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El virus de la necrosis pancreática infecciosa es uno de los agentes infecciosos más importantes de la industria trutícola y del salmón, dado que causa alta mortalidad en crías de primera alimentación. En México, es la única enfermedad viral que afecta a la trucha arcoíris, por lo tanto, información sobre la caracterización y origen genético de los asilados virales que circulan en nuestro país, ya han sido descritos, sin embargo, un análisis con el genoma completo no, motivo por el cual, el presente trabajo de investigación tiene por objetivo analizar el genoma completo del virus de la necrosis pancreática infecciosas que comúnmente circula en el país. A partir de las relaciones genéticas de un prototipo de este virus aislado en México en relación con otros aislados que circulan a nivel mundial, se encontró que el aislado mexicano del virus de la necrosis pancreática infecciosas pertenece al genogrupo I y es originado a partir de la cepa Buhl.

Introduction: Endoparasites and ectoparasites in dogs are of global distribution. The close relationship between dogs and man implies a risk for the transmission of zoonotic parasites. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the parasites hosted by dogs in specific areas and the factors associated with their presence. Objectives: To identify and to estimate the prevalence of endoparasites and ectoparasites in domiciled dogs in the Metropolitan area of Toluca, México, and the prevalence of D. caninum in fleas of the genus Ctenocephalides spp. Materials and methods: We collected samples from 402 domiciled dogs in four reference hospitals in the area in Toluca. We diagnosed endoparasites using direct smear, flotation, and sedimentation techniques and we performed the taxonomic identification of ectoparasites. Finally, the molecular diagnosis of D. caninum in fleas was made using the polymerase chain reaction technique (PCR). Results: A total of 37.2% of dogs were positive for endoparasites; the genera or species identified were Toxocara spp., Giardia spp., Ancylostoma spp., Cystoisospora spp., D. caninum, Taenia spp., and Trichuris vulpis; the prevalence of ectoparasites was 13.13%. We identified fleas of the species Ctenocephalides felis, Ctenocephalides canis; only one animal was parasitized with Rhipicephalus sanguineus and another one with Trichodectes canis; the prevalence of D. caninum in fleas was 9.5%. Conclusion: The prevalence of endoparasites was 37.2% while that of ectoparasites was 13.1%; this is the first analysis of endoparasites and ectoparasites conducted in the same population of dogs in México together with the molecular diagnosis of D. caninum in fleas.Introducción. Los endoparásitos y ectoparásitos en perros son de distribución mundial. La estrecha relación entre los perros y el hombre implica un riesgo de transmisión de parasitosis zoonóticas, por lo cual es necesario conocer las especies que parasitan a los perros de esta zona y determinar los factores asociados. Objetivos. Estimar la prevalencia de endoparásitos y ectoparásitos, identificarlos en perros domiciliados de la zona metropolitana de Toluca, México, y determinar la prevalencia de Dipyilidium caninum en pulgas del género Ctenocephalides spp. Materiales y métodos. Se recolectaron muestras de 402 perros que fueron llevados a consulta en cuatro hospitales de referencia de Toluca. En el diagnóstico de endoparásitos, se utilizaron las técnicas coproparasitoscópicas de frotis directo, flotación y sedimentación; además, se recolectaron ectoparásitos para su identificación taxonómica. Por último, la detección de D. caninum en pulgas se hizo mediante la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR). Resultados. El 37,2 % de los perros resultó positivo para endoparásitos. Los géneros o especies identificados fueron Toxocara spp., Giardia spp., Ancylostoma spp., Cystoisospora spp., D. caninum, Taenia spp. y Trichuris vulpis. Se determinó una prevalencia de ectoparásitos de 13,13 %. Se identificaron pulgas de las especies Ctenocephalides felis y C. canis, en tanto que solo un animal presentó parasitosis por Rhipicephalus sanguineus y otro por Trichodectes canis. La prevalencia de D. caninum en pulgas fue del 9,5 %. Conclusión. La prevalencia de endoparásitos fue de 37,2 % y, la de ectoparásitos, de 13,1 %. Por primera vez en México se hizo un análisis de endoparásitos y ectoparásitos en una misma población de perros, así como el diagnóstico molecular de D. caninum.

Urinary bladder worm infection is relatively uncommon in pet dogs and cats in the Americas. This report describes the diagnosis of lower urinary tract infection by Pearsonema plica in two asymptomatic dogs and P. feliscati in a cat with lower urinary tract clinical signs diagnosed between 2002 and 2015, and the first report of this type of parasitism in domestic small animals in Mexico at an altitude above 2600 m above sea level. The studied cases demonstrate the need to consider a urinary bladder worm infection in domestic small animals, both stray animals and those with controlled access to the streets. Although a definitive host as foxes does not exist among the urban wildlife in cities of the Americas, stray dogs and cats should be considered as potential reservoir hosts of Pearsonema, which requires future epidemiological studies in these populations.

This is the first report on circulating canine rotavirus in Mexico. Fifty samples from dogs with gastroenteritis were analyzed used polymerase chain reaction and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in order to identify parvovirus and rotavirus, respectively; 7% of dogs were infected with rotavirus exclusively, while 14% were co-infected with both rotavirus and parvovirus; clinical signs in co-infected dogs were more severe.

Objetivo. Realizar el aislamiento del virus de la viremia primaveral de la carpa (SVCV) en ejemplares de carpa común (Cyprinus carpio), evaluar su crecimiento en diferentes tipos de células así como la supervivencia viral a diferentes temperaturas. Materiales y métodos. Diez carpas de entre 400-500 gramos de una laguna del centro de México fueron procesadas para el diagnóstico de SVCV mediante aislamiento en cultivo de células y RT-PCR semi-anidado. El virus obtenido se inoculó en células EPC, BF-2, CHSE-214 y RTG-2 para determinar diferencias de crecimiento de SVCV. Además, se evaluó la supervivencia del virus conservado a temperatura ambiente (TA 20-25°C), refrigeración (REF 4°C) y congelación (CONG -80°C) hasta once meses. Los órganos internos se procesaron para análisis histológico. Resultados. Los peces analizados no presentaron signos externos sugestivos de enfermedad, pero internamente e histopatológicamente se observaron lesiones sugestivas de infección sistémica. SVCV fue aislado en células EPC y BF-2 y confirmado por RT-PCR semi-anidado. SVCV únicamente indujo CPE en células EPC y BF-2 y fue negativo en RTG-2 y CHSE-214. El virus conservado a TA perdió viabilidad después de cuatro meses post-infección (mpi), siendo total a seis mpi; mientras REF y CONG fueron estables durante los once meses de estudio. Conclusiones. La infección subclínica por SVCV fue confirmada en carpas que presentaron lesiones histológicas asociadas a esta infección. SVCV únicamente causó CPE en células EPC y BF-2 y el virus conservó su viabilidad a 4ºC y -80°C hasta once meses; mientras que a TA se perdió en seis meses.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate in vitro effects of equine fecal inocula fermentative capacity on 9 fibrous forages in the presence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The fibrous feeds were corn stover (Zea mays), oat straw (Avena sativa), sugarcane bagasse and leaves (Saccharum officinarum), llanero grass leaves (Andropogon gayanus), Taiwan grass leaves (Pennisetum purpureum), sorghum straw (Sorghum vulgare), and steria grass leaves (Cynodon plectostachyus). Fibrous feed samples were incubated with several doses of S. cerevisiae; 0 (control), 1.25 (low), 2.5 (medium) and 5 (high) mg/g dry matter (DM) of a commercial yeast product containing 1 × 1010/g. Fecal inoculum was collected from 4 adult horses were fed on an amount of commercial concentrate and oat hay ad libitum. Gas production (GP) was recorded at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, and 48 hours post inoculation. An interaction occurred between feeds and yeast dose for fecal pH (P < .01), asymptotic GP (b, ml/g DM); rate of GP (c, /hr); initial delay before GP began (L, hours), GP at 4 hours and 48 hours (P < .01), and GP at 8 hours (P < .01) and at 24 hours (P < .01). Differences in fecal fermentation capacity between the tropical and template grass (P < .05) occurred for fecal pH, c, and GP during first 12 hours, whereas differences occurred (P < .05) between the agriculture byproducts and the grasses for fecal pH, b, and GP from 8 to 48 hours. Fermentation capacity between straws versus not straws (P < .05) differed for fecal pH, b, and GP after 12 hours between straws versus not straws. Addition of S. cerevisiae to Z. mays stover reduced (P < .01) fecal pH and the c fraction with a higher (P < .01) b fraction versus the other feeds. From 4 to 24 hours, S. officinarum bagasse improved GP to the highest values versusS. officinarum leaves. After 24 hours, Z. mays stover had the highest GP, whereas C. plectostachyus leaves had the lowest. There were no differences among the yeast doses for all measured parameters with the exception of L values (linear effect; P < .01). The Z. mays stover had the highest nutritive compared to the other fibrous feeds. However, addition of S. cerevisiae at 2.5 to 5.0 g/kg DM improved fecal fermentation capacity of low-quality forages.

Dentro de las producciones pecuarias, las enfermedades entéricas tienen un papel importante, ya que generan severas pérdidas económicas derivadas de la mortalidad, depresión del crecimiento y disminución del índice de conversión. Rotavirus es considerado una causa importante de gastroenteritis viral aguda en humanos y animales jóvenes en todo el mundo, estando asociado a diarreas deshidratantes en granjas de producción animal. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar rotavirus en granjas de producción cunícola ubicadas en la región sur-oriente del Estado de México a través de RT-PCR. Se recolectaron muestras de 39 pequeñas granjas de traspatio ubicadas dentro de los 13 municipios que conforman la región estudiada. Un total de 147 muestras se analizaron, 99 de conejos sanos y 48 de conejos con signología entérica, de las cuales se identificó Rotavirus en 9 de ellas (18.7 %), mientras que en conejos sanos no hubo identificación. Los resultados concuerdan con la suposición de que en conejos con signología entérica, los virus parecen tener un papel importante, pero no decisivo, y que la participación de rotavirus no es determinante para la presentación de la enfermedad. Se plantea la posibilidad de que Rotavirus no sea endémico en granjas cunícolas de la región sur-oriente del Estado de México, encontrándose ocasionalmente, sin inducir episodios entéricos graves de forma individual; no obstante, podría ser un factor importante en la presentación de brotes entéricos en asociación con otros agentes patógenos. Este es uno de los primeros reportes de la presencia de Rotavirus en conejos con signología entérica en México.

In the present study, the ability of a recently proposed multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) to determine the serogroups (A, B, and C) of Avibacterium paragallinarum was evaluated. A total of 12 reference strains and 69 field isolates of Av. paragallinarum from Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, and Peru were included in the study. With some exceptions (which were serotyped in the current study), all of the isolates and strains had been previously examined by 2 serotyping schemes (Page and Kume) or were the formal reference strains for the schemes. Three of 6 (50%) reference strains of serogroup A, 2 (100%) of serogroup B, and 1 of 4 (25%) reference strains of serogroup C were correctly serotyped by the mPCR. With the field isolates, the mPCR correctly recognized 16 of the 17 serogroup A isolates, 10 of the 12 serogroup B isolates, and 18 of the 37 serogroup C isolates. Overall, the specificity and sensitivity of the PCR test was as follows: 82.6% and 87.3% (serogroup A), 85.7% and 71.9% (serogroup B), and 46.3% and 100% (serogroup C). The poor performance of the mPCR in terms of recognition of serogroup C isolates (low sensitivity of 46.3%) and the relatively high level of uncertainty about the accuracy of the serogroup A and B results (specificity of 87.3% and 71.9%, respectively) means that the assay cannot be recommended as a replacement for conventional serotyping.

Background: Toxocara spp. is a gastrointestinal nematode with cosmopolitan distribution and is the most common parasite in domestic cats, which can deposit fertilized eggs in the environment with feces. Egg maturation starts in the soil, concluding two to three weeks after cat defecation, but eggs can remain viable in the soil for years and spread onto vegetables and into water. Infection of cats and paratenic hosts (among them humans) occurs through ingestion of infected eggs from the environment, through ingestion of paratenic hosts and, in puppies, through milk from infected mothers. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the presence of Toxocara spp. in domestic cats.Materials Methods & Results: In this study, 229 fecal samples from domestic cats were collected in the state of Mexico, Mexico. All of cats had an owner, and fresh feline feces were collected in previously labeled sterile bottles. Coproparasitological examinations were performed on these samples using a flotation technique with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium nitrate (NaNO3), Toxocara spp. eggs were identified under the microscope, in accordance with the morphological descriptions. The data were analyzed by means of Fisher’s exact test in order to compare the presence of Toxocara eggs according to cat age and sex. The chi-square test was used to determine associations between variables and odds ratios (OR) were calculated to determine the risk factors. Presence of Toxocara spp. eggs was identified in 42% (96/229) of the cats, of which 23% were males and 19% females. We did find an association between cats under the age of six months (P = 0.01) and the presence of Toxocara spp. eggs, and therefore age was determined to be a risk factor (OR = 1.69) for the presence of Toxocara spp. eggs in feces, cats over one year old showed a statistically significant association (P = 0.02) with the presence of parasite eggs in feces. The presence of Toxocara spp. was found to be a risk factor (OR = 1.57) among male cats aged less than 6 months, while among female cats a statistically significant association was found (P = 0.03) for the presence of Toxocara spp. Meanwhile, comparing positive cats of both sexes with age, a statistically significant difference (P = 0.02) was found regarding cats over one year old.Discussion: It were identified Toxocara spp. eggs in 42% of the feces of domestic cats from the state of Mexico. These results are similar to those reported by other studies in Mexico City, they also reported that there was a larger number of infected cats under one year of age and that males had higher infection rates. Comparison of both sexes with age showed a statistically significant association (P = 0.01) between cats under six months old and the presence of Toxocara eggs in feces. This age was also considered to be a risk factor (OR = 1.69) for parasite eggs in feces, during the first months of life, the larvae migrate and finish their cycle, but when the cat has reached its mature stage, the larvae may become entrenched and avoid finishing their life cycle. Male sex was identified as a risk factor for the presence of Toxocara spp. The prevalence of Toxocara spp. in domestic cats in the state of Mexico is high, and represents a potential risk of human toxocariasis. From the results found, it can be considered that cats are a major source of dissemination of environmental pollution and Toxocara spp.

American trypanosomiasis is a public health problem in Latin America and southern parts of the United States. Infection in triatomines (vector) and domestic dogs (reservoir host) is a good indicator of Trypanosoma cruzi circulation and human risk of infection. The State of Mexico, Mexico, has been considered free of T. cruzi, and no detailed epidemiologic study has been conducted to assess the intricacies of the transmission cycle of the parasite in the region. Such studies would enhance our understanding of the epidemiology of T. cruzi infection in this geographic region and provide regional sanitary authorities with stronger fundamental knowledge for making decisions and allocating funds for Chagas disease control programs in the State of Mexico. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of T. cruzi infection in dogs (seroprevalence) and triatomines (fecal parasites) in a previously identified, discrete endemic region of parasite circulation and to widen our studies in the Tejupilco Sanitary Region located in the southern part of the State of Mexico. Dog blood samples (n=102) were analyzed for the presence of anti-T. cruzi antibodies by two assays, namely indirect hemagglutination assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Triatomines (n=88) were collected and fecal aliquots were analyzed for the presence of parasites by light microscopy. Average seroprevalence in dogs in the Tejupilco Sanitary region was 24.5%, and the overall triatomine infection rate was 34.01%. Triatoma pallidipennis was the only triatomine species found in this region. Our data demonstrate that T. cruzi is actively circulating in the Tejupilco Sanitary Region and emphasize the requirement for epidemiologic surveillance programs throughout the putative endemic areas of the State of Mexico.