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In this paper, we study an inverse problem to determine an unknown source term in the time-fractional diffusion equation with variable coefficients in a general bound domain. This problem is ill-posed, i.e., the solution (if it exists) does not depend continuously on the data. We introduce the fractional Landweber iterative regularization method to solve inverse source problem. Based on an a conditional stability result, error convergent estimates between the exact solution and the regularization solution by using an a priori regularization parameter choice rule and an a posteriori regularization parameter choice rule are also given. Some numerical experiments prove that the fractional Landweber method provides better numerical result than the classical Landweber method under the same iterative steps.

Summary The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic presents an unprecedented threat to global public health. Herein, we utilized a combination of targeted and untargeted tandem mass spectrometry to analyze the plasma lipidome and metabolome in mild, moderate, and severe COVID-19 patients and healthy controls. A panel of 10 plasma metabolites effectively distinguished COVID-19 patients from healthy controls (AUC = 0.975). Plasma lipidome of COVID-19 resembled that of monosialodihexosyl ganglioside (GM3)-enriched exosomes, with enhanced levels of sphingomyelins (SMs) and GM3s, and reduced diacylglycerols (DAGs). Systems evaluation of metabolic dysregulation in COVID-19 was performed using multiscale embedded differential correlation network analyses. Using exosomes isolated from the same cohort, we demonstrated that exosomes of COVID-19 patients with elevating disease severity were increasingly enriched in GM3s. Our work suggests that GM3-enriched exosomes may partake in pathological processes related to COVID-19 pathogenesis and presents the largest repository on the plasma lipidome and metabolome distinct to COVID-19., Graphical Abstract, Highlights • Quantitative lipidomic and metabolomic profiling of COVID-19 plasma • Plasma metabolite panel distinguished COVID-19 from healthy controls (AUC = 0.975) • Differential correlation analyses uncovered metabolic dysregulation in COVID-19 • GM3-enriched exosomes are positively correlated with COVID-19 pathogenesis, Plasma metabolite panel effectively distinguished COVID-19 patients from healthy controls (AUC = 0.975). Plasma monosialodihexosyl gangliosides (GM3s) were negatively correlated with CD4+ T cell count in COVID-19 patients, and GM3-enriched exosomes were positively correlated with disease severity. These observations suggest that GM3-enriched exosomes may participate in pathological processes associated with COVID-19 progression.

In coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, the relationship between disease severity and the host immune response is not fully understood. Here we performed single-cell RNA sequencing in peripheral blood samples of 5 healthy donors and 13 patients with COVID-19, including moderate, severe and convalescent cases. Through determining the transcriptional profiles of immune cells, coupled with assembled T cell receptor and B cell receptor sequences, we analyzed the functional properties of immune cells. Most cell types in patients with COVID-19 showed a strong interferon-α response and an overall acute inflammatory response. Moreover, intensive expansion of highly cytotoxic effector T cell subsets, such as CD4+ effector-GNLY (granulysin), CD8+ effector-GNLY and NKT CD160, was associated with convalescence in moderate patients. In severe patients, the immune landscape featured a deranged interferon response, profound immune exhaustion with skewed T cell receptor repertoire and broad T cell expansion. These findings illustrate the dynamic nature of immune responses during disease progression.

Yan Chen,1,2,* Qinglei Zeng,3,* Xiufang Liu,4 Junliang Fu,1 Zhen Zeng,1 Zhiqin Zhao,1 Ze Liu,1 Wenlin Bai,1 Zheng Dong,1 Hongjin Liu,1 Xiaoxia Lu,1 Yunfeng Zhu,2,5 Yinying Lu1 1Comprehensive Liver Cancer Center, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing 100039, P.R. China; 2College of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, P.R. China; 3Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zheng Zhou 450052, Henan Province, P.R. China; 4Department of Oncology, Chinese PLA 251 Hospital, Zhangjiakou 075000, P.R. China; 5Cancer Center in Division of Internal Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China *These authors contributed equally to thiswork Background: LINE-1 ORF-1p is encoded by the human pro-oncogene LINE-1. Our previous work showed that LINE-1 ORF-1p could enhance the resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells to antitumor agents. However, the mechanisms involved in LINE-1 ORF-1p-mediated drug resistance remain largely unknown.Materials and methods: The endogenous mRNA level of LINE-1 ORF-1p in clinical HCC specimens was examined using quantitative PCR (qPCR). The prognosis of HCC patients was assessed using time to progression and overall survival. The transcription factor activity of pregnenolone X receptor (PXR) was examined using luciferase gene reporter assays, qPCR, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays and cellular subfraction assays. Protein interaction between LINE-1 ORF-1p and PXR was detected by co-immunoprecipitation. The effect of LINE-1 ORF-1p on sorafenib resistance in HCC cells was studied using in vitro and in vivo models.Results: A high level of LINE-1 ORF-1p in clinical specimens was related to poor prognosis in patients who received sorafenib treatment. LINE-1 ORF-1p increased the transcription factor activity of PXR by interacting with PXR and enhancing its cytoplasmic/nuclear translocation, and recruiting PXR to its downstream gene promoter, in turn enhancing the expression of the sorafenib resistance-related genes, CYP3A4 and mdr-1. LINE-1 ORF-1p enhanced the resistance to and clearance of sorafenib in HCC cells.Conclusion: LINE-1 ORF-1p enhances the transcription factor activation of PXR and promotes the clearance of and resistance to sorafenib in HCC cells. Keywords: LINE-1 ORF-1p, sorafenib resistance, pregnenolone X receptor, hepatocellular carcinoma, transcription factor activation

In this paper, we study an inverse problem to identify the initial value problem of the homogeneous Rayleigh–Stokes equation for a generalized second-grade fluid with the Riemann–Liouville fractional derivative model. This problem is ill posed, that is, the solution (if it exists) does not depend continuously on the data. We use the Landweber iterative regularization method to solve the inverse problem. Based on a conditional stability result, the convergent error estimates between the exact solution and the regularization solution by using an a priori regularization parameter choice rule and an a posteriori regularization parameter choice rule are given. Some numerical experiments are performed to illustrate the effectiveness and stability of this method.

To date, there have been no reports characterizing HIV-1 in the semen of Chinese men who have sex with men (MSM) with early infection. In this study, genetic diversity and viral load of HIV-1 in the seminal compartments and blood of Chinese MSM with early HIV-1 infection were examined. Viral load and genetic diversity of HIV-1 in paired samples of semen and blood were analyzed in seven MSM with early HIV-1 infection. HIV-1 RNA and DNA were quantitated by real-time PCR assays. Through sequencing the C2-V5 region of the HIV-1 env gene, the HIV-1 genotype and genetic diversity based on V3 loop amino acid sequences were determined by using Geno2pheno and PSSM programs co-receptor usage. It was found that there was more HIV-1 RNA in seminal plasma than in blood plasma and total, and more 2-LTR circular and integrated HIV-1 DNA in seminal cells than in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from all seven patients with early HIV-infection. There was also greater HIV-1 genetic diversity in seminal than in blood compartments. HIV-1 in plasma displayed higher genetic diversity than in cells from the blood and semen. In addition, V3 loop central motifs, which present some key neutralizing antibody epitopes, varied between blood and semen. Thus, virological characteristics in semen may be more representative when evaluating risk of transmission in persons with early HIV infection.

We carried out this study to evaluate the association between regulatory T cells (Treg) and prognosis and progression after cryoablation in patients with hepatitis-B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma.Peripheral Treg frequency in 111 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was detected by flow cytometry. Treg frequency and function were re-examined during patient follow up. A possible association between Treg and α-fetoprotein (AFP) was also analyzed, and the distribution of resident CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and FoxP3(+) T cells in the liver tissue of patients with HCC was examined by immunohistochemistry.Treg frequency significantly increased with disease progression. Our longitudinal study showed that Treg frequency had significantly decreased in 17 patients with HCC regression following cryoablation, but the frequency had dramatically increased in 14 patients with HCC recurrence or progression. Furthermore, AFP levels varied in a way comparable with Treg frequency in patients with elevated AFP recorded before therapy. Significantly increased suppressive effects of Treg on proliferation and cytokine secretion of CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells were observed during follow up in patients with tumor progression, but not in patients with tumor response. Moreover, the numbers of CD8(+), CD4(+), and FoxP3(+) cells infiltrating the tumors around the cryotherapeutic zones were significantly decreased after argon-helium cryoablation, and this was associated with a reduction in the FoxP3/CD8 ratio. Importantly,increased quantities of circulating CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) Treg and tumor infiltrating FoxP3(+) cells before cryoablation were associated with high recurrence or risk of progression in HCC patients after cryoablation.Treg variation is associated with tumor regression or progression in HCC following cryoablation and may be used as a marker to estimate HCC progression.

Background/Aims Functionally impaired dendritic cells (DCs) play important roles in suppressing host immune responses and facilitating viral persistence in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. However, little is known regarding the status of intrahepatic DCs in HBV infection. Methods Based on availability, 11 recipient liver samples were obtained from acute-on-chronic hepatitis B liver failure (ACHBLF) patients who had undergone liver transplantation. The frequencies, phenotypes, and functions of intrahepatic DC subsets were analyzed. Results Both plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) extensively infiltrated the liver of the ACHBLF patients and expressed mature phenotypes therein. In particular, activated hepatic pDCs produced interferon (IFN)-α, which subsequently induced interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-10 production via toll-like receptor-9 ligation in liver-infiltrating lymphocytes cultured in vitro . However, blockade of IFN-α production significantly reduced the cytokine production of the LILs. Further, a significantly low frequency of peripheral pDCs and highly reduced IFN-α production were observed in a large cohort of the ACHBLF patients, particularly in the non-survivors. Moreover, a persistently upregulated expression of hepatic IFN-α-associated genes was observed in the ACHBLF patients during disease progression. Conclusions Activated pDCs accumulated in large numbers in the liver of the ACHBLF patients and regulated local immune responses in chronic HBV infection.

Background/Aims To investigate whether dendritic cell changes are associated with the efficacy of interferon-α treatment we longitudinally analyzed circulating dendritic cells in children chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) undergoing interferon-α treatment. Methods Thirty-one children with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) received interferon-α antiviral treatment for 52 weeks. Myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDCs) frequency and function were analyzed at weeks 0, 2, 12, 24, 36 and 52 in 22 CHB patients. Results All patients exhibited an initially rapid decrease of circulating pDC numbers and CpG-induced endogenous interferon-α production within 2 weeks of interferon-α treatment. Subsequently, all responders displayed a continuous increase of both pDC numbers and function peaking around week 12. These responses were consequently accompanied by viral clearance, hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion, and the improvement of circulating myeloid dendritic cells and type 1T helper cytokine levels. However, non-responders lacked these sequential responses compared with responders. Conclusions pDCs may actively correlate with interferon-α therapy-induced viral clearance in pediatric patients with CHB. The recovery of blood pDC number and function may represent a prognostic marker for favourable response to interferon-α treatment in chronic hepatitis B.

To characterize the clinical, laboratory, imaging and pathological features of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and investigate the impact of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) therapy on patient prognosis.The medical records of 22 patients diagnosed with PSC between 2002 and 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. The PSC diagnosis had been made in patients with suspect biochemical abnormalities following evaluation by magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and/or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC). Fibrosis and inflammation were assessed by immunohistochemical analyses of tissue biopsies. Outcome of patients treated with UDCA (13-15 mg/kg/day, oral) were compared to that of patients without UDCA treatment by the X2 or corrected X2 tests.Among the 22 PSC patients, the majority was male (n=15) and presented with fatigue, dark urine, and body weight loss (n=15). Four cases had ulcerative colitis. At admission, all 22 cases showed elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase[ALP: (348+/-184) U/L], 19 cases showed elevated alanine aminotransferase [ALT: (94.0+/-67.0) U/L] and aspartate aminotransferase [AST: (98.0+/-67.0) U/L], and 15 cases showed elevated levels of total bilirubin (99.0+/-115.0) mumol/L and direct bilirubin (74.4+/-92.4 mumol/L. ERCP examination showed segmental intrahepatic bile duct stenosis with expansion, and stiff and enlarged gallbladder bile ducts, but unclear findings for the common bile ducts and pancreatic ducts. MRCP showed beading of the intrahepatic bile duct, stiffness of the bile duct wall, and dilation of the common bile duct. Fibrosis and inflammation were observed in the bile ducts, along with hyperplasia and the typical features of "onion skin" fibrosis and fibrous obliterative cholangitis. Five of the 10 patients treated with UDCA improved, and seven of the 12 patients in the non-UDCA treatment group improved. There was no statistically significant difference in outcome between the groups (paired X2=0.333, corrected X2=0.083, P more than 0.05).PSC patients were predominantly male and the common clinical manifestations were fatigue, dark urine, and body weight loss. At admission, serum biochemical indicators of cholangitis were increased significantly and subsequent imaging studies confirmed the suspected diagnosis by showing obvious characteristic changes. UDCA treatment did not significantly improve patient prognosis.

To investigate the autoantibody profile and its clinical implication in the patients with primary biliary cirrhosis.During the period of 2008 to 2010,123 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) in our hospital were enrolled in this study, of whom, 70 patients were with cirrhosis and 53 without cirrhosis, The autoantibody profile was tested for each patient by using immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence.Of the 123 PBC patients with liver cirrhosis, 49% were positive with serum ANA positive; 47%, 51%, 54%, 31% and 49% were positive with serum anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA), anti-mitochondrial antibodies-M2 (AMA-M2), anti-promyelocytic leukemia (anti-PML), anti-sp100 antibodies (anti-sp100), anti-Ro-52 antibody (anti-52KD), respectively. By contrast, of the PBC patients without liver cirrhosis, only 38%, 37%, 51%, 60%, 30% and 51% were positive with serum ANA, AMA, AMA-M2, anti-PML, anti-sp100 and anti-52KD, respectively.There was the statistical difference between the two groups. In addition, it was also found that the anti-gp210 antibody positive group had a higher Mayo risk score,lower serum albumin and severe cholestasis and impaired liver function when compared with anti-gp210 antibody negative patients.Our data indicate that serum AMA is helpful for early diagnosis of PBC, and in particular, serum ANA positivity can help make a diagnosis for the AMA-negative patients. These indicate that anti-gp210 antibodies appear in the late course of PBC.Anti-gp210 positive PBC patients have more severe cholestasis and liver dysfunction.

To evaluate the safety of human umbilical cord derived-mesenchymal stem cell (UC-MSC) transplantation therapy in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis.UC-MSCs were transplanted intravenously into patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis. Serum levels of glucose (GLU), total cholesterol (TC), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), alpha fetoprotein (AFP), white blood cells (WBC), and prothrombin activity (PA) were detected at different time points after UC-MSCs transplantation.Most UC-MSC transplanted patients experienced an improvement in quality of life, to varying degrees. With the exception of low-grade fever in a few patients, side effects and oncogenic events were rare (treatment group: 1/38 vs. control group: 1/16; P more than 0.05). The UC-MSCs transplantation showed no effect on GLU, TC, BUN, AFP, WBC, or PA.UC-MSCs transplantation in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis is safe and may improve the patient's quality of life.

This study attempted to investigate the features of Treg cells in peripheral blood and liver of patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Peripheral blood samples were obtained from 30 HCC patients and 30 healthy control subjects, then were quantitatively analyzed for Treg cells by using flow cytometry. Liver infiltrating lymphocytes (LIL) isolated from resected tumor samples of 7 HCC patients were simultaneously analyzed.There was a significant increase in the frequency of peripheral Treg cells in HCC patients compared with healthy controls (P0.01). Furthermore, we also found that there was a higher frequency of infiltrated Treg within tumor samples than the counterpart in non-tumor region (P0.05). In addition, CD4(+) CD25(low) and CD4(+) CD25(-) T cells isolated from resected tumor samples were found to express higher level of FOXP3 molecules.Our findings showed that a dramatic increasing increase of Treg in peripheral blood and liver tissue of HCC patients may be associated with the significant increased development of Treg, which favors the disease progression through the suppressive effect of Treg on host immune response in these patients.

To investigate phenotypical and functional characteristics of the CD39(+);FoxP3(+);regulatory T (Treg) cells in humans.We collected peripheral blood from 10 healthy volunteers and separated PBMC by using density gradient centrifugation, and then detected the expression of CTLA-4, HLA-DR, CD45RO and Ki-67 on CD39(+);FoxP3(+); and CD39(-);FoxP3(+);Treg cells by using flow cytometric analysis. [(3);H]-thymidine incorporation assay and ELISA were used to monitor the suppressive capacity of CD39(+); FoxP3(+); Treg cells on proliferation and IFN-gamma secretion of Treg-depleted PBMC.The expression of CTLA-4, HLA-DR, CD45RO and Ki-67 was significantly higher in CD39(+);FoxP3(+); Treg cells than those in CD39(-);FoxP3(+); Treg cells. The suppressive capacity of CD39(+);FoxP3(+); Treg cells on proliferation and IFN-gamma secretion of Treg-depleted PBMC was significantly higher than those of FoxP3(+);CD39(-);Treg cells.CD39(+);Fxop3(+);Treg subset may play an essential role in immune regulation of Treg, and CD39 can be used as a surface marker to identify the functional Treg cells.

To investigate the frequencies of immunologically competent cells (ICCs) in the liver-infiltrating lymphocytes (LILs) and peripheral blood and their possible role in pathogenesis in patients with chronic severe hepatitis B (CSHB).LILs were isolated from the liver tissue samples from 11 CSHB patients and 5 normal controls (NCs) by the method of combined grinding with semi-frosted microscopic slides and sedimentation of hepatic cells. The frequency of isolated ICCs, including CD3(+), CD4(+), and CD8(+) T-cells, NK cells, NKT cells, and B cells was examined and compared with that of the circulating ICCs in the CSHB patients. Comparison was conducted between the CSHB patients and the controls.(1) In the CSHB patients, the frequencies of CD4(+) T cells and B cells in LILs were 17% +/- 6% and 3.0% +/- 1.0% respectively, both significantly lower than those in the circulating blood (32% +/- 8% and 21.4% +/- 12.2% respectively, both P0.01); however, the frequencies of CD8(+) T cells, NK cells, and NKT cells in LILs were 38% +/- 13%, 34% +/- 18%, and 10% +/- 4% respectively, all significantly lower than those in the circulating blood (26% +/- 6%, 15% +/- 9%, and 6% +/- 4%, all P0.05). (2) The frequencies of infiltrating CD3(+) T cells and CD4(+) T cells of the CSHB patients were both significantly higher than those of the NCs (P = 0.042 and P = 0.001); and the frequency of infiltrating CD8(+) T cells of the CSHB patients was higher than that of the NCs, and the and the frequencies of infiltrating NK cells and NKT cells in LILs were lower than those of the NCs, however, not significantly. (3) Compared with the liver tissues from the NCs, the liver tissues from the CSHB patients exhibited a significantly higher ratio of liver-infiltrating CD4(+) T cells to peripheral blood CD4(+) T-cell subsets (P = 0.001), and significantly lower ratios of liver-infiltrating NKT cells and B cells to the peripheral blood NKT-cells and B cells (P = 0.029 and P = 0.001 respectively).The abundant infiltrating immune active cells, especially the CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells, and NK cells, may be the causal factors that drive the progressive development of CSHB.

To investigate the difference in the CD4+T lymphocytes activation between long term non progressors (LTNP) and typical progressors (TP) of HIV-1 infected patients.Twenty-four HIV-1 infected patients and 15 heathy control adults were tested and flow cytometry was used to detect the activation marker CD38 and CD4 count in blood samples taken from the patients and control. bDNA method was used to test the virus load in the plasma of patients.The activation of CD4+T cells was positively correlated with virus load and negatively correlated with CD4 counts. Compared with normal controls, the activation of CD4+T cells was obviously increased in TP patients but not obviously changed in LTNP patients.Compared with healthy controls, the activation of CD4+T cells in LTNP did not obviously increase. This maybe partially accounts for LTNP patients keeping a good state for a long time.

Few studies have examined the properties of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) epitope-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in children. To address this issue, we characterized epitope-specific CTL responses and analyzed the determinants that may affect CTL responses before and after highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in children with HIV-1 infection.A total of 22 HIV-1-infected children and 23 uninfected healthy children as control were enrolled in the study. Circulating CD4 T cells and HIV-1 RNA load in plasma were routinely measured. Peripheral HIV-1-specific CTL frequency and HIV-1 epitope-specific, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-producing T lymphocytes were measured using tetramer staining and enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay, respectively. Circulating dendritic cell (DC) subsets were monitored with FACS analysis.More than 80% of the children with HIV-1 infection exhibited a positive HIV-1-epitope-specific CTL response at baseline, but HIV-specific CTLs and IFN-gamma-producing lymphocytes decreased in patients who responded to HAART in comparison with non-responders and HAART-naive children. The duration of virus suppression resulted from HAART was inversely correlated with CTL frequency. While in HAART-naive children, HIV-1-specific CTL frequency was positively correlated with myeloid DC (mDC) frequency, although the cause and effect relationship between the DCs and CTLs remains unknown.HIV-1-epitope-specific CTL responses are dependent on antigenic stimulation. The impaired DC subsets in blood might result in a defect in DC-mediated T cell responses. These findings may provide insight into understanding the factors and related mechanisms that influence the outcome of HIV-1 carriers to HAART or future antiviral therapies.

Our aim was to investigate the frequency, phenotype and function of CD4+ CD25 high regulatory T cells (Treg) in patients with acute and chronic hepatitis B (AHB, CHB).Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 16 AHB patients at acute phase (week 1 of illness), 72 CHB patients, and 32 health subjects were analyzed for Treg frequency and CD45RO, CD45RA, CD95 and HLA-DR phenotype by flow cytometry. Intracellular expression of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) was examined by intracellular cytokines staining. Forkhead/winged helix transcription factor (FoxP3) mRNA was detected by a real-time RT-PCR assay. The effects of MACS magnetic beads-purified Treg cells on the proliferation of PBMCs were examined by a [3H]-thymidine incorporation assay. The effect of Treg cells on IFN gamma secretion of autologous PBMCs was examined by ELISA.CHB patients presented a higher fraction of circulating CD4+ CD25 high Treg frequency than AHB patients (P0.05), but had no significant difference compared with healthy controls. CD4+ CD25 high Treg expressed high levels of CD45RO, HLA-DR and CTLA-4, low level of CD45RA, and expressed FoxP3 mRNA specifically. We also observed that Treg cells could suppress the expansion and IFN gamma secretion of autologous PBMCs when stimulated with HBV antigen or anti-CD3 antibody, and the suppressive effect was stronger when HBV antigen was used as stimulator.CHB patients presented a higher fraction of circulating Treg frequency than AHB patients at acute phase, but had no significant difference compared with healthy controls. FoxP3 mRNA was specifically expressed in CD4+ CD25+ cell population. Treg could suppress HBV antigen-specific T cell response in vitro. The study furthers our understanding of Treg's role in immunopathogenesis of hepatitis B.

CD4(+)CD25(high) regulatory T cells (Treg) have been shown to play an important role in maintaining peripheral tolerance against self and foreign antigens, and in suppressing T cell immune response. Our aim was to characterize circulating Treg in HBV-infected patients.Treg in peripheral blood from 72 chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients, 16 acute hepatitis B (AHB) patients and 32 healthy subjects were quantitatively analyzed using flow cytometry. Serum HBV markers were evaluated for each subject. HBV-DNA levels were measured using real-time RT-PCR.CHB patients presented a higher fraction of circulating Treg (3.9% +/- 1.4%) than those in AHB patients (3.1% +/- 0.9%) (P0.05), but were similar to healthy controls (3.5% +/- 0.7%). CHB patients with greater than 10(7) copies/ml of serum HBV DNA loads had a higher frequency (4.5% +/- 1.9%) of circulating Treg than health controls (P0.01) and the patients with less than 10(7) copies/ml of serum viral loads (3.4% +/- 0.7%). A correlation was found between circulating Treg and HBV DNA level (r = 0.32, P0.01). Furthermore, Treg was more frequent in convalescent phase (6.0% +/- 1.7%) than in early acute phase (3.0% +/- 0.6%).Increased peripheral Treg is found to be associated with HBV replication in chronic hepatitis B. In acute HBV infection, Treg is less frequent in early phase. The related mechanisms is under further investigation.

Objective: Clinical trials suggest that combining transcatheter arterial chemoembolization with sorafenib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma shows a superior safety and tolerability profile. Our study aimed to retrospectively analyze the utility and prognostic factors of this combined therapy in these patients. Methods: Patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma, treated by transcatheter arterial chemoembolization and sorafenib subsequently, between February 2010 and September 2012 in our hospital, were retrospectively analyzed. After sorafenib treatment for 12 weeks, abdominal enhanced computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging was used to evaluate short-term outcomes and clinical benefit rate. Overall survival and adverse events were recorded during follow-up. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify relationships between baseline characteristics and overall survival. Results: Fifty-one advanced hepatocellular carcinoma patients were included. Common adverse events for sorafenib were hand –f oot skin reaction, alopecia, diarrhea, anorexia and fatigue. The clinical benefit rate was 64% and the median survival time was 7.5 months. Median survival of patients with and without portal vein tumor thrombi was 6.0 months and 10.3 months (P , 0.001), respectively. Median survival of patients with cholinesterase � 5000 U/l and , 5000 U/l was 10.6 months and 6.1 months (P , 0.001), respectively. Multivariate analysis identified the presence of portal vein tumor thrombi and low cholinesterase level as independent negative predictors of survival. Conclusions: Combining sorafenib and transcatheter arterial chemoembolization was safe and effective for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma patients with extrahepatic spread but without portal vein tumor thrombi. Portal vein tumor thrombi and cholinesterase level are independent predictors of prognosis following this combined therapy.