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Longstanding debate over the Politicized Departure Hypothesis (PDH) asserts that federal judges arrange to retire under presidents of the same political party as the presidents who first appointed them, thereby giving that party the right to nominate their successor. PDH is important for assessing political party agency by judges, who receive no consequent personal benefit, and for explaining the long-term political party orientation of courts. Previous PDH studies suffer from absent data on known and unknown determinants of retirement timing and correlational rather than causal methods. To avoid both problems, we apply 11 sharp regression discontinuity (SRD) analyses to voluntary judicial departures before and after six elections (1920-2016) that replaced Democratic presidents with Republicans and five elections that replaced Republicans with Democrats. We contrast judicial decisions to retire, resign, or take senior status during the days before a regime-changing election with such decisions during an equal number of days after the inauguration of a president from the other party, with tests performed for periods approximating 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 months. For pre-election and post-inauguration observation periods of 270 days, for example, the results of 10 of 11 analyses, including difference tests and difference-in-difference tests, are as predicted by PDH: judges were more likely to retire when the same party holds the presidency as when they were first appointed to the federal bench. Serendipitously, judges appointed by Republican presidents appear to respond more strongly than Democratic appointees to changes in the party holding the White House. We offer a novel explanation of PDH based on normative reciprocity in addition to ideology. We also suggest using politicized departure to examine effects of former judges’ political party agency on their prior judicial decisions.

As Chinese legal system follows a statutory tradition, the writing of Chinese judicial opinions is normally considered as an invariant sequential process of stating the law, presenting the fact, and finally providing the conclusion. The official ideology is further reinforced by the fact that Chinese judges need to follow various authoritative writing guidelines and templates prescribed by the official bodies of legal profession. This paper examines to what extent this ideology is a trustworthy description, and to what extent it is only an imagined myth related to the rhetorical practices of Chinese legal profession. Theoretical constructs employed in the study are genre, text type, and rhetorical modes, and analytical data include exemplar judicial opinions, intertextual legislative documents, and insiders’ accounts. According to the research findings, while the official ideology remains a strong shaping force in the composing of Chinese judicial opinions, Chinese judges do take compelling moves to add dialogic elements to the traditionally monologue-dominated discursive sphere of legal writing.

Aims This study thus aimed to review and analyze liability lawsuits resulting from implant surgery-related inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) injury over a twenty-year period in France. Materials and Methods A retrospective descriptive study was performed to analyze judicial decisions pertaining to IAN injury from a legal database between 2000 and 2020. Inclusion criteria comprised all closed malpractice cases that involved an oral and maxillofacial surgeon or a dentist who performed a mandibular implant surgery resulting in IAN injury. The following data were recorded: judicial decision reference (including jurisdiction and date of final court ruling), timing between the incident and final court ruling, number of involved practitioners, patient's age and gender, practitioner's age and gender, implant type, number of implants, location of iatrogenic implant(s), allegation of IAN injury, alleged cause of injury, justification(s) for conviction, compensation amount and legal costs. Results Twelve judicial decisions from high civil courts relating to ten closed cases of liability lawsuits were included and analyzed. All of involved practitioners were dentists or oral surgeons, working in the private sector. Eventually, 85% of them were convicted. Mean indemnification was 17,340€ and highest indemnification was 42,828€ (inflation-adjusted in 2020 euros). Mean interval between the incident and final ruling was 87,1 ± 34,2 months. Conclusions Permanent nerve injury following dental implant placement can result in legal action. In the event of lawsuit, the risk of being convicted is high. Practitioners performing oral implantology procedures should practice effective risk management to avoid time-consuming unwanted litigations and administrative proceedings.

The question whether authoritarian regimes use transparency initiatives to improve public governance or only to perform window dressing remains open. To address it, we examine a recently promulgated transparency policy in China that mandates public access to all judicial opinions. We find that local courts fail to disclose more than 60% of their opinions in corporate litigation cases, measured against a baseline of publicly listed firms’ disclosure of their litigation, as required and enforced by the securities regulations. Instead of upholding judicial fairness, local courts disclose cases selectively, displaying favoritism and responding to private incentives. Courts are more likely to suppress the publication of their opinions when the firm involved in the litigation is state-owned or is the defendant in its home court, especially in the year before the promotion of the provincial party secretary. We also find that firms whose cases are disclosed by the courts undergo adverse economic consequences, signaling that they have fallen out of favor with the government.

Under what conditions will authoritarian courts issue decisions that constrain state actors? This study breaks new ground in authoritarianism research by explaining when authoritarian states are—and are not—held accountable to legal norms. I leverage evidence from interviews with Jordanian and Palestinian legal actors, original data on judicial decisions, and two years of fieldwork shadowing judges as they conducted business in the courthouse. I find that courts in Jordan and Palestine are hardly regime pawns, as judges routinely prioritize their own interests above those of regime elites. My results also demonstrate that lawsuits revealing instances of intra-state disunity are particularly good vehicles for expanding judicial authority over state activity and, further, that appellate courts are uniquely less capable of constraining state actors./abs>

The institute of urgent judicial decisions is a special procedure for administrative justice bodies in France, which allows to prescribe effectively and quickly a wide range of necessary measures (from the appointment of expert examinations to the suspension of normative administrative acts) and to protect the legitimate interests of individuals and organizations. There are two main categories of urgent judicial decisions, accordingly their functional purpose. The procedural features of urgent judicial decisions are related to the obligation of the French administrative courts to establish conditions for urgency and the need to prescribe certain measures as a matter of urgency. These criteria, being evaluative, are specified by the jurisprudence of the French administrative courts, according to which the judge determines whether there is a threat of causing immediate and sufficiently serious harm to the interests of the applicant and whether there is a need to take urgent measures, taking into account the circumstances of the case. At the same time, the urgent applications judge does not consider the case, but sets temporary measures that can be changed in the course of further proceedings. The article suggests creating mechanisms in Russian law that are similar to those existing in the French legal regulation of urgent judicial decisions in administrative cases. In particular, the author suggests expanding the powers of Russian courts to suspend normative administrative acts and individual decisions when courts take measures of preliminary protection in administrative claims.

This article examines the use of reflexive metadiscourse in majority and dissent opinions of the U.S Supreme Court (SCOTUS). In doing so, it deals with two largely overlooked phenomena in studies on judicial discourse and reflexive metadiscourse respectively. In relation to the former, it examines the phenomenon of separate opinions. In relation to the latter, it examines the discursive foci of reflexive metadiscourse in interactive written genres. Using two corpora, one containing 60 majority decisions (302,921 words in total); one containing 60 dissent opinions (223,149 words in total), the results show that judicial opinion writers used a similar overall amount of reflexive metadiscourse. The results also identify a number of significant differences in the frequency use of reflexive metadiscourse. In their use of reflexive metadiscourse, majority writers display a pronounced self-focus (i.e., focus on their own discourse); dissent writers display a pronounced other-focus (i.e., focus on the majority's discourse). Reflecting the overall trend identified, highly significant differences were also identified in the use of communicating, clarifying, and enumerating devices.

Esta nota de investigación identifica la cronología exacta de la publicación de uno de los ensayos más importantes de Andrés Bello, "Publicidad de los juicios", que apareció en el periódico chileno El Araucano en 1830, pero que se publicó originalmente sin atribución de autor en El Censor Americano en Londres en 1820. En esta nota se establece la autoría de Bello y se arguye que entre ambas publicaciones hay algunas diferencias importantes, que evidencian momentos históricos diferentes: la crítica, con mirada inglesa, a la revolución liberal en España en 1820, que restauró la Constitución de 1812 y la organización republicana de Chile en 1830. El elemento de continuidad es la transparencia de las decisiones judiciales, cualquiera sea el sistema político, monárquico constitucional, o constitucional-republicano.

Industrial design is a type of intellectual property that grants exclusive market rights over designs. Its analysis and possible grant are made by the Brazilian Patent and Trademark Office, which is responsible for verifying compliance with the requirements established by Law No. 9,279/96. When, however, there is non-compliance with the decisions of the federal autarchy, the cases are taken to the Judiciary. The objective of this study is to make a critical analysis of the decision rendered by the Federal Regional Court of the 2nd Region in the trial of the cancellation of the industrial design registration BR 30 2013 006726-2 in the light of the Gestalt theory applied to the examination of the novelty and originality requirements. As results, it is pointed out evidences of the mismatch of the judicial decision. Moreover, it is proposed the adoption of the Gestalt methodology in the examination of similar issues.

The study deals with the politicization of the hooligan nature of the crime in the initial period of the functioning of this structure in the Polish social and legal reality after World War II. The political entanglement of such behaviors, their ideologization and perception through the prism of attacks on the foundations of the new socio-economic system was undoubtedly influenced by the origin of this circumstance. The politicization of hooligan behavior in the Soviet reality — from where this structure was transplanted into the native reality and ultimately the legal order — had had a long tradition at that time. Over two decades of experience in demonstrating the “class” nature of such behavior, its “counter-revolutionary” basis and the “anti-systemic” motivation of its perpetrators were reflected in the statements of some of the interpreters of hooliganism in Poland at the turn of the 1940s and 1950s. Analyzing the literature and judicial decisions from this period, attention was drawn to the scale of the politicized exegesis of this concept and its reminiscences in the later periods of its functioning in the domestic criminal law system. At the same time, the exponential trend was not omitted, which more or less firmly disregarded the relationship between hooliganism and politics.

In most countries of the world, the principle of motivation of court decisions is enshrined in the constitution as a constitutional guarantee inherent in the rule of law, so the jurisdiction of the state has a legal obligation to motivate the decisions of the constitutional jurisdiction. The motivation of the jurisdictional acts adopted by the Constitutional Court provides for the restriction of the powers exercised by a judge, which requires the proper application of the principle of legality, demonstrating that the former did not violate fundamental rights.The obligation to motivate is also conditioned by other principles of judicial procedure, which are explained by the Constitution and other procedural norms, and which, thanks to this principle, the parties have the opportunity to control the procedure of judicial proceedings in accordance with the law. Motivation has both a political function and a procedural guarantee. As a political function, the motivation of court decisions goes beyond the process, reaching the same people on whose behalf the decision is made, which legitimizes it as a typical act of a democratic regime. As a procedural guarantee, it takes into account the internal or technical dynamics of the process, providing the parties with a formal mechanism for reviewing judicial decisions, in order to meet certain needs for rationalization and efficiency of jurisdictional activities.The principle of mandatory motivation of court decisions is part of the constitutional order and is a guarantee for the citizen against arbitrary decisions. According to this principle, the judge must explain the reasons for his conviction on the basis of rational aspects. The decision issued by the judicial body must be substantiated, demonstrate factual and legal truth on the basis of evidence.The application of mandatory reasons for court decisions provides legal certainty, as it is enshrined in a number of other constitutional grounds, including access to justice, due process, a conflicting system and broad protection.

The article analyzes the problem of the relationship between the provisions of constitutions and international treaties in constitutional law. Its solution often depends on the prevailing doctrine and case law of the constitutional courts regarding the application of the latter in the light of constitutional principles and rules. This is important for substantiation and decision-making by constitutional justice bodies. In this case, the problem is to decide whether the provisions of international treaties comply with the constitutional order and whether the constitutional justice authorities will use the provisions of international treaties in their activities and borrow elements of argumentation of international jurisdictions. This is the subject of heated debate, especially with the establishment of the European Economic Communities, although there is a specific relationship between international and national law, between supranational and national legal orders, as the nature of the EU is supranational and multilevel.Based on the experience of the constitutional justice bodies, arguments are presented that despite quite contradictory approaches, such can be unified by the Constitutional Court of Ukraine. This can be achieved provided that he solves these problems through the prism of fundamental principles of law, thus ensuring the supremacy of the Constitution of Ukraine and the national identity of Ukraine in the legal geography of the world. The components of such a process are the application by the ССU of the principle of friendly attitude to international law and taking into account national interests, constitutional principles of territorial integrity and independence of Ukraine, human rights guarantees and compliance with due process. The study of Ukraine’s European integration in the light of constitutional principles should be based on the protection of the above values and the effectiveness of human rights, the balance of private and public interests. In the light of harmonization of legislation under the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement, the acquis commumautaires of the European Communities should also be taken into account, in particular the case law of the Court of Justice of EU, which can be used as a basis for reasoning public administration and judicial decisions.

Możliwość wystąpienia zdarzenia, jakim jest wypadek przy pracy stanowi niemal nieodłączny element każdej aktywności zawodowej. Stąd też bardzo ważnym jest odpowiednie uregulowanie tego pojęcia, zarówno w ustawach, jak i w orzecznictwie. Kwalifikacja prawna zdarzenia jako wypadek przy pracy przede wszystkim istotna jest dla poszkodowanego pracownika, bowiem pozwala to na uzyskanie przez niego prawa do odpowiednich świadczeń. Często jednak decyzje w tym zakresie poddawane są w wątpliwość i zaskarżane do sądów powszechnych. Najważniejszą linię orzeczniczą w tego typu sprawach tworzy Sąd Najwyższy. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest ukazanie ewolucji pojęcia „wypadku przy pracy” na przestrzeni kolejnych ustaw obowiązujących w Polsce, ale w głównej mierze poprzez skupienie się na wyrokach wydawanych przez Sąd Najwyższy. W opracowaniu zostanie omówiona obecniestosowana definicja wypadku przy pracy oraz jej poszczególne elementy, których wyjaśnienie zostanie poparte orzecznictwem.

The objective of the article was to determine the essence and legal implementation in Russia of principles such as: independence of the judiciary, relative truth, contradictory nature, legal certainty of judicial acts and discretion. In the countries of the Roman-Germanic legal order, it is no coincidence that legal principles are of great scientific and applied importance. The presence of a certain system of procedural principles makes it possible to assess the existence of justice in the country, the stability of a judicial decision and the fairness of judicial acts. Thus, the principles of the law directly affect the level of legality in each state. Currently, some procedural principles give rise to a discussion in Russian doctrine about their essence and content. The topic is presented from the point of view of general scientific methods (systems analysis, structural and functional, historical), the method of theoretical analysis, specific scientific methods (comparative jurisprudence, technical and legal analysis, concretization, interpretation). The theoretical basis was cognitive theory. It is concluded that the principle of the independence of the judiciary is not fully operational in the Russian Federation.

Muitas vezes o Poder Judiciário é provocado a se manifestar sobre questões extremamente controversas, que dividem tanto a opinião pública quanto a dos governantes e parlamentares. As decisões proferidas em tais casos podem gerar reações de descontentamento por parte da sociedade, do Poder Legislativo e do Executivo, que se utilizam de diversos meios para demonstrar sua insurgência contra o resultado apresentado pelo órgão julgador. Essas reações adversas são denominadas de backlash, expressão atribuída ao fenômeno supracitado pelo direito norte-americano. No presente artigo, será realizada uma análise do que é o backlash, bem como quais foram as principais reações legislativas verificadas no direito brasileiro até hoje. A pesquisa utilizou o método hipotético-dedutivo, partindo da teoria constitucional sobre influência de fatores externos nas decisões judiciais, para, em seguida, analisar o caso específico da ocorrência de reações legislativas a duas decisões proferidas pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal. As técnicas de pesquisa utilizadas consistem em pesquisa bibliográfica e jurisprudencial. Por fim, conclui-se que que o fenômeno do backlash é de suma importância em uma Estado Democrático, desde que haja uma corte constitucional atuante exercendo o papel contramajoritário.

Los efectos irreversibles producidos por el cambio climático y por el nivel sin precedentes de degradación ambiental no es natural es debido a la crisis del sistema de producción y consumo imperante, y del fracaso del derecho Estatal ambiental tradicional. La Naturaleza como sujeto de derechos ha comenzado a recibir atención en los últimos años, en algunas normas constitucionales, leyes ordinarias, y en sentencias judiciales. La riqueza de muchos de estos cambios legales está basada en la perspectiva integral del entendimiento de que, no es la Tierra la que pertenece al hombre; es el hombre el que pertenece a esta. Queda mucho por avanzar, como las reflexiones de los derechos de la naturaleza desde una relectura de la categoría ancestral de la Pachamama sujeto de derechos, propuesta que ha nacido desde las poblaciones originarias de América Latina, quienes participan poco en el nuevo diálogo del constitucionalismo andino. Este nuevo proceso requiere la inclusión de las diferentes formas de pensar, de sentir, de actuar, desde un enfoque de la ecología de saberes y la interculturalidad para mejorar la situación presente y crear colectivamente el futuro.

Based on the theory of path dependence, we show that legal tradition affects the administrative court’s rulings. It also complements the two other reasons for diversified verdicts: the experience of the judges and courts (specialization) and preference (bias) for one of the parties. This effect is persistent even if the verdicts are controversial and result in serious consequences for a party and when the penalty paid by the complainant is perceived as excessive but fulfilling the strict rules of law. We prove that judicial decision making is a function of path dependency stemming from a legal tradition of the court. To confirm this, logistic regression is applied to a sample of 337 erroneous excise duty documentation cases of heating oil sales from all sixteen provincial administrative courts in Poland. Increasing the specialization of judges and having them exchange experiences may be a remedy for the unjustified adjudication differences.

Some of the recent network citation analyses that in continental legal settings have suggested that the most cited decisions (in terms of network citation analysis those with the highest indegree, or authority score) tend to be related to procedural issues, or issues of a more general nature, capable of being referred to in a more varied situations. While it may seem intuitive that decisions with the highest indegree centrality or authority score would settle issues of a more general nature, hence making them more widely applicable to various kinds of subsequent cases, we were wondering, whether this trend would be noticeable in less exposed decisions. To this end, we have conducted a case study within the boundaries of the Czech legal system. We have chosen five decisions containing a chosen keyword based on their indegree centrality in a corpus of Czech apex courts’ decisions. Subsequently, we have constructed eleven strings of decisions (connected to one another by a citation) leading to these five decisions, again paying attention to their indegree. We theorize that the decisions with higher indegree centrality as well as decisions with higher authority score will be cited in situations seeking a case-law argument for either procedural issue, or an issue of a more general nature, or an issue of principle, while the decisions with low indegree centrality or low authority score will be cited for their substantive law merit. This paper seeks to demonstrate how the network analysis in combination with a qualitative approach may serve as a useful approach in further exploring this hypothesis. We show that the actual citation environment in Czech legal setting might be more complex than this hypothesis suggests, but that this methodological approach may be further useful in exploring the normative nature of judicial decisions in non-precedential legal settings.

The article analyses and assesses the line of judicial decisions of the Supreme Administrative Court regarding a temporary seizure of an animal from its owner or guardian following a breach of the obligation to treat it humanely. The article also analyses the legal status that social organisations, the statutory aim of which is the protection of animals, has in administrative proceedings. Next, the author presents the characteristics of resolutions of municipal councils on the municipal programme of care for homeless animals and prevention of animal homelessness, which in the court judicial decisions are classified as local legal enactment. Finally, the article presents the line of judicial decisions concerning the relation between a resolution introducing a by-law on maintaining cleanliness and order in a municipality and the requirements of animal protection set out in the Act of 21 August 1997 on the protection of animals.

The establishment of the International Criminal Tribunal's post-World War II is the clear sign of augmented figure of International Crimes especially. The culmination of flagship tribunals like Yugoslavia and Rwanda opened the new phase for several significant questions such as the maintenance of humanitarian principles throughout the investigation, relevancy of evidence, authenticity, and overall mechanism and its legality too. The chances of an independent investigation mechanism for international crimes may also not be denied. Under such a state of affairs, the issues of collection, preservation, and scrutiny of the evidence of the most serious International Crimes and violations of normative principles set out by International Criminal Law becomes crucial to know to ensure fair and transparent justice. Indeed, the investigation procedure required for such fairness and transparency demands unequivocal maintenance of humanitarian principles throughout the process and legality for the sake of legal authority behind. Consequently, the present paper counts the impact of the investigation mechanism on criminal for international crimes and the existence of the symptoms of humanitarian principles with its legality by analyzing several International Instruments, Judicial Decisions, and other fact findings on the record.

This work intends to investigate the different conceptions—accommodation and laicization—that underlie processes of legislative regulation and judicial decision in matters of conflicts involving the right to religious freedom, in the legal systems of North America and Brazil. We will also investigate the potential for harmonization of legal in conflicts with other fundamental rights. The objective here is to build possibilities in order to establish a synthesis meaning for the right of religious freedom, in accordance with the democratic constitutional models of law to begin with, the recent modulations which allowed the fundamental right to religious freedom, especially from the edition of some US federal and state legislation, as well as from a set of decisions taken by Brazilian courts. As a corollary of these modulations, the article intends to assess the consequences that these new laws and judicial decisions caused in the legal system, through social andinstitutional democratic practices related to any fundamental rights. We used the dialectical method, since the idea and the foundation of the right to religious freedom follow a three-stage approach: thesis (religious freedom in its original sense and secularized conception), antithesis (right to religious freedom as a possibility to act in the exercise of belief, by claiming accommodation with other rights), and synthesis (the perspective to elaborate a proper sense to liberal democracies). Initial results indicate that both models based on secularization and accommodation can generate democratic and undemocratic meanings to the right of religious freedom; both models can either harmonize conflicting rights or escalate social antagonisms.

[Propósito] Analizar el proceso de valoración de la prueba electrónica en el ámbito civil en la legislación colombiana, desde la óptica diferencial de la prueba documental, observando los elementos técnicos particulares de este medio de prueba. [Metodología] Esta investigación es de tipo doctrinal crítica, a través de la contrastación de las normas legales que regulan la valoración con las tendencias doctrinales que explican el proceso de la valoración probatoria, todo ello aplicado en paralelo al juicio de valor que debe efectuar el juez de la causa civil respecto de la prueba documental y de la prueba electrónica, con el fin de establecer las diferencias entre ambos medios de prueba y, más precisamente, respecto de su valoración judicial, para determinar las implicaciones diferenciales que conlleva un correcto ejercicio de valoración de la prueba electrónica y su repercusión en la decisión judicial como culmen de la actividad jurisdiccional. [Resultados] El proceso de valoración probatoria reviste una trascendencia especial en el proceso judicial, pues de allí se desprende la convicción del juez de la causa respecto de los hechos del proceso, de donde se estructura la regla de juicio; de allí que la valoración de la prueba electrónica implique un proceso diferencial y particularizado en términos técnicos, que difiere de la valoración de la prueba documental, en aras de llevar al proceso en forma correcta la representación de los hechos contenidos en medios electrónicos, lo cual implica la imperiosa necesidad de la formación básica del juez en temas de prueba informática, pues a las reglas de la sana crítica y la libre valoración de la prueba, como el estándar de prueba, se debe adicionar la valoración de aspectos técnicos y metodológicos de este medio de prueba, cuyos parámetros se establecen en esta investigación.

EnglishAn ever larger part of the doctrine is strongly in favour of definitively breaking with the French tradition of a downgraded, subordinated or even “negated” judicial power. Here, we argue that this demand of recognition of a genuine judicial power in France can be seen as a demand for a change in substantiating theory: as our judicial system is globally based on a limit of the normative power of judges, this would amount to basing it on the opposite notion. Such an upheaval would have serious consequences, both on the way the judicial order as a whole is legitimized and on the way each judicial decision should be individually justified. francaisUne partie de plus en plus importante de la doctrine plaide ardemment pour que l’on rompe definitivement avec la tradition francaise d’un pouvoir judiciaire relegue, subordonne, voire « refuse ». L’hypothese retenue ici est que cette demande de reconnaissance d’un veritable pouvoir judiciaire en France peut etre analysee comme la revendication d’un changement de theorie justificative : alors que notre systeme juridique reste globalement fonde sur une minimisation du pouvoir normatif des juges, il s’agirait de le faire reposer sur l’idee inverse. Or un tel bouleversement serait lourd de consequences, a la fois quant a la facon dont l’ordre juridique dans son ensemble est legitime, et quant a la maniere dont chaque decision juridictionnelle doit etre individuellement justifiee.

A dolgozat vizsgálódásának fókuszába eső kérdéskör az elítéltek vagy egyéb jogcímen fogvatartottak alapvető jogait sértő elhelyezési körülmények miatti sérelemdíj iránti igények joggyakorlata. Ezzel összefüggésben a taglalt téma jellegéből fakadóan kettős kutatási kérdés került megfogalmazásra. Az első polgári jogi jellegű, s arra irányul, hogy a joggyakorlatban milyen felperesi, alperesi és bírósági attitűdök, tendenciák jelennek meg az elhelyezési körülményekkel összefüggő sérelemdíj kapcsán. A második a büntetés-végrehajtás tárgykörét érinti, s elválaszthatatlanul következik az elsőből: a bírói gyakorlatból milyen, a magyar büntetés-végrehajtási körülményeket jellemző sajátosságok tárhatóak fel. Ezek megválaszolása empirikus kutatásmódszertant igényel. Ennek megfelelően 91 darab 2014 és 2020 közötti ítéletet dolgoztam fel átfogó jelleggel. Ez nem jelent mást, minthogy a dolgozat bemutatja a sérelemdíj jogintézménye szempontjából releváns teljes időszakot, azaz a felperesi, alperesi és bírósági karakterisztikák nemcsak pontszerűen, hanem fejlődési ívükben kerülnek ismertetésre. Dolgozatomban először a felperesi kereseteket taglalom: részletezem, hogy mire irányul a kereseti kérelmük, melyik személyiségi jogaikat vélik sérülni, illetve milyen létbeli jelenségekre alapozzák a jogsértést. Második pontként vizsgálom az alperesi ellenkérelmeket illetően, hogy a büntetés-végrehajtási intézetek milyen jogi érvekkel kívánják alátámasztani, hogy nem követtek el jogsértést, vagy hogy velük szemben sérelemdíj kiszabására nincs lehetőség. Ezek után térek rá a bírói gyakorlat vizsgálatára. Először azt részletezem, hogy a bíróságok miként kezelik a megállapítási kereseteket, vagyis a jogsértés meg- vagy meg nem történtének kérdését. Majd bemutatom a marasztalási kereseteket, amelyek kapcsán a bíróságok szerint releváns felelősségi rezsimet, illetve az annak megfelelő részkövetelményeket taglalom. Ezek után kitérek a sérelemdíj és az elhelyezési körülményekkel összefüggő kártalanítás mátrixára, bemutatom a két jogintézmény viszonyrendszerét és az egyes elhatárolási pontokat. Végül sor kerül a kutatási kérdések megválaszolására. A polgári jogi kérdés kapcsán egy ideális modellt vázolok fel, amelyben az egyes eljárási szereplők megfelelő hivatkozásokat tesznek és döntéseket hoznak. Ezek révén a felperes biztosítani tudja, hogy a sérelmei miatt a jogsértést megállapítsák, valamint számára sérelemdíjat ítéljenek meg. Az alperes a modell követésével elérheti, hogy a megítélt sérelemdíj összege minél kisebb legyen, a bíróság pedig helyes dogmatikai alapokra helyezkedhet. A büntetés-végrehajtási kérdés kapcsán pedig megoldási javaslatokkal élek, amik mentén felszámolhatóak lennének az alapvető jogokat sértő elhelyezési körülmények.

A Lei nº 10.216/2001 surgiu dentro de um processo de reorientação do modelo assistencial brasileiro em saúde mental. Dentre os diversos debates possíveis a partir da referida legislação, opta-se, no presente estudo, pela análise do instituto da internação compulsória, que é aquela determinada pela Justiça. Nesse sentido, o artigo apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa que teve como objetivo fazer um mapeamento das decisões judiciais proferidas no Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, entre 2001 e 2016, em processos de internação compulsória. A análise verificou a quantidade de processos de internação compulsória em cada ano, o perfil das pessoas passíveis de um processo de internação e o perfil de quem solicita a internação. Concluiu-se que, em geral, os pedidos de internação compulsória são solicitados pelos próprios familiares do internado, e que este, na maioria das vezes, é classificado nos processos como usuário de drogas.

Este artigo trata da contratação de familiares de candidatos em campanhas eleitorais, objetivando discutir a legitimidade ou não desse ato. Busca-se estabelecer a diferenciação entre os termos legalidade e legitimidade e, ao mesmo tempo, apresentar um rápido panorama quanto à utilização de recursos públicos no financiamento de campanhas eleitorais, para depois apresentar decisões judiciais de cinco Tribunais Regionais Eleitorais que analisaram a contratação, com recursos públicos, de familiares em campanhas eleitorais. Para sua realização, foi feita a opção de uma abordagem qualitativa, do tipo bibliográfica e documental. Foram consultados livros e artigos científicos de doutrinadores (MARTINS, 2020; MELLO, 2019; MENDES; VALE apud CANOTILHO et al., 2018; FRANÇA, 1995; BULOS, 2005, dentre outros). Também foi feita pesquisa de jurisprudência no site do Tribunal Superior Eleitoral. Concluiu-se que tal possibilidade contraria o conjunto normativo constitucional-administrativo existente, embora não exista proibição expressa na legislação eleitoral.

The literature on law and economics argues that economic considerations have an important implication for consistent and efficient legal practices. In line with this tradition, this paper aims to analyse legal verdicts through the lens of transaction cost to ascertain if judicial decision takes social cost into account. In so doing, the research draws upon the literature of transaction cost theory, which examines the implications of transaction cost for legal verdicts. Data for the analysis consist of legal verdicts collected from Bangladesh. The paper shows that judicial decisions are influenced by economic matters, especially social and transaction costs. When the issue of these costs is clear, judges take this into consideration in deciding who should own what rights. This research contributes to the literature of law and economics by providing new information, which is believed to help regulators, policymakers, and legal practitioners in deciding value-creating property rights.

We investigate whether judicial decisions are affected by career concerns of judges by analysing two questions: Do judges respond to pandering incentives by ruling in favour of the government in the hope of receiving jobs after retiring from the Court? Does the government actually reward judges who ruled in its favour with prestigious jobs? To answer these questions we construct a dataset of all Supreme Court of India cases involving the government from 1999 till 2014, with an indicator for whether the decision was in its favour or not. We find that pandering incentives have a causal effect on judicial decision-making. The exposure of a judge to pandering incentives in a case is jointly determined by 1) whether the case is politically salient (exogenously determined by a system of random allocation of cases) and 2) whether the judge retires with enough time left in a government’s term to be rewarded with a prestigious job (date of retirement is exogenously determined by law to be their 65th birthday). We find that pandering occurs through through the more active channel of writing favourable judgements rather than passively being on a bench that decides a case in favour of the government. Furthermore, we find that deciding in favour of the government is positively associated with both the likelihood and the speed with which judges are appointed to prestigious post-Supreme Court jobs. These findings suggest the presence of corruption in the form government influence over judicial decision-making that seriously undermines judicial independence.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar o uso do algoritmo como instrumento de construção da decisão judicial, quais os benefícios que o uso de referida ferramenta pode trazer para o processo judicial, bem como quais precauções deve-se ter com a utilização da Inteligência Artificial no momento de proferir decisões judiciais. Ainda, se faz uma análise de algumas ferramentas que já se encontram disponíveis para proferir decisões judiciais, demonstrando, assim, que há a necessidade de supervisão do algoritmo utilizado para a prática de atos processuais.

Las demandas de inconstitucionalidad hacen parte del ejercicio democrático mediante el cual el ciudadano acude a la jurisdicción constitucional, en busca de proponer por parte de la Corte el análisis de una norma que se acusa de contradecir la Constitución. Las universidades del país son invitadas a participar en el trámite inicial que surte la demanda, con el propósito de proporcionar su interpretación jurídica entre la norma demandada y la Constitución Política. Este ejercicio previo a la decisión final de la Corte Constitucional se ha convertido en un espacio valioso de expresión de la voz académica en el contexto práctico de una decisión judicial. El lector encontrará a continuación, el concepto proyectado por la profesora Sandra Bibiana Vargas Castro y presentado por Hernando A. Hernández Quintero, decano de la Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Políticas, en representación de esta unidad académica en el trámite de la demanda de inconstitucionalidad de la norma dispuesta en el artículo 223 de la Ley 906 de 2004 “Por la cual se expide el Código de Procedimiento Penal”. Esta controversia jurídica fue resuelta mediante la Sentencia C-480-20 que puede ser consultada aquí.

The study of law and information technology comes with an inherent contradiction in that while technology develops rapidly and embraces notions such as internationalization and globalization, traditional law, for the most part, can be slow to react to technological developments and is also predominantly confined to national borders. However, the notion of the rule of law defies the phenomenon of law being bound to national borders and enjoys global recognition. However, a serious threat to the rule of law is looming in the form of an assault by technological developments within artificial intelligence (AI). As large strides are made in the academic discipline of AI, this technology is starting to make its way into digital decision-making systems and is in effect replacing human decision-makers. A prime example of this development is the use of AI to assist judges in making judicial decisions. However, in many circumstances this technology is a ‘black box’ due mainly to its complexity but also because it is protected by law. This lack of transparency and the diminished ability to understand the operation of these systems increasingly being used by the structures of governance is challenging traditional notions underpinning the rule of law. This is especially so in relation to concepts especially associated with the rule of law, such as transparency, fairness and explainability. This article examines the technology of AI in relation to the rule of law, highlighting the rule of law as a mechanism for human flourishing. It investigates the extent to which the rule of law is being diminished as AI is becoming entrenched within society and questions the extent to which it can survive in the technocratic society.

Human dignity has become a central legal concept throughout the world and is increasingly used in judicial decisions in many countries that do not include it in their national legislation. However, due to the acknowledged vagueness of the concept, academics and judges have identified many difficulties in its implementation and the specific challenges it poses to the rule of law. Consequently, from a documentary methodology this article tries to develop and propose, from the analysis of different philosophical approaches to the definition of human dignity, a series of principles that can be applied in judicial decisions to achieve a deep common understanding of the usefulness of human dignity and, at the same time, tries to solve problems that are now widely recognized, both by supporters and critics of the judicial use of this concept. It is concluded that the concept of human dignity must have a decisive influence on the formation, not only of substantive law but also of procedural law. It must become a criterion for the need for measures to prevent the abuse of procedural rights, the distortion of justice and the deliberate evasion of its main task.

Research problem and degree of the research. Protecting the rights of the child is one of the most important issues today, both nationally and internationally. The situation is particularly complicated when it comes to international adoption. The adoption institute transcends all cultures and has long since existed, having played different functions over time. This institute has come to reflect social changes relating to how society faces a child’s needs, the way of exercising parental responsibilities and the needs of birth parents and adoptive parents. This is a subject increasingly relevant within the phenomenon of globalization and the urgency given to children and their rights in contemporary society. This is a subject for today and for the future. The adoptive child, due to his or her subjective characteristics, is unable to exercise his or her rights properly. This obligation must be exercised by the child’s parents or the State and its authorities. Although the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania guarantees that every child has the right to grow up in a family, many children do not have a family and are forced to grow up in foster care. In this situation, an adoption institute emerges, which, at least from dallies, gives the child a chance to live in a family. In Portugal, the strong connection between the principle of the child´s best interest, major principle of family law, deeply influences the entire legal institute and, specially, the matter of international adoption. The placing of children in a foreign family is a subsidiary option, in great deal due to the difficulties that they will find from the moment they exit their country of origin. Difficulties such as differences in culture, language, religion, habits, among others that may result in children´s cultural uprooting and affect their cultural identity, beyond the cut with their biological family, implied in any adoption. Subject of the article: protection of the rights of the child and problems in cross-border adoption. Aim of the work: to analyse whether the rights of the child in the case of international adoption are violated. Research methods: teleological, historical, comparative analysis of legislation, generalization, analysis, and synthesis of scientific literature, descriptive, comparative, analytical methods. The right of the child to grow up in a family is enshrined in the basic international instruments. It is in the family that the life and socialization of each child begins. It creates an atmosphere for the child to grow, develop and explore the world. The child should grow as much as possible to feel the love, care, and responsibility of his parents. Adoption is a significant process in many states. The main international instrument governing adoption is the Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Cooperation in respect of Intercountry Adoption. States, in accordance with both their national and international legislation on adoption, seek to enable the child to grow up in a new family, while ensuring that such adoption best protects the rights and interests of the child. In Portugal, the child’s best interest is a fundamental concept in this matter, for a true concept of individual rights is one in which the child is considered a subject of rights, and not object of them. This principle is the guiding principle for the exercise of private responsibilities in relation to children, as well as public ones, and should be considered both in state and judicial decisions and actions. The child’s best interest is an indeterminate legal concept, varying with the customs of each society, taking into evolutionary and dynamic nature, and depending on case-by-case evaluation. This continues to be a divisive issue in Portugal and Law No. 2/2016, of 29 February eliminates discrimination against persons of the same sex who live in a de facto union or are married, in access to adoption, civil sponsorship and other family legal relationships, making all the legal changes. Key words: child, adoption, child’s right to grow up in a family, international adoption.

Lord Sumption, a former Justice of the Supreme Court, has been a prominent critic of coronavirus restrictions regulations in the UK. Since the start of the pandemic, he has consistently questioned both the policy aims and the regulatory methods of the Westminster government. He has also challenged rationales that hold that all lives are of equal value. In this paper, I explore and question Lord Sumption’s views on morality, politics and law, querying the coherence of his broad philosophy and his arguments regarding coronavirus regulations with his judicial decision in the assisted-dying case of R (Nicklinson) v Ministry of Justice. In Nicklinson, Lord Sumption argued for restrictions on liberty given the priority of the sanctity of life principle and the protection of others who may be vulnerable, as well as for deference to policy-making institutions in instances of values-based disagreement. The apparent inconsistencies in his positions, I argue, are not clearly reconcilable, and invite critical analysis of his impacts on health law and policy.

INTRODUCTION. The situation in domestic legal science of Russia in the field of research of the subject of principles in international law may be ascertained in general terms as a fairly static picture that inspires a serene belief in the immutability of the existing position and further stable sustainability thereof. Such state of things consists in the illusion of the non-availability of difficulties or problems – a person starts from the point of a binary opposition in the values of principles / norms, as well as the unchangeable existence of the dichotomy of basic and sectoral principles. At the same time, let’s take note, that sectoral principles are alternatively and in most cases equivalently treated as special ones [Chernichenko 2014:101-102]. The implications of the said assumption are ideas relevant to sectoral principles as based on the presumption of their similarity in essence and function, based only on the name and place in the regulatory system (branch of law). Undoubtedly, the general tendencies for the sectoral principles of the International Law (IL) are those, which, firstly, appear like basic ones, objectively, and, secondly, the lists and scope thereof depend from specific relations immune to particular branches of law. At the same time, with due account to the submissions afore-referred, the affected area is in many aspects significantly various, not simple and can give rise to many differing views, discussions, objections, rejection or support, etc., because it is conditioned by the real fact of availability in international law of a greater variety of substances/ other phenomena in the matter of principles. Due to the above, a more meticulous view of the principles in international law shall be required: on the one hand, revealing the rationale for the fact that they are not a chaotic phenomenon within the system of international law, and, on the other hand, providing a substantive analysis of them, taking into account the differentiation and identification of objects that claim to be placed under the head of principles, construing the typology thereof, etc. Such an approach is not only assumed as logical, but prima facie due by time and, therefore, fully justified.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The article is based on the provisions of international treaties, materials of codification of international law norms by the UN International Law Commission, judicial decisions, acts of law enforcement of the International Court of Justice or other international courts, and documents embodying the positive international law, as well as the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists in the field of theory and practice of international law. The research operates with various general and particular methods of analysis: dialectical materialism, structural and system analysis, formal logic, deduction and induction, comparative law, historical and retrospective approach, formal legal analysis, legal modeling, “techniques of evidence” (legal reasoning), as well as various methods of legal interpretation, etc., adopted in domestic and expatriate jurisprudence.RESARCH RESULTS.The purpose of this publication is to endeavor certain clarification of theoretical data related to such a fundamental category as “the principle of international law”, which is deemed to canbe achieved through proper identification of various constructions that operate with the element “principles” or similar terms, by way of systematization and delineation thereof from other phenomena available in the framework of international legal reality. Therefore, it is not occasional that the title of the article operates with such a formula to designate the discourse: “…. on the stricto sensu ‘principles’ in modern international law and beyond...”. To ensure the better links of the scope and objectives of the research in terms of highlighting the system of principles and smooth functioning both of international law itself and the entirety of its principles and norms, as well as to clarify and streamline the basic terminology and conceptual basis of international legal science in the matter of principles, the typology of concepts that form the legal backgrounds for contemporary regulation of interstate relationships has been commissioned herein, since there is heterogeneity of various heads of items that claim to be the principles of international law, even with no normative nature in some of them, etc. The same appears to be quite obvious facts. In witness of the same, there are, on the one hand, diversification of the normative principles expressed in modern international law, which determines the identifying features for each of existing heads of principles, and as an outcome of the latter, the need to build up the respective system, on the other hand. However, the grounds for “stratification”, i.e. the distribution of the principles per separate groups (for example, the subdivision into basic and sectoral principles or differentiation between the system-wide and special principles), are far from being exhaustively revealed as yet, and need in better targeted efforts of scholars. Due to the above, the author held differentiating sectoral and special principles inter se, having substantiated the segregation of the specific head of principles within the latter group – “principles of autonomous (self-contained) legal regimes”.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. It seems that there is a serious substantive distinction between the formula “principles of modern international law” and “principles in modern international law”. The discourse outlined as “principles in international law”, having a broader sense and destination, in the absence of an unambiguous understanding of the term ‘the principle’, is more diligent to reflect the state of things in the field of principles in so far the legal science / international law science is concerned regarding the essence, features, and functional qualities of any particular type of objects, sometimes referred to as ‘principles’. In case, if it comes to “principles of international law”, they are to be identified primarily as the fundamental, guiding, hierarchically high norms within the system of international law, bearing the burden of the most important components of this system, and are classified according to generic and specific characteristics, which depend on their salient features. The formula “principles in international law” assumes a view of of the subject that has a broader and less structured range of options for qualifications.

El cuestionamiento de la subjetividad del agente legal que, ejecutando sus labores y basada en discrecionalidad judicial imprime aspectos particulares como emociones, propios de la esencia humana en la sentencia, es el tema central de este artículo. Con la implementación de nuevos actores como jueces digitales, estos aspectos adquieren un papel relevante por quien ahora se encarga de deliberar. El objetivo del artículo es evaluar el papel de la subjetividad, inicialmente desde el rol de jueces y/o juezas, para luego involucrar programadores y programadoras de inteligencia artificial que asisten tareas en la toma de decisiones judiciales. ¿Qué pasa con la subjetividad que ya no impregna directamente el encargado de juzgar? En otras palabras, la empatía que genera en la actualidad el agente judicial encuentra nuevos aliados con quienes trabajan mancomunadamente. El análisis está basado en artículos que profundizan temas como decisiones judiciales, emociones e inteligencia artificial. Temáticas trabajadas desde conocedores de ciencias como derecho y tecnología que unifican esfuerzos para dar origen a conocimiento superior artificial. Al procesar grandes volúmenes de información emanan una sentencia, que en vector doctrinal anhela mantener certeza jurídica y cumplir con buenas prácticas que ocasionen en la sociedad aceptación y legitimidad

Las reflexiones de la filosofía del derecho sobre la justicia, se centran preferentemente en conceptos sobre justicia social, no hay un acercamiento a la trama de la justicia en el juicio y en el proceso. Por ello Taruffo le hace un gran aporte a Latinoamérica, al trabajar con una marcada diferencia, entre lo que debería ser la justicia social y la justicia judicial. La primera que se sirve de criterios morales, donde los equilibrios sociales son el centro de la discusión. La segunda, que deriva en la decisión judicial justa, utiliza otras herramientas discursivas, suficientemente razonables desde lo jurídico, para definir los conflictos particulares.

The argumentative approach, the probability approach, and the story model are the three normative frameworks to reasoning with judicial evidence. The story model describes that judges reach the final conclusion by going through three different stages. The model also offered certainty principles, including evidential coverage, coherence, consistency, plausibility, and structural completeness to evaluate the stories. Different researchers have criticized the story model by pointing out that the model does not elaborate the meaning of evidential coverage and plausibility. Additionally, the story model has also been charged on the ground that it does not guide how to evaluate evidential coverage or plausibility of a story and how to select the best story when judges make more than one story. The present study demonstrates that these shortcomings may be overcome by using anchored narrative theory, causal abductive reasoning, story schemes, critical questions, and principles of inference to the best explanation.

This paper focuses on the study of Ronald Dworkin and Human dignity as the highest constitutional value. Ronald Myles Dworkin (1931-2013), a famous American philosopher, jurist, and scholar of the United States constitutional law believes that constitutional provisions are permeated with moral principles and that human dignity is an intrinsic constitutional value, and that it must be consideredin judicial decisions. Dworkin has his concept of rights, arguing that rights constitute claims against the state,and he espouses the idea that it is forbidden to sacrifice individual needs and preferences to achieve the public interest. That is, there are rights that the state cannot derogate from or violate, whatever the rationalizations and justifications. Dworkincategorically affirms that people have the right to be treated with dignity and that rights have an exceptional moral force that stems from the importance of human dignity, and that leads to preventing the formulation and implementation of specific policies even if they aim to enhance the general welfare of society. Consequently, his thoughts and reflections in this regard constitute a solid philosophical basis for the recognition of human dignity as the highest constitutional value.

The constitutional complaint, introduced by the Fundamental Law, which is the option of constitutional review of judicial judgements, has repositioned the relationship of the Constitutional Court and the judicial branch. It has brought up new questions, like whether there are jurisdictional elements in the activity of the Constitutional Court, how do the internal control mechanism of judge-made jurisdiction and constitutional review relate to each other, or what can possibly be the right direction and content of constitutional review (“result” or “interpretation control”). To analyse these questions, the procedural fundamental right provides the framework, which is recognised in section (1) of Article XXVIII of the Fundamental Law. Its content has been made much more nuanced by a series of new elements introduced by the Constitutional Court recently. The question of the nature of contra legem and that of the arbitrary judicial decision stand in the centre of the investigation.

The legal issue to be discussed in this article is the involvement of the Constitutional Court in adjudicating issues concerning the relationship between national – local government in general, and the distribution of power to the local government in particular. To be more specific, this article will criticise by delivering a casenote over the Constitutional Court decisions, i.e. Decision Number 87/PUU-XIII/2015, Decision Number 137/PUU-XIII/2015, Decision Number 30/PUU-XIV/2016 and Decision Number 56/PUU-XIV/2016. The casenote will notify the need to a deeper conceptual understanding of the differences between unitary State and federalism principles and its implication in giving prescriptions. This is a response to the Constitutional Court’s judicial opinion which tends weightier to federalism, instead of unitary State principle. According to this situation, it is recommended that the Constitutional Court should not review the constitutionality of laws which contain the legal issues concerning the relationship between national – local government in general, and the distribution of power to the local government in particular. This article uses conceptual and comparative approaches.

O objetivo da pesquisa é investigar a utilização dogmática do direito fundamental à liberdade religiosa como legitimador do discurso de ódio contra as minorias sexuais. A escolha do tema se justifica em razão da relevância teórica, prática e atualidade do debate, haja vista que o direito à diferença, como corolário da igualdade, dignidade humana e não-discriminação devem ser os referenciais hermenêuticos de interpretação e aplicabilidade dos direitos fundamentais no Estado Democrático de Direito. Absolutizar o exercício da liberdade religiosa, utilizando-a como meio de reprodução do discurso de ódio contra minorias sexuais, constitui uma forma de utilização da ciência do direito para segregar, excluir e marginalizar pessoas que não aderem aos padrões binários de uma heteronormatividade compulsória. Por meio da pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, além das análises temáticas, teóricas, interpretativas, críticas e comparativas, foi possível demonstrar e concluir que a decisão judicial brasileira que proibiu a apresentação de peça de teatro em que uma mulher trans protagoniza a pessoa de Jesus Cristo, assim como a decisão da Suprema Corte dos EUA, que legitimou o direito de um homem confeiteiro se recusar a fazer um bolo de casamento para um casal gay, por razões religiosas, deixam claro o protagonismo e a discricionariedade judicial, visto que tais decisões pautam-se em razões metajurídicas e solipsistas para robustecer a reprodução estrutural do discurso de ódio contra as minorias sexuais.

En este trabajo se analiza el efecto que tiene en España la filiación determinada en el extranjero a través un contrato de gestación subrogada. Desde que la que DGRN procediera en 2009, de forma pionera, a la inscripción de dicha filiación al optar por el método del reconocimiento, la práctica registral parece consolidarse en esa dirección. Sin embargo, a esto se enfrenta la visión de los tribunales españoles, que denegarán este reconocimiento destacando algunos puntos problemáticos, como no superación de requisito del orden público, la existencia de fraude de ley y la protección del interés del menor a través de otras opciones de reconstrucción de la relación familiar. Estas decisiones judiciales parecen ser compatibles con los pronunciamientos del TEDH, que, sin obligar a los Estados miembros al reconocimiento, se centra en el respecto de los vínculos familiares ya consolidados y su continuidad. La nueva Ley 20/2011 del Registro Civil parece adherirse a la práctica registral, sin aportar ninguna solución jurídica al problema.

In China, public policy is commonly defined as “social and public interest” or “public interest”, the understanding and boundaries of which are rather vague, which gives the court more a broad discretion in applying the public policy rule. The article examines the content and development of public order in the legislation of China. The author analyses the practice of application the public policy rule in China and provides statistical data about the ground for refusal of Chinese courts to enforce international commercial arbitration awards based on the information obtained from public databases containing Chinese court decisions. The author also provides examples of court decisions denying recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitration awards in mainland China and summarizes the rules for application by the Chinese people’s courts of the public policy rule, established in judicial decisions, and the tendencies in the development of China’s approach towards international commercial arbitration.

In this paper, I study the management of visuality in French courtroom proceedings with video links and remote participants. I show how Goffmann's interactionism and Conversation Analysis can be used to provide participants and analysts alike with a standpoint from which to push for a more ‘egalitarian’ organization of agency in such courtroom settings, and therefore with a distinctive way to for analysts to make their findings matter to participants. For that purpose, I first show how one can identify a ‘derivative’ order of interaction of video-mediated interaction in general, and how it may be deployed in a context-sensitive way in such courtroom situations. Second, I use this analysis to show how, when engaging with the judicial field, while such interaction-oriented research can say little about the judicial decisions themselves, it has a lot to show and to report regarding the fairness of judicial proceedings in video-mediated courtroom ecologies.

This paper aims to contribute to the goal of finding influential legal precedents by quantitative methods. A lot of work has been made in this direction worldwide, especially in the context of common law jurisdictions. However, this type of work is extremely scarce in the Brazilian literature. In addition, our work also contributes to the research of network analysis and the law by applying these methods to unprecedented amount of data and narrowing our inquiry to a single law area, corporate law. Furthermore, whereas most of the literature applying network analysis to judicial decisions had access to readily available data on the citations to precedent within each ruling, our raw data was nothing but the full text of decisions. We focus on data produced by the Superior Court of Justice (STJ), the highest court in Brazil for matters of federal law, including statutory interpretation of civil, criminal and corporate law. The Court issued an astonishing 282040 opinions tagged as related to corporate law between 2008 and 2018. This amount of cases is unparalleled internationally for superior courts and for studies in network analysis and law. In our results, we rank precedents quantitatively based on the citations they receive and make. We also qualitatively analyze some of the results, especially related to groups identified in the network with the Modularity algorithm. Our findings also reveal that corporate law jurisprudence in the STJ is quantitatively dominated by a few legal issues around one single theme that is only tangentially related to corporate law. That is, a type of contract used for the expansion of telephone landlines, which also allowed the consumer to become a shareholder of the telecommunication company. This comparison is especially pertinent because the utter lack of data on the quantitative weight of STJ precedents means the national literature has been operating in a void of objective measurements, one which has been filled with cherry-picked rulings and subjective ranking criteria.

Este artigo explora a diversidade de carreiras no Tribunal de Justiça do Estado de São Paulo (TJSP) para abordar o papel das carreiras jurídicas na resposta das decisões judiciais à reforma do sistema de medidas cautelares penais introduzida pela Lei no 12.403 de 2011. O diploma restringiu as prisões cautelares, exigindo fundamentação e impondo a aplicação prioritária de medidas cautelares alternativas. Sua intenção era frear as crescentes taxas de encarceramento, tema de grande saliência entre os juristas. A constituição brasileira reserva 80% dos assentos em tribunais de apelação para juízes de carreira, 10% para advogados e 10% para promotores. Na prática, porém, as vagas em painéis juntamente com atrasos aumentaram significativamente a participação de juízes substitutos de segundo grau em painéis de apelação – que atuaram como relatores em até 14% de todos os recursos criminais em São Paulo entre 2009 e 2013. Os ex-advogados e procuradores são nomeados pelo governador do estado após processos de nomeação na Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil (OAB) e no Ministério Público (MP). Tais juízes são escolhidos a critério do conselho superior do tribunal, não retêm as prerrogativas dos juízes de recurso efetivos e normalmente são contratados com o objetivo de reduzir atrasos. Seu desempenho afeta suas chances de ser promovidos ao tribunal de apelações, relativamente a juízes semelhantes que não foram designados. Com base em um grande conjunto de dados de recursos criminais relacionados a crimes de roubo no estado de São Paulo, este estudo explora a atribuição exógena de casos a relatores para identificar os impactos da reforma penal contingentes ao tipo de desembargador. Com base em um modelo de escolha discreta que contempla efeitos fixos de órgão julgador e de tempo, analisa-se a probabilidade de decisões favoráveis ao réu em recursos criminais, especialmente nas classes de recurso em sentido estrito, habeas corpus e agravos de execução penal. Busca-se aliviar o problema da seleção de casos excluindo da amostra os recursos distribuídos por prevenção ao magistrado. Os resultados indicam que, a despeito da clara intenção do legislador em reduzir as taxas de encarceramento de réus não julgados, relatores que são juízes substitutos em segundo grau ou que têm origem no MP (quinto constitucional) apresentam resposta à reforma das cautelares fortemente contrária aos interesses dos réus. Discute-se o significado dos resultados à luz de elementos relativos às preferências dos juízes (modelo atitudinal) e também a influência política sobre a justiça, em prol de política criminal vigente.