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Suppose $m$ be a $12$-th power free integer. Let $K=\mathbb{Q}(\theta)$ be an algebraic number field defined by a complex root $\theta$ of an irreducible polynomial $x^{12}-m$ and $O_K$ be its ring of integers. In this paper, we determine the highest power of $p$ dividing the index of the subgroup $\Z[\theta]$ in $O_K$ and $p$-integral basis of $K$ for each prime $p$. These $p$-integral bases lead to the construction of an integral basis of $K$ which is illustrated with examples. In particular, when $m$ is a square free integer, we provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the set $\{1,\theta,\theta^2,\cdots,\theta^{10},\theta^{11}\}$ to be an integral basis of $K.$

Let $f(x)=x^n+ax^2+bx+c \in \Z[x]$ be an irreducible polynomial with $b^2=4ac$ and let $K=\Q(\theta)$ be an algebraic number field defined by a complex root $\theta$ of $f(x)$. Let $\Z_K$ deonote the ring of algebraic integers of $K$. The aim of this paper is to provide the necessary and sufficient conditions involving only $a,c$ and $n$ for a given prime $p$ to divide the index of the subgroup $\Z[\theta]$ in $\Z_K$. As a consequence, we provide families of monogenic algebraic number fields. Further, when $\Z_K \neq \Z[\theta]$, we determine explicitly the index $[\Z_K : \Z[\theta]]$ in some cases.

Population and agricultural production interact in complex ways. Fierce debate over population growth and agricultural development has intensified. India smallholder agriculture is primarily vulnerable to repeated droughts and anthropogenic variables as a result of population pressure. The purpose of this study is to show trends and controversy over population growth and to investigate the relationship between India population and food production. This review shows that population and agricultural productivity are increasing over time. However, compared to population growth, production growth shows a cyclical trend

Is a particular type of government associated with unparalleled financial outcomes? This paper attempts to answer this question by analyzing how the governmental framework affects the execution of the macro economy. It turns out that the public system is associated with more unfavorable consequences than the parliamentary system. That is, the results will be slower, the expansion will be higher and more volatile, and the wage inequality will be more pronounced. In addition, the magnitude of the impact is important. Annual revenue growth is estimated to be 0.6 to 1.2 percentage points lower, and its expansion is estimated to be about 4 percentage points higher under the public system compared to the parliamentary system. The difference in distribution results is very strong. Officially, wage inequality is worsening by 12-24%.

Global Poverty Causes The area of social investigations of science and innovation is important for evaluating the deeply politicizedControversial knowledge about the development and eradication of world poverty, as the World Bank states. The World Bank, which has evolved into a global master organization, is best defined as a "co-creation site" that provides both knowledge and social order. This perspective helps clarify concerns about administrative and naming issues that are important to the relationship between legal issues and information.

With the changing times there are evident emerging changes in the field of literature. Not only in forms but also in themes of the creative works, subject matters pertaining to the social concerns are being highlighted in the west and there has been impact of these works and issues on Indian literature also. The contemporary Indian dramas are somehow related to the dramas of the west, correlation between the dramas of the west and the east has been quite evident. We can easily co relate the themes between these two. Indian writers have been influenced from the western writers in choosing the subject matters for their works and have tried to indirectly imitate western trends. Social discrimination has been one such major theme which has been focused by contemporary writers. Under the context of this emerging trend of humanism focus on uplifting the deprived and the marginalized has been paid in order to bring all the classes on the same scale and eradicate the injustices prevailing in the society.

This paper assessed the impact of natural resource management technology (NRCT) on productivity and efficiency in maize production using an endogenous switching regression model in rainfed areas of Southern India. We also identified factors influencing adoption of NRCT, and technical efficiency in maize production. For this study, plot-level primary data from 303 farm households cultivating maize on 419 plots were collected. Results show that adoption of NRCT has resulted in an increase in maize productivity by 490 kg per ha and has also reduced technical inefficiency by 28% as compared to non-adopters. Furthermore, access to credit, better extension services and training on natural resource management are crucial factors positively affecting the adoption of NRCT as well as enhancing the technical efficiency of maize production. Therefore, these factors need to be considered when formulating policies and programmes that aim to improve crop productivity in rainfed areas, as well as sustaining natural resources.

This study examines the impact of climate change on Indian horticulture. Use a 40-year regional-level information index covering over 200 Indian sites to assess the impact of irregular annual climate change on agricultural outcomes. Ranchers within-year alterations to yearly weather conditions shocks can rely on these board gauges. These estimates, based on short-term weather conditions, are important for predicting the medium-term financial impact of climate change, assuming ranchers are unable to adapt quickly. I aspire to be a writer. Furthermore, anticipated climate change reduces substantial crop yields by 4.5 to 9% from 2010 to 2039. The long-term impact (2070-2099) is emotional, reducing yields by 25% or more without long-term fluctuation.

The current research paper discloses the major role played by the theology of the medieval period which includes Medieval English, Religion, and History in diverse ways that are included in the research paper

In recent years, Swiss agriculture has experienced a major difference of roughly 2.5 percent per year. This research explores the effects of agrarian and horticultural underpinning development on the Swiss provincial economy as well as settlement patterns in rural areas. We use input-yield models in conjunction with key data acquired in a few sluggish Swiss districts to assess the effects of fundamental change on the local economy. These areas are home to a variety of financial development kinds that have been identified through progressive bunch examination. We calculate agriculture's job in terms of commitment to territorial turnover, remuneration, and effort using input-yield analysis, and we truly focus on the meaning of public methods like direct installments.

Contemporary Indian Literature is only one and half centuries old, which is marked and known by amazing and noticeable variations in both the areas i.e. (i) The area of literature and (ii) The areas and the regions from which it was generated. Before going deep into the expanded genre of contemporary Indian literature, it is very important and necessary to understand the related and connected terms which are ‘modern’, ‘modernity’ and ‘modernisation’ in the Indian Context. Keeping the order and the chronological pattern of these terms in mind consideration the twentieth century is more modern than nineteenth century, but this doesn’t mean that we can exclude or remove the 19th century from the genre of contemporary Indian literature.

The illustrious term ‘Diaspora’ is demarcated as the dislodgment of community from one geographical province to another geographical province. An indispensableattribute of diaspora is that a burly sense of connection to a homeland is uphold by means of cultural rehearses and conducts of life. Displacement has no proxy and this is a legitimacy of Diaspora. In common diasporic literature bestows info about how some of the Indian emigrants favoured to economic unification than cultural preoccupation and some in the course of acclimatization have meddled with the culture of host country.The novelist Uma Parameswaran endeavours to ascertain the sense and sensibility of the diasporic people in her innovative writing. This articleportrays the diasporic insight with reference to the sense of rootlessness, estrangement and assimilation. The expatriates have to flourish in the host land despite they have not all their roots in the same land. They have to espouse the land and their conviction being the tenants. The boulevard tree in fact grants the same notion to prosper wherever you live. Though it cannot get enough space to spread its roots still it flourishes and nourishes in anywhere. Though the diasporic insightarises in the minds of the immigrant settlers, progressively they endeavour to assimilate to the life of the host country.

RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RDRs) regulate important aspects of plant development and resistance to pathogens. The role of RDRs in virus resistance has been demonstrated using siRNA signal amplification and through the methylation of viral genomes. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) has four RDR1 genes that are differentially induced during virus infection: CsRDR1a, CsRDR1b, and duplicated CsRDR1c1/c2. The mode of action of CsRDR1s during viral infection is unknown. Transient expression of the cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)-2b protein (the viral suppressor of RNA silencing) in cucumber protoplasts induced the expression of CsRDR1c, but not of CsRDR1a/1b. Results from the yeast two-hybrid system showed that CsRDR1 proteins interacted with CMV-2b and this was confirmed by bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. In protoplasts, CsRDR1s localized in the cytoplasm as punctate spots. Colocalization experiments revealed that CsRDR1s and CMV-2b were uniformly dispersed throughout the cytoplasm, suggesting that CsRDR1s are redistributed as a result of interactions. Transient overexpression of individual CsRDR1a/1b genes in protoplasts reduced CMV accumulation, indicating their antiviral role. However, overexpression of CsRDR1c in protoplasts resulted in relatively higher accumulation of CMV and CMVΔ2b. In single cells, CsRDR1c enhances viral replication, leading to CMV accumulation and blocking secondary siRNA amplification of CsRDR1c by CMV-2b protein. This suggests that CMV-2b acts as both a transcription factor that induces CsRDR1c (controlling virus accumulation) and a suppressor of CsRDR1c activity.

This paper presents a model of counterflow shell and tube type heat exchanger in which water was working as heat transfer interacting fluid. To perform thermal analysis of shell and tube type heat exchanger we were first decided to design a heat exchanger. This was capable of cooling water from 55 oC to 45 oC using water at room temperature (25 oC). The designing was completed according to the Kern’s method as well as to suit the norms of tubular exchanger manufacturer’s association (TEMA). After thermal model design calculation our purpose was to ensure the correctness in design. Heat exchanger was designed on CAD software and its thermal analysis tested on ABAQUS 6.13. It was also fabricated based on the data obtained from mathematical modelling and tested under actual loading conditions. Altered materials were used for heat exchanger components during its thermal analysis. All these observations along with their discussions have been discussed in detail inside the paper.

SOCIAL SCIENCE ASIA : Official Journal of National Research Council of Thailand in conjunction with Journal of Asia business, Economics and Communications, 3, 3

Hereditary vitamin D-resistant rickets (HVDRR) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by end-organ resistance to 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3). Clinically, the syndrome is recognized by severe early onset rickets with bowing of the lower extremities, short stature, and often alopecia. Here, we report a case series on three siblings who had HVDRR with varied clinical findings.

Energy conservation of sensor nodes for increasing the network life is the most crucial design goal while developing efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. Recent technological advances help in the development of wide variety of sensor nodes. Heterogeneity takes the advantage of different types of sensor nodes and improves the energy efficiency and network life. Generally sensors are deployed randomly and densely in a sensing region so short distance multihop communication reduces the long distance transmission in the sensor network. In this research paper MEEP (multihop energy efficient protocol for heterogeneous sensor network) is proposed. The proposed protocol combines the idea of clustering and multihop communication. Heterogeneity is created in the network by using some nodes of high energy. Low energy nodes use a residual energy based scheme to become a cluster head. High energy nodes act as the relay nodes for low energy cluster head when they are not performing the duty of a cluster head to save their energy further. Protocol also suggests a sleep state for nodes in the cluster formation process for saving energy and increasing the life of sensor network. Simulation result shows that the proposed scheme is better than other two level heterogeneous sensor network protocol like SEP in energy efficiency and network life., Comment: 9 Pages, 10 Figures, http://www.ijcst.org/Volume5/Issue3/2014. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1408.3110

Sustainable development requires that the per capita productive base or comprehensive wealth of an economy should, at least, not decline over the period of time. This study provides estimates of the growth rate of per capita comprehensive wealth for the Indian economy for the period 1991-2006. The growth rate of per capita comprehensive wealth is estimated to be 4.39 percent whereas the growth rate of per capita GDP is 4.42 percent. We find that though the growth rate of manufactured and human capital has been more than enough to offset the decline in natural assets, thereby leading to an improvement in the productive base of the economy, the growing resource and energy use intensity remains an issue of major concern.

This paper empirically examines the causality between crime rates and economic growth using state level data in India. A reduced form equation has been estimated using instrumental variable approach to correct for joint endogeneity between crime and economic growth. Higher crimes may reduce level of per capita income and its growth rate. Controlling intentional homicide and robbery rates in each of the states to the minimum level they observed during 1991-2011 period, the predicted annual growth in per capita income could have been higher by 1.57 and 1.2 percentage points, respectively. The average annual gain in growth rate by bringing down the homicide rate at a level of national minimum could be 0.62 percentage points. Note that the loss in growth rate is lower or negative in the states that have higher per capita income.

This paper focuses on air and water pollution in India’s cities, provides empirical evidence to demonstrate the seriousness of the challenges, discusses the relevant policies of national and local government that are used to address the challenges, discusses relevant political economy issues related to introducing pollution taxes or other policies which are aimed at “green” cities.

This paper measures resource use efficiency of electricity generating plants in the United States under the SO2 trading regime. Resource use efficiency is defined as the product of technical efficiency and environmental efficiency, where the latter is the ratio of good output (electricity) to bad output (SO2) with reference to the best practice firm, i.e., one that is producing an optimal mix of good and bad outputs. This concept of environmental efficiency is similar to that of output oriented allocative efficiency. Using output distance functions we compare three methods for the calculation of resource use efficiency, namely, stochastic frontier analysis (SFA), deterministic parametric programming and nonparametric linear programming. This paper reveals the strengths and weaknesses of these methods for estimating efficiency. Both SFA and linear programming approaches can estimate the efficiency scores. For plants in the dataset the overall geometric mean of the three methods for technical efficiency, environmental efficiency and resource use efficiency is 0.737, 0.335 and 0.248, respectively. The rank correlation coefficient between technical efficiency, environmental efficiency and resource use efficiency is 0.213, 0.617 and 0.877, respectively. The regression analyses of performance across plants shows units in phase I of the SO2 trading programme are negatively related to measures of economic and environmental performance. This suggests that the market for SO2 allowances, per se, may not be minimizing compliance cost. We also find that a decrease in SO2 emission rates not only increases environmental efficiency but also leads to an increase in resource use efficiency. This finding concurs with the hypothesis that enhancement in the environmental performance of a firm leads to an increase in its overall efficiency of resource use as well.

We examine the productivity and profitability changes in the US electric generating plants during the SO2 trading regime. Input distance function is used to compute the cumulative Malmquist productivity and Fisher productivity indexes. By exploiting the duality between cost and input distance functions, we obtain a measure of profitability, as an approximation for the Fisher productivity index. We measure productivity and profitability changes when SO2 emissions are ignored in the production technology and when these emissions appear as bad output. We find that the productivity is higher when the bad outputs are modeled as weakly disposable in comparison to the situation when they are modeled as freely disposable. But we do not find any significant difference in profitability under these alternative methods of modeling of production technology concerning the disposability of bad outputs.