolet, Neil J. Fraser, Terence T. Hart, Ronald J. Graf, David A. Jasper, Michael Dunn, Dan A. Streja, David J. Strobl, Nan Jiang, Vicki Kalen, Richard Mascolo, Mercedes B. Samson, Michael Stephens, Bret M. Bellard, Mario Juarez, Patrick J. McCarthy, John B. Checton, Michael Stillabower, Edward Goldenberg, Amin H. Karim, Naseem Jaffrani, Robert C. Touchon, Erich R. Fruehling, Clayton J. Friesen, Pradipta Chaudhuri, Frank H. Morris, Robert E. Broker, Rajesh J. Patel, Susan Hole, Randall P. Miller, Francisco G. Miranda, Sadia Dar, Shawn N. Gentry, Paul Hermany, Charles B. Treasure, Miguel E. Trevino, Raimundo Acosta, Anthony Japour, Samuel J. Durr, Thomas Wang, Om P. Ganda, Perry Krichmar, James L. Arter, Douglas Jacoby, Michael A. Schwartz, Amer Al-Karadsheh, Nelson E. Gencheff, John A. Pasquini, Richard Dunbar, Sarah Kohnstamm, Hector F. Lozano, Francine K. Welty, Thomas L. Pitts, Brian Zehnder, Salah El Hafi, Mark A. King, Arnold Ghitis, Marwan M. Bahu, Hooman Ranjbaran Jahromi, Ronald P. Caputo, Robert S. Busch, Michael D. Shapiro, Suhail Zavaro, Munib Daudjee, Shahram Jacobs, Vipul B. Shah, Frank Rubalcava, Mohsin T. Alhaddad, Henry Lui, Raj T. Rajan, Fadi E. Saba, Mahendra Pai N Gunapooti, Tshiswaka B. Kayembe, Timothy Jennings, Robert A. Strzinek, Michael H. Shanik, Pradeep K. Singh, Alastair C. Kennedy, Howard Rubenstein, Ramin Manshadi, Joanne Ladner, Lily Kakish, Ashley Kakish, Amy L. Little, Jaime Gerber, Nancy J. Hinchion, Janet Guarino, Denise Raychok, Susan Budzinski, Kathleen Kelley-Garvin, April Beckord, Jessica Schlinder, Arthur Schwartzbard, Stanley Cobos, Deborah Freeman, David Abisalih, Dervilla McCann, Kylie Guy, Jennifer Chase, Stacey Samuelson, Madeline Cassidy, Marissa Tardif, Jaime Smith, Brenna Sprout, Nanette Riedeman, Julie Goza, Lori Johnson, Chad Kraske, Sheila Hastings, Chris Dutka, Stephanie Smith, Toni McCabe, Kathleen Maloney, Paul Alfieri, Vinay Hosemane, Chanhsamone Syravanh, Cindy Pau, April Limcoiloc, Tabitha Carreira, Taryn S. Kurosawa, Razmig Krumian, Krista Preston, Ashraf Nashed, Daria Schneidman-Fernandez, Jack Patterson, John Tsakonas, Jennifer Esaki, Lynn Sprafka, Porous Patel, Brian Mitchell, Erin M. Ross, Donna Miller, Akash Prashad, Kristina M. Feyler, Natasha Juarbe, Sandra Herrera, Sarah M. Keiran, Becky Whitehead, Whitney Asher, Coury Hobbs, Abbey Elie, Jean Brooks, Amanda L. Zaleski, Brenda Foxen, Barb Lapke, Philippa Wright, Bristol Pavol, Gwen Carangi, Marla Turner, Katharine W. Sanders, Rikita S. Delamar, Virginia L. Wilson, Sarah M. Harvel, Alison M. Cartledge, Kaitlyn R. Bailey, Kathleen Mahon, Timothy Schuchard, Jen Humbert, Mark C. Hanson, Michael P. Cecil, James S. Abraham, Lorie Benedict, Claudia Slayton, Curtis S. Burnett, Rachel W. Ono-Lim, Sharon Budzinski, Shubi A. Khan, Sharon Goss, Terry Techmanski, Farida Valliani, Rimla Joseph, Edith Flores, Laurn Contreras, Ana Aguillon, Carrie-Ann Silvia, Maria Martin, Edmund K. Kerut, Leslie W. Levenson, Louis B. Glade, Brian J. Cospolich, Maureen W. Stein, Stephen P. LaGuardia, Thelma L. Sonza, Tracy M. Fife, Melissa Forschler, Jasmyne Watts, Judy Fritsch, Emese Futchko, Sarah Utech, Scott B. Baker, Miguel F. Roura, Scott A. Segel, James S. Magee, Cathy Jackson, Rebecca F. Goldfaden, Liudmila Quas, Elizabeth C. Ortiz, Michael Simpson, Robert Foster, Christopher Brian, James Trimm, Michael Bailey, Brian Snoddy, Van Reeder, Rachel Wilkinson, Harold Settle, Cynthia Massey, Angela Maiola, Michele Hall, Shelly Hall, Wanda Hall, Mark Xenakis, Janet Barrett, Giovanni Campanile, David Anthou, Susan F. Neill, Steven Karas, Enrique Polanco, Norberto Schechtman, Grace Tischner, Kay Warren, Cynthia St Cyr, Menna Kuczinski, Latrina Alexander, Maricruz Ibarra, Barry S. Horowitz, Jaime Steinsapir, Jeanette Mangual-Coughlin, Brittany Mooney, Precilia Vasquez, Kathleen Rodkey, Alexandria Biberstein, Christine Ignacio, Irina Robinson, Marcia Hibberd, Lisa B. Hoffman, Daniel J. Murak, Raghupathy Varavenkataraman, Theresa M. Ohlson Elliott, Linda A. Cunningham, Heather L. Palmerton, Sheri Poole, Jeannine Moore, Helene Wallace, Ted Chandler, Robert Riley, Farah Dawood, Amir Azeem, Michael Cammarata, Ashleigh Owen, Shivani Aggarwal, Waqas Qureshi, Mohamed Almahmoud, Abdullahi Oseni, Adam Leigh, Erin Barnes, Adam Pflum, Amer Aladin, Karen Blinson, Vickie Wayne, Lynda Doomy, Michele Wall, Valerie Bitterman, Cindi Young, Rachel Grice, Lioubov Poliakova, Jorge Davalos, David Rosenbaum, Mark Boulware, Heather Mazzola, J. Russell Strader, Russell Linsky, David Schwartz, Elizabeth Graf, Alicia Gneiting, Melissa Palmblad, Ashley Donlin, Emily Ensminger, Hillary Garcia, Dawn Robinson, Carolyn Tran, Jeffrey Jacqmein, Darlene Bartilucci, Michael Koren, Barbara Maluchnik, Melissa Parks, Jennifer Miller, Cynthia DeFosse, Albert B. Knouse, Amy Delancey, Stephanie Chin, Thomas Stephens, Mag Sohal, Juana Ingram, Swarooparani Kumar, Heather Foley, Nina Smith, Vera McKinney, Linda Schwarz, Judith Moore, Hildreth Vernon Anderson, Stefano Sdringola-Maranga, Ali Denktas, Elizabeth Turrentine, Rhonda Patterson, John Marshall, Terri Tolar, Donna Patrick, Pamela Schwartzkopf, Anthony M. Fletcher, Frances R. Harris, Sherry Clements, Tiffany Brown, William Smith, Stacey J. Baehl, Robin Fluty, Daniel VanHamersveld, Dennis Breen, Nancy Bender, Beverly Stafford, Tamika Washington, Margaret N. Pike, Mark A. Stich, Evyan Jawad, Amin Nadeem, Jill Nyland, Rhonda Hamer, Kendra Calhoun, Charlotte Mall, Samuel Cadogan, Kati Raynes, Richard Katz, Lorraine Marshall, Rashida Abbas, Jay L. Dinerman, John T. Hartley, Beth Lamb, Lisa Eskridge, Donna Raymond, Kristy Clemmer, Denise M. Fine, Paula Beardsley, Janet Werner, Bette Mahan, Courtney VanTol, Robert Herman, Christine Raiser-Vignola, Felicia McShan, Stefanie A. Neill, David R. Blick, Michael J. Liston, Denetta K. Nelson, Sandra K. Dorrell, Patricia Wyman, Ambereen Quraishi, Fernando Ferro, Frank Morris, Vicki J. Coombs, Autumn M. Mains, Austin A. Campbell, Jeanne Phelps, Cheryl A. Geary, Ellen G. Sheridan, Jean M. Downing, Arie Swatkowski, Tish Redden, Brian Dragutsky, Susan Thomas, Candace Mitchell, Diana Barker, Elanie Turcotte, Deborah Segerson, Jill Guy, Karena De La Mora, Jennifer Hong, Dennis Do, Rose Norris, Faisal Khan, Hector Montero, Stacy Kelly-White, Alan Cleland, Rosalyn Alcalde-Crawford, Melissa Morgan, Brijmohan Sarabu, Megan Minor, Shweta Kamat, Stephanie M. Estes, Nancee Harless, Alicia Disney, Jodi L. Pagano, Chad M. Alford, Noel W. Bedwell, Warren D. Hardy, Kevin DeAndrade, Jessica G. Elmore, Eric Auerbach, Anthony W. Haney, Miriam H. Brooks, Jose Torres, Lois Roper, Terry Backer, Katie Backer, John G. Evans, Ricardo A. Silva, Lorraine H. Dajani, Veronica Yousif, Tammy Ross, Sion K. Roy, Ronald Oudiz, Sajad Hamal, Ferdinand Flores, Amor Leahy, Debra Ayer, Swapna George, Chrisi Carine Stewart, Elvira Orellana, Cristina Boccalandro, Mary Rangel, Suzanne Hennings, Carl Vanselow, Teri Victor, Darlene Birdwell, Paul Haas, Anthony Sandoval, Gina Ciavarella, Caroline Saglam, Amy Bird, Keith Beck, Brian Poliquin, David Dominguez, Brittany Tenorio, Harvonya Perkins, Esther San Roman, Paris Bransford, Christy Lowrance, Marcy Broussard, Mary Ellis, Bobbi Skiles, Jessica Hamilton, Kathryn Hall, Diego Olvera, Julee A. Hartwell, Nevien Sorial, Mary Rickman, Kevin Berman, Nirav Mehta, Annie Laborin, Rodger Rothenberger, Sarah Beauvilliers, Kathy Morrell, Michael P. Schachter, Cindy L. Perkins, Elizabeth A. Gordon, Jennifer Lauer, Kim Bichsel, Kelly Oliver, Leslie J. Mellor, Candice Demattia, Jennifer Schomburg, Yenniffer Moreno, Eduardo Mansur-Garza, Lena Rippstein, Lorie Chacon, Andrea Pena, Michelle King, Susan Richardson, Annette Jessop, Nicole Tucker, Whitney Royer, Gilbert Templeton, Ann Moell, Christine Weller, Melissa J. Botts, Gretel Hollon, Elsa Homberg-Pinassi, Paula Forest, Aref Bin Abhulhak, Devona Chun-Furlong, Deborah Harrington, Emily Harlynn, Marjorie Schmitt, Constance Shelsky, Patricia Feldick, Mary Cherrico, Courtney Jagle, Nicholas Warnecke, Debra Myer, Deanna J. Ruder, Albina Underwood, Alan Rauba, George Carr, Barbara Oberhaus, Jessica Vanderfeltz, Mary Jo Stucky-Heil, Dale R. Gibson, Vonnie Fuentes, Kimberly L. Talbot, William C. Simon, Katlyn J. Grimes, Christina R. Wheeler, Cassaundra Shultz, Rhonda A. Metcalf, Jennifer L. Hill, Michelle R. Oliver, Basharat Ahmad, Fouzal Azeem, Abdul Rahim, George H. Freeman, Dawn Bloch, Heather Freeman, Jamie Brown, Sarah Rosbach, Pamela Melander, Nick Taralson, Alex Liu, Katlyn Harms, Mahfouz Michale, Jose Lopez, Maria Revoredo, Shari Edevane, Sarah Shawley, Timothy L. Jackson, Michael J. Oliver, Dina DeSalle, Patricia J. Matlock, Ionna M. Beraun, Heather Hendrix, Garrett Bromley, Ashley Niemerski, Gabby Teran, Sonia Guerrero, Murtaza Marvi, Zehra Palanpurwala, Andrea Torres, Patty Gloyd, Michelle Conger, Aziz Laurent, Olia Nayor, Catalina S. Villanueva, Munira Khambati, Tabetha J. Mumford, Melanie J. Castillo, Taddese Desta, Jerome Robinson, La Shawn Woods, Anita Bahri, Nancy Herrera, Cecilia Casaclang, Jeffrey R. Unger, Geraldine Martinez, Mia K. Moon, Stephen M. Mohaupt, Larry Sandoval, Louisito Valenzuela, Victora Ramirez, Nelly Mata, Veronica Avila, Marisol Patino, Cynthia Montano-Pereira, Omar Barnett, William M. Webster, Lorraine M. Christensen, Leighna Bofman, Melanie Livingston, Stacey Adams, Joseph Hobbs, Leesa Koskela, Mia Katz, Samuel Mujica-Trenche, Franklin Cala, Noreen T. Rana, Jennifer Scarlett, Milagros Cala Anaya, Marsha R. Jones, Kelly D. Hollis, Debbie Roth, Kristin Eads, Tina Watts, Judy Perkins, Alice Arnold, Daniel C. Ginsberg, Denise Quinn, Nicole Cureton, David B. Fittingoff, Mohammed I. Iqbal, Stephen R. White, Edith Sisneros, Michelle Ducca, David Streja, Danny Campos, Jennifer L. Boak, Farzeen Amir, Felice Anderson, James J. Kmetzo, Mary O. Bongarzone, Dawn Scott, Mary Grace De Leon, Cynthia Buda, William Graettinger, Michelle Alex, Erika Hess, James Govoni, Melissa Bartel, Travis L. Monchamp, Julie S. Roach, Sara Gibson, Amy M. Allfrey, Kristen Timpy, Kathy Bott, Karin A. Soucy, Jean Willis, Cecilia A. Valerio, Anusha Chunduri, Rebecca Coker, Nicole Vidrine, Ellen A. Thompson, Mark A. Studeny, Melissa K. Marcum, Tammy S. Monway, Douglas L. Kosmicki, Melissa J. Kelley, Corey M. Godfrey, Susan L. Krenk, Randy R. Holcomb, Deb K. Baehr, Mary K. Trauernicht, David Rowland Lowry, Betty Bondy Herts, Jeanne E Phelps, Jean-Marie Downing, Carol Gamer Dignon, Elisabeth S. Cockrill, Pravinchandra G. Chapla, Diane Fera, Margaret Chang, Patricia Fredette, Tamie Ashby, Renee Bergin, Zebediah A. Stearns, David B. Ware, Rachael M. Boudreaux, Joanna Rodriguez, Robert McKenzie, Amanda Huber, Rebecca Sommers, Heather Rowe, Stacy McLallen, Michale Haynes, Ashley Adamson, Janice Henderson, Lori McClure, Beverly A. Harris, Laura Ference, Sue Meissner-Dengler, Lisa Treasure, Doreen Nicely, Timothy L. Light, Tracey A. Osborn, Kimberly J. Mai, Pablo Vivas, Jose Rios, Dunia Rodriguez, Roger DeRaad, James Walder, Oscar Bailon, Denice Hockett, Debbie Anderson, Kelli McIntosh, Amber Odegard, Andrew Shepherd, Mary Seifert, Laurence Kelley, Rajendra Shetty, Michael Castine, David Brill, Gregory Fisher, Nicole Richmond, Kathleen Gray, Patricia Miller, Charlene Coneys, Yarixa Chanza, Monica Sumoza, Victoria M. Caudill, Kelly D. Harris, Courtney A. Manion, Melody J. Lineberger-Moore, Julie J. Wolfe, Barbara J. Rosen, Patricia DiVito, Janet L. Moffat, Christina Michaelis, Prashant Koshy, Diana Perea, Ghaith Al Yacoub, Stephanie Sadeghi, Thomas D. LeGalley, Rudolph F. Evonich, William J. Jean, Gary M. Friesen, John M. Pap, David A. Pesola, Mark D. Cowan, Kristofer M. Dosh, Dianna Larson, Adele M. Price, Jodi A. Nease, Jane E. Anderson, Lori A. Piggott, Robert Iwaoka, Kevin Sharkey, Edward McMillan, Laurie Lowder, Latisha Morgan, Kyle Davis, Tara Caldwell, Erica Breglio, Jasmine Summers, Rachel Poulimas, Muhammad Zahid, Hamid Syed, Maria Escobar, Jacob Levy, Rahma Warsi, Carol Ma, Puxiao Cen, Kimberly A. Cawthon, Delores B. Barnes, Deanna G. Allen, Margaret L. Warrington, Carol R. Stastny, Robin J. Michaels, Mohamad Saleh, John Sorin, Sunny Rathod, Urakay Juett, Steven Spencer, Aziza Keval, Jill McBride, Shane Young, Catherine Baxter, Carol Rasmussen, Shari L. Coxe, Luis Campos, Shahin Tavackoli, Diana Beckham, Darlynee Sanchez, Karanjit Basrai, Dorian Helms, Erica Clinton, Kasie Smith, Henry Cusnir, Mary Klaus Clark, Madhavagopal V. Cherukuri, Ameta Scarfaru, Stephen D. Nash, Loretta C. Grimm, Anna Grace, Kylie McElheran, Dino Subasic, Zedrick Buhay, Janet Litvinoff, Deepak Shah, Shannon Cervantes, Freda Usher, Farra Yasser, Theodore Trusevich, Ronnie L. Garcia, Jamison Wyatt, Rahul Bose, Holllilyn Miska, Traci Spivey, Amy B. Wren, Katie E. Vance, Lani L. Holman, Pam Gibbons, Elaine Eby, Sandra Shepard, Soratree Charoenthongtrakul, Brett Snodgrass, Mohammed Nazem, Shelly Keteenburg, Prathima Murthy, Frederic Prater, Ashley Rumfelt, Christina Eizensmits, Lisa Iannuzzi, Pourus R. Patel, Clellia Bergamino, Elizabeth McFeaters, Botros Rizk, Emiljia Pflaum, Danny Kalish, Rex Ambatali, Mona Ameli, Delaina Sanguinetti, Rakesh Vaidya, Martinus A.W. Broeders, Dorman Henrikus, Adrianus F.M. Kuijper, Nadea Al-Windy, Michael Magro, Karim Hamraoui, Ismail Aksoy, Guy L.J. Vermeiren, H.W.O. Roeters van Lennep, Gerard Hoedemaker, Johannes Jacobus Remmen, Kjell Bogaard, Dirk van der Heijden, Nicole MJ Knufman, Joost Frederiks, Johannes Willem Louwerenburg, Piet van Rossum, Johannes Milhous, Peter van der Meer, Arno van der Weerdt, Rob Breedveld, Mitran Keijzers, Walter Hermans, Ruud van de Wal, Peter A.G. Zwart, Marc M.J.M. van der Linden, Gerardus Zwiers, Dirk J. Boswijk, Jan Geert Tans, Jacob van Eck, Maarten V. Hessen, Barnabas J.B. Hamer, Stieneke Zoet-Nugteren, Lucien Theunissen, E.A. van Beek, Remco Nijmeijer, Pieter R. Nierop, Gerard Linssen, H.P. Swart, Timo Lenderink, Gerard L. Bartels, Frank den Hartog, Brian J. Berg van den, Wouter van Kempen, Susanne Kentgens, Gloria M. Rojas Lingan, Martinus M. Peeters, Hilligje Keterberg, Melchior Nierman, Annemieke K. den Hollander, Jacqueline Hoogendijk, Christine Voors-Pette, Vicdan Kose, Peter Viergever, Larysa Yena, Viktor Syvolap, Mykola P. Kopytsya, Olga Barna, Svitlana S. Panina, Mykhailo I. Lutai, Oxana V. Shershnyova, Iryna Luzkiv, Larysa S. Bula, Sergii Zotov, Ivan Vyjhovaniuk, Olena Lysunets, Volodymyr I. Koshlia, Nataliya Sydor, Myroslava F. Vayda, Olexiy Ushakov, Mykola Rishko, Viktor P. Shcherbak, Yevgeniya Svyshchenko, Vira Tseluyko, Andriy Yagensky, Viktoriia I. Zolotaikina, Olga Godlevska, Larysa Ivanova, Olena Koval, Olena I. Mitchenko, Galyna Y. Kardash, Yurii S. Rudyk, Mykola Stanislavchuk, Volodymyr Ivanovych Volkov, Olena G. Karlinskaya, Susanna A. Tykhonova, Nikolay Vatutin, Ganna Smirnova, Volodymyr M. Kovalenko, Viktor Lizogub, Denys Sebov, Oleksandr Dyadyk, Svetlana Andrievskaya, Mykola P. Krasko, Alexander N. Parkhomenko, Lidiya Horbach, Iryna G. Kupnovytska, Tetyana Pertseva, Oleksandr Karpenko, Dmytro Reshotko, Svitlana V. Zhurba, Leonid Rudenko, Viktoriia Yu Zharinova, Valerii B. Shatylo, Yuriy I. Karpenko, Mariya A. Orynchak, Tatiana R. Kameneva, Elena Zherlitsina, Diana N. Alpenidze, Grigoriy P. Arutyunov, Elena Baranova, Boris Bart, Dmitriy I. Belenkiy, Svetlana A. Boldueva, Elena A. Demchenko, Vera V. Eltishcheva, Alexander M. Gofman, Boris M. Goloshchekin, Ivan Gennadyevich Gordeev, Nikolay Gratsianskiy, Gadel Kamalov, Niyaz R. Khasanov, Irina M. Kholina, Zhanna D. Kobalava, Elena V. Kobeleva, Alexandra O. Konradi, Victor A. Kostenko, Andrey Dmitrievich Kuimov, Polina Y. Ermakova, Sofia K. Malyutina, Alexey V. Panov, Natalia V. Polezhaeva, Olga Reshetko, Nataliya P. Shilkina, Sergey B. Shustov, Elena A. Smolyarchuk, Raisa I. Stryuk, Elena Yurievnar Solovieva, Andrey V. Susekov, Natalia Vezikova, Svetlana N. Ivanova, Alexander A. Petrov, Vladimir O. Konstantinov, Alina S. Agafina, Victor Gurevich, Konstantin N. Zrazhevskiy, Tatiana V. Supryadkina, Nikita B. Perepech, Vadim L. Arkhipovskiy, Dmitry Yu Butko, Irina A. Zobenko, Olga V. Orlikova, Viktor Mordovin, Olga L. Barbarash, Anastasiya Lebedeva, Vladimir Nosov, Oleg V. Averkov, Elena P. Pavlikova, Yuri B. Karpov, Marina Lvovna Giorgadze, Oleg A. Khrustalev, Mikhail Arkhipov, Tatiana A. Raskina, Julia V. Shilko, Yulia Samoilova, Elena D. Kosmacheva, Sergey V. Nedogoda, Kathleen Coetzee, Lesley J. Burgess, F.C.R. Theron, Iftikhar O. Ebrahim, Gerbrand A. Haasbroek, Maria Pretorius, Julien S. Trokis, Dorothea V. Urbach, Mark J. Abelson, Adrian R. Horak, Aysha E. Badat, Ellen M. Makotoko, Hendrik Du Toit Theron, Padaruth Ramlachan, Clive H. Corbett, Ismail H. Mitha, Hendrik F.M. Nortje, Dirkie J. Jansen van Rensburg, Peter J. Sebastian, F.C.J. Bester, Louis J. van Zyl, Brian L. Rayner, Elżbieta Błach, Magda Dąbrowska, Grzegorz Kania, Agata E. Kelm-Warchol, Leszek P. Kinasz, Janusz Korecki, Mariusz Kruk, Ewa Laskowska-Derlaga, Andrzej Madej, Krzysztof Saminski, Katarzyna Wasilewska, Katarzyna Szymkowiak, Małgorzata Wojciechowska, Natalia Piorowska, Andrzej Dyczek, Rajpal K. Abhaichand, Ramesh B. Byrapaneni, Basavanagowdappa Hattur, Malipeddi Bhaskara Rao, Nitin Ghaisas, Sujit Shankar Kadam, Jugal B. Gupta, Santhosh M. Jayadev, V.A. Kothiwale, Atul Mathur, Vijay Bhaskar, Ravi K. Aluri, Udaya P. Ponangi, Mukesh K. Sarna, Sunil Sathe, Manish K. Sharma, Jilendra Pal Singh Sawhney, Chakrabhavi B. Keshavamurthy, Arun Srinivas, Hemant P. Thacker, A. Sharda, Johny Joseph, Sunil Dwivedi, Viswanathan Mohan, Rajendra K. Premchand, Jacques Bedard, Jean Bergeron, Ronald Collette, David Crowley, Richard Dumas, Sam Henein, Geoff Moran, William F. O’Mahony, Michael O’Mahony, Sammy Chan, Mark H. Sherman, Graham C. Wong, Brian D. Carlson, Milan K. Gupta, David Borts, Sean R. Peterson, Martyn Chilvers, Allan J. Kelly, Jean C. Gregoire, Simon Kouz, Josep Rodés Cabau, Minodora Andor, Mircea Cinteza, Radu Ciudin, Radu I. Cojan, Roxana O. Darabont, Dan-Lucian Dumitrascu, Carmen Fierbinteanu-Braticievici, Ana Gabriela Fruntelata, Constantin Militaru, Bogdon E. Minescu, Doina Luminita Serban, Florin Mitu, Dorel Nastase Melicovici, Ovidiu Petrascu, Octavian M. Pirvu, Cristian Podoleanu, Calin Pop, Rodica-Valentina V. Stanescu-Cioranu, Adrian Tase, Cristina Voiculet, Constantine N. Aroney, Anthony M. Dart, Timothy Davis, Karam Kostner, David N. O’Neal, Peter W. Purnell, Bhuwanendu B. Singh, David R. Sullivan, Peter Thompson, Gerald F. Watts, Adam F. Blenkhorn, John V. Amerena, Rafeeq Samie, Randall Hendriks, Joseph Proietto, Nikolai Petrovsky, Alan Whelan, David Colquhoun, Russell S. Scott, Simon C. Young, Tammy Pegg, Samuel JS Wilson, Andrew W. Hamer, Richard A. Luke, Hamish H. Hart, Gerard P. Devlin, Gerard T. Wilkins, Ian F. Ternouth, Samraj Nandra, Bruno S. Loeprich, Nicole McGrath, Stuart L. Tie, Rob J. Bos, Alexandra Wils, Tamara Jacobs, Erik A. Badings, Lillian A. Ebels-Tuinbeek, Mayke L. Scholten, Esther Bayraktar-Verver, Debby Zweers, Manoek Schiks, Carolien Kalkman, Tineke Tiemes, Jeanette Mulderij, Katarzyna Dabrowska, Wilma Wijnakker, Riny Van de Loo, Jeanne de Graauw, Giny Reijnierse, Mirjam van der Zeijst, Mariska Scholten, Henk R. Hofmeijer, Antoinette van Dijk-van der Zanden, Dineke J. van Belle, Jan Van Es, Gera Van Buchem, Wendy Zijda, Harald Verheij, Linnea Oldenhof-Janssen, Martina Bader, Marije Löwik, Sandra Stuij, Pascal Vantrimpont, Krista van Aken, Karen Hamilton, Han Blömer, Gabriela van Laerhoven, Raymond Tukkie, Maarten Janssen, Gerard Verdel, Jon Funke Küpper, Bob van Vlies, Caroline Kalkman, Joke Vooges, Marinella Vermaas, Rachel Langenberg, Niek Haenen, Frans Smeets, Arko Scheepmaker, Marcel Grosfeld, Ilvy Van Lieshout, Marleen van den Berg, Marian Wittekoek, Petra Mol, Antionette Stapel, Margaretha Sierevogel, Nancy van der Ven, Annemiek Berkelmans, Eric Viergever, Hanneke Kramer, Wilma Engelen, Karen V. Houwelingen, Thierry X. Wildbergh, Arend Mosterd, Coriet Hobé-Rap, Marjan van Doorn, Petra Bunschoten, Michel Freericks, Mireille Emans, Petra Den Boer-Penning, Els Verlek, Christine Freericks, Cornelis de Nooijer, Christina Welten, Ingrid Groenenberg, Claudia van der Horst, Esther Vonk, Geert Tjeerdsma, Gerard M. Jochemsen, Corinne van Daalen, Ingrid Y. Danse, Lucy Kuipers, Anke Pieterse, Antonius Oomen, Daan de Waard, Willem Jan Flu, Zusan Kromhout, Petra Van der Bij, Rob Feld, Brigitta Hessels-Linnemeijer, Rob Lardinois, Jan L. Posma, Zwanette R. Aukema-Wouda, Marjolijn Hendriks-van Woerden, Desiree van Wijk, Driek P. Beelen, Ingrid H. Hendriks, Jan J. Jonker, Stefanie Schipperen, Vicdan Köse, Gloria Rojas, Linda Goedhart, Hanneke van Meurs, Jacqueline Rijssemus, Lindy Swinkels-Diepenmaat, Marloes de Louw-Jansen, Dominique Bierens-Peters, Willem W. van Kempen, Marianne E. Wittekoek, Irmaina Agous, Geert Schenk, Janneke Wittekoek, Kevin Cox, Deborah F. Julia, Jan J.C. Jonker, Roel Janssen, Melchor Nierman, Hilligje Katerberg, Irene van der Haar, Willem W. Van Kempen, Taco van Mesdag, Leyda M. Alvarez Costa, Manon Schensema, Salomé Zweekhorst, Deborah Font Julia, Lauri Hanewinckel, Joyce Olsthoorn, Johan C. Berends, Arie C. van der Spek, Roy van der Berg, Rob J. Timmermann, Ingrid Boerema, Iryna Mudruk, Anna Khrystoforova, Serhii Kyselov, Yaroslava V. Hilova, Pavlo Logoida, Nataliia A. Sanina, Ilona P. Golikova, Olena O. Nemchyna, Ivan I. Isaichikov, Olga B. Potapova, Iurii V. Gura, Larysa Berestetska, Olena O. Kulianda, Oleksandr Tantsura, Oleksandr S. Kulbachuk, Volodymyr Petsentiy, Ihor Biskub, Tetyana Handych, Oleg Lagkuti, Alyna Gagarina, Taras Chendey, Oksana F. Bilonko, Olena Matova, Larysa Bezrodna, Olena Yarynkina, Tetiana Ovdiienko, Volodymyr Randchenko, Maryna Mospan, Olena Butko, Olga Romanenko, Mykhailo Pavelko, Iryna Sichkaruk, Svitlana O. Lazareva, Olena A. Kudryk, Inessa M. Koltsun, Tetiana Magdalits, Sergei Zadorozhniy, Kira Kompaniiets, Andrii Ivanov, Sergiy Romanenko, Pavlo Kaplan, Vadym Y. Romanov, Oksana P. Mykytyuk, Nataliia S. Zaitseva, Sergiy N. Pyvovar, Lyudmyla Burdeuna, Emerita Serdobinska, Tatiana I. Shevchenko, Igor I. Ivanytskyi, Olena V. Khyzhnyak, Nataliya Kalinkina, Olena Keting, Olena Sklyanna, Olga Kashanska, Anna Shevelok, Marina Khristichenko, Ievgenii Y. Titov, Danilenko O. Oleksander, Nataliia S. Polenova, Nataliia Altunina, Viktoriia Kororaieva, Stanislav Zborovskiy, Leonid Kholopov, Iurii Suliman, Lanna Lukashenko, Stanislav Shvaykin, Olexandr M. Glavatskiy, Roman O. Sychov, Roman L. Kulynych, Oleksandr A. Skarzhevskyi, Nataliia V. Dovgan, Marta Horbach, Olga Cherkasova, Iryna Tyshchenko, Liudmyla Todoriuk, Svitlana Kizim, Nataliia Brodi, Oleksandr Ivanko, Olga Garbarchuk, Liudmyla Alieksieieva, Tetiana L. Shandra, Olena Beregova, Larisa An Bodretska, Svitlana S. Naskalova, Ivanna A. Antoniuk-Shcheglova, Olena V. Bondarenko, Natalia G. Andreeva, Iryna I. Vakalyuk, Olha S. Chovganyuk, Nataliya R. Artemenko, Kiril A. Maltsev, Natalia Kalishevich, Natalia G. Kondratyeva, Svetlana A. Nikitina, Maria V. Martjanova, Anna V. Sokolova, Dmitrii O. Dragunov, Olga Kolesnik, Vera Larina, Oxana V. Tsygankova, Maria Ivanova, Illia A. Karpov, Elena M. Aronova, Ekaterina S. Vedernikova, Ekaterina I. Lubinskaya, Taras Y. Burak, Sergey I. Skichko, Farhad Rasulev, Ekaterina B. Soldatova, Alexander L. Fenin, Ilya I. Laptev, Elena E. Luchinkina, Alexandr Akatov, Natalia V. Polenova, Natalia N. Slavina, Irina N. Korovnika, Marina Yu Prochorova, Regina Shakirova, Elena N. Andreicheva, Olga A. Krasnova, Tinatin V. Lobzhanidze, Tatiana B. Dmitrova, Viktoriya V. Stakhiv, Maria I. Pechatnikova, Alexandra V. Panova, Maria Y. Tipikina, Oxana P. Rotar, Nikolay A. Bokovin, Saule K. Karabalieva, Farid Y. Tumarov, Elena V. Vasileva, Natalya Gennadevna Lozhkina, Ekaterina V. Filippova, Alisa I. Sharkaeva, Ekanerina V. Filippova Deilik, Natalia Yu Tolkacheva, Elena N. Domracheva, Andrey N. Ryabikov, Inga T. Abesadze, Marianna Z. Alugishvili, Elena P. Nikolaeva, Nadezda V. Smirnova, Valentina I. Rodionova, Polina V. Dolovstaya, Igor E. Yunonin, Sergey V. Kadin, Tatyana S. Sveklina, Anna V. Bushmanova, Elena L. Barkova, Irina S. Gomova, Yana V. Brytkova, Tatiana B. Ivanova, Marina Y. Zubareva, Inga Skopets, Lybov A. Galashevskaya, Emilia D. Butinskaya, Olga G. Gusarova, Natalia B. Kalishevich, Yana R. Pavlova, Marianna P Serebrenitskaya, Vitalina F. Grygorieva, Gulnara R. Kuchaeva, Inna A. Vasileva, Gulnara I. Ospanova, Yulia V. Vahrusheva, Irina A. Semenova, Irina E.E. Mikhailova, Olga O. Kvasova, Valeria D. Shurygina, Alexey E. Rivin, Alexey O. Savelyev, Alexey A. Savelyev, Olesya O. Milyaeva, Nadezhda N. Lapshina, Ninel A. Lantsova, Pavel V. Alexandrov, Evgeniy A. Orlikov, Alla Falkovskaya, Tatiana Ripp, Sergei Triss, Stanislav Pekarskiy, Sitkova Ekaterina, Evgeniya N. Zhuravleva, Olga Perova, Galina Kovaleva, Liubov Koroleva, Lydia Mishchenko, Boris P. Garshin, Svetlana A. Kutuzova, Lyudmila I. Provotorova, Igor P. Zadvorny, Olga V. Okhapkina, Anatoly O. Khrustalev, Tatiana Suvorova, Elena S. Shaf, Varvara A. Vershinina, Andrey A. Kozulin, Oxana A. Oleynik, Irina Y. Martynova, Natalia V. Kizhvatova, Alla S. Salasyuk, Vera V. Tsoma, Alla A. Ledyaeva, Elena V. Chumachek, S.C. Blignaut, Tersia Y. Alexander, Chano Du Plessis, Thirumani Govender, Samatha M. Du Toit, Leya Motala, Areesh Gassiep, Christina Naude (Smit), Marli Terblanche, Marlien Snoer (Kruger), Berenice Pillay, De Vries Basson, Marisa E. Theron, Bianca Fouche, Mareli E. Coetzee, Pieter Odendall, Frederik H. Van Wijk, Anna-Mari Conradie, Trudie Van der Westhuizen, Carine Tredoux, Mohamed S. Mookdam, Andie J. Van der Merwe, Karin Snyman, Gerda Smal, Yvonne De Jager, Thomas A. Mabin, Annusca King, Lindy L. Henley, Brenda M. Zwane, Jane Robinson, Marinda Karsten, Andonia M. Page, Valerie Nsabiyumva, Charmaine Krahenbuhl, Jaiprakash D. Patel, Yunus E. Motala, Ayesha Dawood, Nondumiso B. Koza, Lenore M.S. Peters, Shavashni Ramlachan, Wilhelm J. Bodenstein, Pierre Roux, Lizelle Fouche, Cecilia M. Boshoff, Haroon M. Mitha, Fathima Khan, Henry P. Cyster, Helen Cyster, E. C. Wessels, Florence J. Jacobs, Melanie A. Sebastian, Deborah A. Sebastian, Nadia Mahomed, Ignatius P. Immink, Celia Cotzee, Tanja Cronje, Madele Roscher, Maria Le Roux, Yvonne A. Trinder, Renata Wnętrzak-Michalska, Magdalena Piszczek, Andrzej Piela, Ewa Czernecka, Dorota Knychas, Alina Walczak, Izabella Gładysz, Katarzyna Filas, Ewelina Kiluk, Krzysztof Świgło, Iwona Jędrzejczyk, Kamila Łuczyńska, Katarzyna Tymendorf, Wojciech Piesiewicz, Wojciech L. Kinasz, Stefan Samborski, Ilona Bartuś, Gramzyna Latocha Korecka, Ewa Gulaj, Jolanta Sopa, Bogusław Derlaga, Marcin Baisiak, Allicia Kowalisko, Edyta Stainszewska-Marasazlek, Bartosz Szafran, Malgorzata Swiatkiewicz, Artur Racewicz, Sławomir Grycel, Jerzy Supronik, Sylwia Walendziuk, Magdalena Tarantowicz, Agata Stasiak, Anna Sidorowicz-Białynicka, Marek Dwojak, Ewa Jaźwińska-Tarnawska, Katarzyna Kupczyk, Kamila Martowska, Kamila Kulon, Katarzyna Gajda, Bivin Wilson, Krithika Velusamy, Swaidha S. Sadhiq, Bhavani Siddeshi, M. Bhanukumar, Abhishek Srivatsav, Madhan Ramesh, Sri Harsha Chalasani, Mini Johnson, Prashanth Gopu, Jeesa George, Sowmya Reddy, Swetha Tessy Thara Eleena, Damodara Rao Kodem, Haritha N. Nakkella, Padma Kumari Mandula, Anjan Kumar Vuriya, Syamala Rajana, Aruna Kale, Tiwari Rajeev, Raina Jain, Vipin Jain, Srilakshmi Mandayam Adhyapak, Lumin Sheeba, Uma C R, Ramya R, Aditya V. Kulkarni, M.S. Ganachari, Ruma Sambrekar, Mohammad Bilal, Kalyan Chakravarthy, Ravi Badhavath, Sravan Kumar, Meenakshi Simhadri, Farooque Salamuddin, Venkat Prasad, Vivek Dwivedi, Sudha Sarna, Tilak Arora, Deepak Chawla, Archana Sathe, Chaware Gayatree, Ajeet Nanda, Ram Avtar, Jyoti Sharma, Vaibhavi P S, Sasirekha D, Deepthi Kobbajji, Ramya Ningappa, Shwetha Shree, Chandrashekar K, Nandini M R, Sowjanya S, Devika I G, Yashaswini N, Sonika G, Rathna L, Priyanka R, Rupal J. Shrimanker, Lakshmi Vinutha Reddy, K. Sumathi, Babitha Devi, Bina N. Naik, Rohini Manjunath, Rajeshwari Ashok, Tony V. Kunjumon, Jesline Thomas, Shaik Samdhani, Kasthuri Selvam, Poongothai Subramani, Nandakumar Parthasarathy, Nirmal K. Bohra, Anvesh K. Gatla, Cheryl Horbatuk, Julie Sills, E B. Davey, Liz Paramonczyk, Olga Racanelli, Sandy Strybosch, Andre Belanger, Jean Palardy, Alicia Schiffrin, Sylvie Gauthier, Norman Kalyniuk, Shawn D. Whatley, Heather Lappala, Grishma Patel, Matthew Reeve, Catherine Moran, Jody Everitt, Teresa Ferrari, Christine Bouffard, Jirir Frohlich, Gordon Francis, John Mancini, Gregory Bondy, Debbie DeAngelis, Patricia Fulton, David W. Blank, Angela Lombardo, Mylène Roy, Jackie Chow, Hyman Fox, William J. Grootendorst, Angela Hutchinson, Sharon M. Chan, Christie Fitzgerald, Lynn Wilkins, Rebecca L. Raymond, Arlene Reyes, Lavoie Marc André, Denis Fortin, Hélène Ouimet, Thanh-Thao Tôn-Nu, Martine Dussureault, Marie-Hélène Blain, Madeleine Roy, Nathalie Kopajko, Chantal Fleury, Karine Maheux, Gabriela Valentina Ciobotaru, Maria C. Constantinescu, Carmen-Lucia Gherghinescu, Ana-Maria Avram, Ioan Manitiu, Aura Sinpetrean, Lucian Pop, Delia Lupu, Radu Usvat, Ana Petrisor, Nicoleta Dumitru, Camelia Moruju, Adelina Gheorghita, Magda V. Mitu, Cosmin Macarie, Ana Maria Pop, Maria-Catalina Diaconu, Iulia Grancea, Mihaela Cosma, Mihaela Crisan, Elizabeth Herron, Paul Nestel, Sally B. Kay, Kaye S. Carter, Imran Badshah, Ashley Makepeace, Jocelyn Drinkwater, Michelle England, Azette Rafei, Kylie Patterson, Alicia Jenkins, Sybil McAuley, Sue M. Kent, Joy E. Vibert, Leonie Perrett, Thomas David, Samantha L. Kaye, Monika O’Connor, Nimalie J. Perera, Nicole T. Lai, Kerry A. Kearins, Christinia Dicamillo, Heather Anderson, Louise Ferguson, Sharon D. Radtke, Charles T. Thamarappillil, Janice M. Boys, Anita K. Long, Toni Shanahan, Michael Nyguyen, Nicole Forrest, Gill Tulloch, Della Greenwell, Sarah L. Price, Aye N. Tint, Priya K. Sumithran, Tamara L. Debreceni, Lisa Walker, Mary Caruana, Kira Edwards, Maria Stathopoulos, Cilla Haywood, Dimitar Sajkov, Sharen Pringle, Anne Tabner, Kathrina Bartolay, Chamindi Abeyratne, Kylie Bragg, Patrick Mulhern, Peter Purnell, Lyn Williams, Jane Hamlyn, Aurelia Connelly, Jan Hoffman, Samantha Bailey, Jane Kerr, Zarnia Morrison, Sarah Maeder, Roberta McEwan, Prasanna Kunasekera, Patrice McGregor, Jo Young, Sharon Berry, Rick Cutfield, Michelle Choe, Catherine McNamara, Narrinder K. Shergill, Petra Crone, Miles G. Williams, Keith Dyson, Diana H. Schmid, Audrey C. Doak, Melissa Spooner, Colin Edwards, Anne Turner, Grainne M. McAnnalley, Raewyn A. Fisher, Fraser B. Hamilton, Denis H. Friedlander, Melissa R. Kirk, Jayne E. Scales, Marguerite A. McLelland, Neelam A. Dalman, Cathy E. Vickers, Carolyn Jackson, Wendy Coleman, Phillip I. Garden, and Wendy F. Arnold

Subjects
Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Rate ratio, Double-Blind Method, Ischemia, Risk Factors, Physiology (medical), Internal medicine, medicine, Clinical endpoint, Humans, Myocardial infarction, Coronary Artery Bypass, Stroke, Aged, business.industry, Unstable angina, Hazard ratio, Absolute risk reduction, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Eicosapentaenoic Acid, Number needed to treat, Cardiology, Female, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business
Abstract

Background: Despite advances in surgery and pharmacotherapy, there remains significant residual ischemic risk after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Methods: In REDUCE-IT (Reduction of Cardiovascular Events With Icosapent Ethyl–Intervention Trial), a multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial, statin-treated patients with controlled low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and mild to moderate hypertriglyceridemia were randomized to 4 g daily of icosapent ethyl or placebo. They experienced a 25% reduction in risk of a primary efficacy end point (composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary revascularization, or hospitalization for unstable angina) and a 26% reduction in risk of a key secondary efficacy end point (composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke) when compared with placebo. The current analysis reports on the subgroup of patients from the trial with a history of coronary artery bypass grafting. Results: Of the 8179 patients randomized in REDUCE-IT, a total of 1837 (22.5%) had a history of coronary artery bypass grafting, with 897 patients randomized to icosapent ethyl and 940 to placebo. Baseline characteristics were similar between treatment groups. Randomization to icosapent ethyl was associated with a significant reduction in the primary end point (hazard ratio [HR], 0.76 [95% CI, 0.63–0.92]; P =0.004), in the key secondary end point (HR, 0.69 [95% CI, 0.56–0.87]; P =0.001), and in total (first plus subsequent or recurrent) ischemic events (rate ratio, 0.64 [95% CI, 0.50–0.81]; P =0.0002) compared with placebo. This yielded an absolute risk reduction of 6.2% (95% CI, 2.3%–10.2%) in first events, with a number needed to treat of 16 (95% CI, 10–44) during a median follow-up time of 4.8 years. Safety findings were similar to the overall study: beyond an increased rate of atrial fibrillation/flutter requiring hospitalization for at least 24 hours (5.0% vs 3.1%; P =0.03) and a nonsignificant increase in bleeding, occurrences of adverse events were comparable between groups. Conclusions: In REDUCE-IT patients with a history of coronary artery bypass grafting, treatment with icosapent ethyl was associated with significant reductions in first and recurrent ischemic events. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov ; Unique identifier: NCT01492361.

Published
2021

4. Epidemiology of free-living amoebae infections in Africa: a review

Author

Giovanni D. Milanez, Karlo B. Carlos, Mary Erika Adao, Bernadette B Ayson, Ariela V. Dicon, Rhonette Anne M. Gahol, Sharmaine Kaye S. Lacre, Franchesca Pauline E. Marquez, April Jane M. Perez, and Panagiotis Karanis

Subjects
Infectious Diseases, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Parasitology, General Medicine, Microbiology
Abstract

FLA-related conditions are a rare medical occurrence. Despite their rarity, they are considered a public health concern for two reasons: the absence of a regular treatment regimen in the case of central nervous system infections and the fast progression of the symptoms leading to fatal outcomes. A total of 358 articles were retrieved from different databases (91 from PubMed, 26 from NCBI, 138 from Academia, 102 from Science Direct, and one from IJMED). 7 (46.6%) clinical cases came from Egypt, 2 (13.3%) cases of FLA infection came from Nigeria, 3 (20%) cases came from the Gambia, and 1 (6.6%) case was reported from African countries like Algeria, Tunisia, South Africa, and Zambia. Medical conditions caused by free-living amoeba are considered significant public health concerns. These ubiquitous organisms can cause both fatal and debilitating health conditions. Immediate diagnosis of cases and proper hygienic practices are necessary to provide direct medical intervention. They may be the key to reducing the morbidity and mortality rates from FLA-acquired infections. Although several government-led initiatives have been implemented to mitigate a plethora of parasitic diseases, the case of FLA-related conditions in African countries has yet to be realized.

Published
2022

5. Precise phase retrieval for propagation-based images using discrete mathematics

Author

James A. Pollock, Kaye S. Morgan, Linda C. P. Croton, Michelle K. Croughan, Gary Ruben, Naoto Yagi, Hiroshi Sekiguchi, and Marcus J. Kitchen

Subjects
Photons, Multidisciplinary, Phantoms, Imaging, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Algorithms, Mathematics
Abstract

The ill-posed problem of phase retrieval in optics, using one or more intensity measurements, has a multitude of applications using electromagnetic or matter waves. Many phase retrieval algorithms are computed on pixel arrays using discrete Fourier transforms due to their high computational efficiency. However, the mathematics underpinning these algorithms is typically formulated using continuous mathematics, which can result in a loss of spatial resolution in the reconstructed images. Herein we investigate how phase retrieval algorithms for propagation-based phase-contrast X-ray imaging can be rederived using discrete mathematics and result in more precise retrieval for single- and multi-material objects and for spectral image decomposition. We validate this theory through experimental measurements of spatial resolution using computed tomography (CT) reconstructions of plastic phantoms and biological tissues, using detectors with a range of imaging system point spread functions (PSFs). We demonstrate that if the PSF substantially suppresses high spatial frequencies, the potential improvement from utilising the discrete derivation is limited. However, with detectors characterised by a single pixel PSF (e.g. direct, photon-counting X-ray detectors), a significant improvement in spatial resolution can be obtained, demonstrated here at up to 17%.

Published
2022

7. Dark-field tomography of an attenuating object using intrinsic x-ray speckle tracking

Author

Samantha J. Alloo, David M. Paganin, Kaye S. Morgan, Marcus J. Kitchen, Andrew W. Stevenson, Sheridan C. Mayo, Heyang T. Li, Ben M. Kennedy, Anton Maksimenko, Joshua C. Bowden, and Konstantin M. Pavlov

Subjects
Special Section on Hard X-Ray Tomography with Micrometer Resolution, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging
Abstract

PURPOSE: We investigate how an intrinsic speckle tracking approach to speckle-based x-ray imaging is used to extract an object’s effective dark-field (DF) signal, which is capable of providing object information in three dimensions. APPROACH: The effective DF signal was extracted using a Fokker–Planck type formalism, which models the deformations of illuminating reference beam speckles due to both coherent and diffusive scatter from the sample. Here, we assumed that (a) small-angle scattering fans at the exit surface of the sample are rotationally symmetric and (b) the object has both attenuating and refractive properties. The associated inverse problem of extracting the effective DF signal was numerically stabilized using a “weighted determinants” approach. RESULTS: Effective DF projection images, as well as the DF tomographic reconstructions of the wood sample, are presented. DF tomography was performed using a filtered back projection reconstruction algorithm. The DF tomographic reconstructions of the wood sample provided complementary, and otherwise inaccessible, information to augment the phase contrast reconstructions, which were also computed. CONCLUSIONS: An intrinsic speckle tracking approach to speckle-based imaging can tomographically reconstruct an object’s DF signal at a low sample exposure and with a simple experimental setup. The obtained DF reconstructions have an image quality comparable to alternative x-ray DF techniques.

Published
2022

8. Author Correction: Development of a sensitive, quantitative assay with broad subtype specificity for detection of total HIV-1 nucleic acids in plasma and PBMC

Author

Kibirige, CN, Manak, M, King, D, Abel, B, Hack, H, Wooding, D, Liu, Y, Fernandez, N, Dalel, J, Kaye, S, Imami, N, Jagodzinski, L, and Gilmour, J

Subjects
Multidisciplinary, Science, Medicine, Author Correction
Abstract

Correction to: Scientific Reports https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-03016-1, published online 28 January 2022

Published
2022

9. Single-exposure x-ray dark-field imaging: quantifying sample microstructure using a single-grid setup

Author

How, Ying Ying, Paganin, David M., and Morgan, Kaye S.

Subjects
FOS: Physical sciences, Medical Physics (physics.med-ph), Physics - Medical Physics, Physics - Optics, Optics (physics.optics)
Abstract

The size of the smallest detectable sample feature in an x-ray imaging system is usually restricted by the spatial resolution of the system. This limitation can now be overcome using the diffusive dark-field signal, which is generated by unresolved phase effects or the ultra-small-angle x-ray scattering from unresolved sample microstructures. A quantitative measure of this dark-field signal can be useful in revealing the microstructure size or material for medical diagnosis, security screening and materials science. Recently, we derived a new method to quantify the diffusive dark-field signal in terms of a scattering angle using a single-exposure grid-based approach. In this manuscript, we look at the problem of quantifying the sample microstructure size from this single-exposure dark-field signal. We do this by quantifying the diffusive dark-field signal produced by 5 different sizes of polystyrene microspheres, ranging from 1.0 $\mu$m to 10.8 $\mu$m, to investigate how the strength of the dark-field signal changes with the sample microstructure size, $S$. We also explore the feasibility of performing single-exposure dark-field imaging with a simple equation for the optimal propagation distance given microstructure with a specific size and thickness, and successfully verify this equation with experimental data. Our theoretical model predicts that the dark-field scattering angle is inversely proportional to $\sqrt{S}$, which is consistent with our experimental data., Comment: 20 pages, 11 figures

Published
2022
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10. Directional dark-field retrieval with single-grid x-ray imaging

Author

Michelle K. Croughan, Ying Ying How, Allan Pennings, and Kaye S. Morgan

Subjects
Image and Video Processing (eess.IV), FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, FOS: Physical sciences, Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Image and Video Processing, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Physics - Optics, Optics (physics.optics)
Abstract

Directional dark-field imaging is an emerging x-ray modality that is sensitive to unresolved anisotropic scattering from sub-pixel sample microstructures. A single-grid imaging setup can be used to capture dark-field images by looking at changes in a grid pattern projected upon the sample. By creating analytical models for the experiment, we have developed a single-grid directional dark-field retrieval algorithm that can extract dark-field parameters such as the dominant scattering direction, and the semi-major and -minor scattering angles. We show that this method is effective even in the presence of high image noise, allowing for low-dose and time-sequence imaging.

Published
2022
Full Text
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12. Impact of clinical phenotypes on management and outcomes in European atrial fibrillation patients: a report from the ESC-EHRA EURObservational Research Programme in AF (EORP-AF) General Long-Term Registry

Author

Proietti, M., Vitolo, M., Harrison, S. L., Lane, D. A., Fauchier, L., Marin, F., Nabauer, M., Potpara, T. S., Dan, G. -A., Boriani, G., Lip, G. Y. H., Boriani (Chair), G., Tavazzi, L., Maggioni, A. P., Potpara, T., Kalarus, Z., Ferrari, R., Shantsila, A., Goda, A., Mairesse, G., Shalganov, T., Antoniades, L., Taborsky, M., Riahi, S., Muda, P., Garcia Bolao, I., Piot, O., Etsadashvili, K., Simantirakis, E. N., Haim, M., Azhari, A., Najafian, J., Santini, M., Mirrakhimov, E., Kulzida, K., Erglis, A., Poposka, L., Burg, M. R., Crijns, H., Erkuner, O., Atar, D., Lenarczyk, R., Martins Oliveira, M., Shah, D., Serdechnaya, E., Diker, E., Lane, D., Zera, E., Ekmekciu, U., Paparisto, V., Tase, M., Gjergo, H., Dragoti, J., Ciutea, M., Ahadi, N., el Husseini, Z., Raepers, M., Leroy, J., Haushan, P., Jourdan, A., Lepiece, C., Desteghe, L., Vijgen, J., Koopman, P., Van Genechten, G., Heidbuchel, H., Boussy, T., De Coninck, M., Van Eeckhoutte, H., Bouckaert, N., Friart, A., Boreux, J., Arend, C., Evrard, P., Stefan, L., Hoffer, E., Herzet, J., Massoz, M., Celentano, C., Sprynger, M., Pierard, L., Melon, P., Van Hauwaert, B., Kuppens, C., Faes, D., Van Lier, D., Van Dorpe, A., Gerardy, A., Deceuninck, O., Xhaet, O., Dormal, F., Ballant, E., Blommaert, D., Yakova, D., Hristov, M., Yncheva, T., Stancheva, N., Tisheva, S., Tokmakova, M., Nikolov, F., Gencheva, D., Kunev, B., Stoyanov, M., Marchov, D., Gelev, V., Traykov, V., Kisheva, A., Tsvyatkov, H., Shtereva, R., Bakalska-Georgieva, S., Slavcheva, S., Yotov, Y., Kubickova, M., Marni Joensen, A., Gammelmark, A., Hvilsted Rasmussen, L., Dinesen, P., Krogh Veno, S., Sorensen, B., Korsgaard, A., Andersen, K., Fragtrup Hellum, C., Svenningsen, A., Nyvad, O., Wiggers, P., May, O., Aarup, A., Graversen, B., Jensen, L., Andersen, M., Svejgaard, M., Vester, S., Hansen, S., Lynggaard, V., Ciudad, M., Vettus, R., Maestre, A., Castano, S., Cheggour, S., Poulard, J., Mouquet, V., Leparree, S., Bouet, J., Taieb, J., Doucy, A., Duquenne, H., Furber, A., Dupuis, J., Rautureau, J., Font, M., Damiano, P., Lacrimini, M., Abalea, J., Boismal, S., Menez, T., Mansourati, J., Range, G., Gorka, H., Laure, C., Vassaliere, C., Elbaz, N., Lellouche, N., Djouadi, K., Roubille, F., Dietz, D., Davy, J., Granier, M., Winum, P., Leperchois-Jacquey, C., Kassim, H., Marijon, E., Le Heuzey, J., Fedida, J., Maupain, C., Himbert, C., Gandjbakhch, E., Hidden-Lucet, F., Duthoit, G., Badenco, N., Chastre, T., Waintraub, X., Oudihat, M., Lacoste, J., Stephan, C., Bader, H., Delarche, N., Giry, L., Arnaud, D., Lopez, C., Boury, F., Brunello, I., Lefevre, M., Mingam, R., Haissaguerre, M., Le Bidan, M., Pavin, D., Le Moal, V., Leclercq, C., Beitar, T., Martel, I., Schmid, A., Sadki, N., Romeyer-Bouchard, C., Da Costa, A., Arnault, I., Boyer, M., Piat, C., Lozance, N., Nastevska, S., Doneva, A., Fortomaroska Milevska, B., Sheshoski, B., Petroska, K., Taneska, N., Bakrecheski, N., Lazarovska, K., Jovevska, S., Ristovski, V., Antovski, A., Lazarova, E., Kotlar, I., Taleski, J., Kedev, S., Zlatanovik, N., Jordanova, S., Bajraktarova Proseva, T., Doncovska, S., Maisuradze, D., Esakia, A., Sagirashvili, E., Lartsuliani, K., Natelashvili, N., Gumberidze, N., Gvenetadze, R., Gotonelia, N., Kuridze, N., Papiashvili, G., Menabde, I., Gloggler, S., Napp, A., Lebherz, C., Romero, H., Schmitz, K., Berger, M., Zink, M., Koster, S., Sachse, J., Vonderhagen, E., Soiron, G., Mischke, K., Reith, R., Schneider, M., Rieker, W., Boscher, D., Taschareck, A., Beer, A., Oster, D., Ritter, O., Adamczewski, J., Walter, S., Frommhold, A., Luckner, E., Richter, J., Schellner, M., Landgraf, S., Bartholome, S., Naumann, R., Schoeler, J., Westermeier, D., William, F., Wilhelm, K., Maerkl, M., Oekinghaus, R., Denart, M., Kriete, M., Tebbe, U., Scheibner, T., Gruber, M., Gerlach, A., Beckendorf, C., Anneken, L., Arnold, M., Lengerer, S., Bal, Z., Uecker, C., Fortsch, H., Fechner, S., Mages, V., Martens, E., Methe, H., Schmidt, T., Schaeffer, B., Hoffmann, B., Moser, J., Heitmann, K., Willems, S., Klaus, C., Lange, I., Durak, M., Esen, E., Mibach, F., Mibach, H., Utech, A., Gabelmann, M., Stumm, R., Landle, V., Gartner, C., Goerg, C., Kaul, N., Messer, S., Burkhardt, D., Sander, C., Orthen, R., Kaes, S., Baumer, A., Dodos, F., Barth, A., Schaeffer, G., Gaertner, J., Winkler, J., Fahrig, A., Aring, J., Wenzel, I., Steiner, S., Kliesch, A., Kratz, E., Winter, K., Schneider, P., Haag, A., Mutscher, I., Bosch, R., Taggeselle, J., Meixner, S., Schnabel, A., Shamalla, A., Hotz, H., Korinth, A., Rheinert, C., Mehltretter, G., Schon, B., Schon, N., Starflinger, A., Englmann, E., Baytok, G., Laschinger, T., Ritscher, G., Gerth, A., Dechering, D., Eckardt, L., Kuhlmann, M., Proskynitopoulos, N., Brunn, J., Foth, K., Axthelm, C., Hohensee, H., Eberhard, K., Turbanisch, S., Hassler, N., Koestler, A., Stenzel, G., Kschiwan, D., Schwefer, M., Neiner, S., Hettwer, S., Haeussler-Schuchardt, M., Degenhardt, R., Sennhenn, S., Brendel, M., Stoehr, A., Widjaja, W., Loehndorf, S., Logemann, A., Hoskamp, J., Grundt, J., Block, M., Ulrych, R., Reithmeier, A., Panagopoulos, V., Martignani, C., Bernucci, D., Fantecchi, E., Diemberger, I., Ziacchi, M., Biffi, M., Cimaglia, P., Frisoni, J., Giannini, I., Boni, S., Fumagalli, S., Pupo, S., Di Chiara, A., Mirone, P., Pesce, F., Zoccali, C., Malavasi, V. L., Mussagaliyeva, A., Ahyt, B., Salihova, Z., Koshum-Bayeva, K., Kerimkulova, A., Bairamukova, A., Lurina, B., Zuzans, R., Jegere, S., Mintale, I., Kupics, K., Jubele, K., Kalejs, O., Vanhear, K., Burg, M., Cachia, M., Abela, E., Warwicker, S., Tabone, T., Xuereb, R., Asanovic, D., Drakalovic, D., Vukmirovic, M., Pavlovic, N., Music, L., Bulatovic, N., Boskovic, A., Uiterwaal, H., Bijsterveld, N., De Groot, J., Neefs, J., van den Berg, N., Piersma, F., Wilde, A., Hagens, V., Van Es, J., Van Opstal, J., Van Rennes, B., Verheij, H., Breukers, W., Tjeerdsma, G., Nijmeijer, R., Wegink, D., Binnema, R., Said, S., Philippens, S., van Doorn, W., Szili-Torok, T., Bhagwandien, R., Janse, P., Muskens, A., van Eck, M., Gevers, R., van der Ven, N., Duygun, A., Rahel, B., Meeder, J., Vold, A., Holst Hansen, C., Engset, I., Dyduch-Fejklowicz, B., Koba, E., Cichocka, M., Sokal, A., Kubicius, A., Pruchniewicz, E., Kowalik-Sztylc, A., Czapla, W., Mroz, I., Kozlowski, M., Pawlowski, T., Tendera, M., Winiarska-Filipek, A., Fidyk, A., Slowikowski, A., Haberka, M., Lachor-Broda, M., Biedron, M., Gasior, Z., Kolodziej, M., Janion, M., Gorczyca-Michta, I., Wozakowska-Kaplon, B., Stasiak, M., Jakubowski, P., Ciurus, T., Drozdz, J., Simiera, M., Zajac, P., Wcislo, T., Zycinski, P., Kasprzak, J., Olejnik, A., Harc-Dyl, E., Miarka, J., Pasieka, M., Zieminska-Luc, M., Bujak, W., Sliwinski, A., Grech, A., Morka, J., Petrykowska, K., Prasal, M., Hordynski, G., Feusette, P., Lipski, P., Wester, A., Streb, W., Romanek, J., Wozniak, P., Chlebus, M., Szafarz, P., Stanik, W., Zakrzewski, M., Kazmierczak, J., Przybylska, A., Skorek, E., Blaszczyk, H., Stepien, M., Szabowski, S., Krysiak, W., Szymanska, M., Karasinski, J., Blicharz, J., Skura, M., Halas, K., Michalczyk, L., Orski, Z., Krzyzanowski, K., Skrobowski, A., Zielinski, L., Tomaszewska-Kiecana, M., Dluzniewski, M., Kiliszek, M., Peller, M., Budnik, M., Balsam, P., Opolski, G., Tyminska, A., Ozieranski, K., Wancerz, A., Borowiec, A., Majos, E., Dabrowski, R., Szwed, H., Musialik-Lydka, A., Leopold-Jadczyk, A., Jedrzejczyk-Patej, E., Koziel, M., Mazurek, M., Krzemien-Wolska, K., Starosta, P., Nowalany-Kozielska, E., Orzechowska, A., Szpot, M., Staszel, M., Almeida, S., Pereira, H., Brandao Alves, L., Miranda, R., Ribeiro, L., Costa, F., Morgado, F., Carmo, P., Galvao Santos, P., Bernardo, R., Adragao, P., Ferreira da Silva, G., Peres, M., Alves, M., Leal, M., Cordeiro, A., Magalhaes, P., Fontes, P., Leao, S., Delgado, A., Costa, A., Marmelo, B., Rodrigues, B., Moreira, D., Santos, J., Santos, L., Terchet, A., Darabantiu, D., Mercea, S., Turcin Halka, V., Pop Moldovan, A., Gabor, A., Doka, B., Catanescu, G., Rus, H., Oboroceanu, L., Bobescu, E., Popescu, R., Dan, A., Buzea, A., Daha, I., Dan, G., Neuhoff, I., Baluta, M., Ploesteanu, R., Dumitrache, N., Vintila, M., Daraban, A., Japie, C., Badila, E., Tewelde, H., Hostiuc, M., Frunza, S., Tintea, E., Bartos, D., Ciobanu, A., Popescu, I., Toma, N., Gherghinescu, C., Cretu, D., Patrascu, N., Stoicescu, C., Udroiu, C., Bicescu, G., Vintila, V., Vinereanu, D., Cinteza, M., Rimbas, R., Grecu, M., Cozma, A., Boros, F., Ille, M., Tica, O., Tor, R., Corina, A., Jeewooth, A., Maria, B., Georgiana, C., Natalia, C., Alin, D., Dinu-Andrei, D., Livia, M., Daniela, R., Larisa, R., Umaar, S., Tamara, T., Loachim Popescu, M., Nistor, D., Sus, I., Coborosanu, O., Alina-Ramona, N., Dan, R., Petrescu, L., Ionescu, G., Vacarescu, C., Goanta, E., Mangea, M., Ionac, A., Mornos, C., Cozma, D., Pescariu, S., Solodovnicova, E., Soldatova, I., Shutova, J., Tjuleneva, L., Zubova, T., Uskov, V., Obukhov, D., Rusanova, G., Isakova, N., Odinsova, S., Arhipova, T., Kazakevich, E., Zavyalova, O., Novikova, T., Riabaia, I., Zhigalov, S., Drozdova, E., Luchkina, I., Monogarova, Y., Hegya, D., Rodionova, L., Nevzorova, V., Lusanova, O., Arandjelovic, A., Toncev, D., Milanov, M., Sekularac, N., Zdravkovic, M., Hinic, S., Dimkovic, S., Acimovic, T., Saric, J., Polovina, M., Vujisic-Tesic, B., Nedeljkovic, M., Zlatar, M., Asanin, M., Vasic, V., Popovic, Z., Djikic, D., Sipic, M., Peric, V., Dejanovic, B., Milosevic, N., Stevanovic, A., Andric, A., Pencic, B., Pavlovic-Kleut, M., Celic, V., Pavlovic, M., Petrovic, M., Vuleta, M., Petrovic, N., Simovic, S., Savovic, Z., Milanov, S., Davidovic, G., Iric-Cupic, V., Simonovic, D., Stojanovic, M., Stojanovic, S., Mitic, V., Ilic, V., Petrovic, D., Deljanin Ilic, M., Ilic, S., Stoickov, V., Markovic, S., Kovacevic, S., Garcia Fernandez, A., Perez Cabeza, A., Anguita, M., Tercedor Sanchez, L., Mau, E., Loayssa, J., Ayarra, M., Carpintero, M., Roldan Rabadan, I., Gil Ortega, M., Tello Montoliu, A., Orenes Pinero, E., Manzano Fernandez, S., Romero Aniorte, A., Veliz Martinez, A., Quintana Giner, M., Ballesteros, G., Palacio, M., Alcalde, O., Garcia-Bolao, I., Bertomeu Gonzalez, V., Otero-Ravina, F., Garcia Seara, J., Gonzalez Juanatey, J., Dayal, N., Maziarski, P., Gentil-Baron, P., Koc, M., Onrat, E., Dural, I. E., Yilmaz, K., Ozin, B., Tan Kurklu, S., Atmaca, Y., Canpolat, U., Tokgozoglu, L., Dolu, A. K., Demirtas, B., Sahin, D., Ozcan Celebi, O., Gagirci, G., Turk, U. O., Ari, H., Polat, N., Toprak, N., Sucu, M., Akin Serdar, O., Taha Alper, A., Kepez, A., Yuksel, Y., Uzunselvi, A., Yuksel, S., Sahin, M., Kayapinar, O., Ozcan, T., Kaya, H., Yilmaz, M. B., Kutlu, M., Demir, M., Gibbs, C., Kaminskiene, S., Bryce, M., Skinner, A., Belcher, G., Hunt, J., Stancombe, L., Holbrook, B., Peters, C., Tettersell, S., Senoo, K., Russell, K., Domingos, P., Hussain, S., Partridge, J., Haynes, R., Bahadur, S., Brown, R., Mcmahon, S., Lip, G., Mcdonald, J., Balachandran, K., Singh, R., Garg, S., Desai, H., Davies, K., Goddard, W., Galasko, G., Rahman, I., Chua, Y., Payne, O., Preston, S., Brennan, O., Pedley, L., Whiteside, C., Dickinson, C., Brown, J., Jones, K., Benham, L., Brady, R., Buchanan, L., Ashton, A., Crowther, H., Fairlamb, H., Thornthwaite, S., Relph, C., Mcskeane, A., Poultney, U., Kelsall, N., Rice, P., Wilson, T., Wrigley, M., Kaba, R., Patel, T., Young, E., Law, J., Runnett, C., Thomas, H., Mckie, H., Fuller, J., Pick, S., Sharp, A., Hunt, A., Thorpe, K., Hardman, C., Cusack, E., Adams, L., Hough, M., Keenan, S., Bowring, A., Watts, J., Zaman, J., Goffin, K., Nutt, H., Beerachee, Y., Featherstone, J., Mills, C., Pearson, J., Stephenson, L., Grant, S., Wilson, A., Hawksworth, C., Alam, I., Robinson, M., Ryan, S., Egdell, R., Gibson, E., Holland, M., Leonard, D., Mishra, B., Ahmad, S., Randall, H., Hill, J., Reid, L., George, M., Mckinley, S., Brockway, L., Milligan, W., Sobolewska, J., Muir, J., Tuckis, L., Winstanley, L., Jacob, P., Kaye, S., Morby, L., Jan, A., Sewell, T., Boos, C., Wadams, B., Cope, C., Jefferey, P., Andrews, N., Getty, A., Suttling, A., Turner, C., Hudson, K., Austin, R., Howe, S., Iqbal, R., Gandhi, N., Brophy, K., Mirza, P., Willard, E., Collins, S., Ndlovu, N., Subkovas, E., Karthikeyan, V., Waggett, L., Wood, A., Bolger, A., Stockport, J., Evans, L., Harman, E., Starling, J., Williams, L., Saul, V., Sinha, M., Bell, L., Tudgay, S., Kemp, S., Frost, L., Ingram, T., Loughlin, A., Adams, C., Adams, M., Hurford, F., Owen, C., Miller, C., Donaldson, D., Tivenan, H., Button, H., Nasser, A., Jhagra, O., Stidolph, B., Brown, C., Livingstone, C., Duffy, M., Madgwick, P., Roberts, P., Greenwood, E., Fletcher, L., Beveridge, M., Earles, S., Mckenzie, D., Beacock, D., Dayer, M., Seddon, M., Greenwell, D., Luxton, F., Venn, F., Mills, H., Rewbury, J., James, K., Roberts, K., Tonks, L., Felmeden, D., Taggu, W., Summerhayes, A., Hughes, D., Sutton, J., Felmeden, L., Khan, M., Walker, E., Norris, L., O'Donohoe, L., Mozid, A., Dymond, H., Lloyd-Jones, H., Saunders, G., Simmons, D., Coles, D., Cotterill, D., Beech, S., Kidd, S., Wrigley, B., Petkar, S., Smallwood, A., Jones, R., Radford, E., Milgate, S., Metherell, S., Cottam, V., Buckley, C., Broadley, A., Wood, D., Allison, J., Rennie, K., Balian, L., Howard, L., Pippard, L., Board, S., Pitt-Kerby, T., Proietti M, Vitolo M, Harrison SL, Lane DA, Fauchier L, Marin F, Nabauer M, Potpara TS, Dan GA, Boriani G, Lip GYH, ESC-EHRA EORP-AF Long-Term General Registry Investigators, Diemberger I, Ziacchi M, Frisoni J, Cardiology, ACS - Heart failure & arrhythmias, Graduate School, UCL - SSS/IREC/CARD - Pôle de recherche cardiovasculaire, UCL - SSS/IREC/MONT - Pôle Mont Godinne, and UCL - (MGD) Service de cardiologie

Subjects
Registrie, Research Report, medicine.medical_specialty, Major adverse outcome, Cardiovascular risk factors, Cluster analysis, Risk Factors, Internal medicine, Clinical phenotype, Atrial Fibrillation, Epidemiology, Humans, Medicine, Registries, Cluster analysi, Atrial fibrillation, Clinical management, Clinical phenotypes, Major adverse outcomes, Phenotype, business.industry, Proportional hazards model, Risk Factor, Hazard ratio, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Confidence interval, Cohort, Observational study, business, Research Article, Human
Abstract

Background Epidemiological studies in atrial fibrillation (AF) illustrate that clinical complexity increase the risk of major adverse outcomes. We aimed to describe European AF patients’ clinical phenotypes and analyse the differential clinical course. Methods We performed a hierarchical cluster analysis based on Ward’s Method and Squared Euclidean Distance using 22 clinical binary variables, identifying the optimal number of clusters. We investigated differences in clinical management, use of healthcare resources and outcomes in a cohort of European AF patients from a Europe-wide observational registry. Results A total of 9363 were available for this analysis. We identified three clusters: Cluster 1 (n = 3634; 38.8%) characterized by older patients and prevalent non-cardiac comorbidities; Cluster 2 (n = 2774; 29.6%) characterized by younger patients with low prevalence of comorbidities; Cluster 3 (n = 2955;31.6%) characterized by patients’ prevalent cardiovascular risk factors/comorbidities. Over a mean follow-up of 22.5 months, Cluster 3 had the highest rate of cardiovascular events, all-cause death, and the composite outcome (combining the previous two) compared to Cluster 1 and Cluster 2 (all P < .001). An adjusted Cox regression showed that compared to Cluster 2, Cluster 3 (hazard ratio (HR) 2.87, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.27–3.62; HR 3.42, 95%CI 2.72–4.31; HR 2.79, 95%CI 2.32–3.35), and Cluster 1 (HR 1.88, 95%CI 1.48–2.38; HR 2.50, 95%CI 1.98–3.15; HR 2.09, 95%CI 1.74–2.51) reported a higher risk for the three outcomes respectively. Conclusions In European AF patients, three main clusters were identified, differentiated by differential presence of comorbidities. Both non-cardiac and cardiac comorbidities clusters were found to be associated with an increased risk of major adverse outcomes.

Published
2021

13. Speckle-based x-ray dark-field tomography of an attenuating object

Author

Kaye S. Morgan, Samantha J. Alloo, Andrew W. Stevenson, Heyang Li, Ben Kennedy, Konstantin Mikhailovitch Pavlov, Marcus J. Kitchen, Josh Bowden, Anton Maksimenko, David M. Paganin, and Sheridan C Mayo

Subjects
Physics, Speckle pattern, Optics, Pixel, business.industry, Phase-contrast imaging, Tomography, Inverse problem, Projection (set theory), business, Signal, Image resolution
Abstract

Spatial resolution in standard phase-contrast X-ray imaging is limited by the finite number and size of detector pixels. As a result, this limits the size of features that can be seen directly in projection images or tomographic reconstructions. Dark-field imaging allows information regarding such features to be obtained, as the reconstructed image is a measure of the position-dependent small-angle X-ray scattering of incident rays from the unresolved microstructure. In this paper we utilize an intrinsic speckle-tracking-based X-ray imaging technique to obtain the effective dark-field signal from a wood sample. This effective dark-field signal is extracted using a Fokker-Planck type formalism, which models the deformations of illuminating reference-beam speckles due to both coherent and diffusive scatter from the sample. We here assume that (a) small-angle scattering fans at the exit surface of the sample are rotationally symmetric, and (b) the object has both attenuating and refractive properties. The associated inverse problem, of extracting the effective dark-field signal, is numerically stabilised using a “weighted determinants” approach. Effective dark-field projection images are presented, as well as the dark-field tomographic reconstructions obtained using Fokker-Planck implicit speckle-tracking.

Published
2021

14. Spectral propagation-based x-ray phase-contrast imaging

Author

Marcus J. Kitchen, Kaye S. Morgan, David M. Paganin, and Florian Schaff

Subjects
Optics, business.industry, Plane (geometry), Computer science, X-Ray Phase-Contrast Imaging, Process (computing), Medical imaging, Monochromatic color, business, Phase retrieval, Intensity (physics), Image (mathematics)
Abstract

Propagation-based imaging is an X-ray phase-contrast method that does not require any additional optical elements in the imaging system. Instead, phase-contrast effects are observed as measurable intensity variations after an incident X-ray wave field has propagated some distance between the object and plane of detection. Subsequent phase-retrieval processing of the recorded images is a necessary step in order to obtain quantitative information and can greatly increase the image signal-to-noise ratio, in particular in computed tomography. Most commonly this is done by approximating the object as a single material, which cannot always be justified. An example of this is the presence of bones and soft-tissues in biomedical imaging, which motivated the work presented here. We developed the combination of spectral X-ray imaging and propagation-based X-ray phasecontrast imaging to overcome the limitations of a single-material approximation. The addition of spectral data enables phase-retrieval on multi-material objects, as well as the use of processing methods well-known from conventional dual-energy imaging, such as material decomposition, virtual monochromatic images and effective atomic-number mapping. Here, we present first computed tomography results of spectral propagation-based phase-contrast. We discuss how the phase retrieval process can be interpreted as low- and high-pass filters. Lastly, we take a look at current and future technological challenges, and the potential application areas of spectral propagation-based phase-contrast imaging.

Published
2021

15. Dynamic In Vivo Chest X-ray Dark-Field Imaging in Mice

Author

Kaye S. Morgan, Christoph Jud, Lorenz Hehn, Otmar Schmid, T. Stoeger, Bernhard Gleich, Klaus Achterhold, Daniela Pfeiffer, Lin Yang, Regine Gradl, Winfried Möller, Martin Dierolf, Franz Pfeiffer, David Kutschke, and Benedikt Günther

Subjects
Modality (human–computer interaction), Materials science, Lung, genetic structures, Radiological and Ultrasound Technology, business.industry, Radiography, Image processing, respiratory system, medicine.disease, Signal, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, Computer Science Applications, 03 medical and health sciences, Interferometry, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine.anatomical_structure, Medical imaging, medicine, sense organs, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business, Lung cancer, Software, Biomedical engineering
Abstract

X-ray grating interferometry is a powerful emerging tool in biomedical imaging, providing access to three complementary image modalities. In addition to the conventional attenuation modality, interferometry provides a phase modality, which visualizes soft tissue structures, and a dark-field modality, which relates to the number and size of sub-resolution scattering objects. A particularly strong dark-field signal originates from the alveoli or air sacs in the lung. Dark-field lung radiographs in animal models have already shown increased sensitivity in diagnosing lung diseases, such as lung cancer or emphysema, compared to conventional X-ray chest radiography. However, to date, X-ray dark-field lung imaging has either averaged information over several breaths or has been captured during a breath hold. In this paper, we demonstrate the first time-resolved dark-field imaging of a breath cycle in a mechanically ventilated mouse, in vivo , which was obtained using a grating interferometer. We achieved a time resolution of 0.1 s, visualizing the changes in the dark-field, phase, and attenuation images during inhalation and exhalation. These measurements show that the dark-field signal depends on the air volume and, hence, the alveolar dimensions of the lung. Conducting this type of scan with animal disease models would help to locate the optimum breath point for single-image diagnostic dark-field imaging and could indicate if the changes in the dark-field signal during breath provide a diagnostically useful complementary measure.

Published
2019

16. Quantifying the x-ray dark-field signal in single-grid imaging

Author

Ying Ying How and Kaye S. Morgan

Subjects
FOS: Physical sciences, Medical Physics (physics.med-ph), Physics - Medical Physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Abstract

X-ray dark-field imaging reveals the sample microstructure that is unresolved when using conventional methods of x-ray imaging. In this paper, we derive a new method to extract and quantify the x-ray dark-field signal collected using a single-grid imaging set-up, and relate the signal strength to the number of sample microstructures, $N$. This was achieved by modelling sample-induced changes to the shadow of the upstream grid, and fitting experimental data to this model. Our results suggested that the dark-field scattering angle from our spherical microstructures is proportional to $^{2.19}\sqrt{N}$, which deviated from the theoretical model of $\sqrt{N}$, but was not inconsistent with results from other experimental methods. We believe the approach outlined here can equip quantitative dark-field imaging of small samples, particularly in cases where only one sample exposure is possible, either due to sample movement or radiation dose limitations. Future directions include an extension into directional dark-field imaging., Comment: 20 pages, 9 figures

Published
2021
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17. Non-absorptive clearance from airways

Author

Kaye S. Morgan, Mark Gardner, David Parsons, and Martin Donnelley

Subjects
Airway clearance, medicine.diagnostic_test, Mucociliary clearance, business.industry, Particle clearance, food and beverages, Transit time, Computed tomography, Lung health, Assessment methods, Medicine, business, Technetium Sulfur Colloid, Biomedical engineering
Abstract

The lung is protected by multiple mechanisms, but the primary defense is mucociliary clearance (MCC). MCC is responsible for removing noxious particulates that may reduce lung health, but it can also clear inhaled pharmaceuticals. Effective MCC relies on the correct ciliary structure and pattern of movement, combined with mucus rheology characteristics, that together facilitate particle capture and transport. Abnormalities in these result in muco-obstructive disease. The ability to accurately measure MCC is vital for understanding airway dysfunction, and for evaluating inhaled pharmaceutical performance. MCC measurements have been performed in humans for more than a century, and today most still rely on measuring the transit time of marker particles, with the gold standard technique utilizing radiolabeled technetium sulfur colloid. Similar assessment methods for tracking the mass-transit of particles have also been used in animal models. More recent methods designed to assess local individual particle clearance via computed tomography or synchrotron imaging have enabled the MCC behavior of individual particles to be better understood. These new methods have been augmented by airway clearance models and by micro-optical coherence tomography, which can assess MCC directly without the addition of marker particles. Although our understanding of non-absorptive clearance has improved, further technical advances are required to properly understand the key role these mechanisms play in drug design and delivery.

Published
2021

18. Automated Aquaponics System and Water Quality Monitoring with SMS Notification for Tilapia Industry

Author

Samantha Kaye S. Falculan, Ma. Jenica M. Autos, John Jeremy A. Fortin, Don Juan M. Tuazon, Mary Grace P. Beano, Oliver A. Medina, Anna-liza F. Sigue, and June F. Mendoza

Subjects
Grow light, Water flow, law, Mobile phone, Arduino, Real-time computing, Environmental science, Keypad, Aquaponics, Water quality, Nutrient film technique, law.invention
Abstract

This paper introduces the development of monitoring and maintaining optimal water quality in an aquaponics system. The design is based on the hydroponics system’s Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) in which plant roots are being exposed to a thin layer of nutrient water in a long narrow channel. The design used a developmental and experimental type with the use of microprocessors and sensors for enhanced monitoring and error-correcting within the aquaponics system where standard data was obtained from different reliable sources. Various sensors are calibrated for different measurements to provide accurate and reliable readings of water temperature, pH level, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, water flow, and temperature and humidity. The Arduino Mega reads and analyzes data collected by various sensors, and instructs actuators such as aquarium heater, cooling fan, aerator, grow light, and water pump. The data gathered appears on the built-in LCD screen and will be sent to the owner's mobile phone regarding the condition of the system. Also, the system has a fish feeder that automatically dispenses food at a given time. The device can be controlled wirelessly using a mobile phone and manually using a 4x4 keypad. Also, the owner can monitor the way each actuator was controlled.

Published
2020

19. Towards automated in vivo tracheal mucociliary transport measurement: Detecting and tracking particle movement in synchrotron phase-contrast x-ray images

Author

Kaye S. Morgan, Martin Donnelley, Regine Gradl, Alexandra McCarron, Mark Gardner, Patricia Cmielewski, and David Parsons

Subjects
Computer science, Phase contrast microscopy, Movement, Image processing, Tracking (particle physics), 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, Automation, 0302 clinical medicine, In vivo, law, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Animals, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Computer vision, Radiological and Ultrasound Technology, business.industry, Synchrotron, Rats, Radiography, Trachea, Mucociliary Clearance, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, X ray image, Particle, Artificial intelligence, business, Algorithms, Synchrotrons
Abstract

Accurate in vivo quantification of airway mucociliary transport (MCT) in animal models is important for understanding diseases such as cystic fibrosis, as well as for developing therapies. A non-invasive method of measuring MCT behaviour, based on tracking the position of micron sized particles using synchrotron x-ray imaging, has previously been described. In previous studies, the location (and path) of each particle was tracked manually, which is a time consuming and subjective process. Here we describe particle tracking methods that were developed to reduce the need for manual particle tracking. The MCT marker particles were detected in the synchrotron x-ray images using cascade classifiers. The particle trajectories along the airway surface were generated by linking the detected locations between frames using a modified particle linking algorithm. The developed methods were compared with the manual tracking method on simulated x-ray images, as well as on in vivo images of rat airways acquired at the SPring-8 Synchrotron. The results for the simulated and in vivo images showed that the semi-automatic algorithm reduced the time required for particle tracking when compared with the manual tracking method, and was able to detect MCT marker particle locations and measure particle speeds more accurately than the manual tracking method. Future work will examine the modification of methods to improve particle detection and particle linking algorithms to allow for more accurate fully-automatic particle tracking.

Published
2020

20. Real-time in vivo imaging of regional lung function in a mouse model of cystic fibrosis on a laboratory X-ray source

Author

Melissa Preissner, Richard Carnibella, Chaminda R. Samarage, David Parsons, Kaye S. Morgan, Martin Donnelley, Freda Werdiger, Isaac Pinar, Andreas Fouras, Rhiannon P. Murrie, Jian Li, Yu-Wei Lin, Stephen Dubsky, and Jiping Wang

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Time Factors, Cystic Fibrosis, Computer science, lcsh:Medicine, Cystic fibrosis, Article, Mice, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, 3-D reconstruction, X-rays, medicine, Animals, Respiratory system, lcsh:Science, Lung, Lung function, Multidisciplinary, Respiration, lcsh:R, respiratory system, Velocimetry, medicine.disease, respiratory tract diseases, Disease Models, Animal, Lung structure, 030104 developmental biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Lung disease, Lung health, lcsh:Q, Tomography, Laboratories, Pulmonary Ventilation, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Lung tissue, X-ray tomography, Biomedical engineering, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Preclinical imaging
Abstract

Most measures of lung health independently characterise either global lung function or regional lung structure. The ability to measure airflow and lung function regionally would provide a more specific and physiologically focused means by which to assess and track lung disease in both pre-clinical and clinical settings. One approach for achieving regional lung function measurement is via phase contrast X-ray imaging (PCXI), which has been shown to provide highly sensitive, high-resolution images of the lungs and airways in small animals. The detailed images provided by PCXI allow the application of four-dimensional X-ray velocimetry (4DxV) to track lung tissue motion and provide quantitative information on regional lung function. However, until recently synchrotron facilities were required to produce the highly coherent, high-flux X-rays that are required to achieve lung PCXI at a high enough frame rate to capture lung motion. This paper presents the first translation of 4DxV technology from a synchrotron facility into a laboratory setting by using a liquid-metal jet microfocus X-ray source. This source can provide the coherence required for PCXI and enough X-ray flux to image the dynamics of lung tissue motion during the respiratory cycle, which enables production of images compatible with 4DxV analysis. We demonstrate the measurements that can be captured in vivo in live mice using this technique, including regional airflow and tissue expansion. These measurements can inform physiological and biomedical research studies in small animals and assist in the development of new respiratory treatments.

Published
2020

21. Model-Based Iterative Reconstruction for Propagation-Based Phase-Contrast X-Ray CT including Models for the Source and the Detector

Author

Lorenz Hehn, Kaye S. Morgan, David M. Paganin, Regine Gradl, Franz Pfeiffer, and Martin Dierolf

Subjects
Image formation, Computer science, Phase contrast microscopy, Computed tomography, Iterative reconstruction, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, law, medicine, Computer Simulation, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Radiological and Ultrasound Technology, medicine.diagnostic_test, Phantoms, Imaging, Attenuation, X-Rays, Detector, X-ray, Covariance, Synchrotron, Computer Science Applications, Visualization, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Algorithm, Software, Algorithms
Abstract

Propagation-based phase-contrast X-ray computed tomography is a valuable tool for high-resolution visualization of biological samples, giving distinct improvements in terms of contrast and dose requirements compared to conventional attenuation-based computed tomography. Due to its ease of implementation and advances in laboratory X-ray sources, this imaging technique is increasingly being transferred from synchrotron facilities to laboratory environments. This however poses additional challenges, such as the limited spatial coherence and flux of laboratory sources, resulting in worse resolution and higher noise levels. Here we extend a previously developed iterative reconstruction algorithm for this imaging technique to include models for the reduced spatial coherence and the signal spreading of efficient scintillator-based detectors directly into the physical forward model. Furthermore, we employ a noise model which accounts for the full covariance statistics of the image formation process. In addition, we extend the model describing the interference effects such that it now matches the formalism of the widely-used single-material phase-retrieval algorithm, which is based on the sample-homogeneity assumption. We perform a simulation study as well as an experimental study at a laboratory inverse Compton source and compare our approach to the conventional analytical approaches. We find that the modeling of the source and the detector inside the physical forward model can tremendously improve the resolution at matched noise levels and that the modeling of the covariance statistics reduces overshoots (i.e. incorrect increase / decrease in sample properties) at the sample edges significantly.

Published
2019

22. 7: Reduced trabecular bone growth in an adolescent female cystic fibrosis rat model

Author

Martin Donnelley, M. Awadalla, Kaye S. Morgan, David Parsons, M. Kitchen, E. Perilli, Patricia Cmielewski, S. Martelli, and A. McCarron

Subjects
Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, Trabecular bone, Pathology, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Rat model, medicine, business, medicine.disease, Cystic fibrosis
Published
2021

23. Application of sensitive, high-resolution imaging at a commercial lab-based X-ray micro-CT system using propagation-based phase retrieval

Author

Kaye S. Morgan, Klaus Achterhold, Franz Pfeiffer, Pidassa Bidola, Andreas Fehringer, Sebastian Allner, Marian Willner, and Friedrich Prade

Subjects
Imagination, Histology, Materials science, business.industry, media_common.quotation_subject, Phase (waves), 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Signal, Synchrotron, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, law.invention, 010309 optics, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Contrast (vision), Tomography, 0210 nano-technology, business, Phase retrieval, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), media_common
Abstract

Several dedicated commercial lab-based micro-computed tomography (μCT) systems exist, which provide high-resolution images of samples, with the capability to also deliver in-line phase contrast. X-ray phase contrast is particularly beneficial when visualizing very small features and weakly absorbing samples. The raw measured projections will include both phase and absorption effects. Extending our previous work that addressed the optimization of experimental conditions at the commercial ZEISS Xradia 500 Versa system, single-distance phase-contrast imaging is demonstrated on complex biological and material samples. From data captured at this system, we demonstrate extraction of the phase signal or the correction of the mixed image for the phase shift, and show how this procedure increases the contrast and removes artefacts. These high-quality images, measured without the use of a synchrotron X-ray source, demonstrate that highly sensitive, micrometre-resolution imaging of 3D volumes is widely accessible using commercially advanced laboratory devices.

Published
2017

24. In vivo x-ray imaging of the respiratory system using synchrotron sources and a compact light source

Author

Mark Gardner, Nigel Farrow, Freda Werdiger, Martin Dierolf, Kaye S. Morgan, Christoph Jud, David Kutschke, Lin Yang, Regine Gradl, Alexandra McCarron, Martin Donnelley, Patricia Cmielewski, Melanie A. Kimm, Tobias Stoeger, Benedikt Günther, Helena Haas, Franz Pfeiffer, Otmar Schmid, Klaus Achterhold, and David Parsons

Subjects
Physics, business.industry, Attenuation, Biomedical Imaging, Respiratory Imaging, Talbot-lau Grating Interferometry, X-ray Phase Contrast, X-ray, Synchrotron radiation, Signal, Synchrotron, law.invention, Optics, Beamline, law, Medical imaging, business, Australian Synchrotron
Abstract

Bright synchrotron x-ray sources enable imaging with short exposure times, and hence in a high-speed image sequence. These x-ray movies can capture not only sample structure, but also how the sample changes with time, how it functions. The use of a synchrotron x-ray source also provides high spatial coherence, which facilitates the capture of not only a conventional attenuation-based x-ray image, but also phase-contrast and dark-field signals. These signals are strongest from air/tissue interfaces, which means that they are particularly useful for examining the respiratory system. We have performed a range of x-ray imaging studies that look at lung function, airway surface function, inhaled and instilled treatment delivery, and treatment effect in live small animal models [Morgan, 2019]. These have utilized a range of optical set-ups and phase-contrast imaging methods in order to be sensitive to the relevant sample features, and be compatible with high-speed imaging. For example, we have used a grating interferometer to measure how the airsacs in the lung inflate during inhalation, via changes in the dark-field signal [Gradl, 2018], a single-exposure, single-grid set-up to capture changes in the liquid lining of the airways [Morgan, 2015] and propagation-based phase contrast to image clearance of inhaled debris [Donnelley, 2019]. Studies have also utilized a range of analysis methods to extract how the sample features change within a time-sequence of two-dimensional projections or three-dimensional volumes. While these imaging studies began in large-scale synchrotron facilities, we have recently performed these kinds of studies at an inverse-Compton-based compact synchrotron, the Munich Compact Light Source (MuCLS) [Gradl, 2018b]. 1. Morgan, Kaye, et al., “Methods for dynamic synchrotron X-ray imaging of live animals.”, under review 01/2019. 2. Gradl, R., et al. "Dynamic in vivo chest x-ray dark-field imaging in mice." IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging (2018). 3. Morgan, Kaye S., et al. "In vivo X-ray imaging reveals improved airway surface hydration after a therapy designed for cystic fibrosis." American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 190.4 (2014): 469-472. 4. Donnelley, Martin, et al. "Live-pig-airway surface imaging and whole-pig CT at the Australian Synchrotron Imaging and Medical Beamline." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 26.1 (2019). 5. Gradl, Regine, et al. "In vivo Dynamic Phase-Contrast X-ray Imaging using a Compact Light Source." Scientific Reports 8.1 (2018b): 6788.

Published
2019

25. Ring artifact suppression in X-ray computed tomography using a simple, pixel-wise response correction

Author

Kaye S. Morgan, Linda C. P. Croton, David M. Paganin, Gary Ruben, and Marcus J. Kitchen

Subjects
Point spread function, Image quality, Computer science, Phase contrast microscopy, Ring Artifact, Computed tomography, Image processing, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, 010309 optics, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, medicine, Computer vision, medicine.diagnostic_test, Pixel, business.industry, Phantoms, Imaging, Detector, Phase-contrast imaging, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Radiographic Image Enhancement, Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Tomography, Artificial intelligence, 0210 nano-technology, business, Artifacts, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Algorithms
Abstract

We present a pixel-specific, measurement-driven correction that effectively reduces errors in detector response that give rise to the ring artifacts commonly seen in X-ray computed tomography (CT) scans. This correction is easy to implement, suppresses CT artifacts significantly, and is effective enough for use with both absorption and phase contrast imaging. It can be used as a standalone correction or in conjunction with existing ring artifact removal algorithms to further improve image quality. We validate this method using two X-ray CT data sets acquired using monochromatic sources, showing post-correction signal-to-noise increases of up to 55%, and we define an image quality metric to use specifically for the assessment of ring artifact suppression.

Published
2019

26. X-ray phase imaging and retrieval using structured illumination (Conference Presentation)

Author

Kaye S. Morgan

Subjects
Speckle pattern, Optics, Mathematical model, Applied physics, business.industry, Computer science, Incoherent scatter, X-ray, Medical imaging, Phase (waves), business, Structured illumination
Abstract

X-rays enable non-invasive and high-resolution imaging that has become central to medical diagnostics and security. While conventional x-ray imaging captures only strongly-attenuating materials like bone or metal, in recent years new x-ray modalities have been developed that can capture weakly-attenuating materials. In particular, variations in x-ray phase can reveal soft tissue structures like the lungs and incoherent scattering of x-rays can describe sub-pixel structures like fine powders. Most techniques that can capture these image modalities require precision optics to convert the phase and incoherent scattering effects to measurable variations in the image intensity, and use multiple exposures to separate the effects. Recent work has been able to extract the three modalities using a single exposure (enabling dynamic and low-dose imaging) and without the need for precision optics (reducing the cost of a set-up). This is possible using structured x-ray illumination and post-measurement computational analysis. The x-ray illumination can be either a grid-like periodic pattern [1,2], or a completely random pattern, such as the pattern produced when a piece of sandpaper is placed in the x-ray beam [3]. Local shifts in the illumination pattern result from x-ray phase variations, and a ‘blurring-out’ of the illumination pattern indicates the presence of sub-pixel structures that scatter the x-ray light. This talk will describe these new methods of x-ray imaging, touching on mathematical models that predict the wavefield behavior, methods of computational analysis and applications to biomedical research [4]. [1] K. Morgan, T. Petersen, M. Donnelley, et al., Optics Express 24 (2016). [2] K. Morgan, P. Modregger, S. Irvine, et al., Optics Letters, 38 (2013). [3] K. Morgan, D. Paganin and K. Siu, Applied Physics Letters 100 (2012). [4] K. Morgan, M. Donnelley, N. Farrow et al., AJRCCM 190 (2014).

Published
2019

27. Visualizing treatment delivery and deposition in mouse lungs using in vivo x-ray imaging

Author

Lorenz Hehn, Franz Pfeiffer, Kaye S. Morgan, Martin Donnelley, Regine Gradl, Klaus Achterhold, Lin Yang, David Kutschke, Winfried Möller, Bernhard Gleich, Martin Dierolf, Tobias Stoeger, Benedikt Günther, and Otmar Schmid

Subjects
Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy, Pharmaceutical Science, 02 engineering and technology, 03 medical and health sciences, In vivo, Administration, Inhalation, Medicine, Animals, Lung, 030304 developmental biology, Aerosols, 0303 health sciences, Inhalation, business.industry, Optical Imaging, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Mice, Inbred C57BL, medicine.anatomical_structure, Temporal resolution, Drug delivery, Fluorescence Imaging, Lung Imaging, Treatment Delivery, X-ray Imaging, In Vivo Small Animal Imaging, Female, 0210 nano-technology, business, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Preclinical imaging, Ex vivo, Biomedical engineering
Abstract

The complexity of lung diseases makes pre-clinical in vivo respiratory research in mouse lungs of great importance for a better understanding of physiology and therapeutic effects. Synchrotron-based imaging has been successfully applied to lung research studies, however longitudinal studies can be difficult to perform due to limited facility access. Laboratory-based x-ray sources, such as inverse Compton x-ray sources, remove this access limitation and opens up new possibilities for pre-clinical small-animal lung research at high spatial and temporal resolution. The in vivo visualization of drug deposition in mouse lungs is of interest, particularly in longitudinal research, because the therapeutic outcome is not only dependent on the delivered dose of the drug, but also on the spatial distribution of the drug. An additional advantage of this approach, when compared to other imaging techniques, is that anatomic and dynamic information is collected simultaneously. Here we report the use of dynamic x-ray phase-contrast imaging to observe pulmonary drug delivery via liquid instillation, and by inhalation of micro-droplets. Different liquid volumes (4 μl, 20 μl, 50 μl) were tested and a range of localized and global distributions were observed with a temporal resolution of up to 1.5 fps. The in vivo imaging results were confirmed by ex vivo x-ray and fluorescence imaging. This ability to visualize pulmonary substance deposition in live small animals has provided a better understanding of the two key methods of delivery; instillation and nebulization.

Published
2019

28. Material Decomposition using Spectral Propagation-based Phase Contrast X-ray Imaging

Author

Schaff, Florian, Morgan, Kaye S., Pollock, James A., Croton, Linda C. P., Hooper, Stuart B., and Kitchen, Marcus J.

Subjects
FOS: Physical sciences, Physics - Applied Physics, Medical Physics (physics.med-ph), Applied Physics (physics.app-ph), Physics - Medical Physics, Physics - Optics, Optics (physics.optics)
Abstract

Material decomposition in X-ray imaging uses the energy-dependence of attenuation to virtually decompose an object into specific constituent materials. X-ray phase contrast imaging is a developing technique that can enhance image contrast seen from weakly attenuating objects. In this paper, we combine spectral phase contrast imaging with material decomposition to both better visualise weakly attenuating features and separate them from overlying objects in radiography. We derive an algorithm that performs both tasks simultaneously and verify it against numerical simulations and experimental measurements of ideal two-component samples composed of pure aluminium and poly(methyl methacrylate). Additionally, we showcase first imaging results of a rabbit kitten's lung. The attenuation signal of a thorax, in particular, is dominated by the strongly attenuating bones of the ribcage, which combined with the weak soft tissue signal make it difficult to visualise the fine anatomical structures across the whole lung. In all cases, clean material decomposition was achieved, without residual phase contrast effects, from which we generate an un-obstructed image of the lung, free of bones. Spectral propagation-based phase contrast imaging has the potential to be a valuable tool, not only in future lung research, but also in other systems for which phase contrast imaging in combination with material decomposition proves to be advantageous., Comment: 11 pages, 5 figures

Published
2019
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29. X-ray Fokker--Planck equation for paraxial imaging

Author

David M. Paganin and Kaye S. Morgan

Subjects
Phase (waves), lcsh:Medicine, FOS: Physical sciences, Context (language use), Electron, Applied Physics (physics.app-ph), 01 natural sciences, Article, 010309 optics, Speckle pattern, X-rays, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, lcsh:Science, Physics, Multidisciplinary, Scattering, Paraxial approximation, lcsh:R, Imaging and sensing, Physics - Applied Physics, Inverse problem, ddc, Classical mechanics, Fokker–Planck equation, lcsh:Q, Physics - Optics, Optics (physics.optics)
Abstract

The Fokker–Planck equation can be used in a partially-coherent imaging context to model the evolution of the intensity of a paraxial x-ray wave field with propagation. This forms a natural generalisation of the transport-of-intensity equation. The x-ray Fokker–Planck equation can simultaneously account for both propagation-based phase contrast, and the diffusive effects of sample-induced small-angle x-ray scattering, when forming an x-ray image of a thin sample. Two derivations are given for the Fokker–Planck equation associated with x-ray imaging, together with a Kramers–Moyal generalisation thereof. Both equations are underpinned by the concept of unresolved speckle due to unresolved sample micro-structure. These equations may be applied to the forward problem of modelling image formation in the presence of both coherent and diffusive energy transport. They may also be used to formulate associated inverse problems of retrieving the phase shifts due to a sample placed in an x-ray beam, together with the diffusive properties of the sample. The domain of applicability for the Fokker–Planck and Kramers–Moyal equations for paraxial imaging is at least as broad as that of the transport-of-intensity equation which they generalise, hence the technique is also expected to be useful for paraxial imaging using visible light, electrons and neutrons.

Published
2019
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30. The zwicky transient facility: System overview, performance, and first results

Author

Bellm, EC, Kulkarni, SR, Graham, MJ, Dekany, R, Smith, RM, Riddle, R, Masci, FJ, Helou, G, Prince, TA, Adams, SM, Barbarino, C, Barlow, T, Bauer, J, Beck, R, Belicki, J, Biswas, R, Blagorodnova, N, Bodewits, D, Bolin, B, Brinnel, V, Brooke, T, Bue, B, Bulla, M, Burruss, R, Cenko, SB, Chang, CK, Connolly, A, Coughlin, M, Cromer, J, Cunningham, V, De, K, Delacroix, A, Desai, V, Duev, DA, Eadie, G, Farnham, TL, Feeney, M, Feindt, U, Flynn, D, Franckowiak, A, Frederick, S, Fremling, C, Gal-Yam, A, Gezari, S, Giomi, M, Goldstein, DA, Golkhou, VZ, Goobar, A, Groom, S, Hacopians, E, Hale, D, Henning, J, Ho, AYQ, Hover, D, Howell, J, Hung, T, Huppenkothen, D, Imel, D, Ip, WH, Ivezić, Ž, Jackson, E, Jones, L, Juric, M, Kasliwal, MM, Kaspi, S, Kaye, S, Kelley, MSP, Kowalski, M, Kramer, E, Kupfer, T, Landry, W, Laher, RR, Lee, CD, Lin, HW, Lin, ZY, Lunnan, R, Mahabal, A, Mao, P, Miller, AA, Monkewitz, S, Murphy, P, Ngeow, CC, Nordin, J, Nugent, P, Ofek, E, Patterson, MT, Penprase, B, Porter, M, Rauch, L, Rebbapragada, U, Reiley, D, Rigault, M, Rodriguez, H, van Roestel, J, Rusholme, B, van Santen, J, Schulze, S, Shupe, DL, and Singer, LP

Subjects
photometers [instrumentation], telescopes, Astronomical And Space Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics, astro-ph.IM
Abstract

The Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) is a new optical time-domain survey that uses the Palomar 48 inch Schmidt telescope. A custom-built wide-field camera provides a 47 deg 2 field of view and 8 s readout time, yielding more than an order of magnitude improvement in survey speed relative to its predecessor survey, the Palomar Transient Factory. We describe the design and implementation of the camera and observing system. The ZTF data system at the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center provides near-real-time reduction to identify moving and varying objects. We outline the analysis pipelines, data products, and associated archive. Finally, we present on-sky performance analysis and first scientific results from commissioning and the early survey. ZTF’s public alert stream will serve as a useful precursor for that of the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope.

Published
2019

31. Spectral x-ray imaging: Conditions under which propagation-based phase-contrast is beneficial

Author

Kaye S. Morgan, Florian Schaff, Marcus J. Kitchen, and David M. Paganin

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Materials science, Optical Phenomena, Radiological and Ultrasound Technology, Phase-contrast X-ray imaging, Attenuation, Context (language use), Noise (electronics), 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, Spectral imaging, Computational physics, Radiography, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, medicine, Decomposition (computer science), Image noise, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Phase retrieval
Abstract

Energy-resolved attenuation data in spectral x-ray imaging enables material decomposition, in which the different materials inside an object can be identified and separated virtually. Material decomposition has the drawback of increased noise in the resulting material images relative to the measured images. Recently, spectral x-ray imaging was combined with propagation-based x-ray phase-contrast imaging, an x-ray technique that has the potential to greatly reduce image noise by utilizing wave-optical effects. The net combined effects on image noise of performing spectral material decomposition with phase-contrast are not yet well understood, and we provide a detailed theoretical investigation of this topic here. In particular, we investigate how the addition of phase-contrast in spectral imaging affects material decomposition compared to using conventional spectral attenuation data. We show how the underlying equations can be rearranged into parts that resemble low- and high-pass filters on the input images, from which we are able to identify different energy-dependent cases where phase-contrast is or is not advantageous. Our results suggest that the benefits of phase-contrast in the context of material decomposition are primarily restricted to x-ray energies under a certain threshold, where that threshold depends on the given material combination, and sits in a region where photoelectric absorption dominates x-ray attenuation. Additionally, we show that decomposition of the electron density using an image basis spanned by functions of the Alvarez-Macovski model benefits from phase-contrast, regardless of the x-ray energies. All our findings are based purely on theoretical considerations, and can, therefore, be used to determine the feasibility and utility of propagation-based phase-contrast in spectral x-ray imaging ahead of any data collection.

Published
2020

32. Quantitative material decomposition using linear iterative near-field phase retrieval dual-energy x-ray imaging

Author

Linda C. P. Croton, Florian Schaff, Heyang Thomas Li, Marcus J. Kitchen, and Kaye S. Morgan

Subjects
Physics, Radiological and Ultrasound Technology, Phantoms, Imaging, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Phase-contrast X-ray imaging, Compton scattering, Shot noise, Near and far field, Iterative reconstruction, Signal-To-Noise Ratio, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, Computational physics, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Linear Models, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Monochromatic color, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Phase retrieval, Image resolution
Abstract

This paper expands the linear iterative near-field phase retrieval (LIPR) formalism to achieve quantitative material thickness decomposition. Propagation-based phase contrast x-ray imaging with subsequent phase retrieval has been shown to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by factors of up to hundreds compared to conventional x-ray imaging. This is a key step in biomedical imaging, where radiation exposure must be kept low without compromising the SNR. However, for a satisfactory phase retrieval from a single measurement, assumptions must be made about the object investigated. To avoid such assumptions, we use two measurements collected at the same propagation distance but at different x-ray energies. Phase retrieval is then performed by incorporating the Alvarez-Macovski (AM) model, which models the x-ray interactions as being comprised of distinct photoelectric and Compton scattering components. We present the first application of dual-energy phase retrieval with the AM model to monochromatic experimental x-ray projections at two different energies for obtaining split x-ray interactions. Our phase retrieval method allows us to separate the object investigated into the projected thicknesses of two known materials. Our phase retrieval output leads to no visible loss in spatial resolution while the SNR improves by factors of 2 to 10. This corresponds to a possible x-ray dose reduction by a factor of 4 to 100, under the Poisson noise assumption.

Published
2020

33. Photon-counting, energy-resolving and super-resolution phase contrast X-ray imaging using an integrating detector

Author

Kaye S. Morgan, Genevieve Buckley, Linda C. P. Croton, Kentaro Uesugi, Gary Ruben, Dylan W O'Connell, Florian Schaff, David M. Paganin, and Marcus J. Kitchen

Subjects
Physics, Photon, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Phase-contrast X-ray imaging, Detector, Phase-contrast imaging, 02 engineering and technology, Scintillator, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Photon counting, 010309 optics, Optics, 0103 physical sciences, 0210 nano-technology, business, Image resolution, Dark current
Abstract

This work demonstrates the use of a scientific-CMOS (sCMOS) energy-integrating detector as a photon-counting detector, thereby eliminating dark current and read-out noise issues, that simultaneously provides both energy resolution and sub-pixel spatial resolution for X-ray imaging. These capabilities are obtained by analyzing visible light photon clouds that result when X-ray photons produce fluorescence from a scintillator in front of the visible light sensor. Using low-fluence monochromatic X-ray projections to avoid overlapping photon clouds, the centroid of individual X-ray photon interactions was identified. This enabled a tripling of the spatial resolution of the detector to 6.71 ± 0.04 µm. By calculating the total charge deposited by this interaction, an energy resolution of 61.2 ± 0.1% at 17 keV was obtained. When combined with propagation-based phase contrast imaging and phase retrieval, a signal-to-noise ratio of up to 15 ± 3 was achieved for an X-ray fluence of less than 3 photons/mm2.

Published
2020

34. Particle coating alters mucociliary transit in excised rat trachea: A synchrotron X-ray imaging study

Author

Kaye S. Morgan, Alexandra McCarron, Mark Gardner, David Parsons, and Martin Donnelley

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Rat Trachea, Surface Properties, lcsh:Medicine, Article, Imaging, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, law, In vivo, Animals, Particle Size, Rats, Wistar, lcsh:Science, Multidisciplinary, Chemistry, X-Rays, lcsh:R, X-ray, Equipment Design, Synchrotron, Rats, Hypertonic saline, ddc, Radiography, Trachea, Surface coating, 030104 developmental biology, Mucociliary Clearance, Preclinical research, Biophysics, Particle, Female, lcsh:Q, Synchrotrons, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Ex vivo
Abstract

We have previously developed non-invasive in vivo mucociliary transport (MCT) monitoring methods using synchrotron phase contrast X-ray imaging (PCXI) to evaluate potential therapies for cystic fibrosis (CF). However, previous in vivo measurements of MCT velocity using this method were lower than those from alternate methods. We hypothesise this was due to the surface chemistry of the uncoated particles. We investigated the effect of particle surface coating on MCT marker performance by measuring the velocity of uncoated, positively-charged (aminated; NH2), and negatively-charged (carboxylated; COOH) particles. The effect of aerosolised hypertonic saline (HS) was also investigated, as previous in vivo measurements showed HS significantly increased MCT rate. PCXI experiments were performed using an ex vivo rat tracheal imaging setup. Prior to aerosol delivery there was little movement of the uncoated particles, whilst the NH2 and COOH particles moved with MCT rates similar to those previously reported. After application of HS the uncoated and COOH particle velocity increased and NH2 decreased. This experiment validated the use of COOH particles as MCT marker particles over the uncoated and NH2 coated particles. Our results suggest that future experiments measuring MCT using synchrotron PCXI should use COOH coated marker particles for more accurate MCT quantification.

Published
2018

36. In situ phase contrast X-ray brain CT

Author

Marcus J. Kitchen, Stuart B. Hooper, David M. Paganin, Kaye S. Morgan, Kentaro Uesugi, Linda C. P. Croton, Megan J. Wallace, Kelly J. Crossley, Naoto Yagi, Suzanne L. Miller, and Lauren T. Kerr

Subjects
Materials science, Radiography, lcsh:Medicine, FOS: Physical sciences, Image processing, 01 natural sciences, Article, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, Rendering (computer graphics), 010309 optics, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, 0103 physical sciences, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Medical imaging, Animals, Computer Simulation, lcsh:Science, Multidisciplinary, business.industry, lcsh:R, Contrast resolution, Brain, Soft tissue, Physics - Medical Physics, lcsh:Q, Rabbits, Tomography, Medical Physics (physics.med-ph), Artifacts, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Phase retrieval, business, Biomedical engineering
Abstract

Phase contrast X-ray imaging (PCXI) is an emerging imaging modality that has the potential to greatly improve radiography for medical imaging and materials analysis. PCXI makes it possible to visualise soft-tissue structures that are otherwise unresolved with conventional CT by rendering phase gradients in the X-ray wavefield visible. This can improve the contrast resolution of soft tissues structures, like the lungs and brain, by orders of magnitude. Phase retrieval suppresses noise, revealing weakly-attenuating soft tissue structures, however it does not remove the artefacts from the highly attenuating bone of the skull and from imperfections in the imaging system that can obscure those structures. The primary causes of these artefacts are investigated and a simple method to visualise the features they obstruct is proposed, which can easily be implemented for preclinical animal studies. We show that phase contrast X-ray CT (PCXI-CT) can resolve the soft tissues of the brain in situ without a need for contrast agents at a dose $\sim$400 times lower than would be required by standard absorption contrast CT. We generalise a well-known phase retrieval algorithm for multiple-material samples specifically for CT, validate its use for brain CT, and demonstrate its high stability in the presence of noise., Comment: 14 pages, 8 figures; questions and comments welcome

Published
2018
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37. Deterministic X-ray Bragg coherent diffraction imaging as a seed for subsequent iterative reconstruction

Author

Pavlov, Konstantin M., Morgan, Kaye S., Punegov, Vasily I., and Paganin, David M.

Subjects
Image and Video Processing (eess.IV), FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Image and Video Processing
Abstract

Coherent diffractive imaging (CDI), using both X-rays and electrons, has made extremely rapid progress over the past two decades. The associated reconstruction algorithms are typically iterative, and seeded with a crude first estimate. A deterministic method for Bragg Coherent Diffraction Imaging (Pavlov et al., Sci. Rep. 7, 1132 (2017)) is used as a more refined starting point for a shrink-wrap iterative reconstruction procedure. The appropriate comparison with the autocorrelation function as a starting point is performed. Real-space and Fourier-space error metrics are used to analyse the convergence of the reconstruction procedure for noisy and noise-free simulated data. Our results suggest that the use of deterministic-CDI reconstructions, as a seed for subsequent iterative-CDI refinement, may boost the speed and degree of convergence compared to the cruder seeds that are currently commonly used. We also highlight the utility of monitoring multiple error metrics in the context of iterative refinement., Comment: 12 pages, 4 figures

Published
2018
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38. Theory of X-ray Phase-Contrast Imaging

Author

Kaye S. Morgan, Marcus J. Kitchen, and Daniele Pelliccia

Subjects
Physics, Spectrum analyzer, Optics, business.industry, Scattering, X-Ray Phase-Contrast Imaging, Phase (waves), business, Image contrast, Image (mathematics)
Abstract

This chapter presents the wave optical formulation of X-ray phase-contrast imaging and the different ways phase-contrast can be used to generate image contrast with and without optical elements. It introduces the interaction mechanism of X-rays with matter and describes the basic equations and the commonly used approximations in the study of the interaction of X-rays with macroscopic objects. The chapter looks at reconstructing the projected thickness of a monomorphous material using just a single analyzer-based phase-contrast (AB) image in the absence of ultrasmall-angle scattering (USAXS). It also looks at recovering the intensity and phase of the wavefield passing through an arbitrary object, that produces negligible USAXS, using two AB images. When USAXS makes a significant contribution to the image, a two-image reconstruction will yield considerable artefacts. The chapter provides the methods for recovering several X-ray interaction parameters using multiple AB images.

Published
2017

39. Comparison of different numerical treatments for x-ray phase tomography of soft tissue from differential phase projections

Author

Jacek Topczewski, Rebecca A. Anderson, Xianghui Xiao, Shashidhara Marathe, Daniele Pelliccia, Raquel Vaz, Lahsen Assoufid, Kaye S. Morgan, Robert J. Bryson-Richardson, and Imants D. Svalbe

Subjects
Materials science, Radiological and Ultrasound Technology, business.industry, Phase (waves), Differential phase, symbols.namesake, Noise, Optics, Connective Tissue, symbols, Astronomical interferometer, Animals, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Tomography, Hilbert transform, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, business, Phase retrieval, Refractive index, Algorithms, Zebrafish
Abstract

X-ray imaging of soft tissue is made difficult by their low absorbance. The use of x-ray phase imaging and tomography can significantly enhance the detection of these tissues and several approaches have been proposed to this end. Methods such as analyzer-based imaging or grating interferometry produce differential phase projections that can be used to reconstruct the 3D distribution of the sample refractive index. We report on the quantitative comparison of three different methods to obtain x-ray phase tomography with filtered back-projection from differential phase projections in the presence of noise. The three procedures represent different numerical approaches to solve the same mathematical problem, namely phase retrieval and filtered back-projection. It is found that obtaining individual phase projections and subsequently applying a conventional filtered back-projection algorithm produces the best results for noisy experimental data, when compared with other procedures based on the Hilbert transform. The algorithms are tested on simulated phantom data with added noise and the predictions are confirmed by experimental data acquired using a grating interferometer. The experiment is performed on unstained adult zebrafish, an important model organism for biomedical studies. The method optimization described here allows resolution of weak soft tissue features, such as muscle fibers.

Published
2015

40. High fusion performance at highTi/Tein JET-ILW baseline plasmas with high NBI heating power and low gas puffing

Author

Kim, Hyun-Tae, Sips, A. C. C., Romanelli, M., Challis, C. D., Rimini, F., Garzotti, L., Lerche, E., Buchanan, J., Yuan, X., Kaye, S., Abduallev, S., Abhangi, M., Abreu, P., Afzal, M., Aggarwal, K. M., Ahlgren, T., Ahn, J. H., Aho-Mantila, L., Aiba, N., Airila, M., Albanese, R., Aldred, V., Alegre, D., Alessi, E., Aleynikov, P., Alfier, A., Alkseev, A., Allinson, M., Alper, B., Alves, E., Ambrosino, G., Ambrosino, R., Amicucci, L., Amosov, V., Sunden, E. Andersson, Angelone, M., Anghel, M., Angioni, C., Appel, L., Appelbee, C., Arena, P., Ariola, M., Arnichand, H., Arshad, S., Ash, A., Ashikawa, N., Aslanyan, V., Asunta, O., Auriemma, F., Austin, Y., Avotina, L., Axton, M. D., Ayres, C., Bacharis, M., Baciero, A., Baiao, D., Bailey, S., Baker, A., Balboa, I., Balden, M., Balshaw, N., Bament, R., Banks, J. W., Baranov, Y. F., Barnard, M. A., Barnes, D., Barnes, M., Barnsley, R., Wiechec, A. Baron, Orte, L. Barrera, Baruzzo, M., Basiuk, V., Bassan, M., Bastow, R., Batista, A., Batistoni, P., Baughan, R., Bauvir, B., Baylor, L., Bazylev, B., Beal, J., Beaumont, P. S., Beckers, M., Beckett, B., Becoulet, A., Bekris, N., Beldishevski, M., Bell, K., Belli, F., Bellinger, M., Belonohy, E., Ben Ayed, N., Benterman, N. A., Bergsaker, H., Bernardo, J., Bernert, M., Berry, M., Bertalot, L., Besliu, C., Beurskens, M., Bieg, B., Bielecki, J., Biewer, T., Bigi, M., Bilkova, P., Binda, F., Bisoffi, A., Bizarro, J. P. S., Bjorkas, C., Blackburn, J., Blackman, K., Blackman, T. R., Blanchard, P., Blatchford, P., Bobkov, V., Boboc, A., Bodnar, G., Bogar, O., Bolshakova, I., Bolzonella, T., Bonanomi, N., Bonelli, F., Boom, J., Booth, J., Borba, D., Borodin, D., Borodkina, I., Botrugno, A., Bottereau, C., Boulting, P., Bourdelle, C., Bowden, M., Bower, C., Bowman, C., Boyce, T., Boyd, C., Boyer, H. J., Bradshaw, J. M. A., Braic, V., Bravanec, R., Breizman, B., Bremond, S., Brennan, P. D., Breton, S., Brett, A., Brezinsek, S., Bright, M. D. J., Brix, M., Broeckx, W., Brombin, M., Broslawski, A., Brown, D. P. D., Brown, M., Bruno, E., Bucalossi, J., Buch, J., Buckley, M. A., Budny, R., Bufferand, H., Bulman, M., Bulmer, N., Bunting, P., Buratti, P., Burckhart, A., Buscarino, A., Busse, A., Butler, N. K., Bykov, I., Byrne, J., Cahyna, P., Calabro, G., Calvo, I., Camenen, Y., Camp, P., Campling, D. C., Cane, J., Cannas, B., Capel, A. J., Card, P. J., Cardinali, A., Carman, P., Carr, M., Carralero, D., Carraro, L., Carvalho, B. B., Carvalho, I., Carvalho, P., Casson, F. J., Castaldo, C., Catarino, N., Caumont, J., Causa, F., Cavazzana, R., Cave-Ayland, K., Cavinato, M., Cecconello, M., Ceccuzzi, S., Cecil, E., Cenedese, A., Cesario, R., Chandler, M., Chandra, D., Chang, C. S., Chankin, A., Chapman, I. T., Chapman, S. C., Chernyshova, M., Chitarin, G., Ciraolo, G., Ciric, D., Citrin, J., Clairet, F., Clark, E., Clark, M., Clarkson, R., Clatworthy, D., Clements, C., Cleverly, M., Coad, J. P., Coates, P. A., Cobalt, A., Coccorese, V., Cocilovo, V., Coda, S., Coelho, R., Coenen, J. W., Coffey, I., Colas, L., Collins, S., Conka, D., Conroy, S., Conway, N., Coombs, D., Cooper, D., Cooper, S. R., Corradino, C., Corre, Y., Corrigan, G., Cortes, S., Coster, D., Couchman, A. S., Cox, M. P., Craciunescu, T., Cramp, S., Craven, R., Crisanti, F., Croci, G., Croft, D., Crombe, K., Crowe, R., Cruz, N., Cseh, G., Cufar, A., Cullen, A., Curuia, M., Czarnecka, A., Dabirikhah, H., Dalgliesh, P., Dalley, S., Dankowski, J., Darrow, D., Davies, O., Davis, W., Day, C., Day, I. E., De Bock, M., de Castro, A., de la Cal, E., de la Luna, E., De Masi, G., de Pablos, J. L., De Temmerman, G., De Tommasi, G., de Vries, P., Deakin, K., Deane, J., Agostini, F. Degli, Dejarnac, R., Delabie, E., den Harder, N., Dendy, R. O., Denis, J., Denner, P., Devaux, S., Devynck, P., Di Maio, F., Di Siena, A., Di Troia, C., Dinca, P., D'Inca, R., Ding, B., Dittmar, T., Doerk, H., Doerner, R. P., Donne, T., Dorling, S. E., Dormido-Canto, S., Doswon, S., Douai, D., Doyle, P. T., Drenik, A., Drewelow, P., Drews, P., Duckworth, Ph., Dumont, R., Dumortier, P., Dunai, D., Dunne, M., Duran, I., Durodie, F., Dutta, P., Duval, B. P., Dux, R., Dylst, K., Dzysiuk, N., Edappala, P. V., Edmond, J., Edwards, A. M., Edwards, J., Eich, Th., Ekedahl, A., El-Jorf, R., Elsmore, C. G., Enachescu, M., Ericsson, G., Eriksson, F., Eriksson, J., Eriksson, L. G., Esposito, B., Esquembri, S., Esser, H. G., Esteve, D., Evans, B., Evans, G. E., Evison, G., Ewart, G. D., Fagan, D., Faitsch, M., Falie, D., Fanni, A., Fasoli, A., Faustin, J. M., Fawlk, N., Fazendeiro, L., Fedorczak, N., Felton, R. C., Fenton, K., Fernades, A., Fernandes, H., Ferreira, J., Fessey, J. A., Fevrier, O., Ficker, O., Field, A., Fietz, S., Figueiredo, A., Figueiredo, J., Fil, A., Finburg, P., Firdaouss, M., Fischer, U., Fittill, L., Fitzgerald, M., Flammini, D., Flanagan, J., Fleming, C., Flinders, K., Fonnesu, N., Fontdecaba, J. M., Formisano, A., Forsythe, L., Fortuna, L., Fortuna-Zalesna, E., Fortune, M., Foster, S., Franke, T., Franklin, T., Frasca, M., Frassinetti, L., Freisinger, M., Fresa, R., Frigione, D., Fuchs, V., Fuller, D., Futatani, S., Fyvie, J., Gal, K., Galassi, D., Galazka, K., Galdon-Quiroga, J., Gallagher, J., Gallart, D., Galvao, R., Gao, X., Gao, Y., Garcia, J., Garcia-Carrasco, A., Garcia-Munoz, M., Gardarein, J. -L., Gaudio, P., Gauthier, E., Gear, D. F., Gee, S. J., Geiger, B., Gelfusa, M., Gerasimov, S., Gervasini, G., Gethins, M., Ghani, Z., Ghate, M., Gherendi, M., Giacalone, J. C., Giacomelli, L., Gibson, C. S., Giegerich, T., Gil, C., Gil, L., Gilligan, S., Gin, D., Giovannozzi, E., Girardo, J. B., Giroud, C., Giruzzi, G., Gloeggler, S., Godwin, J., Goff, J., Gohil, P., Goloborod'Ko, V., Gomes, R., Goncalves, B., Goniche, M., Goodliffe, M., Goodyear, A., Gorini, G., Gosk, M., Goulding, R., Goussarov, A., Gowland, R., Graham, B., Graham, M. E., Graves, J. P., Grazier, N., Grazier, P., Green, N. R., Greuner, H., Grierson, B., Griph, F. S., Grisolia, C., Grist, D., Groth, M., Grove, R., Grundy, C. N., Grzonka, J., Guard, D., Guerard, C., Guillemaut, C., Guirlet, R., Gurl, C., Utoh, H. H., Hackett, L. J., Hacquin, S., Hagar, A., Hager, R., Hakola, A., Halitovs, M., Hall, S. J., Cook, S. P. Hallworth, Hamlyn-Harris, C., Hammond, K., Harrington, C., Harrison, J., Harting, D., Hasenbeck, F., Hatano, Y., Hatch, D. R., Haupt, T. D. V., Hawes, J., Hawkes, N. C., Hawkins, J., Hawkins, P., Haydon, P. W., Hayter, N., Hazel, S., Heesterman, P. J. L., Heinola, K., Hellesen, C., Hellsten, T., Helou, W., Hemming, O. N., Hender, T. C., Henderson, M., Henderson, S. S., Henriques, R., Hepple, D., Hermon, G., Hertout, P., Hidalgo, C., Highcock, E. G., Hill, M., Hillairet, J., Hillesheim, J., Hillis, D., Hizanidis, K., Hjalmarsson, A., Hobirk, J., Hodille, E., Hogben, C. H. A., Hogeweij, G. M. D., Hollingsworth, A., Hollis, S., Homfray, D. A., Horacek, J., Hornung, G., Horton, A. R., Horton, L. D., Horvath, L., Hotchin, S. P., Hough, M. R., Howarth, P. J., Hubbard, A., Huber, A., Huber, V., Huddleston, T. M., Hughes, M., Huijsmans, G. T. A., Hunter, C. L., Huynh, P., Hynes, A. M., Iglesias, D., Imazawa, N., Imbeaux, F., Imrisek, M., Incelli, M., Innocente, P., Irishkin, M., Ivanova-Stanik, I., Jachmich, S., Jacobsen, A. S., Jacquet, P., Jansons, J., Jardin, A., Jarvinen, A., Jaulmes, F., Jednorog, S., Jenkins, I., Jeong, C., Jepu, I., Joffrin, E., Johnson, R., Johnson, T., Johnston, Jane, Joita, L., Jones, G., Jones, T. T. C., Hoshino, K. K., Kallenbach, A., Kamiya, K., Kaniewski, J., Kantor, A., Kappatou, A., Karhunen, J., Karkinsky, D., Karnowska, I., Kaufman, M., Kaveney, G., Kazakov, Y., Kazantzidis, V., Keeling, D. L., Keenan, T., Keep, J., Kempenaars, M., Kennedy, C., Kenny, D., Kent, J., Kent, O. N., Khilkevich, E., Kim, H. T., Kim, H. S., Kinch, A., King, C., King, D., King, R. F., Kinna, D. J., Kiptily, V., Kirk, A., Kirov, K., Kirschner, A., Kizane, G., Klepper, C., Klix, A., Knight, P., Knipe, S. J., Knott, S., Kobuchi, T., Koechl, F., Kocsis, G., Kodeli, I., Kogan, L., Kogut, D., Koivuranta, S., Kominis, Y., Koeppen, M., Kos, B., Koskela, T., Koslowski, H. R., Koubiti, M., Kovari, M., Kowalska-Strzeciwilk, E., Krasilnikov, A., Krasilnikov, V., Krawczyk, N., Kresina, M., Krieger, K., Krivska, A., Kruezi, U., Ksiazek, I., Kukushkin, A., Kundu, A., Kurki-Suonio, T., Kwak, S., Kwiatkowski, R., Kwon, O. J., Laguardia, L., Lahtinen, A., Laing, A., Lam, N., Lambertz, H. T., Lane, C., Lang, P. T., Lanthaler, S., Lapins, J., Lasa, A., Last, J. R., Laszynska, E., Lawless, R., Lawson, A., Lawson, K. D., Lazaros, A., Lazzaro, E., Leddy, J., Lee, S., Lefebvre, X., Leggate, H. J., Lehmann, J., Lehnen, M., Leichtle, D., Leichuer, P., Leipold, F., Lengar, I., Lennholm, M., Lescinskis, A., Lesnoj, S., Letellier, E., Leyland, M., Leysen, W., Li, L., Liang, Y., Likonen, J., Linke, J., Linsmeier, Ch., Lipschultz, B., Liu, G., Liu, Y., Lo Schiavo, V. P., Loarer, T., Loarte, A., Lobel, R. C., Lomanowski, B., Lomas, P. J., Lonnroth, J., Lopez, J. M., Lopez-Razola, J., Lorenzini, R., Losada, U., Lovell, J. J., Loving, A. B., Lowry, C., Luce, T., Lucock, R. M. A., Lukin, A., Luna, C., Lungaroni, M., Lungu, C. P., Lungu, M., Lunniss, A., Lupelli, I., Lyssoivan, A., Macdonald, N., Macheta, P., Maczewa, K., Magesh, B., Maget, P., Maggi, C., Maier, H., Mailloux, J., Makkonen, T., Makwana, R., Malaquias, A., Malizia, A., Manas, P., Manning, A., Manso, M. E., Mantica, P., Mantsinen, M., Manzanares, A., Maquet, Ph., Marandet, Y., Marcenko, N., Marchetto, C., Marchuk, O., Marinelli, M., Marinucci, M., Markovic, T., Marocco, D., Marot, L., Marren, C. A., Marshal, R., Martin, A., Martin, Y., Martin de Aguilera, A., Martinez, F. J., Martin-Solis, J. R., Martynova, Y., Maruyama, S., Masiello, A., Maslov, M., Matejcik, S., Mattei, M., Matthews, G. F., Maviglia, F., Mayer, M., Mayoral, M. L., May-Smith, T., Mazon, D., Mazzotta, C., Mcadams, R., Mccarthy, P. J., Mcclements, K. G., Mccormack, O., Mccullen, P. A., Mcdonald, D., Mcintosh, S., Mckean, R., Mckehon, J., Meadows, R. C., Meakins, A., Medina, F., Medland, M., Medley, S., Meigh, S., Meigs, A. G., Meisl, G., Meitner, S., Meneses, L., Menmuir, S., Mergia, K., Merrigan, I. R., Mertens, Ph., Meshchaninov, S., Messiaen, A., Meyer, H., Mianowski, S., Michling, R., Middleton-Gear, D., Miettunen, J., Militello, F., Militello-Asp, E., Miloshevsky, G., Mink, F., Minucci, S., Miyoshi, Y., Mlynar, J., Molina, D., Monakhov, I., Moneti, M., Mooney, R., Moradi, S., Mordijck, S., Moreira, L., Moreno, R., Moro, F., Morris, A. W., Morris, J., Moser, L., Mosher, S., Moulton, D., Murari, A., Muraro, A., Murphy, S., Asakura, N. N., Y. S., Na, Nabais, F., Naish, R., Nakano, T., Nardon, E., Naulin, V., Nave, M. F. F., Nedzelski, I., Nemtsev, G., Nespoli, F., Neto, A., Neu, R., Neverov, V. S., Newman, M., Nicholls, K. J., Nicolas, T., Nielsen, A. H., Nielsen, P., Nilsson, E., Nishijima, D., Noble, C., Nocente, M., Nodwell, D., Nordlund, K., Nordman, H., Nouailletas, R., Nunes, I., Oberkofler, M., Odupitan, T., Ogawa, M. T., O'Gorman, T., Okabayashi, M., Olney, R., Omolayo, O., O'Mullane, M., Ongena, J., Orsitto, F., Orszagh, J., Oswuigwe, B. 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A., Marshal, R., Martin, A., Martin, Y., de Aguilera, A. M., Martinez, F. J., Martin-Solis, J. R., Martynova, Y., Maruyama, S., Masiello, A., Maslov, M., Matejcik, S., Mattei, M., Matthews, G. F., Maviglia, F., Mayer, M., Mayoral, M. L., May-Smith, T., Mazon, D., Mazzotta, C., Mcadams, R., Mccarthy, P. J., Mcclements, K. G., Mccormack, O., Mccullen, P. A., Mcdonald, D., Mcintosh, S., Mckean, R., Mckehon, J., Meadows, R. C., Meakins, A., Medina, F., Medland, M., Medley, S., Meigh, S., Meigs, A. G., Meisl, G., Meitner, S., Meneses, L., Menmuir, S., Mergia, K., Merrigan, I. R., Mertens, Ph., Meshchaninov, S., Messiaen, A., Meyer, H., Mianowski, S., Michling, R., Middleton-Gear, D., Miettunen, J., Militello, F., Militello-Asp, E., Miloshevsky, G., Mink, F., Minucci, S., Miyoshi, Y., Mlynar, J., Molina, D., Monakhov, I., Moneti, M., Mooney, R., Moradi, S., Mordijck, S., Moreira, L., Moreno, R., Moro, F., Morris, A. W., Morris, J., Moser, L., Mosher, S., Moulton, D., Murari, A., Muraro, A., Murphy, S., Asakura, N. N., Na, Y. S., Nabais, F., Naish, R., Nakano, T., Nardon, E., Naulin, V., Nave, M. F. F., Nedzelski, I., Nemtsev, G., Nespoli, F., Neto, A., Neu, R., Neverov, V. S., Newman, M., Nicholls, K. J., Nicolas, T., Nielsen, A. H., Nielsen, P., Nilsson, E., Nishijima, D., Noble, C., Nocente, M., Nodwell, D., Nordlund, K., Nordman, H., Nouailletas, R., Nunes, I., Oberkofler, M., Odupitan, T., Ogawa, M. T., O'Gorman, T., Okabayashi, M., Olney, R., Omolayo, O., O'Mullane, M., Ongena, J., Orsitto, F., Orszagh, J., Oswuigwe, B. I., Otin, R., Owen, A., Paccagnella, R., Pace, N., Pacella, D., Packer, L. W., Page, A., Pajuste, E., Palazzo, S., Pamela, S., Panja, S., Papp, P., Paprok, R., Parail, V., Park, M., Diaz, F. P., Parsons, M., Pasqualotto, R., Patel, A., Pathak, S., Paton, D., Patten, H., Pau, A., Pawelec, E., Soldan, C. P., Peackoc, A., Pearson, I. J., Pehkonen, S. -P., Peluso, E., Penot, C., Pereira, A., Pereira, R., Puglia, P. P. P., von Thun, C. P., Peruzzo, S., Peschanyi, S., Peterka, M., Petersson, P., Petravich, G., Petre, A., Petrella, N., Petrzilka, V., Peysson, Y., Pfefferle, D., Philipps, V., Pillon, M., Pintsuk, G., Piovesan, P., dos Reis, A. P., Piron, L., Pironti, A., Pisano, F., Pitts, R., Pizzo, F., Plyusnin, V., Pomaro, N., Pompilian, O. G., Pool, P. J., Popovichev, S., Porfiri, M. T., Porosnicu, C., Porton, M., Possnert, G., Potzel, S., Powell, T., Pozzi, J., Prajapati, V., Prakash, R., Prestopino, G., Price, D., Price, M., Price, R., Prior, P., Proudfoot, R., Pucella, G., Puglia, P., Puiatti, M. E., Pulley, D., Purahoo, K., Putterich, Th., Rachlew, E., Rack, M., Ragona, R., Rainford, M. S. J., Rakha, A., Ramogida, G., Ranjan, S., Rapson, C. J., Rasmussen, J. J., Rathod, K., Ratta, G., Ratynskaia, S., Ravera, G., Rayner, C., Rebai, M., Reece, D., Reed, A., Refy, D., Regan, B., Regana, J., Reich, M., Reid, N., Reimold, F., Reinhart, M., Reinke, M., Reiser, D., Rendell, D., Reux, C., Cortes, S. D. A. R., Reynolds, S., Riccardo, V., Richardson, N., Riddle, K., Rigamonti, D., Rimini, F. G., Risner, J., Riva, M., Roach, C., Robins, R. J., Robinson, S. A., Robinson, T., Robson, D. W., Roccella, R., Rodionov, R., Rodrigues, P., Rodriguez, J., Rohde, V., Romanelli, F., Romanelli, S., Romazanov, J., Rowe, S., Rubel, M., Rubinacci, G., Rubino, G., Ruchko, L., Ruiz, M., Ruset, C., Rzadkiewicz, J., Saarelma, S., Sabot, R., Safi, E., Sagar, P., Saibene, G., Saint-Laurent, F., Salewski, M., Salmi, A., Salmon, R., Salzedas, F., Samaddar, D., Samm, U., Sandiford, D., Santa, P., Santala, M. I. K., Santos, B., Santucci, A., Sartori, F., Sartori, R., Sauter, O., Scannell, R., Schlummer, T., Schmid, K., Schmidt, V., Schmuck, S., Schneider, M., Schopf, K., Schworer, D., Scott, S. D., Sergienko, G., Sertoli, M., Shabbir, A., Sharapov, S. E., Shaw, A., Shaw, R., Sheikh, H., Shepherd, A., Shevelev, A., Shumack, A., Sias, G., Sibbald, M., Sieglin, B., Silburn, S., Silva, A., Silva, C., Simmons, P. A., Simpson, J., Simpson-Hutchinson, J., Sinha, A., Sipila, S. K., Siren, P., Sirinelli, A., Sjostrand, H., Skiba, M., Skilton, R., Slabkowska, K., Slade, B., Smith, N., Smith, P. G., Smith, R., Smith, T. J., Smithies, M., Snoj, L., Soare, S., Solano, E. R., Somers, A., Sommariva, C., Sonato, P., Sopplesa, A., Sousa, J., Sozzi, C., Spagnolo, S., Spelzini, T., Spineanu, F., Stables, G., Stamatelatos, I., Stamp, M. F., Staniec, P., Stankunas, G., Stan-Sion, C., Stead, M. J., Stefanikova, E., Stepanov, I., Stephen, A. V., Stephen, M., Stevens, A., Stevens, B. D., Strachan, J., Strand, P., Strauss, H. R., Strom, P., Stubbs, G., Studholme, W., Subba, F., Summers, H. P., Svensson, J., Swiderski, L., Szabolics, T., Szawlowski, M., Szepesi, G., Suzuki, T. T., Tal, B., Tala, T., Talbot, A. R., Talebzadeh, S., Taliercio, C., Tamain, P., Tame, C., Tang, W., Tardocchi, M., Taroni, L., Taylor, D., Taylor, K. A., Tegnered, D., Telesca, G., Teplova, N., Terranova, D., Testa, D., Tholerus, E., Thomas, J., Thomas, J. D., Thomas, P., Thompson, A., Thompson, C. -A., Thompson, V. K., Thorne, L., Thornton, A., Thrysoe, A. S., Tigwell, P. A., Tipton, N., Tiseanu, I., Tojo, H., Tokitani, M., Tolias, P., Tomes, M., Tonner, P., Towndrow, M., Trimble, P., Tripsky, M., Tsalas, M., Tsavalas, P., Jun, D. T., Turner, I., Turner, M. M., Turnyanskiy, M., Tvalashvili, G., Tyrrell, S. G. J., Uccello, A., Ul-Abidin, Z., Uljanovs, J., Ulyatt, D., Urano, H., Uytdenhouwen, I., Vadgama, A. P., Valcarcel, D., Valentinuzzi, M., Valisa, M., Olivares, P. V., Valovic, M., van de Mortel, M., van Eester, D., van Renterghem, W., van Rooij, G. J., Varje, J., Varoutis, S., Vartanian, S., Vasava, K., Vasilopoulou, T., Vega, J., Verdoolaege, G., Verhoeven, R., Verona, C., Rinati, G. V., Veshchev, E., Vianello, N., Vicente, J., Viezzer, E., Villari, S., Villone, F., Vincenzi, P., Vinyar, I., Viola, B., Vitins, A., Vizvary, Z., Vlad, M., Voitsekhovitch, I., Vondracek, P., Vora, N., Vu, T., de Sa, W. W. P., Wakeling, B., Waldon, C. W. F., Walkden, N., Walker, M., Walker, R., Walsh, M., Wang, E., Wang, N., Warder, S., Warren, R. J., Waterhouse, J., Watkins, N. W., Watts, C., Wauters, T., Weckmann, A., Weiland, J., Weisen, H., Weiszflog, M., Wellstood, C., West, A. T., Wheatley, M. R., Whetham, S., Whitehead, A. M., Whitehead, B. D., Widdowson, A. M., Wiesen, S., Wilkinson, J., Williams, J., Williams, M., Wilson, A. R., Wilson, D. J., Wilson, H. R., Wilson, J., Wischmeier, M., Withenshaw, G., Withycombe, A., Witts, D. M., Wood, D., Wood, R., Woodley, C., Wray, S., Wright, J., Wright, J. C., Wu, J., Wukitch, S., Wynn, A., Xu, T., Yadikin, D., Yanling, W., Yao, L., Yavorskij, V., Yoo, M. G., Young, C., Young, D., Young, I. D., Young, R., Zacks, J., Zagorski, R., Zaitsev, F. S., Zanino, R., Zarins, A., Zastrow, K. D., Zerbini, M., Zhang, W., Zhou, Y., Zilli, E., Zoita, V., Zoletnik, S., and Zychor, I.

Subjects
ratio, TRANSP, fusion, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, JET-ILW, Joint European Torus, baseline scenario, fusion performance, gas puffing, T, i, e, Collisionality, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Ion, T/T, 0103 physical sciences, Nuclear fusion, 010306 general physics, Jet (fluid), Fusion, t-i/t-e, Plasma, transp, Condensed Matter Physics, Neutral beam injection, jet-ilw, Settore ING-IND/20 - Misure e Strumentazione Nucleari, transport, ion, Atomic physics, T-i/T-e, performance, ION, TRANSPORT, RATIO
Abstract

This paper presents the transport analysis of high density baseline discharges in the 2016 experimental campaign of the Joint European Torus with the ITER-Like Wall (JET-ILW), where a significant increase in the deuterium-deuterium (D-D) fusion neutron rate (∼2.8 1016 s-1) was achieved with stable high neutral beam injection (NBI) powers of up to 28 MW and low gas puffing. Increase in Ti exceeding Te were produced for the first time in baseline discharges despite the high electron density; this enabled a significant increase in the thermal fusion reaction rate. As a result, the new achieved record in fusion performance was much higher than the previous record in the same heating power baseline discharges, where T i = T e. In addition to the decreases in collisionality and the increases in ion heating fraction in the discharges with high NBI power, T i > T e can also be attributed to positive feedback between the high T i/T e ratio and stabilisation of the turbulent heat flux resulting from the ion temperature gradient driven mode. The high T i/T e ratio was correlated with high rotation frequency. Among the discharges with identical beam heating power, higher rotation frequencies were observed when particle fuelling was provided by low gas puffing and pellet injection. This reveals that particle fuelling played a key role for achieving high T i/T e, and the improved fusion performance.

Published
2018

41. Deterministic X-ray Bragg coherent diffraction imaging as a seed for subsequent iterative reconstruction

Author

Kaye S. Morgan, David M. Paganin, Vasily I. Punegov, and Konstantin Mikhailovitch Pavlov

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Computer science, Autocorrelation, General Physics and Astronomy, Context (language use), 02 engineering and technology, Iterative reconstruction, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Coherent diffraction imaging, ddc, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, Iterative refinement, Convergence (routing), Point (geometry), 0210 nano-technology, Reconstruction procedure, Algorithm
Abstract

Coherent diffractive imaging (CDI), using both X-rays and electrons, has made extremely rapid progress over the past two decades. The associated reconstruction algorithms are typically iterative, and seeded with a crude first estimate. A deterministic method for Bragg Coherent Diffraction Imaging (Pavlov et al., Sci. Rep. 7, 1132 (2017)) is used as a more refined starting point for a shrink-wrap iterative reconstruction procedure. The appropriate comparison with the autocorrelation function as a starting point is performed. Real-space and Fourier-space error metrics are used to analyse the convergence of the reconstruction procedure for noisy and noise-free simulated data. Our results suggest that the use of deterministic-CDI reconstructions, as a seed for subsequent iterative-CDI refinement, may boost the speed and degree of convergence compared to the cruder seeds that are currently commonly used. We also highlight the utility of monitoring multiple error metrics in the context of iterative refinement.

Published
2017

43. In Vivo X-Ray Imaging Reveals Improved Airway Surface Hydration after a Therapy Designed for Cystic Fibrosis

Author

Kaye S. Morgan, Andreas Fouras, Karen Kit Wan Siu, Akihisa Takeuchi, Naoto Yagi, Kentaro Uesugi, Martin Donnelley, Nigel Farrow, Yoshio Suzuki, Richard C. Boucher, and David Parsons

Subjects
Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, Cystic Fibrosis, business.industry, Surface hydration, Anatomy, Sodium Chloride, Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Radiography, Trachea, Disease Models, Animal, Mice, Mucociliary Clearance, Correspondence, Epithelial Sodium Channel Blockers, Animals, Medicine, Isotonic Solutions, business
Abstract

Kaye S. Morgan, Martin Donnelley, Nigel Farrow, Andreas Fouras, Naoto Yagi, Yoshio Suzuki, Akihisa Takeuchi, Kentaro Uesugi, Richard C. Boucher, Karen K. W. Siu, David W. Parsons

Published
2014

44. Tracking extended mucociliary transport activity of individual deposited particles: longitudinal synchrotron X-ray imaging in live mice

Author

Nigel Farrow, Kaye S. Morgan, Martin Donnelley, Richard Carnibella, Andreas Fouras, David Parsons, and Karen Kit Wan Siu

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Nanotechnology, Respiratory Mucosa, Tracking (particle physics), Sensitivity and Specificity, law.invention, Mice, law, medicine, Animals, Particle Size, Respiratory system, Instrumentation, Primary ciliary dyskinesia, Radiation, Lung, Transport activity, X-ray, Reproducibility of Results, medicine.disease, Microspheres, Synchrotron, Mice, Inbred C57BL, medicine.anatomical_structure, Mucociliary Clearance, Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Particle, Female, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Synchrotrons, Biomedical engineering
Abstract

To assess potential therapies for respiratory diseases in which mucociliary transit (MCT) is impaired, such as cystic fibrosis and primary ciliary dyskinesia, a novel and non-invasive MCT quantification method has been developed in which the transit rate and behaviour of individual micrometre-sized deposited particles are measured in live mice using synchrotron phase-contrast X-ray imaging. Particle clearance by MCT is known to be a two-phase process that occurs over a period of minutes to days. Previous studies have assessed MCT in the fast-clearance phase, ∼20 min after marker particle dosing. The aim of this study was to non-invasively image changes in particle presence and MCT during the slow-clearance phase, and simultaneously determine whether repeat synchrotron X-ray imaging of mice was feasible over periods of 3, 9 and 25 h. All mice tolerated the repeat imaging procedure with no adverse effects. Quantitative image analysis revealed that the particle MCT rate and the number of particles present in the airway both decreased with time. This study successfully demonstrated for the first time that longitudinal synchrotron X-ray imaging studies are possible in live small animals, provided appropriate animal handling techniques are used and care is taken to reduce the delivered radiation dose.

Published
2014

45. Feasibility study of propagation-based phase-contrast X-ray lung imaging on the Imaging and Medical beamline at the Australian Synchrotron

Author

Kaye S. Morgan, Andrew W. Stevenson, Andreas Fouras, David M. Paganin, Rhiannon P. Murrie, and Karen Kit Wan Siu

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, medicine.medical_specialty, Wiggler, Synchrotron radiation, Mice, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Medical imaging, medicine, Animals, Medical physics, Australian Synchrotron, Lung, Instrumentation, Physics, Radiation, Phantoms, Imaging, Air, Sepharose, X-ray, respiratory system, Velocimetry, Microspheres, respiratory tract diseases, Beamline, Feasibility Studies, Glass, Rheology, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Phase retrieval, Algorithms, Synchrotrons, Biomedical engineering
Abstract

Propagation-based phase-contrast X-ray imaging (PB-PCXI) using synchrotron radiation has achieved high-resolution imaging of the lungs of small animals both in real time and in vivo. Current studies are applying such imaging techniques to lung disease models to aid in diagnosis and treatment development. At the Australian Synchrotron, the Imaging and Medical beamline (IMBL) is well equipped for PB-PCXI, combining high flux and coherence with a beam size sufficient to image large animals, such as sheep, due to a wiggler source and source-to-sample distances of over 137 m. This study aimed to measure the capabilities of PB-PCXI on IMBL for imaging small animal lungs to study lung disease. The feasibility of combining this technique with computed tomography for three-dimensional imaging and X-ray velocimetry for studies of airflow and non-invasive lung function testing was also investigated. Detailed analysis of the role of the effective source size and sample-to-detector distance on lung image contrast was undertaken as well as phase retrieval for sample volume analysis. Results showed that PB-PCXI of lung phantoms and mouse lungs produced high-contrast images, with successful computed tomography and velocimetry also being carried out, suggesting that live animal lung imaging will also be feasible at the IMBL.

Published
2014

46. Psychiatric comorbidity in treatment-seeking substance use disorder patients with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: results of the IASP study

Author

Emmerik-van Oortmerssen, K. van, Glind, G. van de, Koeter, M.W., Allsop, S., Auriacombe, M., Barta, C., Bu, E.T., Burren, Y., Carpentier, P.J.B.R., Carruthers, S., Casas, M., Demetrovics, Z., Dom, G., Faraone, S.V., Fatseas, M., Franck, J., Johnson, B., Kapitany-Foveny, M., Kaye, S., Konstenius, M., Levin, F.R., Moggi, F., Moller, M., Ramos-Quiroga, J.A., Schillinger, A., Skutle, A., Verspreet, S., Brink, W. van den, Schoevers, R.A., and Gaag, R.J. van der

Subjects
Neurodevelopmental disorders Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 7], mental disorders, Other Research Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 0], behavioral disciplines and activities
Abstract

Item does not contain fulltext AIMS: To determine comorbidity patterns in treatment-seeking substance use disorder (SUD) patients with and without adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), with an emphasis on subgroups defined by ADHD subtype, taking into account differences related to gender and primary substance of abuse. DESIGN: Data were obtained from the cross-sectional International ADHD in Substance use disorder Prevalence (IASP) study. SETTING: Forty-seven centres of SUD treatment in 10 countries. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1205 treatment-seeking SUD patients. MEASUREMENTS: Structured diagnostic assessments were used for all disorders: presence of ADHD was assessed with the Conners' Adult ADHD Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV (CAADID), the presence of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), major depression (MD) and (hypo)manic episode (HME) was assessed with the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview-Plus (MINI Plus), and the presence of borderline personality disorder (BPD) was assessed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II (SCID II). FINDINGS: The prevalence of DSM-IV adult ADHD in this SUD sample was 13.9%. ASPD [odds ratio (OR) = 2.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.8-4.2], BPD (OR = 7.0, 95% CI = 3.1-15.6 for alcohol; OR = 3.4, 95% CI = 1.8-6.4 for drugs), MD in patients with alcohol as primary substance of abuse (OR = 4.1, 95% CI = 2.1-7.8) and HME (OR = 4.3, 95% CI = 2.1-8.7) were all more prevalent in ADHD(+) compared with ADHD(-) patients (P < 0.001). These results also indicate increased levels of BPD and MD for alcohol compared with drugs as primary substance of abuse. Comorbidity patterns differed between ADHD subtypes with increased MD in the inattentive and combined subtype (P < 0.01), increased HME and ASPD in the hyperactive/impulsive (P < 0.01) and combined subtypes (P < 0.001) and increased BPD in all subtypes (P < 0.001) compared with SUD patients without ADHD. Seventy-five per cent of ADHD patients had at least one additional comorbid disorder compared with 37% of SUD patients without ADHD. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment-seeking substance use disorder patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are at a very high risk for additional externalizing disorders.

Published
2014

47. The Munich Compact Light Source: Biomedical Research At a Laboratory-Scale Inverse-Compton Synchrotron X-ray Source

Author

Madleen Busse, Kaye S. Morgan, Bernhard Gleich, Lorenz Hehn, Regine Gradl, Stephanie Kulpe, Benedikt Günther, Klaus Achterhold, Christoph Jud, Elena Eggl, Franz Pfeiffer, and Martin Dierolf

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Physics, business.industry, X-ray, Inverse, Laboratory scale, Synchrotron, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, 0302 clinical medicine, Light source, Optics, law, business, Instrumentation
Published
2018

48. Dynamic X-ray Imaging at the Munich Compact Light Source

Author

Christoph Jud, Benedikt Günther, David Kutschke, Daniela Pfeiffer, Kaye S. Morgan, Tobias Stoeger, Lorenz Hehn, Martin Donnelley, Bernhard Gleich, Otmar Schmid, Martin Dierolf, Klaus Achterhold, Franz Pfeiffer, Nathalie Roiser, David Parsons, Regine Gradl, Helena Haas, Melanie A. Kimm, Lin Yang, and Winfried Möller

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Physics, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, Light source, Optics, business.industry, X-ray, business, Instrumentation
Published
2018

49. Imaging the Brain In Situ with Phase Contrast CT

Author

Kelly J. Crossley, Megan J. Wallace, David M. Paganin, Kaye S. Morgan, Gary Ruben, Stuart B. Hooper, Linda C. P. Croton, Marcus J. Kitchen, Naoto Yagi, Lauren T. Kerr, Kentaro Uesugi, and Suzanne L. Miller

Subjects
In situ, Materials science, Phase contrast microscopy, Phase-contrast X-ray imaging, 01 natural sciences, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, law.invention, 010309 optics, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Neuroimaging, law, 0103 physical sciences, Instrumentation
Published
2018

50. Requirements for dynamical differential phase contrast x-ray imaging with a laboratory source

Author

Kaye S. Morgan, Marcus J. Kitchen, Andreas Fouras, Sarah C Irvine, and David Macindoe

Subjects
Dynamic imaging, 02 engineering and technology, Signal-To-Noise Ratio, Translation (geometry), 01 natural sciences, law.invention, 010309 optics, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Sensitivity (control systems), Physics, Radiological and Ultrasound Technology, business.industry, Phantoms, Imaging, Attenuation, Phase-contrast X-ray imaging, X-Rays, X-ray, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Sample (graphics), Synchrotron, Molecular Imaging, Computer Science::Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 0210 nano-technology, business, Laboratories, Synchrotrons
Abstract

X-ray phase contrast enables weakly-attenuating structures to be imaged, with bright synchrotron sources adding the ability to capture time sequences and analyse sample dynamics. Here, we describe the translation of dynamical differential phase contrast imaging from the synchrotron to a compact x-ray source, in order to achieve this kind of time sequence imaging in the laboratory. We formulate broadly-applicable set-up guidelines for the single-grid, single-exposure imaging technique using a divergent source, exploring the experimental factors that restrict set-up size, imaging sensitivity and sample size. Experimental images are presented using the single-grid phase contrast technique with a steel attenuation grid and a liquid-metal-jet x-ray source, enabling exposure times as short as 0.5 s for dynamic imaging. Differential phase contrast images were retrieved from phantoms, incorporating noise filtering to improve the low-count images encountered when imaging dynamics using short exposures.

Published
2016

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