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Purpose This paper aims to present arguments about how a complex concept of privacy labeling can be a solution to the current state of privacy. Design/methodology/approach The authors give a precise definition of Privacy Labeling (PL), painting a panoptic portrait from seven different perspectives: Business, Legal, Regulatory, Usability and Human Factors, Educative, Technological and Multidisciplinary. They describe a common vision, proposing several important “traits of character” of PL as well as identifying “undeveloped potentialities”, i.e. open problems on which the community can focus. Findings This position paper identifies the stakeholders of the PL and their needs with regard to privacy, describing how PL should be and look like to address these needs. Main aspects considered are the PL’s educational power to change people’s knowledge of privacy, tools useful for constructing PL and the possible visual appearances of PL. They also identify how the present landscape of privacy certifications could be improved by PL. Originality/value The authors adopt a multidisciplinary approach to defining PL as well as give guidelines in the form of goals, characteristics, open problems, starting points and a roadmap for creating the ideal PL.

In recent years, it has come to attention that governments have been doing mass surveillance of personal communications without the consent of the citizens. As a consequence of these revelations, developers have begun releasing new protocols for end-to-end encrypted conversations, extending and making popular the old Off-the-Record protocol. Several new implementations of such end-to-end encrypted messaging protocols have appeared, and commonly used chat applications have been updated with these implementations as well. In this survey, we compare the existing implementations, where most of them implement one of the recent and popular protocols called Signal. We conduct a series of experiments on these implementations to identify which types of security and usability properties each application provides. The results of the experiments demonstrate that the applications have variations of usability and security properties, and none of them are infallible. Finally, the paper gives proposals for improving each application w.r.t. security, privacy, and usability., Comment: 38 pages, 24 figures, 2 tables. Under review for a Journal since Feb.2018

This paper summarizes our work on studying educational applications enabled by the introduction of a new information layer called InfoInternet. This is an initiative to facilitate affordable access...

Socio-cultural settings and lifestyles of communities in Taenia solium taeniosis/cysticercosis (TSTC) in endemic areas influence significantly the epidemiology of the disease. This study investigated the community perceptions and practices influencing the occurrence and endemicity of TSTC. A cross-sectional survey focusing on pig-keeping households was carried out in three wards of Iringa District Council as a representative of other TSTC endemic areas. Questionnaire and observation checklists were employed for data collection. Eighty-seven (99%) of the 88 surveyed households had pit latrines, and 84(95%) of the households were found using their latrines. These latrines varied from good to a very good quality according to subjective qualitative scores. About 294 (85%) pigs were enclosed and 52(15%) were free roaming. The results indicated poor adherence to routine pig inspection at sales (50% inspection) and less pork inspection at slaughter (50% uninspected). Furthermore, there were no authorized centres for slaughter and sales. Health Officers and farmers were comfortable with the boiling form and home prepared pork (>90%). Health Officers perceived deep-frying and roasting of pork as inappropriate preparation methods. Generally, the social cultural practices and life style in the study area promoted the endemicity of Taenia solium life cycle. A strategy for surveillance on socio-cultural practices in the community is important during planning for TSTC control. This community needs sustainable health education on TSTC diseases control

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a disruptive technology that complements the usage of modern day information and communications technology (ICT) systems. IoT systems, with their small form and cost factor coupled with their increasing reliability, have made huge inroads in all markets. Connected to some form of interconnected networks, either to the mainstream Internet or private networks, they enable ubiquitous and to a large extent autonomous operation. This has taken away the idea that sensing, actuation, and computing needs to be dependent on expensive and complicated legacy systems. Although complete discontinuation of legacy systems is still quite a long journey and would not be completely possible, IoT systems show the waypoints as to how the ICT industry will evolve. The military domain is not far away from adopting IoT technologies in its operational construct. The NATO IST-147 and 176 research task groups have closely examined applicability of IoT for federated and ubiquitous military applications. Introducing IoT devices in the military domain requires verification and validation (V&V) of ICT systems as per operational guidelines. This article proposes and applies a concept for security, privacy, and eependability evaluation of IoT systems that could be used for V&V processes. This would enable more streamlined and standardized evaluations of IoT systems before they can be deemed usable for military contexts.

The concept of digital literacy has been defined in numerous ways over the last two decades to incorporate rapid technological changes, its versatility, and to bridge the global digital divide. Most approaches have been technology-centric with an inherent assumption of cultural and political neutrality of new media technologies. There are multiple hurdles in every stage of digital literacy implementation. The lack of solutions such as local language digital interfaces, locally relevant content, digital literacy training, the use of icons and audio excludes a large fraction of illiterate people. In this article, we analyse case studies targeted at under-connected people in sub-Saharan Africa and India that use digital literacy programmes to build knowledge and health literacy, solve societal problems and foster development. In India, we focus on notable initiatives undertaken in the domain of digital literacy for rural populations. In Sub-Saharan Africa, we draw from an original project in Kenya aiming at developing digital literacy for youth from low-income backgrounds. We further focus on Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso and Tanzania, where field studies have been conducted on the use of digital technologies by low-literacy people and on how audio and icon-based interfaces and Internet lite standard could help them overcome their limitations. The main objective of this article is to identify key performance indicators (KPIs) in the context of digital literacy skills as one of the pillars for digital inclusion. We will learn how digital literacy programmes can be used to build digital literacy and how KPIs for sustainable development can be established. In the final discussion, we offer lessons learned from the case studies and further recommendation for stakeholders and decision-makers in the field of digital health literacy.

Background Community health education is one of the most effective measures to increase health literacy worldwide and can contribute to the achievement of specific targets of the Sustainable Development Goal 3. Digitalized health education materials can improve health knowledge as a dimension of health literacy and play an important role in disease prevention in rural sub-Saharan settings. Objective The objective of this research is to assess the effect of a digital health education intervention on the uptake and retention of knowledge related to HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis (TB), and Taenia solium (neuro)cysticercosis and taeniosis in rural communities in Iringa, Tanzania. Methods We conducted a nonrandomized intervention study of participants aged 15 to 45 years, randomly selected from 4 villages in Iringa, Tanzania. The intervention consisted of 2 parts. After the baseline assessment, we showed the participants 3 animated health videos on a tablet computer. After a period of 6 months, free access to community information spots (InfoSpots) with an integrated digital health education platform was provided to the intervention villages. Participants in the control group did not receive the intervention. The primary outcome was the difference in disease knowledge between the intervention and control groups, 12 months after baseline. Data were collected using an open-ended questionnaire, with correct or incorrect answers before and after intervention. Results Between April and May 2019, a total of 600 participants were recruited into the intervention (n=298, 49.7%) or control (n=302, 50.3%) groups. At baseline, no statistically significant differences in knowledge of the target diseases were observed. At 12 months after intervention, knowledge about HIV/AIDS, TB, and T. solium (neuro)cysticercosis and taeniosis was 10.2% (95% CI 5.0%-15.4%), 12% (95% CI 7.7%-16.2%), and 31.5% (95% CI 26.8%-36.2%) higher in the intervention group than in the control group, respectively. In all 4 domains (transmission, symptoms, treatment, and prevention), an increase in knowledge was observed in all the 3 diseases, albeit to varying degrees. The results were adjusted for potential confounders, and the significance of the primary results was maintained in the sensitivity analysis to assess dropouts. The participants who reported using the InfoSpots in the 12-month assessment further increased their knowledge about the target diseases by 6.8% (HIV/AIDS), 7.5% (TB), and 13.9% higher mean proportion of correct answers compared with the participants who did not use the InfoSpots. Conclusions Digital health education based on animated health videos and the use of free InfoSpots has significant potential to improve health knowledge, especially in rural areas of low- and middle-income countries. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03808597; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03808597 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) RR2-10.2196/25128

Limited access to health education can be a barrier for reaching the Sustainable Development Goals, especially in rural communities in sub-Saharan Africa. We addressed this gap by installing community information spots (InfoSpots) with access to the internet and a locally stored digital health education platform (the platform) in Migoli and Izazi, Tanzania. The objective of this case study was to explore the perspectives and experiences of InfoSpot users and non-users in these communities. We conducted 35 semi-structured interviews with participants living, working or studying in Migoli or Izazi in February 2020 and subsequently analysed the data using content analysis. The 25 InfoSpot users reported variations in use patterns. Users with more education utilized the platform for their own health education and that of others, in addition to internet surfing. High school students also used the platform for practicing English, in addition to health education. Most InfoSpot users found the platform easy to use; however, those with less education received guidance from other users. Non-users reported that they would have used the InfoSpot with the platform if they had been aware of its existence. All participants reported a positive view of the digital health messages, especially animations as a health knowledge transfer tool. In conclusion, different and unintended use of the platform shows that the communities are creative in ways of utilizing the InfoSpots and gaining knowledge. The platform could have been used by more people if it had been promoted better in the communities.Access to good-quality health education is crucial for reaching the Sustainable Development Goals. We installed community information spots (InfoSpots) with access to the internet and a locally stored digital health education platform (the platform) in two rural villages in Tanzania in November 2019. This qualitative case study was conducted in Migoli and Izazi in February 2020, and 35 people participated in semi-structured interviews. Content analysis was performed with the software NVivo, and quotations were used to illustrate the themes. Twenty-five participants were classified as InfoSpot users. Variations and creativity in use patterns were reported. Less educated users were guided by others, while users with more education used the platform for their own and for the education of others, in addition to internet surfing. The students who used the InfoSpot for health education and for practicing English demonstrated unintended use of the platform. All non-users reported that they would have used the InfoSpots if they had been aware of their existence. All participants, users and non-users, reported a positive view of the digital health messages, especially animations as a health knowledge transfer tool. The use of such platforms can be an important factor in disease prevention.

A dvanced technological innovations and the Internet appear to be available everywhere. However, a large section of society is still on the wrong side of the digital divide, unable to fully enjoy the benefits of the revolutionary changes taking place. This article explores the scientific basis for secure easy-to-use Internet and web access for the elderly, the digitally illiterate, and others left behind in this rapidly evolving field. Our vision is to enable everyone to participate in today's digital society through devices that provide free access to information, offer appropriate security for the type of service needed, and feature easy-to-use authentication and interaction mechanisms. We propose technological innovations needed to achieve intuitive human-computer interaction; usable and measurable authentication, security, and privacy solutions inherently biometric in nature; and low-cost wireless broadband access that provides virtually free access to nondynamic content residing in remote servers and delivers essential electronic services.

Background Porcine cysticercosis is endemic in Tanzania, especially in the southern, central part and northern highlands of the country. The disease reduces meat quality and affects pig industry. This study investigated porcine cysticercosis prevalence and possible risk factors for reference in preparation for sustainable control measures. Methods Current seroprevalence and potential risk factors were studied in selected ward/villages of Iringa district council, in the southern highland of Tanzania, prior to a digital health education intervention. A total of 346 pigs from 88 households of Izazi, Migoli and Mlowa wards were studied using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which detects Taenia species antigens (Ag) in sera. Questionnaire used to dig information on pig management and sanitation and hygiene practices. Results The AgELISA detected 22.3% of the surveyed pigs as positive for porcine cysticercosis. The detected porcine cysticercosis seropositivity ranged between 21.3% and 25.7% per individual ward, with at least one seropositive pig in 53.4% of the surveyed households. Confining pigs was significantly related to low porcine cysticercosis seropositivity (OR = 2.426; 95% CI = 1.202–5.300; p = 0.026), whereas scavenging pigs had two times chance of being Ag-ELISA seropositive. Conclusions Pig confinement and feeding skills and community sensitization on hygiene and sanitation are recommended. Therefore, practical ways of delivering health education to rural communities such as the studied community should be investigated.

Video conferencing services based on web real-time communication (WebRTC) protocol are growing in popularity among Internet users as multi-platform solutions enabling interactive communication from anywhere, especially during this pandemic era. Meanwhile, Internet service providers (ISPs) have deployed fiber links and customer premises equipment that operate according to recent 802.11ac/ax standards and promise users the ability to establish uninterrupted video conferencing calls with ultra-high-definition video and audio quality. However, the best-effort nature of 802.11 networks and the high variability of wireless medium conditions hinder users experiencing uninterrupted high-quality video conferencing. This paper presents a novel approach to estimate the perceived quality of service (PQoS) of video conferencing using only 802.11-specific network performance parameters collected from Wi-Fi access points (APs) on customer premises. This study produced datasets comprising 802.11-specific network performance parameters collected from off-the-shelf Wi-Fi APs operating at 802.11g/n/ac/ax standards on both 2.4 and 5 GHz frequency bands to train machine learning algorithms. In this way, we achieved classification accuracies of 92–98% in estimating the level of PQoS of video conferencing services on various Wi-Fi networks. To efficiently troubleshoot wireless issues, we further analyzed the machine learning model to correlate features in the model with the root cause of quality degradation. Thus, ISPs can utilize the approach presented in this study to provide predictable and measurable wireless quality by implementing a non-intrusive quality monitoring approach in the form of edge computing that preserves customers’ privacy while reducing the operational costs of monitoring and data analytics.

Video on demand (VoD) services such as YouTube have generated considerable volumes of Internet traffic in homes and buildings in recent years. While Internet service providers deploy fiber and recent wireless technologies such as 802.11ax to support high bandwidth requirement, the best-effort nature of 802.11 networks and variable wireless medium conditions hinder users from experiencing maximum quality during video streaming. Hence, Internet service providers (ISPs) have an interest in monitoring the perceived quality of service (PQoS) in customer premises in order to avoid customer dissatisfaction and churn. Since existing approaches for estimating PQoS or quality of experience (QoE) requires external measurement of generic network performance parameters, this paper presents a novel approach to estimate the PQoS of video streaming using only 802.11 specific network performance parameters collected from wireless access points. This study produced datasets comprising 802.11n/ac/ax specific network performance parameters labelled with PQoS in the form of mean opinion scores (MOS) to train machine learning algorithms. As a result, we achieved as many as 93%&ndash, 99% classification accuracy in estimating PQoS by monitoring only 802.11 parameters on off-the-shelf Wi-Fi access points. Furthermore, the 802.11 parameters used in the machine learning model were analyzed to identify the cause of quality degradation detected on the Wi-Fi networks. Finally, ISPs can utilize the results of this study to provide predictable and measurable wireless quality by implementing non-intrusive monitoring of customers&rsquo, perceived quality. In addition, this approach reduces customers&rsquo, privacy concerns while reducing the operational cost of analytics for ISPs.

BACKGROUND Health workers have traditionally delivered health promotion and education to rural communities in the Global South in paper leaflet formats or orally. With the rise of digital technologies, health promotion and education can be provided in innovative and more effective formats, which are believed to have a higher impact on disease prevention and treatment. OBJECTIVE The aim of this tutorial is to illustrate how a multi- and interdisciplinary approach can be applied in the design process of digital health messages for use in the Global South. METHODS The multi- and interdisciplinary team of the Non-discriminating access for Digital Inclusion (DigI) project digitalized and customized available government-approved paper-based health promotion messages into a screen-suitable format. The team worked closely together and used its diverse expertise to develop digital health messages with disease-specific content in Tanzania’s national language (Swahili) as well as English. The development process included the following phases: a local needs assessment; identification of government-approved health promotion materials in a nondigital format; identification of key health messages; creation of a practical and engaging story, easy to understand for the general public; drafting of a storyboard for an animated video with review, feedback, and revisions; forward and backward translation; audio recording of the story in both languages; finalization and presentation of the animations; development of relevant questions related to the health messages in each domain; and development of web and mobile apps to access the digital health messages. RESULTS Between 2017 and 2019, we developed key health messages, quizzes, and animated health videos to address HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, Taenia solium cysticercosis and taeniasis, and anthrax, all of which are of public health importance in Tanzania. Feedback from local stakeholders and test users was included in various phases of the process. The 4 videos and other content are available in local information spots on a digital health platform (DigI platform), established by the DigI project, in both Tanzanian Swahili and English. CONCLUSIONS Our methodological multi- and interdisciplinary approach ensures that the digital health messages for the public are clear, high quality, and align with the government’s objectives for health promotion. It also demonstrates the diversity of scientific disciplines required when collaborating on a digital health project. We recommend this approach to be applied to the development of other digital health messages for a wide range of diseases. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT RR2-10.2196/25128

BACKGROUND Traditionally, health promotion and health education have been provided to communities in the global south in the form of leaflets or orally by health care workers. Digital health interventions (DHIs) such as digital health messages accessed by smartphones have the potential to reach more people at a lower cost and to contribute to strengthening of health care systems. The DHI in this study focuses on disseminating digital health education regarding 3 disease complexes of high public health concern: HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and Taenia solium (neuro)cysticercosis or taeniasis, a parasitic zoonotic disease that requires a One Health approach. The DHI presents the participants with animated health videos (animations) and provides access to information spots (InfoSpots) with a free-of-charge digital health platform containing messages about health to rural Tanzanian communities. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to measure the effect of the DHI on health knowledge uptake and retention over time in the rural communities. METHODS This is a mixed methods study including a nonrandomized controlled trial and qualitative interviews conducted in rural Tanzania. A health platform containing digital health messages for the communities was developed prior to the study. The health messages consist of text, pictures, quizzes, and animations of everyday stories, aimed at disease prevention and early treatment. The baseline and immediate postintervention assessments were completed in Iringa, Tanzania in May 2019. The participants were interviewed by enumerators and completed questionnaires regarding health knowledge. Participants in the intervention group were exposed to 3 different health animations once on a tablet device. The participants’ health knowledge was assessed again immediately after the exposure. The first follow-up survey was undertaken in August 2019. The InfoSpots with the digital health platform were thereafter launched in the intervention villages in November 2019. Qualitative interviews were undertaken in February 2020. The second follow-up was completed in June 2020. RESULTS A total of 600 participants have been enrolled in the trial. We will assess (1) the difference in knowledge scores between baseline and the immediate postintervention assessments in the intervention group and (2) the difference in knowledge scores between the intervention and control groups at baseline, 3 and 6 months post-DHI rollout. Since a randomized design did not prove feasible, potential confounders (eg, age, gender, education, and time of exposure) may be introduced, and results will be adjusted. Data analysis for the 35 qualitative interviews is currently ongoing, and perspectives and experiences related to use and nonuse of the InfoSpots are being explored. CONCLUSIONS The data have been collected, and the analysis is ongoing in this digital health study, aimed at evaluating the effects of a DHI based on relevant health messages. The publications of results can be expected this year. CLINICALTRIAL ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03808597; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03808597 INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT RR1-10.2196/25128

Deployment of Wi-Fi networks increases considerably as a last hop for Internet access in homes and buildings. Wi-Fi as a best-effort network cannot satisfy user expectations for carrier-grade quality and today, users consider Internet service providers responsible for Wi-Fi quality degradation. Thus, notion of perceived quality of service (PQoS) and quality of experience (QoE) have been extensively used as quality indicators of user satisfaction. This paper provides a review of state-of-the-art literature to investigate machine learning techniques for estimating PQoS in Wi-Fi networks. In this paper, only literature that attempted to estimate QoE based on network performance parameters on Wi-Fi networks have been investigated and categorized based on their problem area and machine learning techniques. The review indicated promising achievements using machine learning techniques to identify wireless problems and accordingly improve the quality. However, estimation of PQoS requires further research with recent IEEE 802.11 technology advancements and machine learning approaches.

Internet of Things (IoT) is a growing field and its use in home automation is one of the dominating application areas. However, the end-users lack security awareness, whereas the system designers lack the incentives for building secure IoT systems. To address this challenge, we propose the notion of security classes to assess and present the security of complex IoT systems both for the users and for developers. Furthermore, regulatory bodies can use our security classification method as a reference to derive requirements for adequate security. This paper presents a security classification methodology and extends it towards Smart Home Energy Management Systems (SHEMS). We demonstrate its applicability by performing a systematic security classification assessment of an industrial SHEMS. Our results show that the use of security classes is a good indication of the level of security, as well as a guide to improve the security of IoT system.

The proliferation of IoT (Internet of Things) though making life easier, comes with security and privacy challenges. We have previously proposed a security classification methodology meant to help in practice build IoT systems focused on security during the development process. This method departs from classical risk analysis and certification methods in two ways: (i) it can be used at design time and (ii) it caters for the needs of system designers by helping them to identify protection mechanisms necessary for the connectivity required by their system under development. However, similarly to many risk analysis methods, this methodology was unable to provide assurance in the evaluation results. In this paper, we add two confidence parameters: belief and uncertainty to the assessment tree of arguments of a class. Thus, the final result is now a tuple , where C is the class to which the system belongs, together with a belief measure B in the evaluation aspects of C, and the uncertainty U in the evaluation details. Looking at the confidence parameters tells how well the security assessment is justified. To exemplify this enhanced security classification methodology, we systematically apply it to control mechanisms for Smart Home Energy Management Systems.

This chapter aims at documenting how digital divide determinants are affecting the ability of digital infrastructure to be used as a platform for health information and education in Sub-Saharan Africa. More specifically, the chapter draws from case studies in Madagascar, Niger, Cote d’Ivoire, Senegal, and Tanzania, and we showcase the best praxis on how digital technologies are used to improve learning and health information usage. Some tested experiments have been successful but rarely scaled up, depriving part of the population—the poorest and those living in rural areas who “consume” few public resources—from opportunities to access improved education and health services. Along with the aforementioned challenges, we identify a need for the key performance indicators (KPIs) related to digital inclusion projects in Global South.

The electricity grid is an important critical infrastructure that is undergoing major changes, due to the Internet of Things (IoT) and renewable energy, heading towards the smart grid. However, besides the many good promises of the smart grid, such as better peak control, cheaper maintenance, and more open energy markets, there are many new security threats evolving, especially from the IoT side, and also from the diversification of the systems and practices that the smart grid brings. We thus see the need for more light-weight and dynamic methods for conducting security analyses of systems applicable at (re)design time, intended to help system engineers build secure systems from the start. As a consequence, the methods should also look more at the functionalities (exposure/protection) of the system than at the possible attacks. In this paper we propose a methodology called Smart Grid Security Classification (SGSC) developed for complex systems like the smart grid, focusing on the specifics of Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) systems. Our methodology is built upon the Agence nationale de la securite des systemes d’information (ANSSI) standard methodology for security classification of general Information and Communication Systems (ICS). Analyses performed following our method easily translate into ANSSI valid reports. Our SGSC is related to methods of risk analysis with the difference that our classification method has the purpose to assign a system to a security class, based on (combinations of) scores given to the various exposure aspects of the system and the respective protection mechanisms implemented; without looking at attackers. There are multiple uses of SGSC, such as offering indications to decision-makers about the security aspects of a system and for deciding purchasing strategies, for regulatory bodies to certify various complex infrastructure systems, but also for system/security designers to make easier choices of correct functionalities that would allow to reach a desired level of security. Particularly useful for smart grid systems is the discussion and mapping that we do of the SGSC methodology to a complex AMI infrastructure description derived from real deployments being done in ongoing Norwegian smart grid upgrades.

The Digital Divide is one of the key challenges for mankind. Despite attempts to digitally include people, the divide is bigger than ever. This contribution [1] to a sustainable future promotes “Internet lite” as the new paradigm for providing everyone with the opportunity to participate in the digital society. The current paper first addresses the reasons for the digital divide, thereafter addresses free access to information as catalyst for the sustainable development goals (SDGs) and provides the path towards “Internet lite for all”.

ObjectiveTo assess the effect of the Pregnant+ app on the 2-hour glucose level of the routine postpartum oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) among women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The Pregnant+ app was designed to provide information about GDM, and promote physical activity and a healthy diet.DesignA multicentre, non-blinded randomised controlled trial.SettingFive diabetes outpatient clinics in the Oslo region.ParticipantsWomen ≥18 years old with a 2-hour OGTT blood glucose level ≥9 mmol/L who owned a smartphone; understood Norwegian, Urdu or Somali; and were InterventionThe Pregnant+ app and usual care, the control group received usual care.Primary and secondary outcomesThe primary outcome was the 2-hour blood glucose level of the routine postpartum OGTT. Secondary outcomes reported were mode of delivery, induction of labour, Apgar score, birth weight, transfer to the neonatal intensive care unit and breast feeding practice. Blood glucose levels during pregnancy, knowledge of diabetes, diet and physical activity are not reported.ResultsNo difference was found for the 2-hour blood glucose level of the postpartum OGTT, with 6.7 mmol/L (95% CI 6.2 to 7.1) in the intervention group and 6.0 mmol/L (95% CI 5.6 to 6.3) in the control group. The significant difference in the proportion of emergency caesarean sections between the intervention group, 10 (8.8%) and the usual care group, 27 (22.1%), disappeared when adjusted for parity. There were no differences in birth weight, breast feeding practice, obstetric complications or transfer to the intensive neonatal care unit. No adverse events were registered.ConclusionThe Pregnant+ app had no effect on 2-hour glucose level at routine postpartum OGTT. After controlling for parity, the difference in emergency caesarean section was not statistically significant.Trial registration numberNCT02588729.

Internet of Things (IoT) offers a variety of technologies for connecting different kinds of heterogeneous devices. Security and privacy are becoming the main issue for IoT systems and their developers. Nevertheless, most works on IoT security and privacy requirements look at these requirements from a high-level view. Hence, the essential aspects of security and privacy functionalities will be disregarded, causing wrong design decisions. To combat this problem, this paper summarizes the most current documents related to security and privacy functionalities in the setting of IoT and provides a new taxonomy framework that organizes all aspects of security and privacy baselines, guidelines, and recommendations. To give an understanding of how the framework can help to improve security and privacy of IoT products, we combine it with a security classification method and demonstrate the usefulness by a case study of health products. Our framework can serve as a cornerstone towards the development of appropriate security solutions.

Internet of Things (IoT) is facilitated by heterogeneous technologies, which contribute to the providing of innovative services in a large number of application domains. The satisfaction of security and privacy requirements in this scenario are becoming a main challenge for IoT systems and their developers. Nevertheless, most works on IoT security and privacy requirements look at these requirements from a high level view. Hence, important aspects of security and privacy functionalities will be disregarded, causing wrong design decisions. To combat this problem, in our previous work, we summarized the most current documents related to security and privacy functionalities in the setting of IoT and provided a new taxonomy framework that organizes all aspects of security and privacy baselines, guidelines and recommendations. To give an understanding of how the framework can help to improve security and privacy of IoT products, and help to facilitate developing and designing secure and privacy-aware IoT systems, in this paper we delve deeper and demonstrate the usefulness of the framework by a case study of healthcare products, in combination with a recent security classification method.

The growing number of Wi-Fi networks at homes, buildings and public areas can consume excessive energy and therefore increase CO2 emissions. Hence, the aim of this paper is to investigate the energy consumption of Wi-Fi networks in general. This study is based on real-world observations both usage and energy consumption of Wi-Fi access points. A variety of off-the-shelf Wi-Fi access points were examined to investigate to what degree clients’ usage patterns, especially the signal to noise ratio (SNR) affects the energy consumption. The results indicate that low SNR increases the energy consumption up to 136% in various Wi-Fi access points. Therefore, confining clients with a low level of SNR can reduce the energy consumption of Wi-Fi access points while increases network throughput. Hence, findings of this paper can improve the energy efficiency of Wi-Fi networks in particular energy and cost efficiency of public hotspots.

In addition to mobile phones 5G mobile networks will have to support billion IoT devices and applications. To achieve this objective 5G relies in the network slicing concept which is not yet fully understood. This paper describes how 5G network slicing can accommodate Smart Home, a popular IoT application. The state of the art of Smart Home is thoroughly studied and the findings summarized. The Smart Home network slicing and its pilot implementation are also described in a concise but comprehensive way.

So far the 5G mobile systems are mostly known for their superiority in terms of performance, flexibility and cost efficiency but are less known for their social benefit. In this paper, the huge social benefit of 5G is demonstrated through the realization of the Internet Light. The Internet Light is aiming at providing free access to Internet information for all and can be implemented by an Internet Light Network Slice (ILNS) available and accessible to everyone. The paper provides a brief introduction of the Internet Light. After a comprehensive explanation of the 5G network slice concept the elaboration of the ILNS is described thoroughly. A concise description of a Proof-of-Concept is also given.

This paper focusses on the societal challenges related to Digital Inclusion. It revisits the 5G mobile communication objectives, and states the need for digital inclusion for all. Special focus is put on the entry into the digital society, including both discussion on key performance indicators (KPIs) as well as health information as the starting point for digital development. Main focus of this paper lies on the proof of the Internet light concept of free provision of information in developing economies. Both, the results from the first pilots in The Democratic Republik of Congo (DRC), and the ongoing installations of Internet light hotspots in Tanzania support the objective of sustainable business operation with free access to information for all, thus fostering digital inclusion.

Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging technology that expands wireless and mobile networks into heterogeneous network of connected devices. Trustable remote monitoring and management systems are required to establish a controlled environment for new services and devices in order to (i) improve the quality of existing services and (ii) enable novel services. However, monitoring and remote management can cause security and privacy concerns and thus affect the trust formation between customer and service provider. This paper introduces a trust model considering institutions as mediators to assess trustability of remote monitoring and management systems. The proposed model considers governance as an approach to audit remote monitoring and management systems and accordingly provides institutional assurance in form of certificate or labels in order to facilitate trust decision making and motivate trustworthy behaviors. The proposed model utilized the multi-metric method to measure governance criteria objectively and represent level of trustworthiness with A-F labels. Representing governance criteria with labels accompanied by color coding facilitates trust decision making based on application context or requirements for everyone regardless of level of expertise. Meanwhile, issuing trustworthiness certificate or A-F labels will encourage service providers to improve trustability of their remote monitoring and management approaches, which improve acceptability and efficiency of managed services. © 2018 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.

The impact of mobile technologies on the Citizens’ Observatory in the areas of air quality, environmental health and climate change, has the potential to significantly improve data coverage by the provision of near-real-time high-resolution data over urban areas. The Citi-Sense-MOB Citizens’ Observatory will be part of an environmental health monitoring system and environmental health knowledge base, created from information provided by GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) signals such as GPS (Global Positioning System) and Citizens’ Observatory data. The main objective of Citi-Sense-MOB is to support green growth and sustainable development in Oslo, Norway, by providing citizens and authorities with information on transport, CO2 emissions and air quality. This paper presents the approach used to develop the information value chain necessary to the success of Citi-Sense-MOB, from the sensor platform and architecture to the products and services supporting participatory governance through the Citizens’ Observatory concept.

Embedded Systems have become highly interconnected devices, being the key elements of the Internet of Things. Their main function is to capture, store, manipulate and access data of a sensitive nature. Moreover, being connected to Internet, expose them to all kind of attacks, which could cause serious consequences. Traditionally, during the design process, security, privacy and dependability (SPD) have been set aside, including them as an add-on feature. This paper provides a methodology together with a Multi-Metrics approach to evaluate the system SPD level during both the design and running processes. The simplicity, based on a single process during the whole system evaluation, and scalability, simple and complex systems are evaluated equally, are the main advantages. The applicability of the presented methodology is demonstrated by the evaluation of a smart vehicle use case.

This paper presents a methodology for assessing security, privacy and dependability (SPD) of embedded systems. The methodology, developed through the European collaboration SHIELD, is applied for the smart grid network as deployed in the South of Norway. Three Smart Grid use cases are analysed in detail, being billing, home control and alarm. The SHIELD methodology uses a Multi-Metrics approach to evaluate the system SPD level during running processes and compares it with use case goals for S, P, and D. The simplicity, applicability, and scalability of the suggested Multi-Metrics approach is demonstrated in this paper. It shows that a single configuration is not sufficient to satisfy the given goals for all use cases.

BACKGROUND The increasing prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) among women of different ethnic backgrounds provides new challenges for health care professionals, who often find it difficult to provide information about the management of this disease to such individuals. Mobile health (mHealth) may act as a useful tool for blood sugar control and care process enhancement. However, little is known about health care professionals’ experiences and attitudes toward the use of mHealth for women with GDM. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore how health care professionals perceived the provision of care to pregnant women who managed their GDM using the culture-sensitive Pregnant+ app in a randomized controlled trial. METHODS Individual interviews with 9 health care professionals providing care for women with GDM were conducted. Braun and Clark’s method of thematic content analysis inspired the analysis. This study included health care professionals who were primarily responsible for providing care to participants with GDM in the Pregnant+ randomized controlled trial at 5 diabetes outpatient clinics in Oslo, Norway. RESULTS Health care professionals perceived mHealth, particularly the Pregnant+ app, as an appropriate tool for the care of women with GDM, who were described as individuals comprising a heterogeneous, motivated group that could be easily approached with health-related information. Some participants reported challenges with respect to provision of advice to women with different food cultures. The advantages of the Pregnant+ app included provision of information that women could access at home, the information provided being perceived as trustworthy by health care professionals, the culture sensitivity of the app, and the convenience for women to register blood sugar levels. Technical problems, particularly those associated with the automatic transfer of blood glucose measurements, were identified as the main barrier to the use of the Pregnant+ app. Strict inclusion criteria and the inclusion of participants who could not speak Norwegian were the main challenges in the recruitment process for the randomized controlled trial. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study suggest that mHealth is a useful tool to enhance the care provided by health care professionals to women with GDM. Future mobile apps for the management of GDM should be developed by a trustworthy source and in cooperation with health care professionals. They should also be culture sensitive and should not exhibit technical problems.

Security Evaluation and Management (SEM) is considerably important process to protect the Embedded System (ES) from various kinds of security's exploits. In general, SEM's processes have some challenges, which limited its efficiency. Some of these challenges are system-based challenges like the hetero-geneity among system's components and system's size. Some other challenges are expert-based challenges like mis-evaluation possibility and experts non-continuous availability. Many of these challenges were addressed by the Multi Metric (MM) framework, which depends on experts' or subjective evaluation for basic evaluations. Despite of its productivity, subjective evaluation has some drawbacks (e.g. expert misevaluation) foster the need for considering objective evaluations in the MM framework. In addition, the MM framework is system centric framework, thus, by modelling complex and huge system using the MM framework a guide is needed indicating changes toward desirable security's requirements. This paper proposes extensions for the MM framework consider the usage of objective evaluations and work as guide for needed changes to satisfy desirable security requirements.

Having an effective security level for Embedded System (ES), helps a reliable and stable operation of this system. In order to identify, if the current security level for a given ES is effective or not, we need a proactive evaluation for this security level. The evaluation of the security level for ESs is not straightforward process, things like the heterogeneity among the components of ES complicate this process. One of the productive approaches, which overcame the complexity of evaluation for Security, Privacy and Dependability (SPD) is the Multi Metrics (MM). As most of SPD evaluation approaches, the MM approach bases on the experts knowledge for the basic evaluation. Regardless of its advantages, experts evaluation has some drawbacks, which foster the need for less experts-dependent evaluation. In this paper, we propose a framework for security measurability as a part of security, privacy and dependability evaluation. The security evaluation based on Multi Metric (MM) approach as being an effective approach for evaluations, thus, we call it MM framework. The art of evaluation investigated within MM framework, based also on systematic storing and retrieving of experts knowledge. Using MM framework, the administrator of the ES could evaluate and enhance the S-level of their system, without being an expert in security.

This paper discusses the increase in available white space spectrum using TV receiver information. TV receivers can increase the amount of available spectrum for cognitive radio devices in the TV bands by as much as 120 MHz.

The future Internet will embrace the intelligence of Web 3.0 and the omnipresence of every day connected objects. The later was envisioned as the Internet of Things. Security and interoperability concerns are hindering the service innovations using the Internet of Things. This paper addresses secure access provision to Internet of Things-enabled services and interoperability of security attributes between different administrative domains. In this paper we proposed a layered architecture of Internet of Things framework where a semantically enhanced overlay interlink the other layers and facilitate secure access provision to Internet of Things-enabled services. The main element of semantic overlay is security reasoning through ontologies and semantic rules. Finally the interoperability of security aspect is addressed through ontology and a machine-to-machine platform. This paper provides implementation details of security reasoning and the interoperability aspects and discusses crucial challenges in these areas.

This paper introduces service continuity as the main driver for 5G systems. It addresses user- and service-aspects in recently opened LTE networks, and identifies the system challenges. The main challenges are related to radio coverage, especially for the provision of high data rates for indoor users. The paper covers also network-, user- and service-authentication as well as user and society requirements. 5G is addressed as a system of systems in order to provide service continuity. It addresses both technology challenges, user related issues and operator revenue. Collaborative radio and a system availability beacon are discussed to cope with heterogeneity in 5G. As the SIM card has evolved towards a third-party offering for storage, authentication and payment, functionality of this future SIM is elaborated providing SIM-based service examples. The paper finally addresses service optimization based on light-weight semantic reasoning.

The paper provides a vision of an adaptive wireless access for next-generation services. Depending on the requirements of the applications and the user situation, an optimum access method has to be selected. Software (SW) radio is the key enabling technology in this field. The functionality of a SW radio is described, and the challenges for future developments are identified. A major advantage of SW radio is the on-the-fly upgrade capabilities, both of terminals and of base stations. The paper concludes with a presentation of future trends, hybrid fibre distribution of radio signals and mechanisms for control of the various access networks. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The capability of the scatterometers onboard the European Remote Sensing Satellites (ERS-1 and ERS-2) for soil moisture retrieval is investigated. The ERS scatterometer consists of three antennas that illuminate the Earth's surface from three different viewing directions. This allows the authors to study the dependence of the backscattering coefficient /spl sigma//sup 0/ on the azimuth and the incidence angle. An analysis of ERS scatterometer data over the Canadian Prairie region shows that land surfaces are slightly anisotropic with respect to the azimuth angle. It is proposed to consider the azimuthal anisotropy as an additional error source to /spl sigma//sup 0/. The variation of /spl sigma//sup 0/ with the incidence angle was found to be linked to vegetation, but independent of soil moisture. Based on these observations, a method for the normalization of the backscattering coefficient with respect to the incidence angle is proposed. The normalized backscattering coefficient at an incidence angle of 40/spl deg/, /spl sigma//sup 0/(40), is sensitive to vegetation and, in the case of moderate vegetation (grassland to sparsely forested areas), to the soil moisture content. Soil moisture maps derived from ERS-1 scatterometer measurements are compared to maps representing conditions on annually cropped land showing agreement. Results suggest that, over the Canadian Prairies, estimates of the total water content in the soil profile might be possible with an accuracy of about 10% of field capacity if little or no rainfall has occurred for three days before radar image acquisition.

The operation and maintenance (O&M) costs of wind turbines constitute approximately 10-15% of the lifecycle cost in onshore installations and up to 30% in offshore installations. The O&M costs for offshore wind power plants are higher than the onshore ones due to greater logistical challenges of maintaining and servicing, and the less mature state of offshore wind energy technology. Wind turbine blades suffer from various faults, for example, blade angle asymmetry, icing, and bends. These faults may cause wind turbines to a standstill. Replacement of rotor blades will normally result in a long downtime since the replacement process involves heavy transportation (vessel, crane) and dependency on weather conditions. This downtime can be shortened and the cost can be reduced if the replacement is done before the break and the wind turbine blade inspection and maintenance is scheduled effectively. The strategy that allows achieving the goal is called proactive maintenance. This paper introduces an approach to optimizing proactive maintenance of offshore wind turbine blades. The approach uses knowledge-based methods for force analysis. The approach solves the semantic ambiguity of offshore wind information and provides the possibility to monitor the performance of wind turbine blades in real-time, leading to advanced alarms when needed. The approach can be adapted and applied for other wind turbine components.

Enterprises are adopting new business and IT models due to the growing trend of elastically scalable cloud- based collaboration services. However, enterprises are not fully embracing them because they do not want to expose their sensitive information to the cloud when someone collaborating with someone. Therefore, the paper proposes a semantic enhanced attribute-based access manager as a gatekeeper for cloud-based services so that authoritative service access can be achieved. The paper use universal resource identifier for attribute representation. The core of the approach is an access manager, which does not only providing a globally accessible attributes but also managing the entire service access decision process. Furthermore, we propose a rule-based representation scheme to represent service access policies, using a logic-based reasoning mechanism. In order to analyze the feasibility of the proposed approach, we select a cloud-based collaboration scenario and present the prototype implementation of it.

In this paper we investigate the usage of cognitive radio devices within the service area of TV broadcast stations. Until now the main approach for a cognitive radio to operate in the TV bands has been to register TV broadcast stations locations and thus protecting the broadcast stations service area. Through information about TV receivers location, we show that a cognitive radio should be able to operate within this service area without causing harmful interference to the TV receivers as defined by Ofcom and FCC. We provide simulations based on real statistics from Norway that show that especially in rural areas TV receiver registration can provide a substantial gain in terms of exploitable frequencies for a cognitive radio., Comment: 26 pages

During the MAESTRO 1 Campaign, mulli-frequency polarimetric SAR data were acquired over the Dutch site ‘Flevoland’. At the same time, an extensive ground data collection took place in order to measure several different bio- and geophysical parameters for bare soils. The SAR data are used to assess the performance of several theoretical surface scattering models for rough surfaces. These models are extended in order to yield all the elements of the covariance matrix, particularly the phase and the correlation factor between the HHand W channels. Using the ground data, input elements such as the soil permittivity and the surface roughness are fed into the models to compute the elements of the covar ance matrix. A comparison for Land C band between the theoretical predictions and the measured backscattering coefficients is then presented and clearly shows that the models predict in a satisfactory manner the elements of the covariance matrix.