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A simple, efficient and reproducible Reverse Phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for the estimation of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate in Pharmaceutical formulation has been validated. The Separation was carried out on C-18 column 4.6 mm x 250 cm x 5 µm column at ambient temperature using Buffer: Acetonitrile in the ratio of 60: 40 as a mobile phase. The flow rate was 1 ml/min and effluent was detected at 260nm. The retention times was found to be 3 mts. The percentage recovery was within the range between 99.23% to 101.44 %. The method was linear in the range of 50%-150% for Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate where r2 = 0.999. The percentage relative standard deviation for accuracy and precision was found to be less than 2%. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines and the acceptance criteria for specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, ruggedness and robustness were met in all cases in detecting Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate. Hence the method could be successfully applied for routine analysis of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate in the solid dosage form.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is the innovative technology that covers wide range of application that possesses high potential merits such as long-term operation, unmonitored network access, data transmission, and low implementation cost. In this context, Internet of Things (IoT) have evolved as an exciting paradigm with the rapid advancement of cellular mobile networks, near field communications and cloud computing. WSNs potentially interacts with the IoT devices based on the sensing features of web devices and communication technologies in sensors. At this juncture, IoT need to facilitate huge amount of data aggregation with security and disseminate it to the reliable path to make it reach the required base station. In this paper, Unity Attractors Inspired Programmable Cellular Automata and Barnacles Swarm Optimization-Based Energy Efficient Data Communication Mechanism (UAIPCA-BSO) is proposed for Securing data and estimate the optimal path through which it can be forwarded in the IoT environment. In specific, Unity Attractors Inspired Programmable Cellular Automata is adopted for guaranteeing security during the data transmission process. It also aids in determining the optimal path of data transmission based on the merits of Barnacles Swarm Optimization Algorithm (BSOA), such that data is made to reach the base station at the required destination in time. The simulation results of UAIPCA-BSO confirmed minimized end-to-end delay , accuracy and time taken for malicious node detection, compared to the baseline approaches used for comparison.

Background: Cognitive skills determine how a person thinks, learns, and understands things. A student’s success may be determined by the strength of cognitive skills. Employment has become a very sensitive issue for graduates in recent times. The researcher examined the effects of cognitive ability on improving employability skills among postgraduate students in a university. Aim of the Study: This study was conducted to see the effects of cognitive and employability skills. Methods: The authors applied the descriptive survey method in order to convert the data into natural log units. The Likert scale method was used to collect primary data on cognitive ability and employability skills in a survey research method that used a questionnaire. The simple random sampling technique was used in the present study. Results: It is inferred that among the six predictors, one dimension of numerical reasoning had the highest standardized coefficients beta, which indicates that it was the most important factor contributing to outcome-based education followed by spatial reasoning, logical reasoning, non-verbal reasoning, verbal reasoning, and abstract reasoning.

The noise and vibration characteristics play a vital role in the effectiveness of engine operations and performance of internal combustion engines. Accumulation of the higher amplitude of both noise and vibration affects the comfort of the engine. So far, most of the research done on the performance, combustion, and emission characteristics only. Less importance is shown in the form engine vibration and sounds created by the engine operation. This paper presents and explores the importance and experimental results of noise and vibration by the compression ignition diesel engine with the fuels of diesel and microalgae biodiesel. The produced microalgae biodiesel blends were SMB10%, SMB20%, and SMB30%. The experimental results were conducted at different engine loads varying across 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. The inline, four-cylinder, water-cooled, and naturally aspirated DI diesel engine was used as an experimental setup. From the comparative results between the diesel and microalgae biodiesel, it is found that the use of microalgae blended biodiesel reduced the noise and vibration. The higher the percentage of blends, the greater the reduction in sound and vibration will be. Apart from possessing the performance and emission qualities, the microalgae biodiesel blends proved to be an efficient fuel in reduced vibration and noise qualities too. In three directions, the vibrations were measured as lateral, longitudinal, and vertical vibrations. The vibration in the lateral direction was significantly reduced. Compelling the results, it is understood that the use of the microalgae blends can be sustainable from the perspective of engine wear and tear.

The main aim of the study to find out the significance relationship between in cognitive ability and academic achievement of higher secondary school students. Cognitive ability is a term used in cognitive psychology to define the way persons think, perceive and recall information. The school and teacher have a great extend for developing cognitive ability. The present study is about to understand the cognitive ability and academic achievement of higher secondary school students in Salem district of Tamil Nadu. Simple random Sampling method is used to collect the sample. Two fifty higher secondary school students from different types of schools like government, government aided and private were taken for the study. Cognitive ability tool was used to collect the data. For the purpose of analysis level, ‘t’ test and correlation were used. The findings of the study obtained that the there was significant relationship between cognitive ability and academic achievement of higher secondary school students. KEYWORDS: cognitive ability, systematic ability, intuitive ability, academic achievement, higher secondary school students

This experimental study aimed to obtain the actuation properties of Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) spring actuators available under the commercial names of Biometal® NiTiCu and KRL® NiTi NiTiCu, NiTiFe. An objective is to characterize the electro-thermo-mechano-electro behavior of shape memory spring through experimentation via simultaneous measurement techniques. These measurements are synchronized by embedding an impedance analyzer and data acquisition module through a unique program. Moreover, to obtain the mathematical model by parts of the SMA spring and equivalent circuit analysis of active spring through their electro-thermo-mechano-electro characteristics exhibited during shape memory effect. Based on the experimental results, the SMA spring's equivalent circuit is considered a series resistance - inductance​ circuit. It was found from the experimental results that the Biometal® actuator produced more resistance, inductance variation and offered more displacement as compared to KRL® actuators.

Potassium nitrate (KNO3) and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) flux were added during the combustion synthesis of Y2SiO5:Dy3+ (9 mol %) nanophosphors, which influenced its structure, morphology and thermoluminescent properties. Reduction in the crystallite size to ~ 7 nm observed using XRD analysis. Surface morphology enhanced in terms of its texture. Thermoluminescence analysis of the prepared phosphors irradiated with gamma dose over a range of 500 Gy – 4 KGy at a constant heating rate 3 ºC s–1 have been carried out. Kinetic parameters were evaluated by Chens method and activation energy was found to be 1.01-1.3 eV. Flux addition resulted in creation of large number of charge carriers and hence the material become the potential for dosimetry applications.

Background Corona virus disease has been associated with a wide variety of fungal and bacterial co-infections. These secondary infections could be due to the irrational use of antibiotics, immunosuppressive therapy, pre-existing co morbidities, and immune modulator effects of the virus. But here, we report a very rare occurring of rhino-orbito-cerebral invasive fungal sinusitis in a malnourished child and no other co morbidities. Case presentation This is a case of a 6-year-old boy with severe thinness and no other co-morbidities, with mild COVID-19 infection, during the course of illness developed rhino-orbito-cerebral invasive fungal sinusitis. The child’s mother had COVID-19 1 week prior to child’s illness. The child then developed fever followed by headache. The child reported to hospital on seventh day of illness and RTPCR for COVID-19, turned positive. The child’s vitals were stable and maintaining saturation. Child was being treated with supplements and symptomatic treatment for fever. On his second day of stay at hospital, he started to develop gradually progressive left-sided peri-orbital swelling. Due to the association of COVID-19 with fungal infection, child was started on AMPHOTERICIN-B and given for 4 days and referred to a higher center for further management. Radiological imaging was suggestive of rhino-sinusitis with orbital cellulitis with meningeal enhancement suggestive of fungal etiology. Debridement was done, child was adequately treated with anti-fungal, and the child showed significant improvement along with radiological clearing. Conclusion Invasive fungal infection can occur in association with COVID-19 among malnourished pediatric age groups with no other comorbidities.

Cultivation of species oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) was initiated on experimental basis in Germany by Flack during the year 1917 on tree stumps and wood logs. Growing technology was perfected in USA. The major states in India producing oyster mushroom are Orissa, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal and most of the North Eastern hill states. Mushroom is rich in Vitamin C and B complex and the protein content ranges from 1.6 to 2.5 per cent. The niacin content is about ten times higher than any other vegetables. The folic acid present in oyster mushroom helps to cure anemia. It is suitable for people with hyper-tension, obesity and diabetes due to its low sodium: potassium ratio, starch, fat and calorific value, alkaline ash and high fiber content make them suitable for consumption for those having hyperacidity and constipation. Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus spp.) is fungal fruiting body. A study was undertaken for identifying the best oyster mushroom variety which is suitable to Tiruchirapalli climate. Three oyster mushroom varieties were taken for the study viz., MDU-1, APK-1, CO-2. The isolation was made from mushroom mycelium. These isolates were cultured under PDA medium. Among the isolates CO-2 and MDU-1 produced good growth of mycelium with a prescribed time limit. The paddy straw and paddy seeds were used for mushroom and spawn production. However, the result showed maximum yield MDU-1(3270 g) when compared to CO - 2 (2780 g) and APK-1 (2280g). Oyster mushroom can be growing at moderate temperature ranging from 20 to 300 C and humidity 55-80% for a period of 6 to 8 months in a year. This MDU - 1 was found to perform well with maximum yield in Tiruchirapalli conditions.

Turmeric (Curcuma longa), a flowering plant in the ginger family, is widely used as a food coloring in curry powder. Turmeric has long been used in both Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine an anti-inflammatory, to treat digestive disorders and liver problems. The active ingredient in turmeric is curcumin, which have been the various medicinal properties. To extract the curcumin, best variety should be selected. The ultimate aim of any programme is to obtain the high yield with quality and studies like correlation and path coefficient analysis to understand the association different characters and their final effect on the yield. The present study was attempted in this direction to analyze the association of different character on yield in Turmeric.

Oyster mushrooms are economical and most easily grown of all cultivated edible mushrooms. The crop has a range of varieties, differing in form, colour, texture and odor, which can be cultivated throughout the year under a diverse agro-climatic conditions. Three different oyster mushroom species viz., Hypsizygus ulmarius (var. CO2), Pleurotus eous (var. APK1) and Pleurotus florida (var. PF) along with three cropping rooms of varied temperatures was used for the study. Among the different cropping rooms, thatched shed with a temperature of 23o C recorded a highest yield of 748g, 712 and 673 g per 500 g of substrate by PF, CO 2 and APK 1 respectively than AC room and Concrete room. The temperature of the cropping room is inversely proportional to the yield of oyster mushroom. Hence, the thatched shed was best suited for oyster mushroom cultivation, which was both economic and easy to use.

Pyrrolidone carboxyl peptidase (PCP) hydrolytically removes the L-pyroglutamic acid from the amino terminal region of pyroglutamyl proteins or peptides. So far, only a limited number of structures of PCP have been solved. Here we report the crystal structure of pyrrolidone carboxyl peptidase from Thermus thermophilus (TtPCP) which has been solved using the molecular replacement method and refined at 1.9 Å resolution. TtPCP follows the α/β/α architecture in which the central β-sheets are surrounded by α-helices on both sides. The inter subunit contact between two monomers consists of two short antiparallel β-strands and part of a long protrusion loop. By comparing the TtPCP with its structural homologs, we identified the putative catalytic triad residues as Glu76, Cys139 and His160. A unique disulfide link found in some homologs of TtPCP, formed between two monomers that provide thermal stability to the protein, is not observed in TtPCP. Hence, being a thermophilic protein, the putative thermal stability of TtPCP could be due to more intra and inter-molecular hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic and ion pair interactions when compared with its mesophilic counterpart. The structural details of TtPCP will be helpful to understand the basis of the intrinsic stability of thermophilic proteins. Also, it could be useful for protein engineering.

Purpose – This paper sets out to discuss the commonalities that can be found in learning outcomes (LOs) for education for sustainable development in the context of the Tbilisi and Barcelon declarations. The commonalities include systemic or holistic thinking, the integration of different Perspectives, skills such as critical thinking, change agent abilities and communication, and finally different attitudes and values. Design/methodology/approach – An analysis of LOs that are proposed in the Tbilisi and Barcelona declarations is conducted, showing specific issues for the commonalities presented. Examples of LOs from Instituto Tecnologicoy deEstudios Superiores de Monterrey (ITESM) in Mexico, as well as various associations from the USA is shown. A brief discussion is done on the means to achieve these LOs and learning evaluation. Findings – In the example sets of LOs shown, the commonalities presented in the paper’s first section appear in the LOs proposed by the institutions. Based on current knowledge and perception, sustainability is properly addressed in the examples.

Deep learning techniques is growing wider day by day in the process of Content based Image retrieval (CBIR). The recognition of the image is based on its shape, attributes, and tag. It is challenging to establish the connection between semantic ideas in the vast real-world applications. The social media is dominating the globe by throwing its wide range of features where the people are finding difficulty in choosing their suitable objects or images because of any redundancy. So the proposed method is based on Content-based image recognition and tagging by using deep learning techniques. The tagging of the image is used here for easy identification of the objects. The Geon similarity model is used to extract the maximum similarity of the different images by its accurate and rapid computation methods. The modified grey wolf optimization method and the novelty based convolution neural network, ResNet-50, is applied here as a hashing technique and classifier to get high recognition rate and accuracy values when compared to the state of art methods. The performance attributes of the modified convolutional neural network give a high value of precision, accuracy, recall, and mAP.

This article dwells on two technical aspects, the design and implementation of an upgraded version of the differential shape-memory alloy–based revolute actuator/rotary actuating mechanism for stabilization and position control of a two-degree-of-freedom centrally hinged ball on beam system. The actuator is configured with differential and inclined placement of shape-memory alloy springs to provide bidirectional angular shift. The shape-memory alloy spring actuator occupies a smaller space and provides more extensive reformation with justifiable actuation force than an equally able shape-memory alloy wire. The cross or diagonal architecture of shape-memory alloy springs provides force amplification and reduces the actuator’s control effort. The shape-memory alloy spring–embodied actuator’s function is exemplified by the highly dynamic underactuated custom-designed ball balancing system. The ball position control is experimentally demonstrated by cascade control using the control laws that have been unattempted for shape-memory alloy actuated systems; the ball is positioned with linear (integer-order and fractional-order) proportional–integral–derivative controllers optimized with genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization at the outer/primary loop. Angular control of the shape-memory alloy actuated beam is obtained with nonlinear (integer-order and fractional-order sliding mode control) control algorithms in the inner/secondary loop.

The dual-input boost converter (DIBC) with voltage multiplier cell (VMC) and operating in continuous conduction mode (CCM) is feasible for applications with high voltage from low voltage renewable ...

To improve the protection of economyas well as environment, Green communication is used in Health, Education, Industry, as well as Ecosystem for overcoming the stumbling blocks which destroy the IoT’s ecofriendly as well as sustainable nature of the sources of energy. Followed by that, to meet these problems, green communication technologies started to decrease the losses of energy as well as decrease electronic -wastes and contaminations; for example, energy-aware tags, green cloud models, as well as resource-constrained data centers. Energy-aware decreased RFID tags with least possible frequencies employed to efficientlytrackpatients, hospital bed allotments, automatically distributing the pills, managing attendances at the entrances in various institutes, tracking children at school, digital library cards, managing supply chains. Adding to that, the green cloud employs effective switching as well as VM techniques to save energy, thereforeemployedto efficiently storeas well as retrieve of medical, institutional, as well as industrial data. Following that, green data centers alongside the least carbo footprints as well asconsuming power assistingMedical field, Educational, Industrial needsthrough saving the price for managing repositories. Though there are benefits, it is crucial to investigate it better using the new green computing technologies for IoT.This paper describesdifferent trade-offs whilemaking green IoTbe sustainable.It finds out an efficient platform to start new studies to demonstrate new and innovative green communication solutions for IoT in Health, Education, Industry.

The vital sensing parameter on self-sensing actuation in the spring form of shape memory alloy (SMA) is determined through experimental analysis. A unique measurement technique is adopted that interlinks the electro–thermo–mechano features during the shape memory effect in NiTi, NiTiCu, and NiTiFe springs. The influence of the spring index, the number of active turns, material composition, and transition temperature is assessed. SMA spring’s effective functional behavior to be used as an actuator and or a sensor is ensured via the measurement of electrical parameters—the resistance, inductance, and impedance variations revealed during the solid–solid phase change, i.e., displacement. However, the spring form of SMA would exhibit variation in inductance and a variation in electrical resistance, which in turn is considered a variation in the electrical impedance, which may also be appropriate sensing information. The thermo-mechanical and thermo-electrical measurements are synchronized using an impedance analyzer and data acquisition module with a specific programming technique. The active spring is equivalently a series resistance–inductance circuit, since the collective effect of a decrease in resistance and increase in inductance with an increase in temperature offers increased $$\frac{L}{R}$$ and vice versa to support structural health monitoring.

The article presents the study of the deformation of an SMA bimorph actuator during static heating. The thermomechanical behavior of thin film CuAlNiMn shape memory alloy (SMA) on polyimide substrate is analyzed using finite element method. The analysis is carried out for three different geometries to obtain the displacement when temperature is varied. The actuation characteristics of the SMA bimorph are studied through direct heating and joule heating techniques. The surface morphology and composition of the bimorph sample are obtained using the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The numerical analysis of the thermomechanical behavior of a thin film CuAlNiMn SMA bimorph is carried out using the finite element method. The procedure is applied for a double-legged cantilever configuration of the bimorph to obtain the actuation in terms of displacement; by varying the temperature. The same is repeated for semi-circular and pentagon shapes of the bimorph to obtain the influence of area on the displacement. It is observed that SMA bimorph displaces with the rise in temperature and the magnitude of displacement increases with the increase in surface area of different geometries. The physical actuation characteristic of CuAlNiMn-polyamide bimorph is studied by thermal heating and electrical heating of the sample, which confirm the shape memory effect of the SMA and provide the displacement characteristics of the bimorph when applying an electrical current.

In this present article, we studied and examined the novel general subclasses of the function class $\Sigma$ of bi-univalent function defined in the open unit disk, which are associated with the Horadam polynomial. This study locates estimates on the Taylor - Maclaurin coefficients $|a_{2}|$ {\it and} $|a_{3}|$ in functions of the class which are considered. Additionally, Fekete-Szeg\"{o} inequality of functions belonging to this subclasses are also obtained.

The ball on beam system is a highly nonlinear laboratory model which helps to understand the modern and classical control theory. This paper emphasizes the position control of a ball on beam system which is actuated by shape memory alloy wires in an antagonistic configuration. The shape memory alloy actuator provides the necessary force to actuate the beam in the left and right directions of angular position. To achieve effective control of any system it is necessary to design the controller optimally but it is very difficult due to the requirement of proper tuning which is not feasible by the conventionally designed controller. The objective of this paper is the optimal design of the well-received PID controller by using intelligent tuning techniques to drive the system with the best performance. Since the genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization are the numerical algorithms that have been extensively used to solve all types of complex engineering problems to improve their performance, these algorithms are used to tune the PID controller. The results of genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization are benchmarked with a conventionally designed PID controller.

This paper presents the design, physical modelling and testing of electromechanical logic elements using shape memory alloy (SMA) wire actuated hinged beam switches. Microelectromechanical system logic devices actuated by electrostatic, pneumatic and electrothermal actuation mechanisms are used as alternatives to the conventional logic systems for harsh operating conditions such as ionizing radiations and high temperature. Microoptoelectromechanical system logic device actuated by electrothermal cantilevers can be used in the same applications. Mechanical logic units using linkages and joints in automobiles require an appropriate actuation mechanism. The actuation mechanism used in each case is inherent to typical limitations and design complexity. This work contributes to the evolution of the mechanical logic design architecture to present simplicity to the logic system, involving SMA actuated hinged beam switches. The performance of the SMA hinged beam switch is evaluated by assessing the minimum current required for the actuation of the SMA to reduce the switching delay; also the switching transients during ON and OFF are observed for a static input. The functionality of basic electromechanical logic elements composed using SMA hinged beam switch is verified.

Background We describe the demographic, clinical and laboratory findings along with the treatment and outcomes among children meeting the case definition of Pediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome — Temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS). Methods We analyzed the clinical and laboratory findings of children who presented with PIMS-TS during an 8-week period from May 4, 2020 to July 8, 2020. Results We report 19 children with a median age of 6 year (IQR: 13 months-16 years), who met the case definition of PIMS-TS. All of them presented with fever. Multi organ involvement (79%), mucocutaneous involvement (74%), cardiovascular symptoms (63%) and gastrointestinal symptoms (42%) were the other features. Elevated levels of C-reactive protein was found in all of them and the majority of them had evidence of coagulopathy; intensive care admissions were needed in 12 (63%) and vasoactive medications were given to 6 (31.5%) children. There were no deaths. Conclusion Children with PIMS-TS present with a wide range of signs and symptoms. Fewer children in this series had coronary artery abnormalities, and there was a low incidence of RT-PCR positivity with high presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.

A pair of shape memory alloy (SMA) wires instrumented in a synergistic configuration that performs shared sensing and actuation, exhibiting bi-functionality. The device can function as a sensor for positioning and as a variable impedance actuator to generate active force (haptic) feedback to the operator. The uniqueness of this work is to formulate the technique of sensaptics in an SMA wire employed device, a two-in-one module for the purpose of servoing and to create haptics as a result of which it also takes control action for an advanced driver assistance system. The paper discloses the open-loop experimental procedure for the identification of the excitation current to sense. Real-time study on the static and dynamic responses of the sensaptics device and the responses of the device are tested for an active car following algorithm in a simulated virtual reality machine language environment with hardware in the loop and it is presented.

The main objective of this present investigation is to derive the Fekete Szeg$\ddot{o}$ inequality for the function belongs to the defined class in the open unit disk with respect to symmetric and conjugate points bounded by conical region. As a special consequences of our result, we extracted some interesting results through corollaries.

Electric impedance is widely used in imaging and detection techniques. The applications range from non-destructive testing, structural health monitoring, and geophysical imaging to medical imaging. The frequency of the signal used for the measurement ranges from less than 1 Hz to about 1 GHz. This paper addresses the measurement and evaluation of the phase dependent electrical resistance, inductance, capacitance, and impedance of a shape memory alloy (SMA) spring (BMX 150, Toki Corporation). The material characteristics can be obtained by means of their electromechanical impedance. Experimental procedures are implemented and the electrical characteristics are obtained for a wide range of frequency. The electrical resistance, inductance, impedances of the austenite and martensite phase are determined, also the quality factor of the Bio Metal coil to be (9.465 – 9.95) Ω and (10.358 – 10.8) Ω, (0.458 – 0.38) μH and (0.458 – 0.36) μH and, (9.47 – 10.24) Ω and (10.36 – 11.11) Ω respectively for the frequency range of 100 kHz - 1MHz. The quality factor of the Bio Metal ranges between 0.03 and 0.2 during heating and, 0.028 and 0.022 during the cooling phase. The experimental results herein show that an equivalent circuit of the SMA spring is a series resistor-inductor circuit with a parasitic capacitance effect. The electromagnetic behaviour of SMA is determined using a finite element tool.