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To examine the expression of the KAI1 metastasis suppressor gene and to evaluate its relationship with tumor recurrence in primary pTa and pT1 urothelial bladder carcinoma.Samples were obtained from 87 patients after transurethral resection (TUR). Tumor stage and grade were reviewed in 33 patients with pTa and in 54 patients with pT1, with a mean follow-up time of 47.4 +/- 30.1 months. The KAI1 protein immunohistochemical assay was performed. Prognosis was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox's proportional hazards model. Correlation between KAI1 expression and recurrence according to each clinicopathological factor was comparatively evaluated using the chi-squared test.Decreased expression of KAI1 protein failed to reach statistical significance for stage (P = 0.25) or morphology of tumor stem (P = 0.19), but it was significantly related to tumor size (P = 0.016). The recurrence-free 5-year survival rates of the group with decreased KAI1 expression was 69.7%, which was significantly higher than the 22.2% for the KAI1-positive group (P0.0001). In univariate and multivariate analyses, decreased expression of KAI1 protein, stage pT1, tumor size3 cm and sessile tumors were independent prognosis factors of recurrence. Despite the lower recurrence rate expected by considering only the clinicopathological factors, decreased KAI1 expression was able to identify the group with a high risk of recurrence.Downregulated KAI1 expression in bladder tumors tends to relate to stage and morphology of the tumor stem and was significantly correlated to tumor size. Decreased expression of KAI1 was associated with the degree of invasiveness and progression of the cancer and was an independent prognostic factor of recurrence in primary pTa and pT1 urothelial bladder carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to examine the natural history of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). METHODS Inclusion criteria were the following: (1) patients who received diagnostic imaging of the kidney (CT, MRI) at two points in time before the diagnosis of RCC or patients who were followed, without treatment, after a diagnosis of RCC; and (2) patients in whom changes in tumor size were followed by the same modality of diagnostic imaging and who did not receive any treatment which could exert anti-tumor activity on the primary or metastatic lesions. The tumor doubling time (DT) and the growth rate of maximum tumor diameter (R) were determined. DT was calculated using the equation DT = (T - T(0)) x log2/logV - logV(0) (where T - T(0) indicates the length of time between two measurements and V(0) and V denote the tumor volume at two points of measurement). R was calculated using the equation R = (phi - f(0))/(T - T(0)) x 100 (where phi(0) and f indicate the maximum diameter at two points). Fifty-six cases registered with the Japanese Society of Renal Cancer were included in the evaluation. RESULTS DT was 603.1 +/- 510.1 days, which did not correlate with V(0). R was 0.263 +/- 0.346 cm/day x 100. In cases where the tumor diameter was >/=4 cm, a significant correlation was noted between f(0) and R. CONCLUSIONS Elucidation of the natural history of RCC will contribute to facilitation of differential diagnosis and determination of optimum therapeutic strategy.

Lymphocele after renal transplantation is a complication that often requires surgical treatment. We performed laparoscopic drainage for the postoperative lymphocele in two renal transplantation patients. The patients were suffering from perineal discomfort and urinary frequency due to the lymphocele after the renal transplantation. Percutaneous catheter drainages and injections of tissue sclerosing agents such as povidone-iodine solution and tetracycline were not effective. Then fenestration of the lymphocele by laparoscopic technique was done. This procedure made the lymphatic fluid free from the lymphocele in the retroperitoneal space to the peritoneal cavity following creation of a peritoneal window. There were no apparent complications. The patients were free from symptoms and had no relapse 10 months after the operation. We report the procedure and the results of the laparoscopic fenestration.

A statistic survey was made on the clinical results of living and cadaveric renal transplantations performed at our department between October 1980 and June 1996. A total of 38 patients received 6 living and 32 cadaveric renal transplants. The graft and patient survival rates of a living renal transplantation were 83.3% and 100% at 3 years, respectively. The graft survival rate of cadaveric renal transplantation was 66.3% at 3 years and 56.0% at 5 years. In a cadaveric renal transplantation, patients with episodes of acute rejection within 12 months showed a significantly worse graft survival rate. This clinical parameter seems to be a prognostic factor for a long-term graft survival.

Although different histological grading systems of prostatic cancer refer to well-described characteristics, results are hard to reproduce. The aim of this study was to obtain morphometric data that would enable objective and reproducible grading of prostatic cancers by stereological estimation of mean nuclear volume (MNV). The clinical records and tissue specimens from 100 patients who were newly diagnosed as having prostatic cancer from 1973 to 1990 and who were followed up for 5 years or longer were retrospectively examined. We analysed the relationship between MNV and clinical stage, Gleason score and histological grading according to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification. To evaluate prognostic predictors, a multivariate analysis of factors associated with cause-specific survival was performed. We found a good correlation between the MNV and clinical stage and between the MNV and histological grading. There was no correlation between MNVs and Gleason scores. Multivariate analysis revealed that the MNV was the only predictor of survival time (coefficient 0.005; P < 0.0001; hazard ratio 1.005). We consider that the MNV is an excellent predictor of the prognosis in patients with prostatic cancer. Moreover, stereological estimation of MNV is a simple, quick, inexpensive and reliable morphometric procedure that enables the quantitative analysis of the histological and biological character of prostatic cancer.

No numerical aberration of chromosomes that might be specific for prostate cancer has so far been established. We used fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) with centromere-specific probes for chromosomes 7, 8, 17, X and Y to establish the distribution of centromere copy numbers in frozen-stored or freshly prepared samples of benign prostate hypertrophy (BPH) and to detect numerical aberrations of these chromosomes in 28 prostate cancers from Japanese men. There was no significant difference in the data of centromere copy numbers between fresh and frozen-stored tissue. The most common aberration in prostate cancers was a gain of chromosome 8 (57%), with numerical aberration of chromosome 7 being the second most frequent anomaly (50%). Numerical aberration of chromosome 7 is most significantly associated with a higher Gleason score (GS) (P < 0.005) or with lymph node metastasis (P < 0.001). Numerical aberration of several chromosomes, including chromosomes 7 and/or 8, was common in aggressive prostate cancers. Loss of chromosome Y was detected in only 4% of cases. FISH analysis thus proved to be a useful method for detecting numerical aberrations of individual chromosomes, with application to touch preparations of frozen-stored tissue having the advantage of exact sampling of cancer foci. The results suggest that numerical aberration of chromosome 7 is associated with aggressive tumour behaviour and poor prognosis of patients with prostate cancer. The association between genetic change and chromosomal abnormality should be studied in detail. Images Figure 1

99mTc-DMSA renal scintigraphy was utilized to investigate the influence of ESWL on renal function in comparison with that of PNL. In the beginning, the reproducibility of renal uptake rate by the scintigraphy was examined in eleven healthy volunteers under both non-diuretic and diuretic states. The renal uptake rate was shown to be sufficiently reproducible in the same person in the two different trials. However, the differences and the standard deviations were shown to be a few percentages, which were not statistically significant. Changes in the repeated renal uptake rate seem to indicate not only changes of renal function with the treatment but also some technical errors. Herein, to investigate changes in renal function of the therapeutic side, the uptake ratio rate (rate of uptake rate in the therapeutic side/uptake rate in the contral lateral side) was utilized instead of uptake rate. Renal scintigraphy was carried out in 48 patients with unilateral renal stones before and after ESWL or PNL monotherapy or the combined ESWL and PNL therapies. Within one week of treatment, the uptake ratio rate significantly decreased in patients with PNL or the combined ESWL and PNL, although DMSA uptake rate in the therapeutic side did not significantly changes. Neither renal uptake rate nor uptake ratio rate significantly changed after ESWL treatment. There was no significant difference in changes of uptake ratio rate between Siemens Lithostars Plus and the improved Dornier HM-3 lithotriptors. This study indicated that ESWL monotherapy did not affect the uptake ratio rate, although PNL monotherapy and the combined ESWL and PNL therapies may affect the uptake ratio rate to some extent.

The scanning electron microscope (SEM) allows observation of up to 2.5 cm of surface at a magnification that can vary from 20 × to 100,000 ×, unlike the transmission electron microscope (TEM), in which the block face is ordinarily about 1 mm and the actual surface area that can be examined is only 1/40μ. If it is assumed that events occurring at the luminal surface of endothelial cells may be of importance in cerebral blood flow and possibly in atherogenesis, then a model with reproducible surface lesions would be of value. Since the TEM allows high resolution of the interior of cells and intracellular relationships, there are obvious advantages to correlative investigations.

A 45-year-old woman with left leg edema was admitted to our hospital because of chyluria from the previous year. Her left leg edema appeared after Caesarean section for her first delivery and hysterectomy at the age of 31. Because microfilaria was not detected, she was diagnosed with postoperative lymphangiomatosis. The instillation of 0.1-0.5% silver nitrate into the renal pelvis was not effective. We however, after percutaneous sclerotherapy to the left inguinal lymph nodes with doxycycline, the chyluria disappeared and her left leg edema improved. Then, the surplus skin of her left lower leg was resected. We considered percutaneous sclerotherapy to be a good procedure for chyluria due to postoperative lymphangiomatosis.

Theoretical research has long played an essential role in interpreting data from high-energy particle colliders and motivating new accelerators to advance the energy and precision frontiers. Collider phenomenology is an essential interface between theoretical models and experimental observations, since theoretical studies inspire experimental analyses while experimental results sharpen theoretical ideas. This report -- from the Snowmass 2021 Theory Frontier topical group for Collider Phenomenology (TF07) -- showcases the dynamism, engagement, and motivations of collider phenomenologists by exposing selected exciting new directions and establishing key connections between cutting-edge theoretical advances and current and future experimental opportunities. By investing in collider phenomenology, the high-energy physics community can help ensure that theoretical advances are translated into concrete tools that enable and enhance current and future experiments, and in turn, experimental results feed into a more complete theoretical understanding and motivate new questions and explorations., 11+11 pages, 343 contributors, 1 key formula; contribution to Snowmass 2021, draft report of the Theory Frontier topical group for Collider Phenomenology (TF07), comments and suggestions welcome; v2: updated contributor list

We report a rare case of renal cell carcinoma presenting as diplopia which was caused by a metastasis to the clivus. A 58-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with the chief complaint of diplopia. Head magnetic resonance imaging showed a mass in the clivus accompanied by bone destruction. Metastatic tumor to the skull base was suspected. Further examinations for the primary lesion revealed left renal cell carcinoma. He was relieved of diplopia by radiotherapy to the clivus and subsequently underwent left radical nephrectomy.