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The lattice strain effect in Pd–Ni core–shell nanocubes on the selectivity of urea electrolysis is elucidated, which can facilitate catalyst design for efficient urea waste treatment and concomitant cathodic hydrogen production or CO2 reduction.

We demonstrate the control of morphologies of supramolecular architectures based on binuclear Pt(ii) complexes through ligand changes at both end groups.

A regioselective alkylation of β,γ-alkynyl-α-imino esters by visible-light photocatalysis has been developed. This method enables 1,2-addition of methyl, primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl radicals to the conjugated imines under mild conditions to produce a variety of quaternary alkynyl α-amino acid and cyclic amino acid motifs. Alkyl radicals are generated from alkyl bis(catecholato)silicates with an organic photocatalyst. This process is effective under an air atmosphere, providing operational benefits compared to conventional alkylation using organometallic reagents.

Objective: We aimed to investigate the association between maternal age and severe maternal morbidity (SMM) in a Korean population.Methods: Data for cases of delivery between 2003 and 2018 were extracted from the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Delivery Cohort. The main outcome was SMM, which was determined using the Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s algorithm. A generalized estimating equation model with a log link was performed for the relationship between SMM and maternal age-adjusted covariates.Results: SMM occurred in 40,959/2,113,615 (1.9%) of delivery cases. Teenagers and women 35 years and older had an increased risk of SMM in both nulliparous and multiparous cases (ages 15-19: adjusted risk ratio (RR) 1.32, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.15–1.46; ages 35-39: RR 1.24, 95% CI 1.21-1.28; ages 40-44: RR 1.57, 95% CI 1.50-1.64; and ages 45 or older: RR 2.07, 95% CI 1.75–2.44). Conclusion: Women aged 40 years and older had the highest rates of SMM. In singleton births as well as nulliparous and multiparous cases, teenagers and women ages 35 years and older had a particularly high risk of SMM. Identifying and managing risk factors for SMM in these vulnerable age groups may improve maternal health outcomes.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of clusters and switches through verbal fluency tasks by different age groups among the elderly.Methods: Ninety-four healthy elderly adults participated in this study. The verbal fluency task consisted of semantic verbal fluency and phonemic verbal fluency. The categories of ‘animal’ and ‘supermarket’ were used for semantic fluency, and the categories ‘/k/’, ‘/o/’ and ‘/s/’ were used for phonemic fluency.Results: First, there was a significant difference between the age groups. The number of correct responses in the verbal fluency task decreased as age increased. Second, the mean cluster size for verbal fluency did not show a significant difference among groups in tasks of semantic and phonemic verbal fluency. Third, the number of switches showed a significant difference between groups in semantic and phonemic verbal fluency. In the post-analysis results of semantic fluency, a significant difference was found in the category of ‘animals’ between the young-old and old-old age group, and a significant difference was found in the number of switches in the category of ‘supermarket’ between the middle-old and old-old age group. Finally, the semantic fluency task showed the highest frequency of perseverative error, and the phonemic fluency task showed the highest frequency of other errors.Conclusion: These results of this study are meaningful in investigating characteristics of cluster and switch as well as the performance of correct rate through the verbal fluency tasks according to the elderly group.

Recently, cyantraniliprole (CYA) and sulfoxaflor (SUL) have been considered as alternatives to neonicotinoid insecticides. In this study, we evaluated the acute and chronic toxicities of CYA and SUL on honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) larvae reared in vitro.In the acute toxicity test, the following test doses were used to determine the median lethal dose (LDExposure to CYA increased larval mortality but did not cause any adult deformation, whereas SUL exposure increased pupal mortality and caused wing deformation in newly emerged bees. Our study may be useful for the assessment of pesticide toxicity by providing valuable findings on the effects of these insecticides on honey bee larvae. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Plasmonic nanoparticles show highly sensitive optical properties upon local dielectric environment changes. Hybridisation of plasmonic nanoparticles with active polymeric materials can allow stimuli-responsive and multiplex sensing over conventional monotonic sensing capacity. Such heterogeneous adlayers around the plasmonic core component, however, are likely to perturb the local refractive index in the nanometre regime and lead to uncertainty in its intrinsic sensitivity. Herein we prepare a series of polystyrene-grafted polyhedral gold nanoparticles, cubic and concave cubic cores, with different edge lengths and polymer thicknesses with precise synthesis control. Their localised surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) spectral changes are monitored to understand the effect of core morphological details in the interplay of nanoscale polymeric shells. Quantitative image analysis of changes in the core and shell shape contours and finite-difference time-domain simulations of the corresponding LSPR spectra and electric field distributions reveal that the magnitude of the LSPR spectral shift is closely dependent on the core morphology, polymer shell thickness and electric field intensity. We also demonstrate that the polystyrene-grafted gold concave cube displays higher sensitivity for nanoscale refractive index change in the polymer shell than the polystyrene-grafted gold cube at different temperatures. Our systematic investigation will help design polymer-composited plasmonic nanosensors for desirable applications.

Thiram, an oxidized dimer of dithiocarbamate, has fungicidal and ectoparasiticidal roles. This study aimed to determine the effects of thiram on the development of zebrafish (ZF) embryos. The developmental toxicity test was performed in accordance with the OECD 236 test guidelines, and ZF embryos were subjected to several thiram concentrations and a DMSO (0.01%) control. Subsequently, embryo mortalities and developmental anomalies were evaluated at different hours post fertilization (hpf). Thiram was highly toxic to ZF, with calculated median lethal concentrations (LC

Core-shell hybrid nanomaterials have shown new properties and functions that are not attainable by their single counterparts. Nanoscale confinement effect by porous inorganic shells in the hybrid nanostructures plays an important role for chemical transformation of the core nanoparticles. However, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been rarely applied for understanding mechanical insight into such nanoscale phenomena in confinement, although MOFs would provide a variety of properties for the confining environment than other inorganic shells such as silica and zeolite. Here, we examine chemical transformation of a gold nanorod core enclosed by a zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) through chemical etching and regrowth, followed by quantitative analysis in the core dimension and curvature. We find the nanorod core shows template-effective behavior in its morphological transformation. In the etching event, the nanorod core is spherically carved from its tips. The regrowth on the spherically etched core inside the ZIF gives rise to formation of a raspberry-like branched nanostructure in contrast to the growth of an octahedral shape in bulk condition. We attribute the shell-directed regrowth to void space generated at the interfaces between the etched core and the ZIF shell, intercrystalline gaps in multi-domain ZIF shells, and local structural deformation from the acidic reaction conditions.

Ammonia has recently emerged as a promising hydrogen carrier for renewable energy conversion. Establishing a better understanding and control of ammonia adsorption and desorption is necessary to improve future energy generation. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have shown improved ammonia capacity and stability over conventional adsorbents such as silica and zeolite. However, ammonia desorption requires high temperature over 150 °C, which is not desirable for energy-efficient ammonia reuse and recycling. Here, we loaded silver nanoparticles from 6.6 to 51.4 wt% in MIL-101 (Ag@MIL-101) using an impregnation method to develop an efficient MOF-based hybrid adsorbent for ammonia uptake. The incorporation of metal nanoparticles into MIL-101 has not been widely explored for ammonia uptake, even though such hybrid nanostructures have significantly enhanced catalytic activities and gas sensing capacities. Structural features of Ag@MIL-101 with different Ag wt% were examined using transmission electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and infrared spectroscopy, demonstrating successful formation of silver nanoparticles in MIL-101. Ag@MIL-101 (6.6 wt%) showed hysteresis in the N

Ammonia has emerged as a potential working fluid in adsorption heat pumps (AHPs) for clean energy conversion. It would be necessary to develop an efficient adsorbent with high-density ammonia uptake under high gas pressures in the low-temperature range for waste heat. Herein, a porous nanocomposite with MIL-101(Cr)-NH

Realizing bright colloidal infrared emitters in the midwavelength infrared (or mid-IR), which can be used for low-power IR light-emitting diodes (LEDs), sensors, and deep-tissue imaging, has been a challenge for the last few decades. Here, we present colloidal tellurium nanowires with strong emission intensity at room temperature and even lasing at 3.6 μm (ω) under cryotemperature. Furthermore, the second-harmonic field at 1.8 μm (2ω) and the third-harmonic field at 1.2 μm (3ω) are successfully generated thanks to the intrinsic property of the tellurium nanowire. These unique optical features have never been reported for colloidal tellurium nanocrystals. With the colloidal midwavelength infrared (MWIR) Te nanowire laser, we demonstrate its potential in biomedical applications. MWIR lasing has been clearly observed from nanowires embedded in a human neuroblastoma cell, which could further realize deep-tissue imaging and thermotherapy in the near future.

Thiram, a dithiocarbamate fungicide, is used for the treatment of various fungal infections affecting crops and ornamentals. However, thiram-associated toxicity has been reported in animals, including fish, and the underlying molecular mechanisms are unclear. Herein, we employed zebrafish (ZF) to gain further insights into thiram toxicity-associated molecular mechanisms. We studied developmental abnormalities and performed whole-transcriptome analysis of ZF embryos exposed to thiram for 96 h. Embryos exposed to 4.0 μg/L thiram exhibited several phenotypic abnormalities, including bradycardia, spinal curvature, hatching arrest, and growth retardation. Whole-transcriptome analysis revealed 1754 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 512 upregulated and 1242 downregulated DEGs. The majority of biological processes affected by thiram were metabolic. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis yielded terms related to reproduction, such as steroid biosynthesis and steroid hormone biosynthesis. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction validation results were in line with sequencing data for ten DEGs. The study results improve our current understanding of the effects of thiram exposure in ZF.

Newly discovered polar BiOIO3 with orthorhombic stability (Pca21 phase) was analyzed using first-principles calculations. To clarify the physics of BiOIO3, we assumed that a phase transition occurs from a fictitious tetragonal P4/nmm phase to an orthorhombic Pca21 phase based on group theory and a symmetry mode analysis. The energetics and the order parameters involved in the transition from the tetragonal to the orthorhombic phase were analyzed. The primary order parameter of the phase transition is closely related to two tilting modes of the oxygen polyhedral (M4 and M1 modes). We also present the relationship of the distortion modes to the structural phase transition and the physical properties of the polar phase.

Various nanoparticle surface layers allow unique functionalities. We developed a coating method with tetracyanoquinodimethane that forms solid layers through π stacking on gold nanorod surfaces. Its reaction mechanism was investigated with reaction time, aging time and surfactant concentration. Our method could be generalizable to different nanoparticle shapes and crystal facets.

A 12-year-old castrated male Persian cat presented with abdominal distension, anorexia, and no defecation. The radiography revealed ascites, pleural effusion, and a cranioventral mediastinal mass. Ultrasonography showed a well-defined mass lesion within a thickened ileal segment with a transmural loss of layering and multiple hyperechoic nodules arising from the peritoneum. Computed tomography showed peritoneal thickening with contrast enhancement, a bulky heterogeneous ileal mass, and mesenteric involvement with diffuse nodules. An alimentary lymphoma was confirmed by fine needle aspiration of the small intestinal mass. Peritoneal lymphomatosis is rarely reported as a metastatic manifestation in veterinary medicine. This report describes the imaging features of lymphoma with peritoneal lymphomatosis in a cat.

The frequency of extreme weather phenomena such as heat wave and cold wave has increased recently, and the intensity of weather has been strengthened, resulting in human and physical damage. The Republic of Korea has been working to reduce damage since 2018 by including heat and cold waves in natural disasters. The Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) also provides impact-based forecasts, which requires research that suits local characteristics. In this study, weather observation data related to the summer heat wave in Busan, Ulsan and South Gyeongsang Province was analyzed to determine the weather conditions for the heat wave. In addition, in relation to the heat wave impact-based forecast that was provided regularly in 2019, the heat threshold was applied by comparing the current status of the heat-related patients with the maximum temperature, the number of consecutive days of the heat wave and the current status of the heat-related patients. The impacts of heat waves in different fields were analyzed, including livestock waste, fisheries food damage, and heat damage by crops. The cold wave also analyzed the number of days of cold wave in Busan, Ulsan, and South Gyeongsang Province by comparing the lowest temperature with the current status of cold-related patients. The impacts of cold weather conditions such as wind direction, wind speed and the number of consecutive days of the cold wave were also analyzed. Further, for regular provision of cold wave impact-based forecast to be implemented in 2020, the impacts of each cold wave vulnerable areas suitable for Busan, Ulsan, and South Gyeongsang Province were analyzed and referred to when applying cold wave thresholds.

Background This study aimed to assess the specific associations between stroke and all-cause and cause-specific mortality among Korean adults. Methods We used data extracted from the Korean National Health Insurance claims database from 2002 to 2013, including information on individuals with or without stroke aged 20 years and older. Patients with intracerebral hemorrhage, ischemic stroke or unspecified stroke were classified as stroke patients, while a reference population matched in terms of sex and age were also selected. The outcomes were all-cause mortality, natural causes of death (i.e. all natural causes, death by stroke and death by other diseases) and suicide. Survival analysis was performed using the Cox proportional hazards model. Results Of the 73 150 eligible participants—including 14 630 stroke patients and 58 520 age- and sex-matched controls—11 121 (15.2%) died during the study period. Of them, 10 513 participants (94.5%) died of natural causes, including 1653 (14.5%) who died due to stroke and 8860 (79.7%) who died due to other diseases. Two hundred and fifty patients (2.2%) died by suicide. Stroke patients showed higher adjusted hazard ratios (HR) for all-cause (HR = 6.48, 95% CI, 3.87–10.86), all-natural-cause (HR = 2.68, 95% CI, 2.53–2.84), stroke (HR = 21.16, 95% CI, 17.49–25.61), other disease (HR = 1.69, 95% CI, 1.58–1.81) and suicide mortality (HR = 3.34, 95% CI, 2.24–4.98) than those without stroke. The effect size of stroke for suicide mortality was greater than that for other causes of mortality (except stroke mortality). Conclusions Stroke was associated with a higher risk of all-cause, natural cause and suicide mortality; stroke was more strongly associated with risk of suicide mortality than with any mortality for any other causes. From a policy standpoint, these results suggest the need for greater supportive care to prevent unnatural deaths among stroke patients.

Background To assess whether the type of primary caregiver is a risk factor of the incidence of fracture among older adults who have survived a stroke. Methods Data from 4282 stroke survivors in the National Health Insurance Service—Senior Cohort (2002-2013) were used in this study. We categorized type of primary caregiver as none, spouse/family caregiver, and formal caregiver. The incidence of fracture within the year postdischarge was used as the outcome variable. These data were subjected to a survival analysis using the Cox proportional hazard model. Results Of the 4282 stroke survivors, 308 (7.2%) experienced a fracture during the 1-year follow-up period. According to type of primary caregiver, the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of fracture was lower among those whose caregiver was a spouse (HR = .68, 95% confidence interval [CI], .48-.96] and those with a formal caregiver (HR = .59, 95% CI, .36-.97) compared to stroke survivors with no caregiver. In particular, those with a family or formal caregiver who were being cared for in nursing facilities were less likely to be associated with fracture than those with no caregiver. Conclusions The adjusted HR of fracture among stroke survivors was lower among those with primary caregivers compared to those without them. Thus, the government should monitor and allocate the appropriate attention to stroke survivors after discharge in order to ensure that they obtain the needed health care, especially for stroke survivors who are without a primary caregiver.

For the hospital administration, 1 major responsibility is to prevent the outflow of existing patients and minimize losses because of the failure of patients with cancer to attend appointments. We analyzed the association between no-show rates and characteristics of patients with cancer at a tertiary hospital in Seoul using patient affair data. Among the 680 190 patients, no-show rates were 4.39% and 3.37% for males and females, respectively. Male patients with colon and rectum, pancreas, and liver cancer had higher no-show rates (5.81%, 5.8%, and 5.1%). Among females, pancreas, colon and rectum, and liver cancer were associated with high no-show rates (5.65%, 5.44%, and 4.92%). For both males and females, liver (males: OR = 2.02; 95% CI: 1.68-2.44; females: OR = 1.91; 95% CI: 1.60-2.28) and pancreas (males: OR = 1.98; 95% CI: 1.57-2.50; females: OR = 1.97; 95% CI: 1.61-2.42) cancer were associated with high no-show rates. To reduce the rate of no-shows, hospitals should establish and enforce "missed appointment" policies as well as its effect upon health outcome.

Purpose Internet addiction has emerged as a major public health problem worldwide. In November 2011, the South Korean government implemented an online game shutdown policy, lasting from 12:00 to 6:00 am, as a means of preventing Internet addiction in adolescents aged 15 or below. This study analyzed the effect of this shutdown policy on adolescent Internet use, addiction, and sleeping hours. Methods We analyzed data collected from the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey from 2011 to 2015. Respondents were divided into two groups by age: aged 15 or below (male = 76,048, female = 66,281) and aged 16 or above (male = 52,568, female = 49,060). A difference-in-difference analysis was used to evaluate the effect of this shutdown policy. Results In 2012, which is immediately following policy enforcement, daily amount of Internet use (in minutes) decreased more in adolescents affected by the policy (i.e., the aged 15 or below group). However, it steadily increased in 2013, 2014, 2015, and showed no meaningful long-term improvements 4 years after policy implementation (−3.648 minutes in 2012 [ p = .001], −3.204 minutes in 2013 [ p = .011], −1.140 minutes in 2014 [ p = .384], and 2.190 minutes in 2015 [ p = .107]). The shutdown policy did not alter Internet addiction or sleeping hours. Interestingly, female adolescents, adolescents with low academic performance, and adolescents with low exercise levels exhibited comparatively stronger and longer lasting initial declines in Internet usage. Conclusions The shutdown policy had practically insignificant effects in reducing Internet use for target adolescents. Thus, policymakers aiming to reduce or prevent Internet addiction should use different strategies.

Objectives Despite an increase in the female work force and recent increase in childhood obesity, the association between working hours of mothers and childhood obesity as well as how such association differs according to mothers’ weight and intake frequency of energy-dense, nutrition-poor (EDNP) foods remain unclear. Methods Data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2008–2012) that included samples from 3914 children in 2526 households were analyzed. Two-level (household-children) mixed-effects modeling was performed to investigate the association between mothers’ working hours and childhood obesity based on body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). Results Long working hours (h) of mothers were associated with both BMI (β = − 0.14; P = 0.324 for 1–20 h, β = 0.10; P = 0.334 for ≤ 21–40 h; β = 0.09; P = 0.429 for 41–68 h, β = 0.51; P = 0.015 for ≥ 69 h) and WC of the child (β = 0.06; P = 0.809 for 1–20 h; β = 0.46; P = 0.017 for ≤ 21–40 h; β = 0.59; P = 0.004 for 41–68 h, β = 1.35; P

Organophosphate pesticides (OPPs) are one of the most widely used insecticides. OPPs exert their neurotoxic effects by inhibiting acetylcholine esterase (AChE). Most of the gross developmental abnormalities observed in OPP-treated fish, on the other hand, may not be explained solely by AChE inhibition. To understand the overall molecular mechanisms involved in OPP toxicity, we used the zebrafish (ZF) model. We exposed ZF embryos to an OPP, phosmet, for 96 h, and then analyzed developmental abnormalities and performed whole transcriptome analysis. Phenotypic abnormalities, such as bradycardia, spine curvature, and growth retardation, were observed in phosmet-treated ZF (PTZF). Whole transcriptome analysis revealed 2190 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 822 and 1368 significantly up-and downregulated genes, respectively. System process and sensory and visual perception were among the top biological pathways affected by phosmet toxicity. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed significant enrichment of metabolic pathways, calcium signaling pathway, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, cardiac muscle contraction, drug metabolism–other enzymes, and phototransduction. Quantitative real-time PCR results of six DEGs agreed with the sequencing data expression profile trend. Our findings provide insights into the consequences of phosmet exposure in ZF, as well as an estimate of the potential risk of OPPs to off-target species.

Simple Summary Rearing honey bee (Apis mellifera) larvae in vitro is an important method for studying bee larvae diseases or the toxicity of pesticides on bees. Laboratory experiments for bee larvae are usually performed by placing a rearing plate horizontally during all developmental stages. However, recent studies have demonstrated that a horizontal rearing environment can cause the deformation of emerged bees. Most studies adopted a vertical rearing method to reduce such deformation, but there is a lack of information on the emergence rates and deformation rates of bees reared on vertical or horizontal plates. Therefore, in this study, we examined the effect of placing the plates vertically and horizontally on newly emerged bees. There were no significant differences in larval mortality, pupal mortality, and adult emergence rates between horizontal and vertical rearing plates. However, the adult deformation rates of the horizontal plates were significantly higher than those of the vertical plates. In conclusion, we suggest that the vertical rearing method is more suitable when considering the deformation rate of the control group to verify the sublethal effects of pesticides on honey bees. Abstract Rearing honey bee larvae in vitro is an ideal method to study honey bee larval diseases or the toxicity of pesticides on honey bee larvae under standardized conditions. However, recent studies reported that a horizontal position may cause the deformation of emerged bees. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the emergence and deformation rates of honey bee (Apis mellifera ligustica) larvae reared in horizontal and vertical positions. The study was conducted under the same laboratory conditions with three experimental groups, non-capped or capped horizontal plates and capped vertical plates. However, our results demonstrated that the exhibited adult deformation rates of the horizontal plates were significantly higher (27.8% and 26.1%) than those of the vertical plates (11.9%). In particular, the most common symptoms were deformed wings and an abnormal abdomen in the horizontal plates. Additionally, adults reared on horizontal plates were substantially smaller (10.88 and 10.82 mm) than those on vertical plates (11.55 mm). Considering these conclusions, we suggest that a vertical rearing method is more suitable when considering the deformation rates of the control groups to verify the sublethal effects of pesticides on honey bees.

The relationships between breastfeeding discontinuation and cesarean section delivery, and the occurrence of postpartum depression (PPD) remain unclear. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the association of breastfeeding discontinuation and cesarean section delivery with PPD during the first 6 months after delivery.Data were extracted from the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort for 81,447 women who delivered during 2004-2013. PPD status was determined using the diagnosis code at outpatient or inpatient visit during the 6-month postpartum period. Breastfeeding discontinuation and cesarean section delivery were identified from prescription of lactation suppression drugs and diagnosis, respectively. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate adjusted hazard ratios.Of the 81,447 women, 666 (0.82%) had PPD. PPD risk was higher in women who discontinued breastfeeding than in those who continued breastfeeding (hazard ratio=3.23, P0.0001), in women with cesarean section delivery than in those with vaginal delivery (hazard ratio=1.26, P=0.0040), and in women with cesarean section delivery who discontinued breastfeeding than in those with vaginal delivery who continued breastfeeding (hazard ratio=4.92, P0.0001).Study limitations include low PPD incidence; use of indirect indicators for PPD, breastfeeding discontinuation, and working status, which could introduce selection bias and errors due to miscoding; and potential lack of adjustment for important confounders.Breastfeeding discontinuation and cesarean section delivery were associated with PPD during the 6-month postpartum period. Our results support the implementation of breastfeeding promoting policies, and PPD screening and treatment programs during the early postpartum period.

Highly anisometric nanoparticles have distinctive mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties and are therefore appealing candidates for use as self-assembly building blocks. Here, we demonstrate that ultra-anisometric nanoplates, which have a nanoscale thickness but a micrometer-scale edge length, offer many material design capabilities. In particular, we show that these nanoplates "copolymerize" in a predictable way with patchy spheres (Janus and triblock particles) into one- and two-dimensional structures with tunable architectural properties. We find that, on the pathway to these structures, nanoplates assemble into chains following the kinetics of molecular step-growth polymerization. In the same mechanistic framework, patchy spheres control the size distribution and morphology of assembled structures, by behaving as monofunctional chain stoppers or multifunctional branch points during nanoplate polymerization. In addition, both the lattice constant and the stiffness of the nanoplate assemblies can be manipulated after assembly. We see highly anisometric nanoplates as one representative of a broader class of dual length-scale nanoparticles, with the potential to enrich the library of structures and properties available to the nanoparticle self-assembly toolbox.

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of intensive grandchild care on depressive symptoms among grandparents. Methods We used data from 2008 to 2012 of the Korea Longitudinal Study of Aging. Using the data from 2008 at baseline, data included 5129 individuals aged 50 years and more without depression with at least one grandchild. A generalized estimating equation was used to investigate the impact of intensive grandchild care on depressive symptoms. Investigated factors included the intensity of grandchild care, measured by hours spent caring for a grandchild per week: (i) none (0 h); (ii) non-intensive grandchild care (1–39 h); and intensive grandchild care (≥40 h). Depressive symptoms were measured using the 10-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale. Results Among 5128 participants from 2008 to 2012, 3.0% were providing non-intensive grandchildren care, and 1.9% were providing intensive grandchild care. Compared with grandparents providing no grandchild care, those who provided intensive grandchild care experienced reduced depressive symptoms (β = −0.51 [p = 0.007] vs. no childcare). Men (β = −1.22 [p = 0.012] vs. no childcare) providing intensive grandchild care experienced a greater reduction in depressive symptoms compared with women (β = −0.44 [p = 0.029] vs. no childcare) providing grandchild care. Grandparents who were receiving financial support from adult children were more likely to experience reduced depressive symptoms than those not receiving such support. Conclusion The results of this study reveal that intensive grandchild care is associated with lower depressive symptoms among older adults, particularly men. The findings emphasize the importance of encouraging older adults to participate in grandchild care, regardless of gender. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

To investigate the impact of different living arrangements on quality of life (QoL) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in the elderly. We used data from the first to fourth wave of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging. Using the first wave as a baseline, the data included 5050 individuals aged 60 years and older with at least one living child. QoL and HRQoL were measured using a visual analogue scale developed by the Korean Labor Institute that bears similarity to the EQ-VAS. Living arrangements were categorized based on household composition (single household, one-generation household, two-generation household, and three-generation household) and the marital status of a cohabiting adult child. A generalized estimating equation was used to examine the association between living arrangements and QoL/HRQoL. Compared to elderly individuals living in three-generation families with a married child, those in a single household (QoL: β = −2.67 [P = 0.001]; HRQoL: β = −2.24 [P = 0.007]), those living in a three-generation family with an unmarried adult child (QoL: β = −5.19 [P

Background: There are no studies researching the relationship between house-poor persons and mental health. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between house-poor status and depressive symptoms. Aim: To examine the relationship between the house-poor and depressive symptoms according to household income. Methods: Data from the Korean Welfare Panel Study were used. House-poor were defined as people having possession with over 10% house-related interest in disposable income. About 7,565 participants over the age of 19 years were followed up from 2011 to 2013. The generalized estimating equations were used for analysis. Results: Individuals with more house-related debt showed increasingly higher depression scores (possession with under 5% related debt to disposable income β = 0.2024, p = .1544; under 10% β = 0.7030, p = .0008; over 10% β = 1.3207, p Conclusion: Individuals without houses and individuals owning houses with higher percentages of house-related interests showed higher levels of depressive symptoms. Therefore, this study affirmed that the importance of considering the most vulnerable groups in addressing the mental health of individual.

The number of cancer survivors is increasing as a consequence of improved therapeutic options. Many families are suffering from the resultant financial burden. Our study aims to determine the total medical cost for 5 years after the initial diagnosis of childhood cancers. A customized dataset from the Korean National Health Insurance Claims Database was requested for this study. A total of 7317 patients were selected to determine the total medical cost. The costs are presented as the 2% trimmed mean value to exclude extreme costs. The medical costs were further classified according to cancer type, treatment phase, and socioeconomic status. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed. The average total medical cost per patient is 36.8 million Korean Wons or 32,157 United States Dollars. Analysis of socioeconomic status revealed that the higher income group demonstrated higher medical expenditure when compared to other groups. Analysis of the treatment phase showed that costs associated with the early phase of treatment are the highest, especially in the first 3 months after initial diagnosis. To alleviate the financial burden and reduce the socioeconomic disparities associated with medical care and costs, a better understanding of the current experience of patients and their families is required.

This study aims to investigate the association between family dinners involving the participation of both mother and her adolescent child and depressive symptoms within the adolescents. Data from 2183 mother&ndash, child pairs obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV&ndash, VI (2010&ndash, 2013, and 2015) were employed in the analysis. The dependent variable of this study was depressive symptom of adolescents. Maternal accompaniment at family dinners was the variable of interest. Logistic regression analysis was performed to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) to analyze the association between family dinners including both mother and adolescent and depressive symptoms within the adolescent. According to the results, maternal absence in family dinners was significantly associated with higher odds of depressive symptoms in adolescents (OR = 1.42, 95%CI: 1.01&ndash, 1.99). In particular, the association was strong among adolescents aged 12&ndash, 15, female adolescents, those with mothers without depressive symptoms, and city dwellers. This study showed that maternal absence at family dinners was strongly associated with depressive symptoms of adolescents. For the sake of adolescent mental health, it may be necessary to consider the implementation of policies that emphasize the importance of maternal accompaniment at family dinners and encourage the presence of mothers at the dinner table.

Reconfigurable hybrid nanoparticles made by decorating flexible polymer shells on rigid inorganic nanoparticle cores can provide a unique means to build stimuli-responsive functional materials. The polymer shell reconfiguration has been expected to depend on the local core shape details, but limited systematic investigations have been undertaken. Here, two literature methods are adapted to coat either thiol-terminated polystyrene (PS) or polystyrene-poly(acrylic acid) (PS-b-PAA) shells onto a series of anisotropic gold nanoparticles of shapes not studied previously, including octahedron, concave cube, and bipyramid. These core shapes are complex, rendering shell contours with nanoscale details (e.g., local surface curvature, shell thickness) that are imaged and analyzed quantitatively using the authors' customized analysis codes. It is found that the hybrid nanoparticles based on the chosen core shapes, when coated with the above two polymer shells, exhibit distinct shell segregations upon a variation in solvent polarity or temperature. It is demonstrated for the PS-b-PAA-coated hybrid nanoparticles, the shell segregation is maintained even after a further decoration of the shell periphery with gold seeds; these seeds can potentially facilitate subsequent deposition of other nanostructures to enrich structural and functional diversity. These synthesis, imaging, and analysis methods for the hybrid nanoparticles of anisotropically shaped cores can potentially aid in their predictive design for materials reconfigurable from the bottom up.

We report the isolation of a nonporous plate-like intermediate species (MOF-i) obtained during the synthesis of MOF-5 and the testing of this intermediate’s reactivity toward three metal ions (ZnII, CuII, and MnII) in N,N-dimethylformamide at 120 °C. We obtained interpenetrated MOF-5 crystals from the reaction between MOF-i and Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, accompanied by a change in morphology from a plate to a cube. Reaction with CuCl2·2H2O did not disrupt the plate-like morphology of MOF-i, but it did result in the replacement of ZnII by CuII and formation of a novel porous copper MOF. MOF-i showed no reactivity toward MnCl2. Our results demonstrate that MOF-i imparts a selective reactivity that is different from the individual metal ions employed in conventional synthesis of MOFs and suggests that reactive intermediates may be useful in extending the diversity of metal–organic frameworks.

Background The risk of pressure ulcers in beneficiaries of long-term care insurance is expected to increase in South Korea's aging society. However, those who stay at home may not be managed appropriately with regard to pressure ulcer development. Here, we examined the relationship between home-visit nursing services and hospitalization related to pressure ulcers among beneficiaries with pressure ulcers in home-care settings. Methods We analyzed National Aging Cohort data from 2008 to 2013. The study population was defined as those who required nursing care for pressure ulcers and received home-care services at least once under long-term care insurance. Logistic regression analysis using generalized estimating equation models was performed to examine the association between home-visit nursing services and hospitalization related to pressure ulcers. Results Among 4,807 beneficiaries with pressure ulcers, 859 (17.9%) were admitted to hospitals during the study period. The use of home-visit nursing services was associated significantly with a lower risk of hospitalization (odds ratio = 0.68, 95% confidence interval = 0.49-0.93; reference, no use). This association was especially strong in beneficiaries with mildly impaired mobility and cognitive function. Conclusions Given the protective role of home-visit nursing services in the management of long-term care insurance beneficiaries with pressure ulcers who stay at home, healthcare professionals need to consider effective strategies for the activation of home-visit nursing services in South Korea.

The shape anisotropy of nanoparticle building blocks is of critical importance in determining their packing symmetry and assembly directionality. While there has been extensive research on the effect of their overall geometric shapes, the importance of nanometer morphology details is not well-recognized or understood. Here we draw on shape-anisotropic gold triangular nanoprism building blocks synthesized based on a method we recently developed; besides the "large-scale" triangular prism shape (79.8 nm in side length and 22.0 nm in thickness), the prisms are beveled with their sides convexly enclosed by two flat {100} facets. We engineer the balance between electrostatic repulsion and entropically driven depletion attraction in the system to generate self-assemblies without or with the effect of the nanoscale beveling detail. A conventional, planar honeycomb (p-honeycomb) lattice forms with the triangular basal planes packed on the same plane at low depletion attraction, whereas an unexpected interlocking honeycomb (i-honeycomb) lattice and its "supracrystal" forms are assembled with additional close-paralleling of side facets at high depletion attraction. The i-honeycomb lattice renders all the metallic surfaces in close proximity and leads to a surface-enhanced Raman scattering signal nearly 5-fold higher than that in the p-honeycomb lattice and high sensitivity for detecting the model molecule Rhodamine 6G at a concentration as low as 10

Objective To assess whether type of long-term care service is a risk factor of the incidence of pressure ulcers among older adults with dementia who are receiving long-term care insurance (LTCI). Methods Data from LTCI beneficiaries (benefit level 1 or 2) with dementia, aged 60 and older (n = 7841), in the Korean Elderly Cohort data set from 2008 to 2013 were used. Type of long-term care service was categorized into home or institutional care using the LTCI Claims Database. The National Health Insurance Claims Database was used to identify the incidence of pressure ulcers as the outcome variable in a survival analysis using the time-dependent Cox proportional hazard model. Results Of the 7841 participants, 98 (1.2%) exhibited pressure ulcers. Compared with beneficiaries receiving home care, those receiving institutional care had a higher adjusted hazard ratio for pressure ulcers (hazard ratio 6.48, 95% confidence interval 3.48–10.86). These associations were particularly strong among beneficiaries without pressure ulcers during the mandatory assessment for benefit eligibility and who were partially ambulatory. Discussion Beneficiaries receiving institutional care were more likely to have pressure ulcers than were those receiving home care. The government must monitor the quality of institutional long-term care services and encourage service providers to improve such care.

Men and women participantsâ general characteristics. * Number of chronic diseases: Hypertension, dyslipidemia, stroke, myocardial infarction, angina, arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, thyroid gland disorder, chronic renal failure, hepatitis B. * Number of chronic diseases: Hypertension, dyslipidemia, stroke, myocardial infarction, angina, arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, thyroid gland disorder, chronic renal failure, hepatitis B. Table S2. Subgroup analysis of sitting-time and major depressive disorder according to physical activity. Adjusted for age, household income level, educational level, marital status, occupation, obesity, current smoking status, alcohol use and number of chronic diseases. (DOCX 51Â kb)

This study, the exchange value of the car after the repair, which affects the valuation elements and repair characteristics factors were investigated. Based on this specific accident damaged condition of the car, repair range, repair methods, repair costs, market transactions, taking into account the vehicle`s depreciation appraisal method is proposed.