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Shared mobility is developing at a very fast pace around the world, becoming an alternative to classic forms of travel and, according to the public, providing innovative services. In recent years, these innovative services have also gained wide interest among scientists from a multicriteria point of view. However, among the topics and reviews in the literature, no review paper considering shared mobility in terms of innovation was identified. This article’s research objective was to indicate the perception of innovation in shared mobility in scientific works. The results indicate that innovations in shared mobility are a niche topic considered in few scientific works. What is more, in most cases, shared mobility services are perceived as innovative in themselves without detailed service analysis. Moreover, the issues of open innovation, which are closely related to the concept of accessible Mobility as a Service system and smart cities, are often overlooked. In addition, there was no work identified that fully referred to all areas of innovative service. The article supports researchers in the determination of further research directions in the field of shared mobility and fills the research gap in the field of knowledge about open innovation, especially in the context of the development of shared mobility services in smart cities.

Modern cities are associated with efficient transportation, including modern transportation solutions that reflect the trend towards sustainable development. These solutions, for example, are shared mobility services, which have gained popularity in recent years. The systems present in the markets, as well as each transport service, aimed at meeting the transport needs of the society, are also associated with the occurrence of many problems. Many of the problems can turn into transport barriers and have a real impact on the quality of transport services and the life of society in the city. To check whether transport problems occurring in shared mobility may translate into transport exclusion, the author’s own research was proposed. The aim of the study was to analyze the public negative opinions of the shared mobility services and to determine the existence of their connection with the main areas of the phenomenon of transport exclusion. The Desk Research method was used for the study, due to which 1500 opinions and complaints regarding 60 bike-, car-, and scooter-sharing applications operating in six European countries were analyzed. As a result of the research, it was shown that in all types of shared mobility, there are barriers that users complain about. These barriers are connected to the main transport social exclusion aspects indicated in the Church’s method framework. The leading areas of grievance are the system infrastructure and operational aspects. The mobile applications used to run the systems turned out to be the least problematic. Based on the results obtained, recommendations for the elimination of transportation social barriers were developed. The work supports municipalities and operators who wish to reduce the problems associated with shared mobility systems in cities.

Currently, increasingly car-sharing systems are implemented in the area of urban transport systems. This type of development brings many benefits to cities and operators providing services, but above all, following the principles of sustainable development, it should improve society's quality of life. With this in mind, it is particularly important to monitor users’ opinions on the services offered and take into account the problems and complaints reported by them. Monitoring opinions on services may contribute to the improvement of the quality of services, but most of all contribute to eliminating transport barriers related to the use of car-sharing services. This study aimed to identify transport barriers, accessibility issues, and transport social exclusion reported by users of car-sharing services. The purpose is to present the phenomenon of social exclusion in car-sharing services based on the Church’s conceptual framework. The article identifies seven main categories of social exclusion, including economic, physical, geographic, spatial, fear-based, time-based, and facility-access barriers related to the use of car-sharing services. Moreover, the article includes presentation of remedial measures limiting the phenomenon of transport, social exclusion and barriers, consistent with the principles of sustainable development. The article supports operators who want to create services better suited to the needs of the society. It is also a response to a research gap dedicated to transportation social exclusion and aspects of responsible business in the car-sharing industry. The work supports eliminating the phenomenon of social exclusion and the pursuit of creating socially and environmentally responsible car-sharing services.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound effect on global economies. Transport was a particular sector of the economy that was particularly exposed to the spread of the virus. This has led to many changes in the manage-ment and the implementation of various types of business practices in the new mobility companies during the pan-demic and post-pandemic periods. The work aimed to analyze the policies in the field of transport in pandemic times and the practices implemented and provided by enterprises in the field of new mobility, including companies sharing vehicles, e.g., car-sharing, bike-sharing, scooter-sharing, and ride-sharing. Furthermore, the article was used to indi-cate the changes that have occurred in the management of new mobility enterprises in companies operating in Asia, Europe, and America. The work is based on secondary data research and own research. The developed results indicate which operators made the most changes and which continents proposed the most changes to transport policies. The article supports the development of both new policies for the post-pandemic period and new business practices for companies in the new mobility services industry.

The work is dedicated to the possibility of using hydrogen-powered vehicles in urban transport systems. Due to the need to look for alternative solutions for vehicles with conventional drive in cities, hydrogen-powered cars are one of the practical possibilities of realizing the sustainable transport assumptions and independence from oil imports - which is one of the main priorities of the European Union. This paper presents a literature analysis, the analysis of the current state and development of use hydrogen-powered vehicles in the world. The article refers to the possibilities of use hydrogen-vehicles in different ways of mobility: individual vehicles, taxis and shared mobility. In addition, the author focused on showing the advantages and disadvantages of using hydrogen-powered vehicles in urban transport systems.

Car-sharing systems, i.e., short-term car rentals, are one of the solutions that can be an alternative to individual motorization in cities. However, these services must adapt well to customers’ needs to develop appropriately. Currently, there have been attempts in scientific research to make numerous optimizations of car-sharing systems, but little emphasis was placed on the type of car fleet used in the systems, which is particularly important at the stage of transformation of the automotive industry towards electric mobility. In response to this research gap, this article was dedicated to the selection of vehicles for car-sharing systems. The work focuses on users of Polish car-sharing systems who use the services of short-term vehicle rental occasionally, i.e., up to five times a year. The research made it possible to determine the types of vehicles (cars with electric, hybrid and internal combustion engines) that the users are interested in and to indicate the specific features that the cars should have. Interestingly, large family vehicles with hybrid engines turned out to be the leading ones. In turn, small city cars, so far dominant in car-sharing, turned out to be the worst choice from the point of view of occasional users. This showed that the current systems are not properly adapted to the needs of society. The results support car-sharing operators who want to upgrade their vehicle fleet accordingly to encourage the public to use car-sharing more often. It is also a guide to identifying a vehicle for fleet modernization towards hybrid and electric vehicles.

In the era of upcoming European Union regulations limiting the registration of combustion cars from 2035, the development of various types of alternatives to balancing transport is on the agenda of modern cities. One of these types of services includes automated short-term car rental systems, i.e., car-sharing systems. In recent years, car-sharing services have been gaining more and more interest among operators and municipal authorities. Despite their intense activities, there are still people in society who have not used car-sharing services so far. A lot of research has been devoted to an attempt to answer their needs in the field of car-sharing, but there is a research gap in the field of detailed analyses of the fleet of cars that they would like to use. Noticing this niche, this article is dedicated to the topic of selecting vehicles for car-sharing systems from the point of view of current non-users and indicating the features that, in their opinion, are the most important parameters characterizing the given vehicles. The research was conducted for the Polish car-sharing market. The obtained results indicate that current non-users would be most interested in small, city B-class cars equipped with internal combustion or electric engines, equipped with a large luggage compartment, and meeting the highest safety standards. Interestingly, the issue of the charging time for electric vehicles was not considered crucial. The results showed that the expectations of non-user vehicles are in contradiction to the expectations of current system users. The article supports car-sharing operators who want to properly manage and modernize their fleet of vehicles to encourage the use of car-sharing among those who are currently unconvinced.

Car-sharing systems, i.e., automatic, short-time car rentals, are among the solutions of the new mobility concept, which in recent years has gained popularity around the world. With the growing interest in services in society, their demands for the services offered to them have also increased. Since cars play a key role in car-sharing services, the fleet of vehicles should be properly adapted to the needs of customers using the systems. Due to the literature gap related to the procedure of proper selection of vehicles for car sharing and the market need for car-sharing service operators, this work has been devoted to the selection of car models for car sharing from the perspective of users constantly using the systems (regular users). This paper considered the case of the Polish who are constantly using car-sharing service systems. Vehicle selection was classified as a multi-faceted, complex problem, which is why one of the ELECTRE III multi-criteria decision support methods was used for this study. This study focused on the classification of vehicles from the user’s perspective. Twelve modern and most popular car models in 2021 with internal combustion, electric and hybrid engines were considered. The results indicate that the best choice from the point of view of regular customers is large cars (representing vehicle classes C and D), with a large luggage compartment capacity, the highest possible ratio of engine power to vehicle weight, and the ratio of engine power to energy consumption. Importantly, small urban vehicles, which ideologically should be associated with car-sharing services due to occupying as little urban space as possible, were classified as the worst in the ranking. The results support car-sharing operators during the process of completing or upgrading their vehicle fleets.

Short-term, automated car rental services, i.e., car sharing, are a solution that has been improving in urban transportation systems over the past few years. Due to the intensive expansion of the systems, service providers face increasing challenges in their competitiveness. One of them is to meet the customer expectations for the fleet of vehicles offered in the system. Although this aspect is noted primarily in the literature review on fleet optimization and management, there is a gap in research on the appropriate selection of vehicle models. In response, the article aimed to identify the vehicles best suited for car-sharing systems from the customer’s point of view. The selection of suitable vehicles was treated as a multi-criteria decision-making issue; therefore, the study used ELECTRE III—one of the multi-criteria decision-making methods. The work focuses on researching the opinions of users who rarely use car-sharing services in Poland. The most popular car models in 2021, equipped with internal combustion, hybrid, and electric engines, were selected for the analysis. The results indicate that the best suited cars are relatively large, spacious, and equipped with electric drive and represent the D segment of vehicles in Europe. In addition, these vehicles are to be equipped with a powerful engine, a spacious boot, and a fast battery charging time. Interestingly, small city cars, so far associated with car sharing, ranked the worst in the classification method. In addition, factors such as the warranty period associated with the quality of the vehicles, or the number of car doors, are not very important to users. The results support car-sharing operators in the process of selecting or modernizing a fleet of vehicles.

Shared mobility systems are becoming quite popular around the world. This trend has led to the continuous development of vehicle fleet and use by a growing number of individual users. Due to this, the services of shared mobility have been analysed from the viewpoint of many different aspects. Safety and security issues are particularly important for both the user and the operator. This paper is dedicated to the concept of different issues of safety and security in shared mobility solutions such as bike-, car- and scooter-sharing, peer-to-peer sharing services and on-demand riding systems. The idea of shared mobility and case study, based on problems with safety and security aspects related to that kind of mobility is presented in the text. The aim of the work was to show the importance of safety and security aspects in the shared mobility solutions

Different types of transport solutions that are to influence the sustainability of urban logistics are increasingly used around the world. The same applies to the opportunities offered by the implementation of shared mobility services. According to this idea, car-sharing systems are currently present on six continents of the world and it is anticipated that by 2025 there will be over 36 million users worldwide sharing car-sharing services. In line with this trend, it is worth paying attention to aspects that will encourage the public to use car-sharing services. Because the price is one of the main factors for the society during making a decision about using car-sharing services, the author decided to analyze the costs of car-sharing mobility. In the text basic assumptions about car-sharing services and their development were presented. Then, the article showed the analysis of the cost of using services on six continents in the line of temporary and parking fees. In addition, the work also refers to the impact of the type of vehicle fleet on the price level. The aim of the work was to assess the occurrence of differences between the services offered and the relation between costs and the assumptions of sustainable transport development.

Short-term car rental services, i.e., carsharing, is a solution that has been developing better and better in urban transport systems in recent years. Along with intensive expansion, service providers have to face an increasing number of challenges to compete with each other. One of them is meeting the expectations of customers about the fleet of vehicles offered in the system. While this aspect is noticed in the literature review mainly in terms of fleet optimization and management, there is a research gap regarding the appropriate selection of vehicle models. In response, the article was dedicated to identifying the vehicles that were best suited to carsharing systems from the point of view of frequent customers. The selection of appropriate vehicles was treated as a multi-criteria decision issue, therefore the study used one of the multi-criteria decision support methods—ELECTRE III. The work focuses on researching the opinions of users (experts) who often use carsharing services in Poland. The study included a list of the most popular vehicles in Europe in 2021, including classic, electric, and hybrid cars, and a list of 11 evaluation criteria. The research results indicate for frequent users the advantage of conventional drive vehicles over electric and hydrogen vehicles. Moreover, they indicate that the best vehicles are relatively large cars (European car segments C and D) with the greatest possible length, boot capacity, engine power, number of safety systems, and quality. On the other hand, the least important issues are the number of seats in the vehicle and the number of doors. Interestingly, the vehicles selected by frequent users questioned the concept of small city cars, which occupied a small public space on which carsharing was supposed to focus. The results obtained support the operators of carsharing services in making fleet decisions.

Short-term car rental services called “car-sharing” or “carsharing” are systems that in recent years have been an alternative form of transport by individual car in an increasing number of cities around the world. With the growing popularity of services, new decision-making problems have arisen among system operators. Among the challenges faced by operators, due to the constantly growing environmental requirements, is the fleet of vehicles for car-sharing systems-appropriate selection. Noticing this research gap, this article was dedicated to determining the criteria that are important when choosing a fleet of vehicles for car-sharing and to indicate the best suited to the needs of car-sharing vehicles. Own research was proposed, considering desk research, expert research and analyses using the multi-criteria decision support method (ELECTRE III). This research was carried out for the Polish market of car-sharing services. Studying the Polish market is appropriate due to the occurrence of significant difficulties with the fleet incorrectly adjusted to the needs of urban conditions. This study covers vehicles with conventional, electric, hybrid and hydrogen propulsion. The analyses allowed for the determination of the vehicles best suited to the needs of car-sharing. The results show the dominance of hydrogen-powered vehicles over conventional, hybrid and electric vehicles. What is more, it was determined that the most important criteria are the purchase price of the vehicle and energy/fuel consumption per 100 km. The obtained results are a guide to proceeding when making decisions regarding the implementation or modernization of the fleet in car-sharing systems. The results also support achieving more sustainable urban mobility in the zero-emission trend through hydrogen mobility.

Transport drogowy towarow w panstwach Europy wiąze sie najcześciej z poborem oplat drogowych. Celem artykulu jest zaprezentowanie roznych systemow dzialających w wybranych europejskich krajach, opisanie sposobow ich dzialania, a takze zaprezentowanie cen, ktore przewoźnik bedzie zobowiązany zaplacic. W artykule omowiono idee pobierania oplat drogowych, przedstawiono kraje uzywające czytnikow drogowych do pobierania oplaty oraz wykorzystujące systemy bezczytnikowe, jak rowniez uzywające kilku roznych systemow poboru oplat drogowych. Planując przejazd przez kilka krajow nalezy uwzglednic rozne oplaty, moze to byc nie tylko oplata za przejechane kilometry, ale rowniez przykladowo oplata za przejazd tunelem, mostem, czy przeprawe promową. Wszystkie te zagadnienia zostaly przedstawione w artykule.

In recent decades, service companies have started to use marketing tools, so far used only in industry, leading to the fact that the service has become a commodity. The dynamic development of enterprises providing services to companies and final customers together with growing competition to survive on the market must aim to improve the quality of services offered and maintain them at the highest level. The article presents an analysis of the quality of driver training centre services.

The article presents the issues related to the transport of municipal waste. The legal requirements relating to waste transport, a list of necessary documentation for conducting this type of activity and the required marking of vehicles are discussed. Logistics strategies related to the activities aimed at the implementation of municipal waste collection from the example of the city residents were also shown, allowing to limit the costs associated with this activity. De-scribed are waste collection systems and the most frequently used transport systems based on the criterion of the number of means of transport used for waste disposal. The article also contains information on the means of transport used. Finally, the costs of the example company for the means of transport used to collect municipal waste were analysed and factors important for the formation of these costs were presented. The article has been divided into two separate parts.

The task of the truck driver to transport cargo is subject to the regula-tions and safety rules. Activities performed by the driver are connect-ed with the risk of injury, complications or even death. Taking into account employee safety, one of the most important aspects is to define safe working time standards that minimize the risk of fatigue during driving. The purpose of this article is to identify hazards and determine the occupational risk at the truck driver's workplace.

In recent years, dynamic development of transport companies can be observed. Poland is a country that stands out against the background of a multitude of companies dealing in heavy road transport. The aim of the article is to analyse key elements in the context of the delivery of liquid products. The basic elements of the transport system have been described and explained. The article provides the reader with the basic knowledge of transporting liquid food articles, including information on legal and quality standards regulating the transport safety of this type of transport.

The article presents the issues related to the transport of municipal waste. The legal requirements relating to waste transport, a list of necessary documentation for conducting this type of activity and the required marking of vehicles are discussed. Logistics strategies related to the activities aimed at the implementation of municipal waste collection from the example of the city residents were also shown, allowing to limit the costs associated with this activity. De-scribed are waste collection systems and the most frequently used transport systems based on the criterion of the number of means of transport used for waste disposal. The article also contains information on the means of transport used. Finally, the costs of the example company for the means of transport used to collect municipal waste were analysed and factors important for the formation of these costs were presented. The article has been divided into two separate parts.

Transport is one of the main urban logistics issues. The discussion on the development of transport systems, expressed in consecutive EU White Papers and communications, highlights two main challenges, i.e. the need to change the modal split, including the growing role of public, rail and intermodal transport, as well as changes in energy sources. The response to the second challenge includes, inter alia, electromobility. Technological advancement turned the electric vehicle into a real alternative to the conventional car, especially in urban areas. This enabled to reduce the negative impact of transport on the environment (e.g. reduced emission and energy consumption) which did not require a major increase in the use of public transport.

The car-sharing market is changing at a dynamic pace. Along with changes and new user habits, car-sharing systems are required to make this market even more accessible and flexible. This solution is possible due to the joining of Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) systems and the sharing of data, as well as the implementation of open innovations. However, these are aspects that strongly interfere with the business models of car-sharing systems. Due to this fact, this article is dedicated to the subject of business models in car-sharing systems and the issues of using data sharing and implementing open innovations. This study aimed to analyze the current state of business models and to propose an individual business model of an open car-sharing system based on the concept of open innovation and data sharing. As part of the study, expert surveys were carried out. The results obtained indicate that the dynamics of business models and the development of innovation in car-sharing enterprises are being disrupted. Moreover, most of the current business models are not updated. They also do not consider the subject of open innovation and data sharing, despite operators considering this problem to be significant. The individual model of an open car-sharing system developed in this article was constructed in such a way as to support operators during the transformation of current business models into a modern open model.

Due to the constantly growing number of vehicles on the roads and the progressive development of cities, road infrastructure and the construction of new communication routes, noise has become an indispensable element of our lives. It accompanies us practically around the clock and is one of the factors that degrade the environment and is a source of nuisance for people living near roads. The article presents the results of the research on traffic noise occurring in the vicinity of selected communication routes of the Upper Silesian agglomeration.

The existing cycling infrastructure on the Gdansk - Hel route is not ideal. Pomeranian Voivodship is still striving to improve its status by creating the Cycling Tourism Development Concept, which includes forecasts of changes for the coming years. This document includes plans for the development of bicycle routes, improved pavement on existing European and national routes, and the creation of biker-friendly places. However, all voivodship authorities' plans focus on facilities for cyclists moving on traditional vehicles. This article, based on available literature and market offers, presents a project of infrastructure necessary to navigate the Gdansk - Hel route with two-track vehicles equipped with an electric support system.

The transport of goods to customers is an important element of the operations of manufacturing enterprises. Optimally managed distribution network and vehicle fleet are the key factors that allow to significantly reduce delivery costs. Clearly visible effects of reducing transport costs can be obtained through proper route planning, including the order of serving individual recipients. The aim of the article is to present a way to find a solution that allows improving the distribution process of perishable products to many recipients on the example of one of the routes served by the example company. In finding the optimal solution, tools based on the optimization problem called the "traveling salesman problem" (TSP) were used. Tools have been described to facilitate better planning of delivery routes to recipients using one means of transport. An algorithm is presented that allows to optimize the use of the means of transport while reducing transport costs and increasing work efficiency by minimizing the time of transport service provision.

Electric bicycles are becoming more and more popular in Poland. They are a source of recreation and physical activity for people with cardiovascular or motor system diseases. The construction of these vehicles does not differ significantly from the ordinary bicycle, it is distinguished only by the engine and the battery, which help in the process of propulsion. The article describes the current state of development of electric bicycles in the aspect of their use as future-oriented ecological means of transport.

Pomeranian Voivodship thanks to the diversity of nature and terrain - the plains in Żuławy, hills in Kashubia, is a great area for cycling tourism. Pomeranian voivodship offers bicycle routes for both professional cyclists and those who cycle on a recreational trip. Cycling in this province has been developing very rapidly in recent years through the construction of new bicycle paths, organizing events for cyclists such as cycling critical mass, or improving existing road infrastructure, so as to minimize the risk of cyclists from other road users. This article reviews the existing bicycle routes in the Pomeranian Voivodship.

In many Polish cities, an increase in investments in the area of cycling infrastructure can be noticed. This is a direct result of increased interest in cycling as a means of everyday transport as well as a way to spend free time. Forecasts show that this trend will continue and interest in cycling will not diminish. Therefore, it seems advisable to pay attention to a number of aspects related to the operation of this type of transport, including the most important system in which the bicycle is equipped, i.e. the braking system. The article presents selected problems regarding the operation of bicycle brake systems.

The article presents the development of urban car-sharing systems. In recent years, we have observed substantial increase in the number of such systems implemented all over the world. The number of users has also been rapidly growing which translates into the impact car-sharing services have on transportation behaviour. Additionally, the process contributes to changes of the modal split. The analysis presented covers systems in operation in Europe, Asia and North America. The article is divided into two parts. The first one presents historical development of car-sharing systems, whereas the second, prospects for their development in 2020-2025.

The article discusses logistic centres in Europe, legal changes and directions for their development in the European Union that has led to an increased cross border flow of goods and the need to continue the process. The article identifies major features of logistics centres and presents a comparison of various types of conceptual objectives for logistics centres in Europe. The analysis has been used to develop a list of features collated with the variety of concepts and current market requirements in relation to such issues as sustainable development and corporate social responsibility.

The current difficult situation in the world caused by the spread of the COVID-19 virus has led to the development of problems in many branches of the economy. However, it has significantly affected transport, which on the one hand, is the bloodstream of the economy and, on the other hand, creates a threat for virus infection. Thus, in various countries, different mobility-related restrictions during pandemic policies around the world have been introduced. What is more, plans for initiatives after lockdown have also started to appear. Moreover, not have only cities introduced appropriate management policies, but companies have also started providing logistics services, especially those offering new mobility solutions. We found a literature and research gap indicating the recording or combination of the different types of business practices and innovations used worldwide in new mobility companies in the case of a pandemic situation. Therefore, this article is dedicated to the business innovations that appear in the new mobility industry during the COVID-19 pandemic in connection to post-pandemic transportation plans in Asia, Europe, and America. In this work, we conducted two-level research based on the desk research and expert research methodologies. From the business point of view, the results show that car-sharing systems (most organizational practices) and ride-sharing services (most safety practices) have most adapted their business models to pandemic changes. In turn, bike-sharing services have implemented the fewest business practices and innovations. From the urban transport systems point of view, the results show that European authorities have proposed the most plans and practice projects for new mobility after the pandemic compared to Asia and America. The obtained results indicate, however, that business practices do not coincide with the authorities’ plans for transport after the pandemic. Moreover, the results show a lack of complementarity between the developed practices and a reluctance to create open innovations in the new mobility industry. The article supports the management of new mobility systems in times of pandemic and in post-COVID reality.

The work was dedicated to the topic of “bike-sharing systems”, or short-term bicycle rentals, available in modern and smart cities. The aim of the article is to present how travel databases can facilitate management and development of bike-sharing solutions. The article is based on a case study of a bike-sharing system in Budapest. The article also includes a statistical analysis based on data collected in 2017 and 2018. Research results on travelling in specific years enable, among others, to predict seasonal changes, as well as determine the attractiveness of individual docking stations. The article contains selected research results in this area.

The work was dedicated to the topic of riding e-scooters in urban transport systems. These kind of new mobility solution is becoming more and more popular in the case of shared mobility operators and also the new social trend. It has been noticed by the authors that the appearance of a large number of e-scooters in urban traffic conditions, has caused many problems related to safety and legal issues. That problems occur in issues related to moving and park e-scooters on the streets, intersections as well as pavements. Because of that fact, the authors tried to indicate conditions for flowing movement of e-scooters in the city. The aim of the work was to present the concept of rules and recommendations for riding individual and shared e-scooters in the road network. In addition, the text also gives global examples of how e-scooters operate in urban transport systems.

The recently observed increase in the number of car-sharing operators using a fleet of electric vehicles created an opportunity to expand existing ecological travel chains. Electromobility is one of travelling options that reduces the transport carbon footprint. The goal of the chapter is to draw attention to the need of using car-sharing to promote environmentally friendly behavior and overcome concerns related to using an electric vehicle. The work presents the development of electric car-sharing in Europe and indicates challenges for further expansion of electromobility. By adding electric-car-sharing to the travel chain, the perception of ecological travelling significantly changes, since it combines various advantages for the user (e.g., comfort of travelling and individual trip) and a positive effect of such a choice on the environment and the city.

The paper describes car-sharing, a model of short-term rental of vehicles used in urban transport systems. The article focuses on the analysis of specific factors pertaining to car-sharing systems, such as their availability, car fleet operated and fees. For in-depth identification of the problem, selected systems operating in Europe and Asia have been examined. The review also covered both large operators, whose systems operate in several cities of a given country, as well as small operators, who have just entered the market. The aim of the paper is to review existing car-sharing systems in European and Asian cities. The analysis highlighted the differences between functioning systems. The experience in operating those systems can be a source of knowledge for operators and people managing urban transport systems when implementing new car-sharing services, as well as improving already existing systems.

The global spread of the COVID-19 virus has led to difficulties in many branches of the economy, including significant effects on the urban transport industry. Thus, countries around the world have introduced different mobility policies during the pandemic. Due to government restrictions and the changed behaviors of transport users, companies providing modern urban mobility solutions were forced to introduce new business practices to their services. These practices are also apparent in the context of the electric shared mobility industry. Although many aspects and problems of electric shared mobility have been addressed in scientific research, pandemic scenarios have not been taken into account. Noticing this research gap, we aimed to update a previously developed model of factors that influence the operation of electric shared mobility by incorporating aspects related to the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on this industry. This article aims to identify the main factors influencing the electric shared mobility industry during the COVID-19 and post-lockdown periods, together with their operation areas and the involved stakeholders. The research was carried out on the basis of expert interviews, social network analysis (SNA), and the use of the R environment. The article also presents sustainable transport management recommendations for cities and transport service operators, which can be implemented after a lockdown caused by an epidemic. The results in this paper can be used to support transport modeling and the creation of new policies, business models, and sustainable development recommendations. The contents will also be helpful to researchers worldwide in preparing literature reviews for articles related to sustainable management in the COVID-19 pandemic reality.

Diversity management is a long-term process, which more and more attention to attach organizations in all industries, including in the area of TSL (Transport-Shipping-Logistics). The key is to notice and appreciate the differences between employees and understand that proper working conditions allow for optimal use of the potential of a diverse team. The article explains the concept of diversity and corporate social responsibility, and also presented the organization's approach from the TSL sector to diversity.

The article presented the analysis of progress CSR good practices areas in logistic companies. Authors considered areas of good practices, which were reported by DB Schenker and Raben Group to “Responsible Business in Poland. Good Practices” from 2010 to 2014. The authors also verified the occurrence of niche in logistic CSR areas, which could be used by the other companies that starts their CSR activities.

Nowadays, the concept of new mobility solutions like shared mobility systems is becoming more and more popular in current transport systems. The next technological step will be the idea of replacing traditional vehicles with autonomous ones. Because autonomous vehicles are a new concept in the automotive market, we dedicated this article to the idea of using autonomous vehicles as a part of car-sharing systems in intelligent, urban transport systems. The research herein is focused on the economic aspects of using autonomous vehicles in comparison to the classic car fleet available in car-sharing systems and to vehicles that belong to individual owners. We present our method for appropriate fleet selection based on the Delphi method and the calculations made through a scientific experiment performed based on Hartley&rsquo, s plan. The results indicate the relation of travel parameters (including vehicle type) to the total cost of travel in urban transport systems. We also present the main terms related to autonomous vehicles. This article provides support for people who want to deepen knowledge about autonomous vehicles and new mobility solutions used in urban transport systems.

The article was dedicated to the topic of energy consumption of driving cars equipped with an electric motor. Due to the emerging demands for the excessive use of energy by vehicles (including car-sharing system vehicles), the authors carried out research to determine factors that affect the energy consumption. Due to the occurrence of a research gap related to the lack of reliable scientific information regarding real electricity consumption by vehicles used in car-sharing systems, the authors attempted to determine these values based on the proposed research experiment. The purpose of the research was to identify factors that increase energy consumption while driving in the case of car-sharing systems and developing recommendations for users of car-sharing systems and system operators in relation to energy consumption. Based on data received from car-sharing system operators and to their demands that users move cars uneconomically and use too much energy, the authors performed a scientific experiment based on Hartley’s plan. The authors made journeys with electric cars from car-sharing (measurements) in order to compare real consumption with data obtained from operators. As a result, the authors developed a list of factors that negatively affect the energy consumption of electric vehicles from car-sharing systems. As conclusion, a number of recommendations were developed for car-sharing system operators on how to manage their systems to reduce excessive energy consumption in electric vehicles.

The transport system in many cities is becoming overloaded due to the increasing number of travels, a large share of which involve passenger cars. One of the solutions improving transport system functioning is based on a concept of changing the behaviour of travellers and of increasing the share of travels using means of transportation dedicated by the city (urban public transport, city bicycle and car rental systems). This change, even if implemented only on some travel sections, may lead to a substantial reduction of the negative impact of transport on the environment (in terms of emissions as well as of the space occupied). The paper proposes to integrate transport in cities by using automated multi-storey large-capacity garages in certain locations. A case study is also presented here for the Upper Silesian Conurbation, describing the potential impact on the transport system in that urban area. The proposed solution may also be used in different areas.

The present paper deals with the subject of the road infrastructure element, which is a roundabout intersection. The paper refers to the basic information and research conducted on the subject of roundabouts in international scientific publications. On their basis, a thematic niche concerning proper way to navigate the roundabouts and the interpretation of legal provision was noticed. Due to this fact, the authors analyzed the concept of ‘roundabout’ in terms of Polish legislation. In addition, the most frequent safety problems and mistakes made by drivers while driving through these types of intersections are described. In addition, the authors also referred to the sanctions that are applied to drivers in the event of improper use of roundabouts. The aim of the paper is to present the study on roundabouts in Polish conditions in the legal context, as well as to indicate the most common safety problems concerning the use of the roundabouts and sanctions related to improper drivers behavior when entering this type of intersection.

This thesis was conducted on one of the sustainable solution in mobility-shared, short-term service of using cars- car-sharing. In view of the growing popularity of car-sharing services in Polish towns and wide variety of functioning systems, the article presents current state of car-sharing systems in Poland. Authors present the review of Polish market. The analysis was performed on entities providing car-sharing recommending their services and their variety in depending upon registration in system, data verification, type of system and method of rental, localization, used fleet vehicles and cost of services.

Summary. The article was presented a practical approach to the non-profit national transport of domestic animals. Authors tried to create a kind of tutorial which would facilitate decisions associated with the animal transport. The article contains advices related to the safety of pets and their caregivers during the transport. Authors also discussed aspects of the dangers and penalties waiting drivers that transport their animals in incorrect way. In addition was presented range of security forms used in domestic transport (transporters, cages, transport bags etc.) and practical advices connected with parameters that need to be considered during buying appropriate security form.

The work was dedicated to the application of the concept of a system of urban public bicycle as an alternative means of transport in Polish cities. Authors presented operating systems on Polish territory, then referred to the usage statistics by individual customers self-service bike–sharing. They showed differences in the functioning and availability of systems and presenting in detail the principle of bike reservation by Wavelo system that is functioning in Cracow. The article also presents the advantages and disadvantages of the bike-sharing system. The aim of the study was to present the concept of self-service public bicycle rental system in Poland and its availability, popularity and prospects for future development.

The following paper is meant to illustrate the use of the idea of bike-sharing system in urban logistics. In their work, the authors referred to cycling in Poland and to the Poles’ attitude towards the use of the bike as an alternative means of transport in the city. The idea of self-service public bike rental system has been widely presented in the article. Further, the components of the architecture system have been discussed. The authors presented the principle of functioning of the self-service public bike rental system, called bike-sharing, as well as its transport accessibility in cities in Poland. Moreover, the authors illustrated the principle of functioning of the system by the case of public bike rental in the city of Katowice, called ‘City by Bike’, and in the city of Cracow, called ‘Wavelo’. The main aim of the work was to present the idea of self-service public bike rental (bike sharing), its functionality and chosen examples.

Short-term car-sharing rentals are becoming increasingly popular in the urban transport systems world-wide Along with their development, the existing concepts are being also improved e.g. by means of introducing new fleets of vehicles, improving the task-oriented efficiency of vehicles, as well as by maintaining the economic capacity of the system.According to the recent trend, many scientific studies are undertaken with an attempt to analyse various social, environmental or economic aspects related to the practical introduction of these systems. The niche area still to be exploited, however, is the research focusing directly on vehicles, i.e. a fleet of vehicles used in car-sharing systems, and on the issues related to its operation. The authors have focused basically on compiling a list of the most frequently used vehicles in car-sharing systems, defining vehicle classes and determining the type of their propulsion. Then they developed a list of maintenance issues, including daily service. Furthermore, they attempted to provide an inventory of main damages that may occur in car-sharing vehicles depending on the given vehicle mileage. The paper finally aims at raising awareness among the users of these systems regarding the activities related to the operation of a motor vehicle and its regular service.

Praca zostala poświecona tematyce koncepcji spolecznej odpowiedzialności biznesu (ang. CSR – Corporate Social Responsibility) w nawiązaniu do zarządzania przedsiebiorstwami branzy Transport-Spedycja-Logistyka (TSL). Autorzy dokonali przeglądu i charakterystyki mozliwych form zarządzania w myśl idei CSR, a nastepnie odnieśli je do organizacji reprezentujących arene TSL. Ponadto, autorzy przeprowadzili analize źrodel zastanych (20. i 21. Rankingu Firm TSL Dziennika Gazety Prawnej), na podstawie ktorej starali sie określic poziom zaangazowania branzy w dzialania na rzecz CSR.