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Insulinooporność to stan zmniejszonej odpowiedzi biologicznej tkanek na insulinę. Obserwowany obecnie wzrost występowania insulinooporności spowodowany jest głównie nieprawidłowym stylem życia, niezdrową dietą z dużą podażą kalorii i stresem. Niekontrolowana insulinooporność może prowadzić do zwiększenia ryzyka zachorowania na cukrzycę typu 2, choroby układu krążenia, chorobę Alzheimera i depresji. Jednym z potencjalnie modyfikowalnych czynników ryzyka insulinooporności jest dieta. Wprowadzenie diety o niskim indeksie glikemicznym pomaga w utrzymaniu prawidłowego stężenia glukozy i insuliny we krwi. Dodatkowo, wprowadzenie aktywności fizycznej, redukcja stresu i eliminacja używek wpływają korzystnie na kontrolę glikemii. Celem niniejszej pracy jest omówienie roli diety i stylu życia w leczeniu insulinooporności oraz przedstawienie mechanizmów powstawania i wpływ otyłości na rozwój insulinooporności.

Purpose of Review A number of recent studies have suggested that intermittent fasting is as effective as traditional calorie restriction (CR) for weight loss and for cardioprotection. However, it is still unclear whether IF improves diabetes risk indicators as does CR. This review provides an overview of various patterns of intermittent fasting and shows the effect of intermittent fasting on human anthropometric such as excess body weight and biochemical parameters for example high glucose and fasting insulin, which are risk factors for diabetes. Recent Findings There is a growing body of evidence pointing to the benefits of intermittent fasting for glucose and insulin homeostasis, but this should be confirmed by further studies in population groups with (or at high risk) type II diabetes and insulin resistance. Long-term studies are also needed that could reveal potential negative health effects that some studies report. Summary Eleven studies in overweight/obese adult people that included changes in weight, body composition, and diabetic parameters (fasting glucose, fasting insulin, HbA1c concentration, and HOMA-IR index) were published between 2012 and 2020. Seven studies concerning the effects of alternate day fasting (ADF) on weight loss and diabetic parameters were analyzed. All of them have shown the effects of ADF on weight loss and slight improvement in diabetic parameters. For time-restricted feeding (TRF), a significant improvement in the HOMA-IR index was observed in 2 studies. One study saw an increase in fasting glucose. An analysis of 2 studies using a complete alternate day fasting (CADF) was performed. One study showed decrease in fasting glucose and insulin, and in one a decrease in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was observed. Conclusion Different types of intermittent fasting reduce body weight and reduce diabetes parameters such as fasting glucose, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR index, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c).

Surowce zielarskie towarzyszą człowiekowi od zarania dziejów. W związku z gwałtownym rozwojem przemysłu chemicznego zioła straciły na znaczeniu jako leki. Obecnie powraca zainteresowanie ziołami w lecznictwie oraz w profilaktyce wielu chorób. Świeże surowce zielarskie są nietrwałe ze względu na dużą zawartość wody (80 ÷ 90 %). Najbardziej rozpowszechnioną metodą ich utrwalania jest suszenie. Stosowane są zarówno metody naturalne, jak i termiczne. Rzadziej stosowane jest suszenie dielektryczne oraz z użyciem promieniowania podczerwonego. Wpływ procesu suszenia na zawartość związków biologicznych nie jest jednoznaczny i zależy od surowca zielarskiego, dlatego ważny jest dobór odpowiedniej metody i parametrów pozwalających na wysoką retencję związków czynnych. W pracy dokonano oceny wpływu sposobu suszenia (liofilizacji, suszenia konwekcyjnego w temp. 50 ºC, suszenia naturalnego) na właściwości przeciwutleniające łodyg z liśćmi: bazylii, mięty i pietruszki. Najwyższą aktywność przeciwutleniającą wyznaczoną na podstawie zdolności do redukowania jonów żelaza (FRAP) wykazywały ekstrakty wodne mięty suszonej metodą sublimacyjną i wynosiła ona 3825 mM Fe2+/g s.m. W przypadku metody z rodnikiem DPPH• najwyższą aktywność antyrodnikową wykazywały ekstrakty wodne z liofilizowanej bazylii (72 %). Spośród świeżych ziół najniższą aktywnością przeciwutleniającą, oznaczoną zarówno metodą FRAP, jak i z rodnikiem DPPH•, charakteryzowała się pietruszka (odpowiednio 135 mM Fe2+/g s.m. oraz 3 %).

During the last decades, many novel techniques of food processing have been developed in response to growing demand for safe and high quality food products. Nowadays, consumers have high expectations regarding the sensory quality, functionality and nutritional value of products. They also attach great importance to the use of environmentally-friendly technologies of food production. The aim of this review is to summarize the applications of PEF in food technology and, potentially, in production of functional food. The examples of process parameters and obtained effects for each application have been presented.

Enriching food with vitamin C is a process that challenges food engineers. To prevent the degradation of this vitamin, a microencapsulation can be used in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. Previous works have shown that applying a pulsed electric field can increase the efficiency of the accumulation of minerals in yeast. The aim of this study was to optimize PEF parameters in order to increase the accumulation of vitamin C in yeast cells, to evaluate the effect of electroporation on biomass and yeast viability, and to assess the effect of storage conditions on the vitamin C content and its antioxidant activity. The most effective accumulation of vitamin C in cells (approx. 1.3 mg/g dry mass) was achieved when a 20-h yeast culture was treated with PEF at a concentration of 5 mg/mL vitamin C in the medium. The optimal PEF parameters were: voltage of 1000 V, pulse width of 10 µs, treatment time of 20 min, and number of pulses, 1200. The process conditions did not affect significantly biomass production nor cell viability. Yeast cells with vitamin C were stored for 7, 14, and 28 days at 20 °C (after prior freeze-drying), 4 °C, and −22 °C. The lowest decrease in vitamin C content was observed for the freeze-dried yeast stored at 20 °C.

The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of a pulsed electric field (PEF) on the level of iron ion accumulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells and to select PEF conditions optimal for the highest uptake of this element. Iron ions were accumulated most efficiently when their source was iron (III) nitrate. When the following conditions of PEF treatment were used: voltage 1500 V, pulse width 10 μs, treatment time 20 min, and a number of pulses 1200, accumulation of iron ions in the cells from a 20 h-culture reached a maximum value of 48.01 mg/g dry mass. Application of the optimal PEF conditions thus increased iron accumulation in cells by 157% as compared to the sample enriched with iron without PEF. The second derivative of the FTIR spectra of iron-loaded and -unloaded yeast cells allowed us to determine the functional groups which may be involved in metal ion binding. The exposure of cells to PEF treatment only slightly influenced the biomass and cell viability. However, iron-enriched yeast (both with or without PEF) showed lower fermentative activity than a control sample. Thus obtained yeast biomass containing a high amount of incorporated iron may serve as an alternative to pharmacological supplementation in the state of iron deficiency.

In recent years, starch has become a new potential biomaterial for pharmaceutical applications. This biopolymer has unique physicochemical and functional characteristics, as well as various advantages such as low price, relative ease of isolation in pure form from the plant source, non-toxicity, biodegradability, good biocompatibility, and interaction with living cells. Starch is currently used in pharmacy as a binder, disintegrating agent, film-forming material, raw material for production of microspheres and nanoparticles, and a component of drug delivery systems. Porous starch, which can be obtained with physical, chemical and enzymatic methods of modification, has a large specific surface area thanks to the presence of pores and channels. It has excellent adsorption capacity and can be used to enhance the dissolution rate of poorly soluble drugs or as shell material to improve the stability and water-solubility of compounds. As a component of drug delivery systems, porous starch has another advantage: it is biodegradable, so there is no need to remove it from the body after the release of the active agent.