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Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) poisoning in cattle is characterized by a systemic granulomatous inflammatory response that resembles a type-IV hypersensitivity reaction. Hairy vetch toxicity has been described in cattle worldwide. The aim of this paper was to describe 10 outbreaks of hairy vetch poisoning in cattle studied at INTA EEA Salta and INTA EEA Balcarce, Argentina, from 2004 to 2019. Clinical signs included weakness, pyrexia, dermatitis, alopecia, and progressive weight loss, which leads to death over a clinical course of approximately two weeks. A total of 12 necropsies were performed and tissue samples were collected for histopathology. The main gross changes were observed in skin, lymph nodes, liver, heart, spleen and kidneys. Other tissues, such as pancreas, thyroid, and adrenal glands, were also affected. Histological lesions consisted of multifocal to diffuse granulomatous inflammation in those organs. The toxicity of hairy vetch has been described in several countries of the world. In Argentina, the use of hairy vetch as a cover crop has become common in some regions during the past years. The data suggest that hairy vetch poisoning is an important disease in cattle. More studies are needed to contribute with further information.

Five adult Saanen goats received a single oral dose of Heterophyllaea pustulata containing 42.25 μg/kg rubiadin (anthraquinone) and 3 adult goats were untreated controls. All goats were exposed to sunlight and sequential ear skin biopsies were collected before treatment and at 32 hours, 3 days, 8 days, and 15 days after treatment. Changes at 32 hours after dosing included epidermal spongiosis, single cell death and acantholysis, an increased BAX/BCL-2 protein ratio, and dermal edema. Lesions at day 3 included epidermal and adnexal necrosis, crust formation, and acanthosis. Acanthosis, hyperkeratosis, and dermal fibrosis and neovascularization were present at day 15. The pro-apoptotic (BAX)/anti-apoptotic (BCL-2) protein ratio increased at 32 hours, whereas epidermal and dermal PCNA immunolabeling increased between days 8 and 15 after treatment. The cutaneous lesions were consistent with sunlight-induced damage, and the occurrence in treated but not control goats indicates photosensitization.

Bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV) is a parapoxvirus associated with papular and erosive lesions on the muzzle, lips, and oral mucosa of cattle. BPSV infection occurs worldwide; however, it has still not been unequivocally diagnosed. The present report describes an outbreak of BPSV infection affecting dairy calves in northwestern Argentina and provides the first molecular characterization of this virus in the country. The disease was detected in a dairy farm, affecting 33 calves between 2 and 20 days of age. The signs included reddish papules, ulcers, and scabby proliferative lesions on muzzle, lips, and oral mucosa. The affected calves resisted to being fed due to severe local pain. Two necropsies were performed; papulas and ulcers were observed in ruminal and omasal mucosa. Histologically, the affected areas of the skin showed acanthosis, spongiosis, and parakeratotic hyperkeratosis with adjacent focally extensive ulcers and multifocal inflammatory infiltrate in the epidermis. Eosinophilic inclusion bodies were detected in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells. DNA extracted from scab samples was analyzed by PCR using pan-parapoxvirus primers for the B2L gene. The sequence analysis revealed 99%, 85%, and 84% similarity with BPSV, Pseudocowpox virus, and Orf virus, respectively. A phylogenetic tree constructed using the B2L sequence showed that the virus clustered with BPSV isolates. Although clinical cases compatible with BSPV infection have been frequently described in Argentina, the present report is the first to identify the agent associated with cattle disease in the country. Fil: Micheloud, Juan Francisco. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Católica de Salta; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; Argentina Fil: Aguirre Castro, Laura Sabrina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Católica de Salta; Argentina Fil: Sandoval, Gabriela Virginia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Católica de Salta; Argentina Fil: Avellaneda Caceres, Agustin. Universidad Católica de Salta; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Diodati, Julian Angel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; Argentina Fil: Peralta, Andrea Verónica. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular; Argentina

The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical, biochemical and toxicological findings of the experimentally poisoning induced by Heterophyllaea pustulata in goats. Ten healthy adult female Saanen breed goats were used in the experiment. The goats were randomly assigned to two groups of five individuals: control and experimental group (CG and EG). Both groups were kept in the same enclosure devoid of shade for 8 h daily. The EG received only H. pustulata samples (leaves and thin steam) and water ad libitum. The CG received lucerne hay. Blood samples were taken at different times after oral administration of vegetal samples, and level of hepatic enzymes, total bilirubin, conjugated and non-conjugated bilirubin was measured, together with the detection of anthraquinones (AQs) and phylloerythrin by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode-Array Detector and Mass Spectrometry with Electron Spray Ionization and Quadrupole Time Of Fly analysis. At the same time, skin biopsy samples were collected for AQs determinations. For histopathological examination, hepatic biopsy samples were collected on day 8. Clinically, all goats of the EG revealed photophobia, dermatitis and photosensitization. None of these goats developed jaundice or died during the experiment (15 days). In addition, affected goats exhibited a significant elevation in the serum levels of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, direct bilirubin, and total bilirubin. Microscopic examination of the liver samples revealed slight degenerative lesions. Although phylloerythrin was not detected in sera, a high level of two predominant AQs in H. pustulata (rubiadin/soranjidiol) were noted between 24 and 72 h after plant consumption, which coincided with the period in which the clinical signs were more obvious. Since those AQs were not identified in skin samples, the clinical findings were supported by the presence of AQs in sera. Finally, toxicological studies of the AQs are important, since many current works suggest their potential use in the photodynamic therapy.

The aim of this paper was to present the first report of Prosopis nigra poisoning of cattle in Argentina. Outbreaks occurred in five farms located in Salta and Santiago del Estero provinces. All animals were examined, euthanized and necropsied. Clinical signs included tongue protrusion, twitches and tremors of muscles of mastication, weight loss and lethargy. Severe atrophy of the masseter, buccinator and lingual muscles was observed, along with neuronal vacuolation in the nuclei of the trigeminal, facial, and hypoglossus nerves. These findings and the clinical signs are consistent with results obtained in animals, spontaneously and experimentally intoxicated with Prosopis juliflora in previous studies. Several species of this genus are native to Argentina. Farmers should be warned about the suspected toxicity by Prosopis nigra, since this species has wide geographical distribution in the country.

Coccidiosis of sheep is an intestinal infection caused by protozoa of the genus Eimeria. An outbreak of the disease in adult sheep from Salta province, northwestern Argentina, was studied to establish its clinical, epidemiological, pathological and etiological aspects. The affected animals were part of a flock of 20 sheep brought from Formosa province about 10 days before. Most sheep (80% incidence) showed hemorrhagic diarrhea, dehydration and loss of body condition; six of them died and two that became permanently recumbent were euthanized. Three necropsied sheep showed mild mesenteric lymphadenomegaly, diffuse proliferative enteritis in the small and large intestines, and mucosal thickening. Histopathological studies exhibited diffuse proliferative enteritis and presence of structures compatible with intracellular coccidia at different stages of development. Parasitological studies (n = 12) resulted in an average of 16,636.6 (± 15,266.8) Eimeria oocysts per gram of feces (range 1680-46,400). Taxonomy of Eimeria species based on analysis of sporulated oocysts derived from 4 fecal samples (n = 100 oocyst per sample) showed, on average, a high prevalence of E. ovinoidalis (61.5%), followed by E. parva (27.2%), and lower proportions of E. crandallis (5.3%), E. ahsata (3.2%) and E. intricata (2.8%). Clinical and pathological findings confirmed the diagnosis of coccidiosis in the affected sheep; parasitological results showed that E. ovinoidalis was the main species responsible for the clinical signs. Clinical coccidiosis is considered unusual in adult sheep, but the present case shows that under favorable environmental and/or management conditions, this infection may be highly deleterious for adult sheep.

Festuca arundinacea es una gramínea perenne de uso forrajero muy difundida mundialmente. Aquí se describe un brote de “pie de festuca” en el Noroeste Argentino que afectó a un rodeo de cría con una incidencia del 5%. Los signos clínicos fueron claudicación, edema en los miembros, gangrena en las extremidades y exungulación. La pastura donde los animales permanecían correspondía a un lote naturalizado de festuca siendo el nivel de infestación con Neotyphodium coenophialum del 71%. El cuadro de pie de festuca es muy conocido pero poco informado en Argentina. En el brote el diagnostico se confirmó por los antecedentes clínicos y epidemiológicos sumado al elevado grado de infestación del hongo en la pastura. La toxicidad de la festuca es un problema mundialmente distribuido y en Argentina ha sido más estudiado en la región centro del país. Los antecedentes de toxicidad de esta especie son escasos y aislados en el Noroeste Argentino. Festuca arundinacea is a perennial grass which use as forage is widespread worldwide. This report describes a “fescue foot” outbreak in the Northwest of Argentina. Beef cattle herd were affected and the incidence was 5%. The clinical signs were claudication, edema in the limbs, gangrene in the extremities and exungulation. The grazing areas where the animals remained corresponded to a natural batch of fescue. Neotyphodium coenophialum infestation level was 71%. The clinical presentation of fescue root is well described but barely reported in Argentina. In the outbreak presented here diagnosis was confirmed by the clinical and epidemiological antecedents as well as the high level of infestation of the pasture. The toxicity of fescue is a worldwide distributed problem. In Argentina, the disease is well known in the central region of the country. Scarce information is available regarding the toxicity of this species for northwestern Argentina.

Bacillary hemoglobinuria (BH) is an acute infectious disease caused by Clostridium haemolyticum, predisposed by different factors and affecting mainly cattle. In this work a retrospective study of bovine BH was performed with the data registered at the Veterinary Diagnostic Service in INTA Balcarce during 1969-2015 and cases reported by private practitioners through the Professional Interaction Programme of the South Buenos Aires Regional Center of INTA during 2001-2007. A marked seasonality during the winter time and an association with advanced pregnancy (88% of the cases) were registered. Fasciolosis is one of the predisposing factors commonly included in the international bibliography. However, only 15.9 % of bovine BH cases analyzed in this work were associated with this parasitosis. In 47.9 % of the affected herds, animals had previously received two doses of BH vaccines. BH is an endemic and insidious disease in certain regions of Argentina. Scarce information about the situation of the disease is available and evident failure in the control measures is reported in this work. These factors demonstrate the difficulties in the prevention and control of the bovine BH and should be further studied. La hemoglobinuria bacilar (HB) es una enfermedad infectocontagiosa, aguda, producida Clostridium haemolyticum, que afecta principalmente a bovinos y es predispuesta por diferentes factores. En este artículo se realiza un estudio retrospectivo de los casos de HB diagnosticados en bovinos de la provincia de Buenos Aires, por el Servicio de Diagnóstico Veterinario Especializado de INTA Balcarce durante el período 1969-2015 y los casos reportados por veterinarios privados en el Programa de Interacción Profesional en el área de influencia del Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur del INTA durante el periodo 2001-2007. Se observó marcada estacionalidad de la enfermedad durante los meses de invierno y una asociación con un avanzado estado de preñez de los animales (88% de los casos). Solo en un 15,9 % de los casos se pudo confirmar una infestación simultánea con Fasciola hepatica en los rodeos donde se diagnosticó la enfermedad. En un 47,9 % de estos episodios los animales habían recibido previamente dos dosis de vacuna contra HB. HB es endémica e insidiosa en ciertas regiones de nuestro país. La información sobre algunos aspectos de su etiopatogenia y el control es escasa, dificultando su prevención. Estas áreas deberían ser exploradas en el futuro para tratar de mejorarlas.

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue estudiar la epidemiología y el efecto de los nematodes gastrointestinales (NGI) en la recría bovina en la región del chaco semiárido de Salta. Desde marzo 2016 a febrero 2017 se formaron tres grupos de 20 terneras de recría: GMXD tratamiento cada 45 días con moxidectina (200 μg/kg), GIVM 1 solo tratamiento al inicio del ensayo con ivermectina 3,15% LA (630 μg/kg) y GCON control sin tratamiento. Cada 45 días se realizaron conteos de huevos (hpg) de nematodes y coprocultivos y se registró la ganancia de peso vivo (GPV). Al inicio los hpg fueron bajos (̅=102±77) elevándose en el GCON hacia mediados del invierno (̅ =1049±1040), para luego descender hacia el final del ensayo, luego de un pico a mediados de la primavera (̅ =667±928). Los hpg del GIVM mostraron solo un descenso parcial (37,3%) postratamiento y el GMXD siempre tuvo valores de hpg muy bajos, mostrando la eficacia de la moxidectina. Los géneros de nematodes predominantes fueron Haemonchus (47,1%) y Cooperia (45,9%). El efecto de los tratamientos se evidenció desde fines de otoño, mostrando el GMXD una mayor GPV (p

Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de brotes de babesiosis y anaplasmosis (tristeza parasitaria bovina, TPB) ocurridos entre 2006 y 2016 en el Noroeste argentino (NOA) para evaluar algunos aspectos epidemiológicos y clínicos de estas enfermedades. De 4.398 muestras para diagnóstico, 238 (5,4%) tuvieron sospechas de TPB, las cuales se confirmaron en 106 (44,3%) casos por observación microscópica de los agentes causales. Cuarenta y siete (44,3%) brotes se debieron a Anaplasma marginale, 40 (37,7%) a Babesia bovis y 14 (13,2%) a Babesia bigemina. En cinco (4,7%) focos de babesiosis no se determinó la especie causal de Babesia. Los brotes se diagnosticaron en 62 establecimientos ganaderos de cuatro provincias (Salta, Jujuy, Santiago del Estero y Chaco). La mayoría ocurrieron en verano y otoño, con máxima incidencia en abril y nula en setiembre para ambas noxas. Las vacas adultas fueron la categoría de ganado más afectada. En 58% (61/106) de los brotes murió al menos un bovino, con un número promedio de cuatro muertes por brote. Se concluye que la TPB continúa incidiendo negativamente en la producción bovina del NOA. A retrospective study of babesiosis and anaplasmosis outbreaks (tick fever, TF) was made, which occurred from 2006 to 2016 in Northwest Argentina (NWA), to evaluate clinical and epidemiological aspects of these diseases. From 4,398 specimens, 238 (5.4%) were associated with suspicions of TF and 106 of these cases (44.3%) were confirmed as TF outbreaks by microscopic observation of causal agents. Forty seven (44.3%) were due to Anaplasma marginale, 40 (37.7%) to Babesia bovisand 14 (13.2%) to Babesia bigemina. In five (4.7%) outbreaks of babesiosis, Babesiaspecies were not determined. Outbreaks were diagnosed at 62 different cattle ranches in four provinces (Salta, Jujuy, Santiago del Estero and Chaco). The outbreaks occurred mostly during summer and autumn with a peak of incidence in April and null incidence in September for both diseases. Adult cows were the most affected cattle category. At least one death was recorded in 58% (61/106) of the outbreaks and the average number of deaths was determined as four by outbreak. We conclude that TF maintain its negative historical impact on cattle production of NWA EEA Salta Fil: Araoz, Virginia. Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA); Uruguay Fil: Micheloud, Juan Francisco. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Investigación Animal del Chaco Semiárido. Área de investigación en Salud Animal -EEA Salta; Argentina. Universidad Católica de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias; Argentina Fil: Gaido, Analía Beatriz. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Investigación Animal del Chaco Semiárido. Área de investigación en Salud Animal -EEA Salta; Argentina Fil: Salatin, Antonio Omar. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Investigación Animal del Chaco Semiárido. Área de investigación en Salud Animal -EEA Salta; Argentina Fil: Aguirre, Daniel Héctor. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Investigación Animal del Chaco Semiárido. Área de investigación en Salud Animal -EEA Salta; Argentina

Las deficiencias minerales son un problema de gran impacto productivo a nivel mundial. En el Noroeste argentino (NOA) la cría extensiva es una de las actividades económicas más importantes y está en franco crecimiento. En el NOA, los estudios sobre enfermedades carenciales son escasos y parciales. El presente trabajo tiene por objeto describir variaciones estacionales de los niveles séricos de calcio, fósforo, magnesio, cobre y zinc en vacas de cría y terneras de recría. En un establecimiento ganadero se seleccionaron 20 vacas y 20 terneras que fueron mantenidos en condiciones de pastoreo y sin suplementación externa. Se efectuaron muestreos de sangre a intervalos de 3 meses durante un año. Se determinaron niveles séricos de calcio, magnesio, cobre y zinc por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica y de fósforo por espectrofotometría uv-visible. Los resultados indican la existencia de hipocupremia moderada a leve en las terneras (48,6±11μg/dL) durante todos los períodos muestreados. Las vacas presentaron valores promedio normales (66±3,5 μg/dL) pero cercanos al límite inferior durante algunos muestreos. Se observaron niveles subnormales de fósforo durante el verano (diciembre y marzo) en ambas categorías. Este trabajo sugiere que el cobre y el fósforo pueden comportarse como factores limitantes en las condiciones evaluadas. Mineral deficiencies are a problem of great productive impact worldwide. In the Argentine Northwest (NOA) extensive breeding is one of the most important economic activities and it is in frank growth. In the NOA, studies on deficiency diseases are scarce and partial. The present work aims to describe seasonal variations of serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper and zinc in beef cows and rearing calves. In a farm, 20 cows and 20 weaned heifer calves were selected, which were maintained under grazing conditions and without external supplementation. Blood samples were taken at intervals of 3 months for one year. Serum levels of calcium, magnesium, copper and zinc were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and phosphorus by UV-visible spectrophotometry. The results indicate the existence of moderated hypocupremia in the calves (48.6 ± 11μg / dl) during all sampled periods. Cows presented normal values (66 ± 3.5 μg / dl) but close to the lower limit during some sampling. Subnormal levels of phosphorus were observed during the summer (December and March) in both categories. This work confirms that copper and phosphorus can behave as limiting factors in the evaluated conditions. EEA Salta Fil: Micheloud,Juan Francisco. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Salta; Argentina Fil: Suarez, Victor Hector. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Salta; Argentina Fil: Martinez,Gabriela Marcela. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Salta; Argentina Fil: Rosa, D.E. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Laboratorio de Nutrición Mineral; Argentina Fil: Ventura, M.B. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Laboratorio de Nutrición Mineral; Argentina Fil: Mattioli, G.A. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Laboratorio de Nutrición Mineral; Argentina

Solanum glaucophyllum, a toxic plant known for its calcinogenic effects, causes enzootic calcinosis in ruminant and monogastric animals. We describe an outbreak of enzootic calcinosis that occurred in a herd of 110 horses grazing pastureland heavily contaminated with S. glaucophyllum in Buenos Aires province, Argentina. Ten horses developed clinical signs, and 6 horses died. Clinical signs included abnormal gait (stiff-legged action, short strides), stiffness, thoracolumbar kyphosis, reluctance to move, wide stance, chronic weight loss, weakness, recumbency, and difficulty standing. Autopsy of 2 horses revealed severe mineralization of the aorta, pulmonary arteries, heart, and lungs, consistent with enzootic calcinosis. Although horses usually have very selective grazing behavior, under food restriction conditions, they can ingest the toxic plants and can develop the disease. Enzootic calcinosis should be considered as a differential diagnosis in horses grazing S. glaucophyllum–invaded pasturelands with compatible clinical signs and lesions., Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias

Bovine enzootic haematuria (BEH) is caused by prolonged ingestion of toxic principles of bracken fern, essentially by Pteridium spp. In northwestern Argentina, this disease has a great economic impact ant it is attributed a chronic consumption to Pteridium arachnoideum. This paper describes two endemic areas for enzootic hematuria due to the consumption of Pteris deflexa and Pteris plumula. Two areas where P. deflexa and P. plumula are endemic, but free of Pteridium species, were devised and seven farms were visited. The disease was confirmed based on the presence of clinically affected animals. In four necropsies bleeding neoplastic lesions were observed in the mucosa of the urinary bladder. At phytochemical analysis, both ptaquiloside and pterosin B were found in P. deflexa and P. plumula. Thus, the consumption of P. deflexa and P. plumula can also cause BEH.

There are numerous poisonous plants that can induce intralysosomal accumulation of glycoproteins and neurologic syndromes. Here we describe for the first time, a disease caused by ingesting Sida rodrigoi Monteiro in goats in North-western Argentina. The animals showed weight loss, indifference to the environment, unsteady gait and ataxia. Histopathologic studies showed vacuolization in cells of various organs, mainly in the CNS. The material deposited in the cells was positive for LCA (Lens culinaris agglutinin), WGA (Triticum vulgaris agglutinin), sWGA (succinyl-Triticum vulgaris agglutinin) and Con-A (Concanavalia ensiformis agglutinin) lectins. Finally, toxic levels of swansonine were identified in the plant. The present investigation allowed to recognize S. rodrigoi Monteiro poisoning as a plant induced α-mannosidosis. Fil: Micheloud, Juan Francisco. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Instituto de Investigación Animal del Chaco Semiárido; Argentina. Universidad Católica de Salta; Argentina Fil: Marin, Raúl. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy; Argentina Fil: Colque Caro, Luis Adrián. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Instituto de Investigación Animal del Chaco Semiárido; Argentina. Universidad Católica de Salta; Argentina Fil: Martinez, Olga Gladys. Universidad Nacional de Salta; Argentina Fil: Gardner, Dale. United States Department of Agriculture. Agriculture Research Service; Estados Unidos Fil: Gimeno, Eduardo Juan. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Cátedra de Patología General Veterinaria; Argentina

Heterophyllaea pustulata Hook f. (Rubiaceae) es una planta fotosensibilizante que produce pérdidas en el Noroeste Argentino. Su efecto tóxico ha sido demostrado en ratones y se identificaron nueve antraquinonas (AQs) con actividad fotodinámica. El presente trabajo de tesis pretendió establecer una correlación toxicocinética entre las principales AQs (rubiadina y soranjidiol), las lesiones histopatológicas y los patrones de proliferación y muerte celular en la epidermis de cabras intoxicadas experimentalmente. Se emplearon 10 cabras adultas que fueron divididas en dos grupos, uno control (GC) y otro tratado (GT). Los animales del GT recibieron hojas y tallos finos secos y molidos de H. pustulata a la dosis de 5 g/kg de peso. El GC, por su parte, recibió una dosis similar de heno de alfalfa molido. Se evaluó el perfil hepático, el daño dérmico, la concentración sérica y dérmica de las dos AQs en ambos grupos. Las muestras de piel y sangre se obtuvieron a diferentes tiempos durante 15 días de iniciado el experimento. Los tejidos fueron procesados por las técnicas histológicas de rutina. La detección de rubiadina y soranjidiol en muestras desuero tejido dérmico y material vegetal se determinó por cromatografía Líquida de Alta Resolución y acoplada a un espectrómetro de masas. Los patrones de proliferación celular se evaluaron mediante inmunohistoquímica con anticuerpos anti-PCNA, BAX2 y BCL2 para identificar células en mitosis y apoptosis respectivamente. Todos los animales del GT expresaron signos clínicos entre las 8-10 h post administración de la planta. Los signos fueron los característicos de un cuadro de fotosensibilización. En cuanto al perfil hepática solo la glutamato-oxalacetato transaminasa (GOT), la bilirrubina directa (BD) y bilirrubina total (BT)) arrojaron modificaciones durante los primeros 5 días. En concordancia, las AQs (soranjidiol y rubiadina) fueron detectadas en suero de todos los animales del GT a partir de las 8 h post administración, siendo sus niveles máximos entre las 24 y hasta las 72 h para luego descender. En piel no se observaron niveles detectables de ninguna de las AQs bajo estudio. En los estudios histopatológicos, inicialmente, se observaron cambios degenerativos, edema e inflamación. El día 8, la necrosis epidérmica fue intensa y comenzaron los fenómenos de reparación, que incluyeron la proliferación vascular y conjuntiva con hiperplasia epidérmica. La expresión de los antígenos BCL2 y BAX fue máxima entre las 32 y 72 h, mientras que el PCNA aumentó su expresión entre los 8 y 15 días. Los resultados de este trabajo demuestran que fotosensibilización puede considerarse como una forma acelerada de daño directo de la piel y que rubiadina y soranjidiol son determinantes en la toxicidad de H. pustulata., Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias

The aim of this paper was to report an outbreak of avocado poisoning in rabbits in Salta, Argentina. Fourteen rabbits died of congestive heart failure within 30 h of ingesting fresh avocado leaves from pruned trees. They showed clinical signs of respiratory and cardiac distress. Full necropsies of four rabbits were performed and samples were collected for histopathology. The gross pathological observation included pleural and pericardial effusion, pulmonary oedema, slight ascites; the hearts appeared flabby and markedly pale. In addition, the stomach content consisted mostly of green feed with large amounts of avocado leaves. Epidermal fragments of Persea americana were identified by microhistological analysis of gastric content to get most efficiently to a correct diagnosis. Histopathological examination revealed degeneration and necrosis of myocytes and a mononuclear cellular infiltration mainly involving the myocardium and, to a lesser extent, the liver, lung and kidneys. Our observations indicate that avocado leaves should be avoided in the green diet of rabbits.

La leptospirosis en equinos es generalmente asintomática, aunque existen regiones donde la enfermedad constituye un problema. Aquí se describe un caso de aborto en yegua debido a la infección por este agente. Se efectuó la necropsia completa de un feto a término donde se colectaron muestras para inmunofluorescencia directa (IFD), histopatología y microbiología. Además, se efectuó un estudio serológico de la tropilla y se evaluó seroconversión en la yegua abortada. El feto evidenció hepatomegalia, esplenomegalia e ictericia. Microscópicamente se apreció hepatitis mononuclear con disociación de los hepatocitos, esplenitis aguda y glomérulo-nefritis. Aunque el microrganismo no pudo ser aislado, la enfermedad se confirmó por la seroconversión observada en la yegua abortada, y debido a la identificación del agente mediante IFD en la impronta renal. Este caso demuestra la presencia del agente localmente y evidencia que la enfermedad puede ser un problema para la producción ecuestre. Leptospirosis in horses is usually asymptomatic, although there are regions where the disease is a problem. Here, a case of abortion caused by the agent in a mare is described. Full autopsy of a fetus at term was performed; samples for direct immunofluorescence (DIF), histopathology and microbiology were collected. Additionally, a serological study of the herd was conducted, as well as seroconversion in the aborted mare. The fetus evidenced hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and jaundice. Microscopically, mononuclear hepatitis with hepatocyte dissociation, acute splenitis and glomerulonephritis, were appreciated. Although the microorganism couldn’t be quite properly, the disease was confirmed by the seroconversion present in the aborted mare. Another factor was the identification of the agent through the renal imprint DIF. This case demonstrates the presence of the agent mentioned locally, and evidences that the disease can represent a problem to the equestrian industry Fil: Micheloud, Juan Francisco. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Salta-Jujuy. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Salta; Argentina Fil: Martinez, Mara Leila. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Patobiología; Argentina Fil: Zurita, S. G.. Universidad Católica de Salta; Argentina Fil: Grune Loffler, Sylvia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigacion En Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronomicas. Instituto de Patobiologia Veterinaria. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Oficina de Coordinacion Administrativa Pque. Centenario. Instituto de Patobiologia Veterinaria.; Argentina Fil: Romero, G.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigacion En Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronomicas. Instituto de Patobiologia Veterinaria. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Oficina de Coordinacion Administrativa Pque. Centenario. Instituto de Patobiologia Veterinaria.; Argentina Fil: Brihuega, Bibiana. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigacion En Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronomicas. Instituto de Patobiologia Veterinaria. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Oficina de Coordinacion Administrativa Pque. Centenario. Instituto de Patobiologia Veterinaria.; Argentina

The aim of this work was to study the epidemiology and the harmful effect of gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) on beef cattle in the piedmont forest and grassland region of northwestern Argentina, between March 2015 and March 2016. Sixty weaned female calves were divided into three groups: STG—calves treated systematically with 200 mcg/kg moxidectin every 40–50 days; LTG—calves treated as usually locally implemented, with 200 mcg/kg ivermectin on May 4 and August 5; and UTG—calves not receiving treatment. Moreover, a group of 20 untreated first-calving cows was monitored. Eggs per gram of faeces (epg) and faeces cultures were performed. Live weight gain (LWG) was recorded. Differences among groups were compared using analysis of variance and Tukey test. At the start of the experiment, mean epg was from moderate to high (595 ± 480); therefore, this group was treated in May. Mean UTG epg peaked (907 ± 754) in mid-winter, decreasing toward spring. LTG epg only decreased partially after treatment, showing 54.2% of ivermectin efficacy. Epg values of STG were always negligible values (95.8% of moxidectin efficacy). The dominant nematode genus was Cooperia (81.9%), followed by Haemonchus (15.5%). The effect of treatments was evident from middle autumn, with STG showing a significantly (p

Seven flocks of different composition of goat and/or sheep were evaluated for the presence of Muellerius capillaris (Mueller 1889) in sites of different climatic conditions and under different management practices in northwestern Argentina. The nematode was recovered and identified in four goat flocks and two mixed goat and sheep flocks. Three goat flocks and both mixed goat and sheep flocks were located in Lerma Valley (Salta), with the other goat flock located in Quebrada de Humahuaca (Jujuy). M. capillaris was not detected in the Puna of Jujuy (3500 m a.s.l.). First-stage larvae were recovered from fecal samples using the Baermann technique. Lungs from six goats revealed numerous small pulmonary nodules and areas of emphysema, as well as a small number of M. capillaris adults. This is the first report of M. capillaris in Argentina.

Bovine neosporosis is a parasitic disease of major concern in cattle industry worldwide. Although abortion is the more frequent clinical presentation, sporadic congenital clinical bovine neosporosis has been scarcely reported in newborn calves. Neospora caninum encephalomyelitis was diagnosed in two of 314 newborn calves submitted for necropsy and laboratory analysis between 2000 and 2014. The two new born calves had limb dysfunction, loss of conscious proprioception and ataxia. Protozoal multifocal nonsuppurative encephalomyelitis was observed and diagnosis was confirmed using serology, immunohistochemistry and PCR. This is the first report of clinical congenital neosporosis in calves from Argentina. Fil: Micheloud, Juan Francisco. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Salta; Argentina Fil: Moore, Prando Dadin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Canal, Ana Maria. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Argentina Fil: Lischinsky, Lilian Haydee. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche; Argentina Fil: Hecker, Yanina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Canton, German Jose. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; Argentina Fil: Odriozola, Ernesto Raul. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; Argentina Fil: Odeon, Anselmo Carlos. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; Argentina Fil: Campero, Carlos Manuel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; Argentina