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Bu çalışmada, Astrazon Red FBL boyasının sulu çözeltilerinin yüksek enerji ile etkileşimi sonrası renk giderimi ve detoksifikasyonu farklı deneysel koşullar altında (hava, doygun O2, 2.6 mM H2O2) araştırılmıştır. Bu kapsamda renk giderme, mineralizasyon, detoksifikasyon, pH, KOİ ve BOİ5 parametreleri takip edilmiştir. Biyobozunurluk (5 günlük biyolojik oksijen ihtiyacı/kimyasal oksijen ihtiyacı -BOD5/COD-) oranı, tüm çözeltiler için 2 kGy ışınlamada artmıştır. Astrazon Red FBL çözeltilerinin mineralizasyonunu ve renk giderimini sağlamak üzere hava için 5 kGy ve pH 9, doygun O2 için 5 kGy ve pH 11, 2.6 mM H2O2 için 7 kGy ve pH 11, optimum ışınlama koşulları olarak bulunmuştur. Yüksek enerjili ışınlarla muamele edilen Astrazon FBL çözeltilerinin toksisitesini ölçmek için microtox bioassay testi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Hava, doygun O2 ve H2O2 çözeltileri için sırasıyla %81.2, %86.7 ve %56.3 oranlarında 5, 5 ve 7 kGy'de toksisite azalması sağlanmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucu olarak, Astrazon Red FBL tekstil boyasının ışınlama teknolojisi ile arıtımının gerçekleştirilebileceği tespit edilmiştir., In this study, decoloration and detoxification of Astrazon Red FBL dye solutions using gamma rays have been examined at different environments (air, O2 saturated, 2.6 mM H2O2). In this context, the decoloration, mineralization, detoxification, pH, COD and BOD5 parameters were followed. Biodegradability ( 5 days of biological oxygen demand/ chemical oxygen demand -BOD5/COD-) ratio has been improved up on 2 kGy irradiation for all solutions. Optimum irradiation conditions were found to be 5 kGy pH 9 for air, 5 kGy pH 11 for O2 saturated, 7 kGy pH 11 for 2.6 mM H2O2 to provide mineralization and decoloration of Astrazon Red FBL solutions. Microtox bioluminescent test was conducted to measure the toxicity of Astrazon FBL solutions treated with high energetic rays. Toxicity reduction has been achieved at 5, 5 and 7 kGy in the range of 81.2, 86.7 and 56.3 % for air, O2 saturated and H2O2 solutions, respectively. As a result of study, it is found that Astrazon Red FBL dye could be treated by irradiation technology.

The water pollution caused by the bilge waters of the ships operating in Van Lake was investigated. While on-site measurements were made with a multimeter in the lake water in ten different stations that used as ship havens, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and oil-grease analyses were carried out in the lake water and bilge waters taken from the ships. In the sample waters taken from the lake, the lowest and highest COD values were 32 and 240 mg/L, respectively, and the lowest and highest oil-grease values were 23 and 146.5 mg/L, respectively. In the bilge waters, the lowest and highest COD values were 22 and 5890 mg/L, respectively, and the lowest and highest oil-grease values were 11.3 and 10000.0 mg/L, respectively. Generally, according to the Water Pollution Control Regulation, it was found that the water temperature was in the I-II. class, dissolved oxygen and oxygen saturation I. class in lake water, and pH in IV. class due to the alkaline lake water. However, the mean COD and oil-grease values in the samples of lake water are IV. class. The oil-grease values in all ships were above the limit value (15 mg/L) according to MARPOL 73/78. As a result of the study, it was determined that the areas used as a ship haven were adversely affected by the bilge waters left by the ships., Van Gölü’nde faaliyet gösteren gemilerin sintine sularından kaynaklı su kirliliği araştırılmıştır. Gemilerin barındığı on ayrı istasyondaki göl suyunda multimetre ile yerinde ölçümler yapılırken, göl suyunda ve gemilerden alınan sintine sularında kimyasal oksijen ihtiyacı (KOİ) ve yağ-gres analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Göl sularında en düşük ve en yüksek KOİ değerleri sırasıyla 32 ve 240 mg/L, en düşük ve en yüksek yağ-gres değerleri sırasıyla 23 ve 146.5 mg/L olmuştur. Sintine su örneklerinde ise en düşük ve en yüksek KOİ değerleri sırasıyla 22 ve 5890 mg/L, en düşük ve en yüksek yağ-gres değerleri sırasıyla 11.3 ve 10000.0 mg/L bulunmuştur. İstasyonlarda göl suyunda yapılan ölçümlerde Su Kirliliği Kontrolü Yönetmeliği’ne göre genel olarak su sıcaklığının I-II. sınıf, çözünmüş oksijenin I. sınıf, oksijen doygunluğunun I. sınıf ve göl suyunun sodalı özelliğinden dolayı pH’nın IV. sınıfta yer aldığı belirlenmiştir. İstasyon göl sularından alınan örneklerde ortalama KOİ ve yağ-gres değerleri ise IV. sınıfta bulunmuştur. Tüm teknelerdeki yağ-gres değerleri MARPOL 73/78’e göre sınır değerin (15 mg/L) üstünde çıkmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda barınak olarak kullanılan bölgelerin, gemilerin bıraktığı sintine sularından olumsuz etkilendiği belirlenmiştir.

The disease-causing koi herpes virus (KHV), also known as cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (CyHV-3), causes mass mortality of koi and carp. Koi (Cyprinus carpio) is a host for KHV, one of 12 virus species in the Alloherpesviridae family. We examined the effects of KHV disease koi (KK), and on koi×red common carp (KR) and red common carp×koi (RK) cross, using a virus challenge test. The infected fish had clinical signs that included gill necrosis and skin lesions. The RK and KR were highly more resistant (cumulative mortality: RK; 6% and KR; 8%) to KHV infection than KK fish (cumulative mortality: 28%). KHV DNA was confirmed in the tissues of all dead fish in groups by use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the presence of the KHV protein in kidney was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Histological analysis showed severe gill lesions and fusion of the lamellae in KK fish, but less severe damage in RK fish. In immunohistochemistry analysis, the KHV protein localized in the cytoplasm of infected kidney cells of KK, but the cross groups had lower levels of KHV antigen. Our data indicate that the cross groups had increased resistance to KHV disease.

Spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV), is a lethal freshwater pathogen of cyprinid fish, and Cyprinus carpio koi is a primary host species. The virus was initially described in the 1960s after outbreaks occurred in Europe, but a global expansion of SVCV has been ongoing since the late 1990s. Genetic typing of SVCV isolates separates them into 4 genotypes that are correlated with geographic origin: Ia (Asia), Ib and Ic (Eastern Europe), and Id (Central Europe). We compared infectivity and virulence of 8 SVCV strains, including 4 uncharacterized Chinese Ia isolates and representatives of genotypes Ia-d in 2 morphologically distinct varieties of koi: long-fin semi-scaled Beni Kikokuryu koi and short-fin fully scaled Sanke koi. Mortality ranged from 4 to 82% in the Beni Kikokuryu koi and 0 to 94% in the Sanke koi following immersion challenge. Genotype Ia isolates of Asian origin had a wide range in virulence (0-94%). Single isolates representing the European genotypes Ib and Ic were moderately virulent (38-56%). Each virus strain produced similar levels of mortality in both koi breeds, with the exception of the SVCV Id strain that appeared to have both moderate and high virulence phenotypes (60% in Beni Kikokuryu koi vs. 87% in Sanke koi). Overall SVCV strain virulence appeared to be a dominant factor in determining disease outcomes, whereas intraspecies variation, based on koi variety, had less of an impact. This study is the first side-by-side comparison of Chinese SVCV isolates and genotype Ia-d strain virulence in a highly susceptible host. US Geological Survey (USGS) [JCYJ20170818140641071] Published version US Geological Survey (USGS)(United States Geological Survey) Public domain – authored by a U.S. government employee

Koi herpesvirus (KHV) has been identified in common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) and varieties of C. carpio such as koi carp. Handling KHV outbreak on koi fish are always late and on case KHV infection, hence the purpose of this study is to find an alternative method in identifying a particular fish diseases KHV which more simple, practical and accurate. 20 samples are positively infected by KHV were derived from Blitar, with the characteristic of them are gill slime, erosion or ulcers on the skin, movement were not controlled, and skin blister. The result of our study showed that 100% positive reaction to the ICC in smear blood, which is marked golden chocolate color. The result of immunostaining streptavidin biotin obtained that koi fish have been infected by severe KHV showed golden chocolate color on the blood smear compared to positive control. While fish have been infected by undemanding KHV infection or still in the beginning stage, the blood smear showed chocolate bluish. It can be concluded that Immunocytochemistry Test Streptavidin Biotin can be used for early identifying of Koi Herpes Virus (KHV) due to simpler producer, more practical, and accurate result.

Simple Summary To assess the possibility of forming stable and trusting relationships between humans and fishes, we documented the interactions between a familiar human experimenter and seven koi (Cyprinus rubrofuscus). Analyses of video data shows that overall, koi spent more time than expected in close proximity to the human and even sought out physical contact. Moreover, individual fish displayed unique interaction patterns, with some frequently engaging in tactile interaction and others only periodically or rarely doing so. By demonstrating that koi will voluntarily interact with humans and that individual differences play an important role in interaction style, this study provides the first evidence that individuated human–fish relationships may be possible, which has powerful implications for how we think about, treat, protect, and provide care for fish. Abstract The study of human–animal interactions has provided insights into the welfare of many species. To date, however, research has largely focused on human relationships with captive mammals, with relatively little exploration of interactions between humans and other vertebrates, despite non-mammals constituting the vast majority of animals currently living under human management. With this study, we aimed to address this gap in knowledge by investigating human–fish interactions at a community garden/aquaponics learning-center that is home to approximately 150 goldfish (Carassius auratus) and seven adult and two juvenile koi (Cyprinus rubrofuscus). After a habituation period (July–September 2019) during which time the fish were regularly provided with the opportunity to engage with the researcher’s submerged hand, but were not forced to interact with the researcher, we collected video data on 10 non-consecutive study days during the month of October. This procedure produced 18~20-min interaction sessions, 10 during T1 (when the experimenter first arrived and the fish had not been fed) and eight during T2 (20–30 min after the fish had been fed to satiation; two sessions of which were lost due equipment malfunction). Interactions between the researcher and the seven adult koi were coded from video based on location (within reach, on the periphery, or out of reach from the researcher) and instances of physical, tactile interaction. Analyses revealed that overall, koi spent more time than expected within reach of the researcher during both T1 (p < 0.02) and T2 (p < 0.03). There were also substantial differences between individuals’ overall propensity for being within-reach and engaging in physical interaction. These results show that koi will voluntarily interact with humans and that individual koi display unique and consistent patterns of interaction. By providing quantitative data to support anecdotal claims that such relationships exist around the world, this research contributes to the ongoing discoveries highlighting the profound dissonance between how humans think about and treat fish and who fish actually are, thereby emphasizing the necessity of stronger moral and legal protections for fishes.

Local and Thai climbing perch, Anabas testudineus are locally known as koi in Bangladesh. These two are important natural and cultured fish. This study was carried out the comparative investigations on morphometric and meristic of local and Thai A. testudineus. Both the varieties were collected from different fish markets in and around Savar. The morphometric characteristics were higher in Thai koi than local and among them; total length, standard length (SL), length of 1st and 2nd dorsal fin bases, length of 1st and 2nd anal fin bases, abdominal regional length were found different. Proportion of SL and head length (HL), HL and snout length, SL and caudal peduncle length were different between the two varieties. Among the meristic characteristics; number of dorsal spines, dorsal fin rays, anal spines, scale on upper lateral line were found difference between local and Thai koi. The body spots and the colour at pelvic fin region were also different. The present study suggested that local and Thai koi are morphometrically and meristically different in many aspects.

Emaye kaplama endustrisi atiksulari yag-gres, renk, kimyasal oksijen ihtiyaci (KOI), siyanur ve krom, nikel, cinko, kadmiyum, demir vb. agir metal icerigi yuksek atiksulardir. Bu calisma kapsaminda, emaye kaplama endustrisi atiksularinin klasik ve mofidiye Fenton prosesleri ile aritimi incelenmistir. Her iki metodun da verimini izlemek icin hedef parametre olarak kimyasal oksijen ihtiyaci (KOI) secilmistir. Calismada, atiksuyun baslangic pH’i, katalist demir (Fe 2+ veya Fe 0 ) konsantrasyonu ve hidrojen peroksit (H 2 O 2 ) konsantrasyonlarinin optimizasyonu gerceklestirilmistir. Ayrica optimum sartlarda kinetik calisma da gerceklestirilmistir. Optimum deneysel sartlar, klasik Fenton prosesi icin pH = 3, [Fe 2+ ] = 150 mg/L ve [H 2 O 2 ] = 250 mg/L ve modifiye Fenton prosesi icin pH = 3, [Fe 0 ] = 200 mg/L ve [H 2 O 2 ] = 200 mg/L olarak belirlenmistir. Optimum sartlarda, klasik Fenton prosesi ile KOI gideriminin ilk 5 dakikada reaksiyon bilesenlerinin ortamdaki yeterli varligindan dolayi cok hizli gerceklestigi ve sonrasinda giderim hizinin azaldigi gozlemlenmistir. Modifiye Fenton prosesinde ise KOI giderimi, metalik demir tozunun oncelikle cozunmesi gerektigi icin daha yavas gerceklesmistir. Kinetik calismada ise Fenton prosesinin her iki uygulamasinin da ikinci derece kinetige uydugu belirlenmistir.

Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) is the aetiological agent of a serious infective, notifiable disease affecting common carp and varieties. In survivors, infection is generally characterized by a subclinical latency phase with restricted viral replication. The CyHV-3 genome is difficult to detect in such carrier fish that represent a potential source of dissemination if viral reactivation occurs. In this study, the analytical and diagnostic performance of an alternative serum neutralization (SN) method based on the detection of CyHV-3-specific antibodies was assessed using 151 serum or plasma samples from healthy and naturally or experimentally CyHV-3-infected carp. French CyHV-3 isolate 07/108b was neutralized efficiently by sera from carp infected with European, American and Taiwanese CyHV-3 isolates, but no neutralization was observed using sera specific to other aquatic herpesviruses. Diagnostic sensitivity, diagnostic specificity and repeatability of 95.9%, 99.0% and 99.3%, respectively, were obtained, as well as a compliance rate of 89.9% in reproducibility testing. Neutralizing antibodies were steadily detected in infected carp subjected to restrictive or permissive temperature variations over more than 25 months post-infection. The results suggest that this non-lethal diagnostic test could be used in the future to improve the epidemiological surveillance and control of CyHV-3 disease.

Ulcer disease, caused by atypical Aeromonas salmonicida, is a serious concern in ornamental koi carp, because it induces skin ulceration, disfiguring ornamental fish and causing economic loses. The present study aimed to establish a novel prophylaxis with chicken egg yolk immunoglobulin, IgY, against ulcer disease and to assess its feasibility in the ornamental fish industry. Addition of egg yolk powder containing anti-A. salmonicida IgY to rearing water provided significant protection against an A. salmonicida bath infection, whereas administration of non-specific IgY did not. Consecutive immersion of fish into rearing water containing specific IgY completely prevented ulcer disease resulting from cohabitation infection, indicating that this prophylaxis could prevent infection from such type of contact. Thus, passive immunization induced by immersing fish into aquarium water containing specific IgY is a prospective prophylaxis against diseases caused by pathogens that invade the skin and gills.

WOS: 000390600600002 In this study, we isolated Chryseobacterium sp. from koi in Turkey. The disease outbreak occurred in fish weighing 10-300g (water temperature 9-10 degrees C) in November 2011-February 2012. The cumulative mortality rate was approximately 55% over 4 months. Infected koi exhibited anorexia, weakness, emaciation, damage to dorsal and caudal fins, grey-white skin discoloration (1-1.5cm) in the head area, large open wounds in skin with disease progression, necropsy findings, paleness of the liver, enlarged spleen and kidney, acidic fluid in the body cavity. Samples for bacteriological examinations were collected from the kidney, liver, and spleen using sterile swabs; these samples were streaked onto Anacker ordal Agar and incubated at 18 degrees C for 48 h. Five bacterial isolates were obtained from diseased fish. Phenotypic characteristics of the isolates were determined by conventional methods and rapid identification kits, API 20NE, and API ZYM. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis demonstrated that isolate Sin57 belonged to the genus Chryseobacterium, with highest sequence similarity (98.5%) to C. aahli T68(T) and C. limigenitum SUR2.

Mycobacteriosis, caused by many different rapidly growing Mycobacterium spp, affects a variety of wild and farmed fish (Decostere, Hermans & Haesebrouck 2004). Affected fish usually show nodular gross lesions in internal organs, anorexia, melanosis and exophthalmia (Frerichs 1993). Diagnosis is usually based on cultural, histopathological and, more recently, molecular investigations. Moreover, piscine mycobacteriosis is a minor zoonosis, causing cutaneous nodular and ulcerative lesions in humans (Wolinsky 1979; Caputo, Fiorella & Orlando 2010), and currently represents a health risk for both fish hobbyists and professional fish farmers (Latha 2004). In particular, M. marinum, M. chelonae and M. abscessus are the species most often associated with human diseases (Silcox, Good & Floyd 1981; Shih et al. 1997; Brown-Elliott & Wallace 2002; Haverkort 2003). The koi or fancy carp Cyprinus carpio L. var. koi, a high-value freshwater ornamental fish, is often associated with infectious diseases resulting in fish mortality (Lin et al. 2012), concerns over environmental impacts (Matsui et al. 2008) and zoonotic risks (Weir et al. 2012). In July 2012, an adult female koi specimen was sent for post-mortem investigations at the Fish Diseases Laboratory of the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Turin. It weighed 2.70 kg and was 51 cm in length. At necropsy, there were four whitish gross lesions suggestive of mycobacteriosis in the spleen (2–4 mm), sharply demarcated from the splenic tissue. Moreover, there were numerous atypical nodular lesions in the abdominal cavity (5–30 mm). These latter nodules were not well demarcated from surrounding parenchymatous tissues, but rather agglomerated the hepatopancreas, ovaries and intestine in an irregular, beige, soft mass (Fig. 1). Duplicates of representative lesions were aseptically sampled from the spleen, ovaries and intestine for histopathological examination, mycobacterial culture and molecular analyses. The tissues for histopathology were fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin and processed by

This is a proposal to encode the Old Permic script in the international character encoding standard Unicode. Old Permic was published in Unicode Standard version 7.0 in June 2014. The script was devised in the 14c to write the Komi and Komi-Permyak languages. It was used for Komi until the 17c. It was also used cryptographically from the 15c to write Russian.

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2007, Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2007, Yağ ve gresin atıksuda çözünmeyerek ayrı bir faz oluşturması, yağ ve gresin fiziksel arıtımını kolaylaştırmaktadır. Arıtılamamış, su ortamında kalmış yağ-gres ise boru hatlarında sorun yarattığı gibi biyolojik arıtma ünitelerinde tahribatlara ve alıcı ortam deşarjlarında sorunlara neden olmaktır. Bununla beraber, su ortamında küçük miktarlarda da olsa yağın çözülebilir bir kısmı mevcuttur ve bu az da olsa çözünmüş kısmın kirletici etkileri olabilir. Toplam organik karbon analizleri ekstraksiyon solventlerine ve çözünmüş yağ gres örneklerine uygulanmıştır. Ayrıca KOİ ve TOK arasındaki korelasyon araştırılmıştır. Toksik kirleticiler özellikleri itibari ile ekosistemi tehdit etmektedirler. Bununla beraber yağ-gres örneklerine zehirlilik testleri uygulanmış, yöntem olarak ta Vibrio fischeri bakterilerini kullanan BioToxTM testi kullanılmıştır. Ekstraktların EC50 değerleri değerlendirilmiştir. Deneylerde ekstraksiyonlar için 3 solventle (tetrahidrofuran (THF), dimetilsülfoksit (DMSO) ve n-Hexane) çalışılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, kullanımı ve taşınması sırasında herhangi bir şekilde dökülüp çevreye karışabilecek bir adet motor yağı, kullanılmış motor yağı ve 6 numara fuel oilin yağ-gres içerikleri belirlenmiş ve bu yağ ve gresin koi eşleniği ve toksisitesi değerlendirilmiştir., Oil and grease have poor solubility in water and its separation from the aqueous phase is helpful for treatment. Oil and grease which cannot be removed from wastewaters complicate the transportation of wastes through pipelines, disposal into receiving waters, and inhibit the biological treatment units. Though just a minor amount of oil is soluble in water, this minor fraction of oil might cause severe negative effects. Total organic carbon analyses were applied to extraction solvents and water soluble fractions of oils. COD and TOC correlation is also investigated. Another important parameter affecting the treatment is toxicity. Toxic pollutants threaten the ecosystem with their characteristics. Toxicity tests were applied on the wastewater samples that are highly polluted by oil and grease. The method of toxicity tests will be BioToxTM test using Vibrio fischeri a luminescent bacteria. EC50 values of the extracts were evaluated. During experiments three organic solvents were used for extractions specimen namely; hexane, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), tetrahydrafuran (THF). In this study, oil and grease contents of motor oil, used motor oil and fuel oil (no:6) that can be spilled somehow during their usage or transportion, were determined, and COD counterpart of these oil and grease contents, and their toxicity were also measured., Yüksek Lisans, M.Sc.

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 1999, Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 1999, Bu çalışmada tekstil endüstrisi atıksularının arıtılabilirliğine ozonlama prosesinin etkisi incelenmiştir. Öncelikle tekstil endüstrisi tanıtılmış ve örnek bir endüstri seçilerek proses ve atık araştırması yapılmıştır. Bir deneysel çalışma planı hazırlanarak bu plan çerçevesinde zayıf ve kuvvetli atıksular öncelikle biyolojik arıtmaya tabi tutulmuş ve KOİ bazında oksidasyoın verimi incelenmiştir. Daha sonra zayıf ve kuvvetli atıksular ozonlanarak deney serisi tekrarlanmış ve aynca kuvvetli atıksular için kimyasal bir proses de ilave edilmiştir. Deterjan ve renk ölçümleri de yapılarak ozonlamanın bu parametreleri nasıl etkilediği incelenmiştir. Elde edilen verilerle ozonlama prosesinin arıtma sistemi bütünü içindeki en uygun yeri tespit edilmeye çalışılmış ve zayıf ve kuvvetli atıksular için kavramsal düzeyde değişik arıtma alternatifleri verilmiştir., In this study, the effect of ozone oxidation on the treatibility of textile industry is investigated. Firstly, textile industry is defined than both process survay and waste survay are done for a selected plant. Secondly, biological treatment is applied to strong and light wastewaters, fallowed by determination of oxidation efficiency in terms of COD. The Experiments are repeted for both strong and light wastewaters and a chemicel process is added for the former. The effect of ozonation on detergent end colour is also investigated during the study. According to experimental results, the location of ozonation process in the treatment system is determined. Finally, conceptial framework of treatment alternatives are provided for strong and light wastewaters., Yüksek Lisans, M.Sc.