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ZusammenfassungTrotz eines Anstiegs der Sportpartizipation in Deutschland in den vergangenen 30 Jahren ist der Organisationsgrad im Sportverein in dieser Zeit konstant geblieben. Eine mögliche Erklärung dafür ist die Pluralisierung der ausgeübten Sportarten mit einer Zunahme der Präferenz von Individualsportarten. Dieser Beitrag untersucht daher zunächst, ob sich ein Trend in Richtung Individualsportarten für Jugendliche in Deutschland tatsächlich empirisch beobachten lässt und in welchem Setting diese hauptsächlich ausgeübt werden. Vor dem Hintergrund von Bourdieus Kapitaltheorie ist davon auszugehen, dass die Ausprägung von kulturellem, ökonomischem und sozialem Kapital den sportbezogenen Habitus und somit auch die Sportartpräferenz und das Setting beeinflusst. In einem weiteren Schritt wird daher überprüft, welche Determinanten sowohl die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass eine Individualsportart die wichtigste für einen Jugendlichen darstellt, als auch in welchem Setting diese ausgeübt wird, beeinflussen. Dafür wird die binär-logistische Regression angewendet.Für die Analysen stehen Daten von insgesamt 4365 Jugendlichen aus dem sozioökonomischen Panel (SOEP) von 2000 bis 2018 zur Verfügung. Im Zeitverlauf ist eine Zunahme von Individualsport als präferierter Sportart zu erkennen. Zudem zeigt sich, dass diese im Zeitverlauf seltener im Verein und häufiger in kommerziellen Einrichtungen betrieben werden, konstant am häufigsten aber privat. Mädchen und Jugendliche ohne Migrationshintergrund haben eine höhere Wahrscheinlichkeit, eine Individualsportart zu präferieren. Diese steigt zusätzlich mit dem Vorhandensein von eigenem und elterlichem kulturellen Kapital und sinkt bei einer hohen Schulform und hohem sozialen Kapital. Kulturelles und ökonomisches Kapital senken die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass die präferierte Individualsportart privat ausgeführt wird. Soziales Kapital steigert die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass sie vereinsgebunden durchgeführt wird.

Obesity predisposes individuals to metabolic syndrome, which increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and type 2 diabetes. A pathological manifestation of obesity is the activation of the coagulation system. In turn, extravascular fibrin(ogen) deposits accumulate in adipose tissues and liver. These deposits promote adiposity and downstream sequelae by driving pro-inflammatory macrophage function through binding the leukocyte integrin receptor αAn unresolved question is whether conversion of soluble fibrinogen to a crosslinked fibrin matrix is required to exacerbate obesity-driven diseases.Here, fibrinogen-deficient/depleted mice (Fib- or treated with siRNA against fibrinogen [siFga]), mice expressing fibrinogen that cannot polymerize to fibrin (FibConsistent with prior studies, Fib𝛾

A partir da abordagem ecológica da atenção de Citton (2017), este artigo apresenta diferentes qualidades da escuta, que se dispõem em camadas entrelaçadas. Com base nas ideias de Barthes, Freud e Nancy acerca da escuta, o estudo identifica nela três dimensões, que funcionam de modo simultâneo e circular na composição de uma ecologia atencional – escuta focalizada, escuta que ressoa e escuta pelas costas. Em articulação com o conceito de ritornelo de Deleuze e Guattari (1997), é possível entender como essas dimensões da escuta atuam na criação de um território de pesquisa e concorrem para uma formação inventiva do pesquisador.

The optimal treatment for patients with asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis is under debate. Since best medical treatment (BMT) has improved over time, the benefit of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) or carotid artery stenting (CAS) is unclear. Randomised data comparing the effect of CEA and CAS versus BMT alone are absent. We aimed to directly compare CEA plus BMT with CAS plus BMT and both with BMT only.SPACE-2 was a multicentre, randomised, controlled trial at 36 study centres in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland. We enrolled participants aged 50-85 years with asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis at the distal common carotid artery or the extracranial internal carotid artery of at least 70%, according to European Carotid Surgery Trial criteria. Initially designed as a three-arm trial including one group for BMT alone (with a randomised allocation ratio of 2·9:2·9:1), the SPACE-2 study design was amended (due to slow recruitment) to become two substudies with two arms each comparing CEA plus BMT with BMT alone (SPACE-2a) and CAS plus BMT with BMT alone (SPACE-2b); in each case in a 1:1 randomisation. Participants and clinicians were not masked to allocation. The primary efficacy endpoint was the cumulative incidence of any stroke or death from any cause within 30 days or any ipsilateral ischaemic stroke within 5 years. The primary safety endpoint was any stroke or death from any cause within 30 days after CEA or CAS. The primary analysis was by intention-to treat, which included all randomly assigned patients in SPACE-2, SPACE-2a, and SPACE-2b, analysed using meta-analysis of individual patient data. We did two-step hierarchical testing to first show superiority of CEA and CAS to BMT alone then to assess non-inferiority of CAS to CEA. Originally, we planned to recruit 3640 patients; however, the study had to be stopped prematurely due to insufficient recruitment. This report presents the primary analysis at 5-year follow-up. This trial is registered with ISRCTN, number ISRCTN78592017.513 patients across SPACE-2, SPACE-2a, and SPACE-2b were recruited and surveyed between July 9, 2009, and Dec 12, 2019, of whom 203 (40%) were allocated to CEA plus BMT, 197 (38%) to CAS plus BMT, and 113 (22%) to BMT alone. Median follow-up was 59·9 months (IQR 46·6-60·0). The cumulative incidence of any stroke or death from any cause within 30 days or any ipsilateral ischaemic stroke within 5 years (primary efficacy endpoint) was 2·5% (95% CI 1·0-5·8) with CEA plus BMT, 4·4% (2·2-8·6) with CAS plus BMT, and 3·1% (1·0-9·4) with BMT alone. Cox proportional-hazard testing showed no difference in risk for the primary efficacy endpoint for CEA plus BMT versus BMT alone (hazard ratio [HR] 0·93, 95% CI 0·22-3·91; p=0·93) or for CAS plus BMT versus BMT alone (1·55, 0·41-5·85; p=0·52). Superiority of CEA or CAS to BMT was not shown, therefore non-inferiority testing was not done. In both the CEA group and the CAS group, five strokes and no deaths occurred in the 30-day period after the procedure. During the 5-year follow-up period, three ipsilateral strokes occurred in both the CAS plus BMT and BMT alone group, with none in the CEA plus BMT group.CEA plus BMT or CAS plus BMT were not found to be superior to BMT alone regarding risk of any stroke or death within 30 days or ipsilateral stroke during the 5-year observation period. Because of the small sample size, results should be interpreted with caution.German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and German Research Foundation (DFG).

Die hochschulübergreifende Summer School Fachdidaktik Ernährung und Hauswirtschaft führt fachliche Expertisen zusammen und fördert neue Zugänge zur Fachdidaktik in der beruflichen Fachrichtung Ernährung und Hauswirtschaft. Sie bietet die Chance ein breites Spektrum transformativer Themenfelder je nach genuiner Ausrichtung der Hochschulstandorte aufzugreifen.

**Zusammenfassung** Es konnte vielfach empirisch nachgewiesen werden, dass sich das Vorhandensein eines Migrationshintergrunds bei Mädchen im Jugendalter negativ auf ein Sportengagement in organisierter Form auswirkt. Dennoch existieren Forschungslücken, die mit den Analysen der vorliegenden Studie geschlossen werden sollen. Es wird überprüft, (1) wie sich die Beteiligung am (organisierten) Sport von 2000 bis 2018 entwickelt, (2) welche sozialstrukturellen Faktoren die Beteiligung der Gruppe der Mädchen mit Migrationshintergrund beeinflussen und (3) welche Sportarten ausgeübt werden. Diesen Fragen wird quantitativ-empirisch mit Daten des Sozioökonomischen Panels (SOEP) nachgegangen, wobei die Fragen (1) und (3) mit deskriptiven Verfahren und Frage (2) mit einer binär-logistischen Regressionsanalyse zu beantworten versucht werden. Für die Analyse stehen Daten von 954 Mädchen mit und 2616 ohne Migrationshintergrund, die in Deutschland leben, zur Verfügung. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Mädchen mit Migrationshintergrund seltener Sport treiben als Mädchen ohne und sich diese Quoten auch im Zeitvergleich nicht annähern. Vor allem türkeistämmige Mädchen und solche aus Ländern der ehemaligen Sowjetunion partizipieren seltener. Auf der anderen Seite erhöht der Besuch einer Gesamtschule und vor allem eines Gymnasiums die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass Mädchen mit Migrationshintergrund organisiert Sport ausüben, deutlich. Mädchen mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund üben im Zeitverlauf häufiger Fitnesssport aus, wohingegen Ballsportarten zurückgehen, bei Mädchen mit Migrationshintergrund ist dieser Trend noch stärker., **Abstract** Many studies have shown that the existence of a migration background has a negative effect on the organized sport participation of young females. However, there are research gaps that the current analyses close. It is observed (1) how the participation in (organized) sport develops from 2000–2018, (2) which social-structural factors effect the participation within the group of girls with a migration background and (3) which groups of sports are practiced. The research questions are answered with quantitative-empirical methods by using data from the Socio-economic Panel (SOEP). For questions (1) and (3) descriptive statistics are used, for question (2) the binary-logistic regression is needed. In sum, data from 954 girls with and 2616 without migration background, resident in Germany, are used. The results show that girls with a migration background participate less in sport than ones without, these proportions do not change over time. Especially, girls with a Turkish background show a rare participation. On the other hand, visiting comprehensive school (in Germany: Gesamtschule) or especially grammar school (in Germany: Gymnasium) increases the chance to participate in organized sport for girls with a migration background significantly. Girls with and without a migration background participate more often in fitness over time and less in ball sports. For girls with a migration background this effect is even stronger.

Background and study aims Hemostatic powders are increasingly used to address limitations in conventional endoscopic techniques for gastrointestinal bleeding. Various agents exist with different compositions, characteristics, efficacy, and adverse events (AEs). We sought to review existing hemostatic powders, from preclinical to established agents. Methods A literature review on hemostatic powders for gastrointestinal bleeding was undertaken through a MEDLINE search from 2000–2021 and hand searching of articles. Relevant literature was critically appraised and reviewed for mechanism of action, hemostasis and rebleeding rate, factors associated with hemostatic failure, and AEs. Results The most established agents are TC-325 (Hemospray), EndoClot, and Ankaferd Blood Stopper (ABS). These agents have been successfully applied to a variety of upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding etiologies, in the form of primary, combination, salvage, and bridging therapy. Few AEs have been reported, including visceral perforation, venous embolism, and self-limited abdominal pain. Newer agents include CEGP-003 and UI-EWD, which have shown results similar to those for the older agents in initial clinical studies. All aforementioned powders have high immediate hemostasis rates, particularly in scenarios not amenable to conventional endoscopic methods, but are limited by significant rates of rebleeding. Other treatments include TDM-621 (PuraStat) consisting of a liquid hemostatic agent newly applied to endoscopy and self-propelling thrombin powder (CounterFlow Powder), a preclinical but promising agent. Conclusions Rapid development of hemostatic powders and growing clinical expertise has established these agents as a valuable strategy in gastrointestinal bleeding. Further research will continue to refine the efficacy and applicability of these agents.

Noncompressible truncal hemorrhage (NCTH) remains a leading cause of preventable death on the battlefield. Definitively managing severe NCTH requires surgery within the first hour after injury, which is difficult when evacuating casualties from remote and austere environments. During delays to surgery, hemostatic interventions that are performed prehospital can prevent coagulopathy and hemorrhagic shock and increase the likelihood that casualties survive to receive definitive care. We previously reported that a self-propelling thrombin-containing powder (SPTP) can be delivered percutaneously into the abdomen as a minimally invasive intervention and can self-disperse through pooled blood to deliver the hemostatic agents thrombin and tranexamic acid locally to noncompressible intracavitary wounds. We hypothesized that, in swine with massive NCTH, dilutional coagulopathy, and hypothermia, delivering SPTP could extend survival times.Ten swine (n = 5 per group) underwent NCTH from a Grade V liver injury following a midline laparotomy. The laparotomy was closed with sutures afterwards, creating a hemoperitoneum, and animals were managed with crystalloid fluid resuscitation, or crystalloid resuscitation and SPTP. Self-propelling thrombin-containing powder was delivered into the closed abdomen using a CO 2 -powered spray device and a catheter placed into the hemoperitoneum, entering through the upper right quadrant using the Seldinger technique. Survival to 1 and 3 hours was recorded. In an additional animal, hemorrhage was created laparoscopically, and SPTP was imaged in situ within the abdomen to visually track dispersion of the particles.Self-propelling thrombin-containing powder dispersed as far as 35 ± 5.0 cm within the abdomen. It increased survival to 1 and 3 hours (Kaplan-Meier p = 0.007 for both). The median survival time was 61 minutes with SPTP and 31 minutes without ( p = 0.016).Self-propelling thrombin-containing powder effectively disperses medications throughout a hemoperitoneum and increases survival in a model of NCTH. It is a promising strategy for nonsurgical management of NCTH, warranting further testing of its safety and efficacy.

Non-compressible intra-abdominal hemorrhage (NCIAH) is a major cause of preventable death on the battlefield and in civilian trauma. Currently, it can only be definitively managed with surgery, as there are limited strategies for controlling ongoing NCIAH in the prehospital environment. We hypothesized that a self-propelling thrombin-containing powder (SPTP) could increase survival in a swine model of NCIAH when delivered percutaneously into the closed abdomen using an engineered spray system.Nineteen swine underwent surgical laparotomy followed by a Grade V liver injury that created massive hemorrhage, before closing the abdomen with sutures. Animals either received treatment with standard of care fluid resuscitation (n=9) or the SPTP spray system (n=10), which consisted of a spray device and a 14 Fr catheter. Using the spray system, SPTP was delivered into a hemoperitoneum identified using a focused assessment with sonography in trauma (FAST) exam. Lactated Ringer's solution was administered to all animals to maintain a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of50 mmHg. The primary outcome was percentage of animals surviving at three hours following injury.In the swine model of NCIAH, a greater percentage of animals receiving SPTP survived to three hours, although differences were not significant. The SPTP spray system increased the median survival of animals from 1.6 hr in the fluid resuscitation group to 4.3 hr. The SPTP spray system delivered a total mass of 18.5 ± 1.0 g of SPTP. The mean change in intra-abdominal pressure following SPTP delivery was 5.2 ± 1.8 mmHg (mean ± SEM). The intervention time was 6.7 ± 1.7 min. No adverse effects related to the SPTP formulation or the spray system were observed. SPTP was especially beneficial in animals that had either severely elevated lactate concentrations or low mean arterial pressure of35 mmHg shortly after injury.This demonstrates proof-of-concept for use of a new minimally invasive procedure for managing NCIAH, which could extend survival time to enable patients to reach definitive surgical care.

Genetic variants within the fibrinogen Aα chain encoding the αC-region commonly result in hypodysfibrinogenemia in patients. However, the (patho)physiological consequences and underlying mechanisms of such mutations remain undefined. Here, we generated Fga270 mice carrying a premature termination codon within the Fga gene at residue 271. The Fga270 mutation was compatible with Mendelian inheritance for offspring of heterozygous crosses. Adult Fga270/270 mice were hypofibrinogenemic with ∼10% plasma fibrinogen levels relative to FgaWT/WT mice, linked to 90% reduction in hepatic Fga messenger RNA (mRNA) because of nonsense-mediated decay of the mutant mRNA. Fga270/270 mice had preserved hemostatic potential in vitro and in vivo in models of tail bleeding and laser-induced saphenous vein injury, whereas Fga−/− mice had continuous bleeding. Platelets from FgaWT/WT and Fga270/270 mice displayed comparable initial aggregation following adenosine 5′-diphosphate stimulation, but Fga270/270 platelets quickly disaggregated. Despite ∼10% plasma fibrinogen, the fibrinogen level in Fga270/270 platelets was ∼30% of FgaWT/WT platelets with a compensatory increase in fibronectin. Notably, Fga270/270 mice showed complete protection from thrombosis in the inferior vena cava stasis model. In a model of Staphylococcus aureus peritonitis, Fga270/270 mice supported local, fibrinogen-mediated bacterial clearance and host survival comparable to FgaWT/WT, unlike Fga−/− mice. Decreasing the normal fibrinogen levels to ∼10% with small interfering RNA in mice also provided significant protection from venous thrombosis without compromising hemostatic potential and antimicrobial function. These findings both reveal novel molecular mechanisms underpinning fibrinogen αC-region truncation mutations and highlight the concept that selective fibrinogen reduction may be efficacious for limiting thrombosis while preserving hemostatic and immune protective functions.

The Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak in Brazil between 2015 and 2016 was associated with an increased prevalence of severe congenital malformations, including microcephaly. Notably, the distribution of microcephaly cases was not uniform across the country, with a disproportionately higher incidence recorded in the Northeast region (NE). Our previous work demonstrated that saxitoxin (STX), a toxin ubiquitously present in the drinking water reservoirs of the NE, exacerbated the damaging effects of ZIKV on the developing brain. In the present study, we hypothesized that STX’s impact might vary among different neural cell types. Our experimental observations suggest that exposure to STX potentiates the neurotoxic effect of Zika Virus (ZIKV) on human neuronal cells. However, while ZIKV infection demonstrated severe impacts on astrocytes and neural stem cells (NSCs), the addition of STX did not exacerbate these effects. We observed that neurons subjected to STX exposure were more prone to apoptosis and displayed a higher number of ZIKV-infected cells. These findings suggest that STX exacerbates the harmful effects of ZIKV on neurons, thereby providing a plausible explanation for the heightened severity of ZIKV-induced congenital malformations observed in Brazil’s NE. This study underscores the importance of understanding the interactive effects of environmental toxins and infectious pathogens on neural development, with potential implications for public health policies and interventions.

O maracatu de baque virado é uma manifestação cultural afro-indígena brasileira que tem sido estudada pela musicologia e pelas ciências humanas e sociais. O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar algumas práticas de atenção produzidas nos cortejos de maracatu e sua relação com a construção de um comum no espaço público. As relações atencionais são analisadas em uma rede heterogênea composta pelo batuque, a dança, os instrumentos e o entorno. Tomamos como referência a abordagem da ecologia da atenção de Citton, bem como as ideias de Guattari e Simondon. Utilizando a cartografia como método de pesquisa-intervenção, destacamos uma qualidade de atenção conjunta a qual denominamos “pressão”, dedicada ao manejo metaestável de “sustentação do baque”, responsável por “não o deixar arriar” e por “fazer vadiar com gosto”. Concluímos sugerindo que os cortejos de maracatu de baque virado nas ruas podem suscitar uma ecologia de práticas promotoras de saúde no espaço público.

O livro de Virgínia Kastrup e Luciana Caliman é rico, claro e importante, a começar pelo seu título. A polaridade que estrutura o subtítulo é primeiramente política: todos os discursos voltados para as questões atencionais oscilam entre uma promessa de cuidado e vigília—benevolência, disponibilidade, preocupação—e uma ameaça de controle e vigilância—dominação, exploração, opressão. A segunda polaridade que dinamiza o título desta obra é mais discreta, mas igualmente importante. A bela expressão “cognição inventiva” é como um vulcão, tão potente quanto explosivo. Este livro traz uma riqueza de reflexões sobre os nossos próprios comportamentos atencionais e nos convida a cultivar a boa vigília, o bom cuidado, a vigília cuidadosa, o cuidado vigilante (bien-veiller): vigiar/cuidar com o outro, nos distanciando um pouco de nós mesmos através dos coletivos que formamos juntos, mas nos mantendo ligados uns nos outros por meio do nosso chão comum.

Zika virus (ZIKV) infection is a global public health concern linked to adult neurological disorders and congenital diseases in newborns. Host lipid metabolism, including lipid droplet (LD) biogenesis, has been associated with viral replication and pathogenesis of different viruses. However, the mechanisms of LD formation and their roles in ZIKV infection in neural cells are still unclear. Here, we demonstrate that ZIKV regulates the expression of pathways associated with lipid metabolism, including the upregulation and activation of lipogenesis-associated transcription factors and decreased expression of lipolysis-associated proteins, leading to significant LD accumulation in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells and in neural stem cells (NSCs). Pharmacological inhibition of DGAT-1 decreased LD accumulation and ZIKV replication in vitro in human cells and in an in vivo mouse model of infection. In accordance with the role of LDs in the regulation of inflammation and innate immunity, we show that blocking LD formation has major roles in inflammatory cytokine production in the brain. Moreover, we observed that inhibition of DGAT-1 inhibited the weight loss and mortality induced by ZIKV infection in vivo. Our results reveal that LD biogenesis triggered by ZIKV infection is a crucial step for ZIKV replication and pathogenesis in neural cells. Therefore, targeting lipid metabolism and LD biogenesis may represent potential strategies for anti-ZIKV treatment development.

BackgroundThe benefit of best medical treatment including intravenous alteplase (IVT) before mechanical thrombectomy (MT) in patients with acute ischemic stroke and extensive early ischemic changes on baseline CT remains uncertain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the benefit of IVT for patients with low ASPECTS (Alberta Stroke Programme Early CT Score) compared with patients with or without MT.MethodsThis multicenter study pooled consecutive patients with anterior circulation acute stroke and ASPECTS≤5 to analyze the impact of IVT on functional outcome, and to compare bridging IVT with direct MT. Functional endpoints were the rates of good (modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score ≤2) and very poor (mRS ≥5) outcome at day 90. Safety endpoint was the occurrence of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH).Results429 patients were included. 290 (68%) received IVT and 168 (39%) underwent MT. The rate of good functional outcome was 14.4% (95% CI 7.1% to 21.8%) for patients who received bridging IVT and 24.4% (95% CI 16.5% to 32.2%) for those who underwent direct MT. The rate of sICH was significantly higher in patients with bridging IVT compared with direct MT (17.8% vs 6.4%, p=0.004). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, IVT was significantly associated with very poor outcome (OR 2.22, 95% CI 1.05 to 4.73, p=0.04) and sICH (OR 3.44, 95% CI 1.18 to 10.07, p=0.02). Successful recanalization, age, and ASPECTS were associated with good functional outcome.ConclusionsBridging IVT in patients with low ASPECTS was associated with very poor functional outcome and an increased risk of sICH. The benefit of this treatment should therefore be carefully weighed in such scenarios. Further randomized controlled trials are required to validate our findings.

Introduction: Identifying differences in outcome of basilar artery occlusion (BAO) between males and females may be useful in aiding clinical management. Recent studies have demonstrated widespread underrepresentation of women in acute stroke clinical trials. This international multicentre study aimed to determine sex differences in outcome after mechanical thrombectomy (MT) for patients with acute BAO. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of consecutive patients with BAO who had undergone MT in seven stroke centres across five countries (Singapore, Taiwan, United Kingdom, Sweden, and Germany), between 2015 and 2020. Primary outcome was a favourable functional outcome measured by a modified Ranking Scale (mRS) of 0–3 at 90 days. Secondary outcomes were mRS 0–3 upon discharge, mortality, symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage (sICH) and subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). Results: Among the 322 patients who underwent MT, 206 (64.0%) patients were male and 116 (36.0%) were female. Females were older than males (mean ± SD 70.9 ± 14.3 years vs. 65.6 ± 133.6 years; p = 0.001) and had higher rates of atrial fibrillation (38.9% vs. 24.2%; p = 0.012). Time from groin puncture to reperfusion was shorter in females than males (mean ± SD 57.2 ± 37.2 min vs. 71.1 ± 50.9 min; p = 0.021). Despite these differences, primary and secondary outcome measures were similar in females and males, with comparable rates of favourable 90-day mRS scores (mean ± SD 46 ± 39.7 vs. 71 ± 34.5; OR = 1.20; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.59–2.43; p = 0.611), favourable discharge mRS scores (mean ± SD 39 ± 31.6 vs. 43 ± 25.9; OR = 1.38; 95% CI = 0.69–2.78; p = 0.368) and in-hospital mortality (mean ± SD 30 ± 25.9 vs. 47 ± 22.8; OR = 1.15; 95% CI = 0.55–2.43; p = 0.710. Rates of complications such as sICH (mean ± SD 5 ± 4.3 vs. 9 ± 4.4; OR = 0.46; 95% CI = 0.08–2.66; p = 0.385) and SAH (mean ± SD 4 ± 3.4 vs. 5 ± 2.4; OR = 0.29; 95% CI = 0.03–3.09; p = 0.303) comparably low in both groups. Conclusion: Females achieved comparable functional outcomes compared with males after undergoing MT for BAO acute ischemic stroke.

Background Osteoarthritis (OA) affects 20% of the adult Danish population, and the financial burden to society amounts to DKK 4.6 billion annually. Research suggests that up to 75% of surgical patients could have postponed an operation and managed with physical training. ERVIN.2 is an artificial intelligence (AI)-based clinical support system that addresses this problem by enhancing patient involvement in decisions concerning surgical knee and hip replacement. However, the clinical outcomes and cost-effectiveness of using such a system are scantily documented. Objective The primary objective is to investigate whether the usual care is non-inferior to ERVIN.2 supported care. The second objective is to determine if ERVIN.2 enhances clinical decision support and whether ERVIN.2 supported care is cost-effective. Methods This study used a single-centre, non-inferiority, randomised controlled in a two-arm parallel-group design. The study will be reported in compliance with CONSORT guidelines. The control group receives the usual care. As an add-on, the intervention group have access to baseline scores and predicted Oxford hip/knee scores and HRQoL for both the surgical and the non-surgical trajectory. A cost-utility analysis will be conducted alongside the trial using a hospital perspective, a 1-year time horizon and effects estimated using EQ-5D-3L. Results will be presented as cost per QALY gain. Discussion This study will bring knowledge about whether ERVIN.2 enhances clinical decision support, clinical effects, and cost-effectiveness of the AI system. The study design will not allow for the blinding of surgeons. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04332055. Registered on 2 April 2020.

Background Evidence supporting a potential benefit of thrombectomy for distal medium vessel occlusions (DMVOs) of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) is, to the knowledge of the authors, unknown. Purpose To compare the clinical and safety outcomes between mechanical thrombectomy (MT) and best medical treatment (BMT) with or without intravenous thrombolysis for primary isolated ACA DMVOs. Materials and Methods Treatment for Primary Medium Vessel Occlusion Stroke, or TOPMOST, is an international, retrospective, multicenter, observational registry of patients treated for DMVO in daily practice. Patients treated with thrombectomy or BMT alone for primary ACA DMVO distal to the A1 segment between January 2013 and October 2021 were analyzed and compared by one-to-one propensity score matching (PSM). Early outcome was measured by the median improvement of National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores at 24 hours. Favorable functional outcome was defined as modified Rankin scale scores of 0-2 at 90 days. Safety was assessed by the occurrence of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage and mortality. Results Of 154 patients (median age, 77 years; quartile 1 [Q1] to quartile 3 [Q3], 66-84 years; 80 men; 94 patients with MT; 60 patients with BMT) who met the inclusion criteria, 110 patients (median age, 76 years; Q1-Q3, 67-83 years; 50 men; 55 patients with MT; 55 patients with BMT) were matched. DMVOs were in A2 (82 patients; 53%), A3 (69 patients; 45%), and A3 (three patients; 2%). After PSM, the median 24-hour NIHSS point decrease was -2 (Q1-Q3, -4 to 0) in the thrombectomy and -1 (Q1-Q3, -4 to 1.25) in the BMT cohort (P = .52). Favorable functional outcome (MT vs BMT, 18 of 37 [49%] vs 19 of 39 [49%], respectively; P = .99) and mortality (MT vs BMT, eight of 37 [22%] vs 12 of 39 [31%], respectively; P = .36) were similar in both groups. Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage occurred in three (2%) of 154 patients. Conclusion Thrombectomy appears to be a safe and technically feasible treatment option for primary isolated anterior cerebral artery occlusions in the A2 and A3 segment with clinical outcomes similar to best medical treatment with and without intravenous thrombolysis. © RSNA, 2023 Supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Zhu and Wang in this issue.

Item does not contain fulltext Unilateral brain lesions can lead to impaired contralesional attention and reduced ipsilesional and enhanced contralesional superior colliculus (SC) activity. We aimed to investigate whether modulation of SC activation via monocular eye patching can improve contralesional attention. Twenty left-hemispheric (LH) and 20 right-hemispheric (RH) patients with an acute or subacute middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke completed an endogenous version of the Posner cueing task twice, while the left or right eye was covered with an eye patch. The LH and RH patients showed significantly slower reactions to contralesional than to ipsilesional stimuli. In addition, the eye patch modulated responses to invalidly but not those to validly cued stimuli. Post hoc analyses could not discriminate whether this effect pertained to a particular target side or eye patch position. However, exploratory analyses indicated that the observed eye patch effect might affect the RH group more than the LH group. As predicted 36 years ago, monocular eye patching modulates visuospatial attention, presumably due to differences in SC activation between the two eye patch conditions. However, this modulation seems too weak and unspecific, and therefore possibly not strong enough to be a treatment option for patients with visuospatial attention impairments. 7 p.

O objetivo do artigo é analisar as dificuldades enfrentadas por estudantes universitários com a escrita acadêmica, bem como possibilidades de seu exercício em ecossistemas baseados na atenção conjunta, com características de reciprocidade, sintonia afetiva e invenção. A pesquisa de campo utiliza o método da cartografia e foi realizadanuma oficina de escritaque ocorreu durante a pandemia de Covid-19, em formato remoto, com três estudantes de graduação. O estudo analisa a oficina como prática de cuidado e de atenção a si e ao outro, sugerindo que a atenção conjunta é uma arte a ser cultivada. Conclui que o trabalho em oficina, mesmo no formato online, favorece processos de atenção conjunta e indica que, para o enfrentamento dos problemas de escrita dos estudantes, a universidade deve experimentar estratégias de ensino e aprendizagem para além da aula baseada na transmissão unilateral de informação, bem como ecossistemas atencionais mais atenciosos.

The expeditious progress of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSC) for therapeutic intervention calls for means to compare differences in potency of cell products. The differences may be attributed to innumerable sources including tissue origin, production methods, or even between batches. While the immunomodulatory potential of MSC is recognized and well-documented by an expansive body of evidence, the methodologies and findings vary markedly. In this study, we utilized flowcytometric analysis of lymphocyte proliferation based on cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells for quantification of the inhibitory effect of MSC. Technical aspects of fluorescent staining and cryopreservation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells were evaluated to obtain optimal results and increase feasibility. A range of common specific and unspecific mitogens was titrated to identify the conditions, in which the effects of Adipose tissue-derived Stromal Cells (ASC; a type of MSC) were most pronounced. Specific stimulation by antibody-mediated activation of CD3 and CD28 via TransAct and Dynabeads lead to substantial proliferation of lymphocytes, which was inhibited by ASC. These results were closely mirrored when applying unspecific stimulation in form of phytohemagglutinin (PHA), but not concanavalin A or pokeweed mitogen. The mixed lymphocyte reaction is a common assay which exploits alloreactivity between donors. While arguably more physiologic, the output of the assay often varies substantially, and the extent of proliferation is limited since the frequency of alloreactive cells is low, as opposed to the mitogens. To heighten the proliferative response and robustness, combinations of 2-5 donors were tested. Maximum proliferation was observed when combining 4 or more donors, which was efficiently suppressed by ASC. Several desirable and unfavorable traits can be attributed to the tested stimuli in the form of keywords. The importance of these traits should be scored on a laboratory-level to identify the ideal mitogen. In our case the ranking listed PHA as the most suited candidate. Developing robust assays is no trivial feat. By disclosing the full methodological framework in the present study, we hope to aid others in establishing functional metrics on the road to potency assays.

By the mid-20th century, quantum mechanics and relativity had made it possible to investigate both the life cycle of stars and that of the universe. Fred Hoyle played a pivotal role in both. He is the F in B2FH, the acronym for Burbidge, Burbidge, Fowler, and Hoyle. Margaret and Geoffrey Burbidge, William Fowler, and Fred Hoyle solved the mystery of stellar production of the elements. A star is mostly hydrogen, whose fusion into helium, and helium's subsequent fusion, produces the heavier elements. The very complicated details were worked out by B2FH. As for the evolution of universe, there were two possibilities: either a Big Bang or a Steady State. Hoyle was a proponent of the latter. In fact, the word Big Bang was coined by him in derision. Hoyle's universe had no beginning, but new matter—supposedly hydrogen atoms—was created in the void between the receding galaxies. Is that any weirder than the whole universe being created in one instant? Observations later proved Hoyle wrong. But his arguments forced a close look at the assumptions of both models.

The 1964 Nobel Prize to Charles H. Townes reads in part, “for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics… based on the… laser principle.” The laser is one of the most important inventions of the 20th century, arguably matched only by the transistor. The original theory was conceived in 1916 by Einstein. He argued that photons of the right incident energy could stimulate electrons in atoms to drop from a higher to a lower state (rather than up to a higher one, as might be expected), emitting photons of the same energy. One incident photon would stimulate many emitted photons. Perhaps counterintuitive, but true. Forty-four years later, Townes and his colleague (and brother-in-law) Arthur Schawlow proved Einstein correct, inventing the laser. Laser is the acronym for “light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.” One example, which readers are likely to have seen, is the helium–neon laser. Demonstration models are generally weak. However, as we know, there are lasers that cut metal, do surgery, print, catch speeders—applications run at least into the hundreds, with doubtless more to come.

This chapter comprises Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect, his analysis of the transition of electrons in atoms, his study of the behavior of bosons (named after their discoverer, Satyendra Bose), and his opposition to the standard interpretation of quantum mechanics. For the photoelectric effect, Einstein showed that light could behave as a particle, not only as a wave. Using this “photon” model, he explained how atoms absorbed and emitted light. He also predicted that a photon could stimulate the emission of many more, through (decades later) light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. He studied bosons, particles that, unlike fermions (named after Enrico Fermi), such as electrons in atoms, had no “Exclusion Principle”: any number of them could “condense” into a single state. Finally, he opposed Bohr's “Copenhagen interpretation,” that a system such as an electron has a range of values for its properties such as spin, until a measurement is made, forcing it to choose one. Einstein argued for a “hidden variable theory” in which there was something deeper than quantum mechanics: that a system was in a specific state before a measurement. (He was wrong.)

Lev Davidovic Landau was by any standard a genius. He learned calculus by age 13 and graduated from gymnasium the same year. At 14, he entered university, earning his Bachelor's degree at age 19. His doctorate came when he was 26, but by then he had already worked with Bohr, Dirac, and Pauli. He won the 1962 Nobel Prize for his theory of superfluidity, the phenomenon in which the viscosity of a liquid is zero. A superfluid liquid can actually climb up the sides of its container. Landau knew he was a genius and had little patience for the less gifted. Above himself, he ranked only Newton, Einstein, the founders of quantum mechanics, and a few others. He once compared Communism to Nazism, earning himself a stay in the notorious Lubyanka Prison. His mug shot is included in the chapter.

Cecilia Payne earned her Ph.D. in 1925, analyzing spectra of stars and relating them to element abundances. At that time, it was believed that the proportions should approximately match those of the Earth's. Payne showed that this was not the case. While some elements were present in the Sun with the same relative abundances, hydrogen was present by a factor of more than 1 000 000, and helium by a factor of more than 100 000. In fact, the composition of the Sun (and other stars) is almost entirely hydrogen and helium. Payne later studied “variable stars,” whose brightness oscillates. With her assistants, she carried out more than three million observations. Cecilia Payne became Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin when she married fellow astronomer Sergei Gaposchkin in 1934. After decades of low-paying positions, in 1956 she became the first woman at Harvard University to be appointed to a full professorship. Later, she was also the first woman at Harvard to be head of a department.