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Objectives Investigate the presence of widespread pain in a well-defined TMD group and analyze its interrelationship with various comorbidities. Also, longitudinally seek the difference in treatment response according to the presence of widespread pain. Subjects and methods The observational study involved 45 female TMD patients in their 20s. Patients were grouped into localized and widespread pain groups based on the widespread pain index (WPI ≥ 4). Clinical characteristics and levels of comorbidities were analyzed through physical examination and validated questionnaires. Differences between the groups and the power of pre-treatment WPI in predicting pre-treatment comorbidities and post-treatment pain level improvement were statistically analyzed. Results Patients with widespread pain showed higher somatization and anxiety levels. SF-36 scores were significantly lower and more patients complained of gastrointestinal symptoms. Conventional treatment significantly reduced pain intensity in both groups but less in the widespread pain group. WPI showed significant chances to predict patients showing improvement in pain levels with treatment with a cutoff value of 4. WPI was also effective in differentiating patients that showed a higher level of somatization. Conclusion Widespread pain index could be effectively applied in differentiating those with a higher level of psychological distress and predicting TMD treatment response with further investigations into its reliability.

BACKGROUND The current diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (TMD) do not require imaging for the diagnosis of degenerative joint disease (DJD) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) condyle, and there is a lack of data investigating the effectiveness of imaging modalities in predicting long-term TMJ DJD prognosis. OBJECTIVES To verify the association between initial bone scintigraphy results and long-term DJD bone changes occurring in the TMJ condyle on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). METHODS Initial bone scintigraphy, panoramic radiography and CBCT results were analysed in relation to long-term (12 months) TMJ DJD bone change on CBCTs in 55 TMD patients (110 joints). Clinical and radiographic indices were statistically analysed among three groups (improved, no change, and worsened) based on long-term TMJ DJD prognosis calculated by destructive change index (DCI). RESULTS Neither the uptake ratio nor visual assessment results from initial bone scintigraphy showed a significant difference according to long-term condylar bone change groups. The cut-off value of bone scintigraphy uptake ratio was 2.53 for long-term worsening of TMJ DJD. Worsening of TMJ DJD was significantly associated with the diagnosis based on panoramic radiography (p = .011) and CBCT (p

Background Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) is a disease characterized by pain and dysfunction of the masticatory muscles and temporomandibular joint. Many factors have been found to be related to the disease however, the underlying mechanism is yet to be fully elucidated. Physical activity is widely known to modulate pain intensity in various pain disorders. However, literature suggesting the association between physical activity and signs and symptoms of TMD are limited. Methods and design The “Physical Activity in TMD (PAT)” is a prospective study on TMD patients that aims to determine how daily physical activity and sleep duration affect long-term TMD prognosis following conventional treatment. To analyze such effects, objective data on daily physical activity levels will be collected along with clinical indices including mouth opening ranges and masticatory muscle palpation responses from adult Koreans diagnosed with TMD following standardized diagnostic procedures. Well-known comorbidities of TMD will be extensively evaluated based on validated structured questionnaires on sleep quality, fatigue level, widespread pain, psychological status including depression and anxiety, autonomic symptoms, and health-related quality of life. The collected data will be analyzed according to TMD pain severity and physical activity level, and correlations among physical activity indices and long-term TMD prognosis will be investigated. Discussion In this longitudinal prospective study of adult Koreans diagnosed with TMD following standardized diagnostic procedures, primary outcomes include physical activity levels and long-term TMD clinical outcomes and secondary outcomes include disability from pain and related comorbidity levels. Results and analysis are ongoing. The results of this study will provide reliable data for future research and establish clinical guidelines that will allow cause-related, patient-tailored personalized medicine for TMD. Trial registration: Clinical Research Information Service (Registration number: KCT0007107). Registered March 22 2022 https://cris.nih.go.kr/cris/search/detailSearch.do?search_lang=E&focus=reset_12&search_page=M&pageSize=10&page=undefined&seq=21420&status=5&seq_group=21420.

The aim of this study is to investigate the differences in polysomnographic and cephalometric features according to positional and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep dependencies in obstructive sleep apnea patients. Standard polysomnography and cephalometric analyses were performed on 133 OSA patients. The subjects were categorized into positional and non-positional, and REM-related and not-REM-related OSA groups according to positional and REM sleep dependency on severity of sleep apnea. Polysomnographic and cephalometric parameters were compared between groups. Positional and REM-related OSA patients showed significantly lower non-supine apnea–hypopnea index (AHI), non-REM (NREM) AHI and overall AHI and higher NREM oxygen saturation (SpO2) and mean SpO2 compared to non-positional and not-REM-related OSA patients, respectively. Cephalometric features between positional and non-positional OSA patients did not show any significant differences. However, REM-related OSA patients showed significantly larger inferior oral airway space and shorter perpendicular distance between mandibular plane and anterior hyoid bone and the distance between uvula and posterior nasal spine, and narrower maximum width of soft palate than not-REM-related OSA patients. Positional and REM-related OSA patients have lower severity of sleep apnea, suggesting the possibility of lower collapsibility of the upper airway. REM sleep dependency was associated with anatomical factors, while positional dependency did not show such a tendency.

Background The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between hyoid bone position and severity of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and to investigate its value as a complementary diagnostic method. Methods A total of 133 patients who were diagnosed as OSA with an apnea-hypopnea index ≥ 5 were included. Clinical examination, level I polysomnography (PSG) and lateral cephalographic analysis were done. Comprehensive PSG characteristics were compared according to hyoid bone position and the predictive power of the distance between the mandible and hyoid was assessed. Results The distance between the hyoid bone and mandibular plane was significantly longer in the severe OSA group (p = 0.013). The distance from hyoid bone to third vertebrae (C3) and hyoid bone to mentum were also longer in the severe OSA group but the difference did not reach statistical significance. The distance between hyoid bone and mandibular plane was effective in predicting severe OSA, with a cut-off value of 19.45 mm (AUC = 0.623, p = 0.040). When grouped according to a distance cut-off value of 19.45 mm, those with a longer distance between the hyoid bone and mandibular plane showed more respiratory disturbance, lower oxygen saturation levels, less deep slow wave sleep, and more fragmented sleep with arousals. Conclusions The distance between the hyoid bone and mandibular plane derived from cephalometric analysis can be a valuable diagnostic parameter that can be easily applied in differentiating severe OSA patients.

Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a chronic pain condition accompanied by unpleasant burning sensations of the oral mucosa. While multiple factors were proposed for the etiology, evidence suggested a neuropathic pain origin while others suspected the use of antibiotics as the underlying cause. Interestingly, several reports demonstrated the intimate interaction of the nervous system and the microbiome. The current study aims to elucidate the correlation of the oral microbiome with the pathophysiology of the primary BMS. Microbiome samples obtained from the unstimulated whole saliva of 19 primary BMS patients and 22 healthy controls were sequenced and analyzed of the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA gene. There was a distinct difference in the microbial composition between the BMS and the control groups at all taxonomic levels. Alpha diversity indexes of the oral microbiome were significantly lower in the BMS group. The samples were readily distinguished by multidimensional scaling analysis and linear discriminant analysis effect size.

Background Adverse events are increasingly being reported with the growing COVID-19 vaccination rate. However, the current literature on orofacial adverse effects following COVID-19 vaccination are severely limited. With the continuation of the global vaccination campaign the incidence of oral adverse effects will inevitably increase. Case presentation Clinical characteristics and treatment results of nine patients who complained of pain and discomfort of the oral cavity following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination were analyzed. Swelling and pain of the posterior palatal area, pain on palatal area of the central incisor, pain on the mucosa of the lip and lower gingiva, right preauricular region and right posterior lower gingiva, the buccal mucosa, tongue, and the right lower second molar area were the reported symptoms. Ulceration and swelling of the oral mucosa were found in certain cases. The symptoms were generally mild and responded well to medication within a relatively short period of time. Conclusion Oral adverse reactions following COVID-19 vaccination were manageable with treatment. Clinicians should understand the true nature of orofacial adverse reactions following COVID-19 vaccines and guide patients in decision-making.

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) according to the presence of upper cervical spine abnormalities and craniofacial morphology. Study Design Clinical examinations were conducted on 43 patients with TMD. Upper cervical spine characteristics (fusion, posterior arch deficiency [PAD], and craniofacial morphology) reflecting head-and-neck posture were evaluated on lateral cephalograms. Condylar bone changes in the temporomandibular joint were evaluated by using cone beam computed tomography. Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes after 1 year of conservative therapy were statistically analyzed between groups, according to the presence of upper cervical spine abnormalities. Results Pain on neck muscle palpation was more frequent in patients with cervical fusion (P = .019) and with either fusion or PAD (P = .004) before treatment. Patients with PAD had smaller comfortable mouth opening ranges compared with those without the deficiency (P = .044) before treatment and smaller comfortable (P = .020) and maximum (P = .021) mouth opening ranges after treatment. Patients with PAD also had mouth opening limitation (P = .028) and pain on masticatory muscle palpation (P = .014) more frequently after treatment compared with patients without the deficiency. Conclusions Associations exist between upper cervical spine characteristics and treatment outcomes in patients with TMD, suggesting such parameters as a possible radiographic index in TMD diagnosis and treatment.

Halitosis is an unpleasant odor discharged through the oral cavity with a prevalence as high as 30%–50% of the general population. Conventional diagnostic methods have been focused on mouth air analysis measuring the amount of sulfur compounds which does not directly reflect the cause of halitosis. Also, the possible role of halitosis as an indicator of general health status has been steadily suggested and inflammation has been constantly associated with aversive body odor. Therefore, this study aimed to search for inter-relationships between hematologic indicators, clinical characteristics, and halitosis measurement that can predict the presence of pathologic halitosis and its intensity. Furthermore, the tentative relationship between halitosis and the presence of systemic inflammation was investigated. A total of 125 patients were divided into 103 patients in the genuine halitosis group (value ⩾80 ppb) and 22 patients in the pseudo halitosis group (value p< 0.01) compared to the pseudo halitosis group. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR, β = 0.341, p < 0.05) values and duration of halitosis (β= 0.353, p < 0.05) showed a significant association with halitosis intensity and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) values (β = 3.859, p < 0.05) were significantly related to genuine halitosis diagnosis. A new WBC cut-off value of 5575 μl−1 showed near to fair discriminative power in predicting genuine halitosis (area under the curve 0.661, p < 0.05). The results of this study showing an increased WBC count in genuine halitosis and its strong association with hematologic indices of subclinical inflammation including ESR and NLR suggest inflammatory hematologic markers as potential diagnostic tools in the diagnosis of genuine halitosis.

Objective The amount of online medical information available is rapidly growing and YouTube is considered as the most popular source of healthcare information nowadays. However, no study has been conducted to comprehensively evaluate YouTube videos related to temporomandibular disorders (TMD). So this study aimed to evaluate the content and quality of YouTube videos as a source of medical information on TMD. Method A total of 237 YouTube videos that were systematically searched using five keywords (temporomandibular disorders, tmd, temporomandibular joint, tmj, and jaw joint) were included. Included videos were categorized by purpose and source for analysis. The quality (DISCERN, Health on the Net (HON), Ensuring Quality Information for Patients (EQIP), and Global Quality Scale (GQS)) and scientific accuracy of video contents were evaluated. Results Total content, DISCERN, HON, EQIP, and GQS scores were 7.5%, 38.9%, 35.2%, 53.0%, and 48.6% of the maximum possible score, respectively. Only 69 videos (29.1%) were considered as “useful” for patients. News media, physician, and medical source videos showed higher evaluation scores than others. Quality evaluation scores were not significantly correlated or negatively correlated with public preference indices. In the ROC curve analysis, content and DISCERN score showed above excellent discrimination ability for high-quality videos based on GQS ( P Conclusions YouTube videos related to TMD contained low quality and scientifically inaccurate information that could negatively influence patients with TMD.

Human serum albumin (HSA) is the most abundant plasma protein. The main reason for using HSA as a versatile tool for drug delivery is based on its ability to accumulate in tumors. However, the mechanism of albumin accumulation in tumors is not yet clear. Many researchers using HSA as a drug-carrier have focused on the passive tumor targeting by enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, while other investigators proposed that albumin binding proteins mediate albumin accumulation in tumors. We investigated whether HSA accumulation in tumors is mediated by the EPR effect or by secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), which is known to be an albumin-binding protein. Methods: To investigate the role of SPARC on HSA accumulation in tumors, we compared HSA uptake in U87MG glioblastoma cells with different SPARC expression. U87MG cells generally express high levels of SPARC and were, therefore, used as SPARC-rich cells. SPARC-less U87MG (U87MG-shSPARC) cells were established by viral-shSPARC transduction. We detected cellular uptake of fluorescence-labeled HSA by confocal microscopy in U87MG and U87MG-shSPARC cells. To demonstrate the mechanism of HSA accumulation in tumors, we injected FNR648-labeled HSA and FITC-labeled dextran in U87MG and U87MG-shSPARC tumor-bearing mice and observed their micro-distribution in tumor tissues. Results: HSA was internalized in cells by binding with SPARC in vitro. HSA accumulation in U87MG glioma was associated with SPARC expression in vivo. FITC-dextran was distributed in U87MG tumors in the vicinity of blood vessels. The distribution of HSA, on the other hand, was observed in the regions remote from blood vessels of U87MG tumor tissues but not in U87MG-shSPARC tumor tissues. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that the tumor-distribution of HSA is affected not only by the EPR-effect but also by SPARC expression. SPARC enhances HSA accumulation in U87MG glioma and mediates active targeting of HSA in tumors.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a chronic condition accompanied by repeated obstruction of the upper airway during sleep despite respiratory efforts, resulting in intermittent hypoxemia, altered sleep structure, and sympathetic activation. Previous studies have shown a significant association between OSA and general health issues such as cardiovascular diseases, endocrine disorders, neurocognitive function decline, and poor quality of life. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) has been considered as the first line treatment for OSA. However, accumulating evidence supports the role of oral appliance (OA) therapy, including mandibular advancement devices, as an alternative option for snoring and OSA patients who do not comply with or refuse CPAP usage. Despite a generally favorable outcome of OA therapy for OSA related respiratory indices, studies focusing on the impact of systemic effects of OA therapy in OSA patients are relatively scarce compared with the extensive literature focusing on the systemic effects of CPAP. Therefore, this article aimed to provide an overview of the current evidence regarding the multisystemic effects of OA therapy for OSA.

This article describes two cases of masseteric nerve neurectomy with radiofrequency done with the intention to treat temporomandibular disorders and related symptoms; the patients then visited our clinic complaining of side-effects after the procedure. A literature review was conducted to find scientific evidence relevant to masseteric nerve neurectomy with radiofrequency. A 21-year-old male patient visited with the chief complaint of swelling of both cheeks, dizziness, and generalized lethargy occurring after masseteric nerve neurectomy using radiofrequency. His mouth opening range was restricted. Magnetic resonance imaging indicated post-procedural inflammation with hemorrhage within both masseter muscles. A 28-year-old male patient visited with the chief complaint of occlusal discomfort and disocclusion after masseteric nerve neurectomy using radiofrequency. His occlusion was abnormal with only both second molars occluding. Overbite was −1 mm. Cone-beam computed tomography indicated degenerative joint disease of both condyles. In case 1, pharmacotherapy and physical therapy relieved overall symptoms. In case 2, although exacerbation of symptoms repeatedly occurred, long-term stabilization splint and physical therapy alleviated the temporomandibular disorders symptoms. However, the occlusion remained unstable. Scientific evidence of masseteric nerve neurectomy using radiofrequency for the treatment of temporomandibular disorders is still lacking. Therefore, conservative treatment should remain as the first line approach for temporomandibular disorders.

The aims of this study were to investigate the gender differences in signs and symptoms of Korean Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD) patients based on Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) and psychosocial characteristics. A total of 1052 patients with TMD were evaluated with a questionnaire for medical history, clinical symptoms, and contributing factors, clinical examination based on RDC/TMD, and radiographic examination. RDC/TMD axis II and Symptom Checklist-90-Revision (SCL-90-R) were administered to evaluate pain-related disability level and psychological status of patients. The prevalence of TMD was higher in women than men, and the women were older than the men. The women showed higher prevalence of myogenous pain, mixed pain, disc displacement without reduction, osteoarthritis, headache, subjective insomnia, pain intensity, number of positive muscle palpation, and the high disability group in the grade chronic pain scale. Gender was associated with the number of positive muscle palpation and maximum mouth opening. Pain intensity was not associated with gender, but with number of systemic comorbidities. Subjective symptoms, and clinical and psychological characteristics of patients with TMD showed gender differences. To achieve understanding of patient and increase of success rate of treatment of TMD, gender should be considered in patient evaluations and treatment approaches.

Background To investigate the differences in clinical characteristics and long-term treatment outcomes according to antinuclear antibody(ANA) and rheumatoid factor(RF) positivity and the correlation between pain-related and hematological indices in temporomandibular disorders(TMD) patients. Methods Clinical examinations were done following the Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD in 257 patients. Comprehensive screening along with psychological and hematological evaluations (ANA, RF, complete blood cell count, C-reactive protein[CRP] and erythrocyte sedimentation rate[ESR]) were conducted. Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes were statistically compared between ANA/RF positive and negative groups. Results Thirty-nine patients showed ANA/RF positivity. Male patients had smaller comfortable mouth opening(CMO)(p = 0.033) and maximum mouth opening(MMO)(p = 0.016) ranges with more painful neck muscles on palpation when RF/ANA positive. Pain duration, intensity, disability days and psychological distress levels were also higher in RF/ANA positive male patients. Significant correlation was shown in ESR with pain duration(p

Purpose: The aims of this study were to evaluate the differences in subjective symptoms, clinical characteristics, distribution according to Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) subgroup, psychological profile of TMD patients, and to identify the prevalence and trend according to age. Methods: A total of 1,052 patients (261 men and 791 women; mean age, 34.40±15.73 years) who visited the Orofacial Pain Clinic of the Department of Oral Medicine, Seoul National University Dental Hospital complaining of TMD symptoms of were evaluated. All patients were questioned for medical history, clinical symptoms and contributing factors. Clinical examination and patient grouping based on RDC/TMD was conducted. Radiographies were taken. The Korean version of RDC/TMD axis II and Symptom Checklist-90-Revision (SCL-90-R) were administered to evaluate pain-related disability level and psychological status of the patients. Results: Prevalence peaked in the 20-year-old age group. There were more women than men in all groups. The highest T-score among SCL-90-R dimensions was somatization in each group, except for teenagers who showed the highest T-score in interpersonal sensitivity. The 30-yearold age group showed the highest distribution of high disability based on the graded chronic pain scale. Age was positively associated with pain intensity (r=0.100), number of positive muscles on palpation (r=0.137) and negatively associated with maximum mouth opening (r=-0.168). Conclusions: Subjective symptoms and clinical characteristics of TMD patients show distinct tendencies according to different age groups. Treatment should be customized and personalized according to age for efficient symptom resolution and patient satisfaction.

Objective To evaluate quality and readability of Internet-based information on halitosis. Study Design An Internet search through 3 engines (Google, Yahoo, and Bing) was done with the terms (“bad breath,” “halitosis,” “oral malodor,” “foul breath,” “mouth malodor,” “breath malodor,” “fetor ex ore,” “fetor oris,” “ozostomia,” and “stomatodysodia”). The first 50 websites from each engine resulting from each search term were screened. Included websites were evaluated using Health on the Net (HON) criteria, Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmarks, DISCERN, Ensuring Quality Information for Patients (EQIP), Flesch Reading Ease (FRE) score, and Flesch-Kincaid Grade level. Results A total of 101 websites were included. HON, DISCERN, EQIP, and FRE score were 42.9%, 37.6%, 37.4%, and 51.9% of the maximum score, respectively. Fewer than 50% of sites displayed attribution, disclosure, and currency according to JAMA benchmarks. HON score, DISCERN score, and EQIP score had significant correlation with each other and were significantly higher in sites displaying the HON seal. Conclusion The current quality and readability of informative websites on halitosis are generally low and poorly organized. Clinicians should be able to assess the Internet-based information on halitosis, as well as give accurate advice and guide patients concerning this issue.

Activated carbon fiber (ACF) was modified with MnS nanoparticles to prepare MnS-ACF, and it was employed for preparation of MnS-ACF/TiO₂ composites with titanium (IV) n-butoxide (TNB). The properties of MnS-ACF/TiO₂ composites were characterized by XRD, SEM, and EDX. EDX results showed the presence of C, O, and Ti as major elements and traces of the metal elements Mn and S. The photocatlytic activity was evaluated by degradation of methyl blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) dye. The results demonstrated that as-prepared samples could effectively photodegrade MB and MO under UV irradiation. Subsequently, the decomposition of MB solution showed the combined effects of adsorptions by ACF and enhanced photocatalytic effect by TiO₂. Finally, the photocatalytic effect increased due to photo-induced-electron absorption effect by ACF and electron trap effect by comodified MnS nanoparticles.

Hyun wook Lee, Shung Chull Chae, Myeong Chan Cho, Yoon Jung Choi, Kang Woon Choi 4 , Taek Jong Hong 5 , Seung-Ho Hur 6 , Yang soo Jang 7 , Myung Ho Jeong 8 , Jung Hwan Jo 4 , Sung Yun Jung 4 , Sang Wook Kang 9 , Su Mi Kim 4 , Ung kim 4 , Young Jo Kim 4 , Tae Hun Kwon 4 , Chan Hee Lee 10 , Sang Hee Lee 4 , Jong Seon Park 4 , Seung-Jung Park 11 , Won Jong Park 12 , Ki-Bae Seung 13 , Dong Gu Shin, Jang Won Son, In Hwan Song, Junghan Yoon Division of Cardiology,Yeungnam University Medical center, Dae-gu, Korea, Republic of, 2 Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea, Republic of, 3 Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bun dang, Korea, Republic of, 4 Yeungnam University Medical Center, Dae gu, Korea, Republic of, 5 Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea, Republic of, 6 Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, Korea, Republic of, 7 Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Republic of, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea, Republic of, Bohun Hospital, Dae gu, Korea, Republic of, 10 Yeungnam University Medical Center, Dea gu, Korea, Republic of, 11 Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea, Republic of, 12 DongKang Hospital, Ulsan, Korea, Republic of, 13 The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, Seoul, Korea, Republic of, 14 Chungnam National University Hospital, Dae jeon, Korea, Republic of, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea, Republic of

We aimed comparing two-year clinical outcomes of the Everolimus-Eluting Promus and Paclitaxel-Eluting TAXUS Liberte stents used in routine clinical practice. Patients with objective evidence of ischemia and coronary artery disease eligible for PCI were prospectively randomized to everolimus-eluting stent (EES) or paclitaxel-eluting stent (PES) groups. The primary end-point was ischemia-driven target vessel revascularization (TVR) at 2 yr after intervention, and the secondary end-point was a major adverse cardiac event (MACE), such as death, myocardial infarction (MI), target lesion revascularization (TLR), TVR or stent thrombosis. A total of 850 patients with 1,039 lesions was randomized to the EES (n=425) and PES (n=425) groups. Ischemic-driven TVR at 2 yr was 3.8% in the PES and 1.2% in the EES group (P for non-inferiority=0.021). MACE rates were significantly different; 5.6% in PES and 2.5% in EES (P = 0.027). Rates of MI (0.8% in PES vs 0.2% in EES, P = 0.308), all deaths (1.5% in PES vs 1.2% in EES, P = 0.739) and stent thrombosis (0.3% in PES vs 0.7% in EES, P = 0.325) were similar. The clinical outcomes of EES are superior to PES, mainly due to a reduction in the rate of ischemia-driven TVR.

important. We investigated variables predicting this evolution in ablated patients without a previous atrial fibrillation history. Materials and Methods：Thirty-six patients (Male=28) who were diagnosed as atrial flutter without previous atrial fibrillation history were enrolled in this study. Group 1 (n=11) was defined as those who developed atrial fibrillation after atrial flutter ablation during 1 year follow-up. Group 2 (n=25) was defined as those who has not occurred atrial fibrillation during same follow-up term. Echocardiogram was performed to all patients. We measured left atrial size, left ventricle end diastolic and systolic dimension, ejection fraction and left atrial volume index before and after ablation of atrial flutter. The differences of each variables were compared and analyzed between two groups. 1) Results：The preablation left ventricular ejection fraction (preLVEF) and postablation left ventricular ejection fraction (postLVEF) are 54±14%, 56±13% in group 1 and 47±16%, 52±13% in group 2. The differences between each two groups are statistically insignificant (2.2±1.5 in group 1 vs 5.4±9.8 in group 2, p=0.53). The preablation left atrial size (preLA) and postablation left atrial size (postLA) are 40±4 mm, 41±4 mm in group1 and 44±8 mm, 41±4 mm in group 2. The atrial sizes of both groups were increased but, the differences of left atrial size between two groups before and after flutter ablation were statistically insignificant (0.6±0.9