Search

Single platform aerial line transect and land-based surveys of Southern Hemisphere Group IV humpback whales were undertaken to provide absoluteabundance estimates of animals migrating northward along the western Australian coast during June–August 2005. The aerial survey was designedto cover the whole period of northward migration but the resulting estimates from that survey alone could only, at best, provide relative abundanceestimates as it was not possible to estimate g(0), the detection probability along the trackline, from the data. Owing to logistical constraints, theland-based survey was only possible for a much shorter period (two weeks during the expected peak of the migration in mid-July). This paperproposes three methods that utilise these complementary data in different ways to attempt to obtain absolute abundance estimates. The aerial linetransect data were used to estimate relative whale density (for each day), allowing absolute abundance from the land-based survey to be estimatedfor the short period of its duration. In turn, the land-based survey allowed estimation of g(0) for the aerial survey. Absolute estimates of abundancefor the aerial survey were obtained by combining the g(0) estimate with the relative density estimates, summing over the appropriate number ofdays. The most reliable estimate of northward migrating whales passing the land station for the period of the land-based survey only was 4,700(95% CI 2,700–14,000). The most reliable estimate for the number of whales passing through the aerial survey region for the duration of that survey(55 days from June through to August) was 10,300 (95% CI 6,700–24,500). This is a conservative estimate because the duration of the aerial surveywas almost certainly shorter than the period of the migration. Extrapolation beyond the end of this survey was considered unreliable, but abundancefrom the estimated start of the migration to the end of the survey (87 days from mid-April to August) was estimated to be 12,800 (95% CI 7,500–44,600). The estimated number of whales depends crucially on the assumed migration and period of migration. Results for different migrationparameters are also presented. The point estimates of abundance, whilst higher than those from a previous survey in 1999 (when adjusted for surveyduration) are not significantly so. The peak of the whales’ distribution was found at c.90m water depth.

Single platform aerial line transect and land-based surveys of Southern Hemisphere Breeding Stock ‘D’ humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliaewere undertaken off Shark Bay, Western Australia to provide absolute abundance estimates of animals migrating northward along the westernAustralian coast. The aerial survey flew a total of 28 flights, of which 26 were completed successfully, from 24 June–19 August 2008. The landbased survey was undertaken from Cape Inscription, Dirk Hartog Island, Shark Bay, during the expected peak of the whales’ northward migration,from 8–20 July. During the first week of the land-based survey, some double count effort was undertaken to provide information on the numbersof pods missed from the land station. The assumed period of northward migration was 2 June–7 September. Estimated abundance of northwardmigrating whales during that time is 34,290 (95% CI: (27,340–53,350)), representing an annual rate of increase of 12.9% (CV = 0.20) since anestimate of 11,500 in 1999. This estimate is based on an estimate of relative abundance of surface-available whales of 10,840 (8,640–16,860), andan estimated g(0) of 0.32. There were considerable practical difficulties encountered during the land-based survey which reduced the effectivenessof the dual-survey approach for estimating g(0) for the aerial survey. Furthermore only about 15% of whales were estimated to be within the visualrange of the land-based station. Alternative approaches for estimating g(0) from these data are therefore also presented, resulting in considerablyhigher estimates of around 0.6–0.7, and yielding a conservative abundance estimate of 17,810 (14,210–27,720).

The history of Australian right whaling is briefly reviewed. Most catching took place in the first half of the 19th century, with a peak inthe 1830s, involving bay whaling by locals and visiting whaleships in winter and whaling offshore in the summer. In the early 20th century,right whales were regarded as at least very rare, if not extinct. The first published scientific record for Australian waters in the 20th centurywas a sighting near Albany, Western Australia, in 1955. Increasing sightings close to the coast in winter and spring led to annual aerialsurveys off southern Western Australia from 1976. To allow for possible effects of coastwise movements, coverage was extended intoSouth Australian waters from 1993. Evidence from 19th century pelagic catch locations, recent sightings surveys, 1960s Soviet catch dataand photographically-identified individuals is beginning to confirm earlier views about likely seasonal movements to and from warm watercoastal breeding grounds and colder water feeding grounds. Increase rates of ca 7-13% have been observed since 1983. Some effects ofdifferent breeding female cohort strength are now beginning to appear. A minimum population size of ca 700 for the period 1995-97 issuggested for the bulk of the ‘Australian’ population, i.e. animals approaching the ca 2,000km of coast between Cape Leeuwin, WesternAustralia and Ceduna, South Australia.

In Australian waters, southern right whales Eubalaena australis form 2 genetically distinct populations that have shown contrasting patterns of recovery since whaling ceased: a western population in South Australia and Western Australia and an eastern population in southeastern Australia (Tasmania, Victoria and New South Wales). Here, we provide an abundance estimate derived from a breeding female superpopulation mark-recapture model for the southeastern southern right whale population. The population comprises 268 individuals (68 breeding females) and has increased at a rate of 4.7% per annum between 1996 and 2017. There has been no significant change in the annual abundance of mother-calf pairs sighted at the only calving ground (Logans Beach in Victoria) over the last 3 decades. The total number of southern right whales (i.e. all adults and calves) using the southeastern Australian coastline has increased by 7% since 1985. Unlike the population estimate (which was restricted to breeding females sighted prior to the post-breeding southward migration), this estimate is likely to include transiting whales from the southwestern population. The theoretical population model predicts 19 breeding females at Logans Beach in 2018 and 28 in 2028; the actual number of breeding females, as of 2018, is 14. This study provides the first complete estimate of population size and rate of increase of southern right whales along the southeastern Australian coastline. This knowledge is critical for assessing population status and recovery of southern right whales in Australia. It provides a basis for monitoring persistence and responses of the population to environmental stressors.

Funding: Australian Marine Mammal Center Grant 13/48 AIM, SDG, DH, AL http://www.marinemammals.gov.au/ The Australian Marine Mammal Center was involved in study design and anlaysis through the involvement in the project by AMMC staff, Dr Mike Double and Dr Virgina Andrews-Goff Princess Melikoff Trust Marine Mammal Conservation Program KC New Zealand Department of Conservation SC. Southern right whales (Eubalaena australis) migrate between Austral-winter calving and socialising grounds to offshore mid- to high latitude Austral-summer feeding grounds. In Australasia, winter calving grounds used by southern right whales extend from Western Australia across southern Australia to the New Zealand sub-Antarctic Islands. During the Austral-summer these whales are thought to migrate away from coastal waters to feed, but the location of these feeding grounds is only inferred from historical whaling data. We present new information on the satellite derived offshore migratory movements of six southern right whales from Australasian wintering grounds. Two whales were tagged at the Auckland Islands, New Zealand, and the remaining four at Australian wintering grounds, one at Pirates Bay, Tasmania, and three at Head of Bight, South Australia. The six whales were tracked for an average of 78.5 days (range: 29 to 150) with average individual distance of 38 km per day (range: 20 to 61 km). The length of individually derived tracks ranged from 645–6,381 km. Three likely foraging grounds were identified: south-west Western Australia, the Subtropical Front, and Antarctic waters, with the Subtropical Front appearing to be a feeding ground for both New Zealand and Australian southern right whales. In contrast, the individual tagged in Tasmania, from a sub-population that is not showing evidence of post-whaling recovery, displayed a distinct movement pattern to much higher latitude waters, potentially reflecting a different foraging strategy. Variable population growth rates between wintering grounds in Australasia could reflect fidelity to different quality feeding grounds. Unlike some species of baleen whale populations that show movement along migratory corridors, the new satellite tracking data presented here indicate variability in the migratory pathways taken by southern right whales from Australia and New Zealand, as well as differences in potential Austral summer foraging grounds. Publisher PDF

This chapter highlights mentorship strategies of a southeastern Historically Black College and University (HBCU) adult degree program. In serving the nontraditional student population of this Black university, the institutions have cultivated strategies used to mentor and motivate adult students to achieve successful outcomes. Some of these strategies are built around activities and organizations designed to include adult students while other measures can be contributed to the development of the family like atmosphere that the college provides nontraditional students on campus and virtually. These insights were gathered from the experiences of current and previous students of the program as well as faculty and administrators through informal interviews and observation. This work will first address the literature on mentoring adult learners, highlight the strategies that were used to develop the college's approach to adult mentorship, and share examples. The chapter will close with recommendations and insights on how our approach could be replicated at other minority-serving institutions (MSIs).

North Atlantic right whales (NARW), Eubalaena glacialis, were nearly exterminated by historical whaling. Their abundance slowly increased up until 2010, to a maximum of fewer than 500 whales, and since then they have been in decline. We assessed the extent to which the relatively slow increase demonstrated by NARW was intrinsic, and how much could be due to anthropogenic impacts. In order to do so, we first compared calf counts of three populations of Southern right whales (SRW), E. australis, with that of NARW, over the period 1992–2016. By this index, the annual rate of increase of NARW was approximately one-third of that of SRW. Next we constructed a population projection model for female NARW, using the highest annual survival estimates available from recent mark–resight analysis, and assuming a four-year calving interval. The model results indicated an intrinsic rate of increase of 4% per year, approximately twice that observed, and that adult female mortality is the main factor influencing this rate. Necropsy records demonstrate that anthropogenic mortality is the primary cause of known mortality of NARW. Anthropogenic mortality and morbidity has limited the recovery of NARW, and baseline conditions prior to their recent decline were already jeopardizing NARW recovery.

DDX3X is a multifunctional RNA helicase with documented roles in different cancer types. Here, we demonstrate that DDX3X plays an oncogenic role in breast cancer cells by modulating the cell cycle. Depletion of DDX3X in MCF7 cells slows cell proliferation by inducing a G1 phase arrest. Notably, DDX3X inhibits expression of Kruppel‐like factor 4 (KLF4), a transcription factor and cell cycle repressor. Moreover, DDX3X directly interacts with KLF4 mRNA and regulates its splicing. We show that DDX3X‐mediated repression of KLF4 promotes expression of S‐phase inducing genes in MCF7 breast cancer cells. These findings provide evidence for a novel function of DDX3X in regulating expression and downstream functions of KLF4, a master negative regulator of the cell cycle.

Room-temperature sodium batteries have the potential to meet the growing worldwide demand for electrical energy storage, thanks to the widespread availability and low cost of sodium. Compared with traditional liquid electrolytes, gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) offer higher safety and adaptability to be designed as flexible energy storage devices without sacrifice of conductivity. In this work, we have successfully synthesized furan-based hypercrosslinked microporous polymers (Fu-HCPs) by using a solvothermal method. The prepared Fu-HCPs demonstrate a high surface area ≈ 500 m2 g‒1 with a pore-size distribution of 5−15 Å. A novel porous membrane consisting of a double polymer network of microporous Fu-HCPs and macroporous poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) is fabricated via a phase-inversion technique. The corresponding polymer electrolyte is prepared by immersing the porous membrane into a sodium liquid electrolyte. The macroporous and microporous nature of the prepared polymer membrane allows for an electrolyte uptake up to 200 wt. %. The polymer electrolyte saturated with sodium liquid electrolyte exhibits high conductivities (e.g., > 10‒3 S cm−1 at 25 °C) with great electrochemical (up to 4.2 V vs Na) and mechanical stability. If the microporous polymer electrolyte is applied in a full-cell sodium-ion battery with metallic sodium as an anode and Na3V2(PO4)3 as a cathode, the cycling performance and coulombic efficiency are significantly improved relative to the cell with liquid electrolyte. The results suggest that the microporous/macroporous furan-based polymer host with immobilized-liquid electrolyte inhibit sodium dendrite growth and allow the use of a metallic sodium anode for large-scale applications.

Aim Sufficient data to describe spatial distributions of rare and threatened populations are typically difficult to obtain. For example, there are minimal modern offshore sightings of the endangered southern right whale, limiting our knowledge of foraging grounds and habitat use patterns. Using historical exploitation data of southern right whales (SRW), we aim to better understand their seasonal offshore distribution patterns in relation to broad-scale oceanography, and to predict their exposure to shipping traffic and response to global climate change. Location Australasian region between 130° W and 100° E, and 30° S and 55° S. Methods We model 19th century whaling data with boosted regression trees to determine functional responses of whale distribution relative to environmental factors. Habitat suitability maps are generated and we validate these predictions with independent historical and recent sightings. We identify areas of increased risk of ship-strike by integrating predicted whale distribution maps with shipping traffic patterns. We implement predicted ocean temperatures for the 2090–2100 decade in our models to predict changes in whale distribution due to climate change. Results Temperature in the upper 200 m, distance from the subtropical front, mixed layer depth, chlorophyll concentration and distance from ridges are the most consistent and influential predictors of whale distribution. Validation tests of predicted distributions determined generally high predictive capacity. We identify two areas of increased risk of vessel strikes and predict substantial shifts in habitat suitability and availability due to climate change. Main conclusions Our results represent the first quantitative description of the offshore foraging habitat of SRW. Conservation applications include identifying areas and causes of threats to SRW, generating effective mitigation strategies, and directing population monitoring and research efforts. Our study demonstrates the benefits of incorporating unconventional datasets such as historical exploitation data into species distribution models to inform management and help combat biodiversity loss.

During the last 2 centuries, southern right whales Eubalaena australis were hunted to near extinction, and an estimated 150 000 were killed by pre-industrial whaling in the 19th century and illegal Soviet whaling in the 20th century. Here we focus on the coastal calving grounds of Australia and New Zealand (NZ), where previous work suggests 2 genetically distinct stocks of southern right whales are recovering. Historical migration patterns and spatially variable patterns of recovery suggest each of these stocks are subdivided into 2 stocks: (1) NZ, comprising NZ subantarctic (NZSA) and mainland NZ (MNZ) stocks; and (2) Australia, comprising southwest and southeast stocks. We expand upon previous work to investigate population subdivision by analysing over 1000 samples collected at 6 locations across NZ and Australia, although sample sizes were small from some locations. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region haplotypes (500 bp) and microsatellite genotypes (13 loci) were used to identify 707 individual whales and to test for genetic differentiation. For the first time, we documented the movement of 7 individual whales between the NZSA and MNZ based on the matching of multilocus genotypes. Given the current and historical evidence, we hypothesise that individuals from the NZ subantarctic are slowly recolonising MNZ, where a former calving ground was extirpated. We also suggest that southeast Australian right whales represent a remnant stock, distinct from the southwest Australian stock, based on significant differentiation in mtDNA haplotype frequencies (FST = 0.15, p < 0.01; ΦST = 0.12, p = 0.02) and contrasting patterns of recovery. In comparison with significant differences in mtDNA haplotype frequencies found between the 3 proposed stocks (overall FST = 0.07, ΦST = 0.12, p < 0.001), we found no significant differentiation in microsatellite loci (overall FST = 0.004, G’ST = 0.019, p = 0.07), suggesting ongoing or recent historical reproductive interchange.

The worldwide distribution of blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) has not prevented this species from becoming endangered due to twentieth century whaling. In Australia there are two known feeding aggregations of blue whales, which most likely are the pygmy subspecies (B. m. brevicauda). It is unknown whether individuals from these feeding aggregations belong to one breeding stock, or multiple breeding stocks that either share or occupy separate feeding grounds. This was investigated using ten microsatellite loci and mitochondrial DNA control region sequences (N = 110). Both sets of markers revealed no significant genetic structure, suggesting that these whales are likely to belong to the same breeding stock.

Most of the furniture manufactured in Australia is made from the eucalypt timber species. Although in the past old-growth eucalypt timbers were primarily used for the production of furniture and other appearance products, a global trend to promote the sustainable use of timber resources has stimulated the industry to adapt to the change by utilizing plantation and regrowth timbers. Reference materials on the properties of Australian species provide data on old-growth timbers but limited publications are available which compare the properties of plantation and old-growth timbers for high-value wood products. So, a research study was undertaken with the goal of investigating the suitability of seven plantation-grown Australian hardwoods for furniture (15 to 40 years of age of harvest). Selected properties of the timbers (density, modulus of elasticity [MOE], and modulus of rupture [MOR]) were assessed and compared with the data on old-growth timber of each species. The results of the study showed that the densities of young plantation timbers were not much lower than those of old-growth wood. The ratio of plantation to old-growth wood varied between 0.82 (for 18-year-old Corymbia maculata) and 0.99 (for 40-year-old Eucalyptus cladocalyx). The ratio of plantation to old-growth wood for MOE and MOR varied between the species as well as between the age of the trees. It was concluded that special care should be taken when using young plantation timbers for furniture production. Although 15-year-old timbers could be confidently used for non-structural appearance components of furniture, they should not be considered as reliable engineering material for structural components of furniture due to the high variability of their engineering properties.

The oceanography of the Perth Canyon, off southwestern Australia, was examined through two major field excursions in austral spring/summer 2003/2004 combined with previous results from field analysis and numerical simulations. Water properties were used to identify water masses and vertical displacement. The field cruises and numerical simulation indicated unique circulation features of the Leeuwin Current and Undercurrent within the canyon associated with the topographic features. The input of nutrients to the euphotic zone occurred sporadically as the Leeuwin Current generally suppressed upwelling, although the Perth Canyon had increased nutrient concentrations within its rims. The distribution of chlorophyll in the surface layers indicated high spatial variability, with a prevalent deep chlorophyll (and phytoplankton biomass) maximum at ~ 80 m. Depth-integrated primary production within the study region ranged from 360 to 760 mg C m− 2 d− 1, which was on average 2.5 times higher than rates measured in continental shelf and offshore waters north of the canyon. Aggregations of krill and other acoustic backscatter targets were concentrated near the head of the canyon at a range of depths, which may have been promoted by the circulation. The findings here are consistent with seasonal variations in wind and insolation, along with variations in the Leeuwin Current, influencing the seasonal changes and mesoscale features within the region, while the canyon promotes localised upwelling, and enhances both pelagic production and physical aggregation of plankton to attract the whales. Canyon processes must be combined with outside factors to allow upwelled nutrients to reach the photic zone. It is concluded that a combination of factors, rather than one factor alone, contributes favourably to the appearance of feeding blue whales in the Perth Canyon during the summer.

Most known concentrations of humpback whales in the southern hemisphere were exploited by commercial whaling operations, first on tropical breeding grounds during the 19th cen- tury and then in Antarctic feeding areas and along migratory corridors during the 20th century. How- ever, whaling logbooks of 19th century whalers show almost no records of catches in some regions of current concentration, notably eastern Polynesia, suggesting that humpback whales were formerly absent from these regions or that the locations of their primary concentrations were unknown to early whalers. Here we investigate the population structure of humpback whales across the South Pacific and eastern Indian oceans, with an interest in the origins of whales in eastern Polynesia, using an extensive collection of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences obtained from living whales on 6 breeding grounds: New Caledonia, Tonga, Cook Islands, eastern Polynesia (Society Islands of French Polynesia), Colombia and Western Australia. From a total of 1112 samples we sequenced 470 bp of the mtDNA control region, revealing 115 unique haplotypes identified by 71 variable sites. We found significant differentiation, at both the haplotype and nucleotide level (FST = 0.033; ΦST = 0.022), among the 6 breeding grounds and for most pair-wise comparisons. The differentiation of the eastern Polynesia humpback whales is consistent with the hypothesis of a relic subpopulation, rather than vagrancy or colonization from known neighboring breeding grounds. Regardless of their origin, it seems probable that islands of eastern Polynesia are now the primary breeding grounds for hump- back whales feeding in management Area VI (170 to 120° W) of the Antarctic, as defined by the Inter- national Whaling Commission.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the impact of the first world war on the lifespan of participating military personnel (including in veterans who survived the war).DESIGN: Comparison of two cohorts of military personnel, followed to death.SETTING: Military personnel leaving New Zealand to participate in the first world war.PARTICIPANTS: From a dataset of the New Zealand Expeditionary Forces, we randomly selected participants who embarked on troopships in 1914 and a comparison non-combat cohort who departed on troopships in late 1918 (350 in each group).MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Lifespan based on dates of birth and death from a range of sources (such as individual military files and an official database of birth and death records).RESULTS: A quarter of the 1914 cohort died during the war, with deaths from injury predominating (94%) over deaths from disease (6%). This cohort had a significantly shorter lifespan than the late 1918 "non-combat" cohort, with median ages of death being 65.9 versus 74.2, respectively (a difference of 8.3 years shown also in Kaplan-Meier survival curves, log rank PCONCLUSIONS: Military personnel going to the first world war in 1914 from New Zealand lost around eight years of life (relative to a comparable military cohort). In the postwar period they continued to have an increased risk of premature death.

This article examines the role that Arthur von Hippel played in magnetism work in the 1950s.Von Hippel understood that the ferrimagnetic insulators represented by the ferrospinels, magnetoplumbites, and ferrogarnets were critical for the high-frequency technology that was being developed after World War II. At the Laboratory for Insulation Research at MIT, he and his students concentrated on the response of these materials to electric and magnetic excitations over a wide frequency range that extended, with gaps, from dc to the ultraviolet. For magnetic studies, he used microwave frequencies to obtain resonance and relaxation data that could be interpreted because the magnetic spins are relatively loosely coupled to their surroundings. He supplemented these resonance studies with classical magnetometer, transport, and x-ray diffraction measurements on single-crystal samples in order to obtain fundamental information that would aid in the design of materials for technical applications.

Few studies have examined systematic relationships of right whales (Eubalaena spp.) since the original species descriptions, even though they are one of the most endangered large whales. Little morphological evidence exists to support the current species designations for Eubalaena glacialis in the northern hemisphere and E. australis in the southern hemisphere. Differences in migratory behaviour or antitropical distribution between right whales in each hemisphere are considered a barrier to gene flow and maintain the current species distinctions and geographical populations. However, these distinctions between populations have remained controversial and no study has included an analysis of all right whales from the three major ocean basins. To address issues of genetic differentiation and relationships among right whales, we have compiled a database of mitochondrial DNA control region sequences from right whales representing populations in all three ocean basins that consist of: western North Atlantic E. glacialis, multiple geographically distributed populations of E. australis and the first molecular analysis of historical and recent samples of E. glacialis from the western and eastern North Pacific Ocean. Diagnostic characters, as well as phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses, support the possibility that three distinct maternal lineages exist in right whales, with North Pacific E. glacialis being more closely related to E. australis than to North Atlantic E. glacialis. Our genetic results provide unequivocal character support for the two usually recognized species and a third distinct genetic lineage in the North Pacific under the Phylogenetic Species Concept, as well as levels of genetic diversity among right whales world-wide.

Samples of skin tissue were collected by biopsy darting from humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in six seasonal habitats representing three stocks and four regions: Groups IV (western Australia), V western component (eastern Australia), V eastern component (New Zealand and Tonga) and VI (the Antarctic Peninsula and Gorgona Island, Colombia, South America) of the Southern Hemisphere. A variable section of the mitochondrial DNA control region was amplified and sequenced from 84 of these individuals, distinguishing a total of 48 unique sequences (i. e., mtDNA nucleotypes). Phylogenetic reconstructions suggested that these nucleotypes form three clades, corresponding to those previously described in a world-wide survey of humpback whale mtDNA variation, although bootstrap support for two of the clades was relatively low (

▪ Abstract Jahn-Teller phenomena encountered in oxides are reviewed briefly. High-spin Mn(III) in an octahedral site illustrates an ion with twofold orbitally degenerate σ-bonding orbitals having a quenched orbital angular momentum; octahedral V(III) and high-spin Co(II), as well as tetrahedral high-spin Ni(II), are examples of ions with threefold orbitally degenerate π-bonding orbitals that retain orbital angular momentum. Cooperative local deformations that are static give rise, below a transition temperature Tt, to a lowering of the lattice symmetry, anisotropic interactions, and the possibility of a ferromagnetism that is oriented in opposition to a magnetic field applied on cooling through the transition. Dynamic local deformations can influence the physical properties of a solid in a variety of ways. Of special interest is the influence of dynamic deformations at a cross-over from localized to itinerant electronic behavior in a mixed-valent system.

Electrochemical discharge/charge curves vs Lithium of coin cells using as cathodes various transition-metal oxide hosts for lithium insertion/extraction reactions provide information on the operative redox energies of the transition-metal atoms. The relative positions of the redox energies were found to vary little, but their absolute positions by as much as 1 eV, with changes in structure or, for an isostructural series, with changes in counter cation. Use of polyanions to obtain a more open framework with a larger free volume for Li+-ion motion was found to be more important for high-power applications than the loss in electronic mobility, but a larger free volume for ionic motion reduces the capacity per unit volume. It was shown that introduction of a second phase with a higher redox energy provides a buffer against over discharge. A reversible decrease in capacity with increasing current density was identified and its origin discussed. Substitution of the polyanions (PO4)3− or (SO4)2− for ox...

A “colossal” negative magnetoresistance (CMR) occurs in manganites at a first-order ferromagnetic transition. The Mn4+ and high-spin Mn3+ ions each contain localized t3 configurations; the t3–pπ–t3 superexchange interactions are antiferromagnetic. The orbital degeneracy of localized Mn3+:t3e1, 5Eg configurations is lifted by cooperative static or dynamic Jahn–Teller deformations. Strong e-electron coupling to oxygen displacements, static or dynamic, introduces ferromagnetic e1–pσ–e0 interactions either via superexchange or, for fast Mn3+ to Mn4+ electron transfer relative to the spin-relaxation time (τh ωR−1 to τh

Titanium precision castings have not kept pace with technical design requirements for demanding applications, such as the aerospace industry; advances in increased size capability have been offset by a lack of advances in metallurgical integrity and dimensional tolerances. Hence, there is a strong need for improvement in the casting process. Taramm has developed a process that combines cold-crucible induction melting and centrifugal pouring to produce viable castings.

Whales are mysterious and fascinating creatures. Despite modern technology, their world is still largely unexplored and unknown. They can only be seen, or rather glimpsed, when they are near the sea surface, either from boats, or perhaps from shore, or underwater by divers. They also reach astonishing sizes – the blue whale, for example, can grow to 30 metres in length, equivalent to the height of a six-storey building, and can weigh more than 130 tonnes. Seven ‘Great Whales’ are found in the coastal waters surrounding Australia. These include six of the largest baleen whales – blue whale, fin whale, humpback whale, sei whale, Bryde’s whale and southern right whale – and the sperm whale, the largest toothed whale. This book provides a detailed account of these extraordinary mammals. As well as the seven Great Whales, a smaller species – the minke whale – is included because of its special interest to Australians. The book describes whales’ highly specialised mammalian structure and biology, and the history of people’s association with them, at first through legend and wonder, then whaling, and more recently whale watching. It also looks at their past and current status, and the conservation initiatives that are in place to protect them from existing or potential threats. With both historical and recent photographs, as well as an extensive glossary, Great Whales will be enjoyed by natural history enthusiasts, zoologists and students alike.

If Camp was the twentieth century carminative for fear of "Being-as-Playing-a-Role," (Sontag 280) Queer, its efficacy as a laxative for such a depraving "social disease" in the twenty-first century, is quite ineffective. As Roger Lewis points out, "Everything has to be Camp now, from Eddie Izzard to Graham Norton" (68). To be Camp is not to be a la commodious. It has passed into the mainstream. It is a la mode. How has this happened? Homosexuality had to be douched by lavatorial comedy.

The population structure and mitochondrial (mt) DNA diversity of southern right whales (Eubalaena australis) are described from 146 individuals sampled on 4 winter calving grounds (Argentina, South Africa, Western Australia, and the New Zealand sub-Antarctic) and 2 summer feeding grounds (South Georgia and south of Western Australia). Based on a consensus region of 275 base pairs of the mtDNA control region, 37 variable sites defined 37 unique haplotypes, of which only one was shared between regional samples of the Indo-Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans. Phylogenetic reconstruction of the southern right whale haplotypes revealed 2 distinct clades that differed significantly in frequencies between oceans. An analysis of molecular variance confirmed significant overall differentiation among the 4 calving grounds at both the haplotype and the nucleotype levels (F(ST) = 0.159; Phi(ST) = 0.238; P0.001). Haplotype diversity was significantly lower in the Indo-Pacific (h = 0.701 +/- 0.037) compared with the South Atlantic (h = 0.948 +/- 0.013), despite a longer history of exploitation and larger catches in the South Atlantic. In fact, the haplotype diversity in the Indo-Pacific basin was similar to that of the North Atlantic right whale that currently numbers about 300 animals. Multidimensional scaling of genetic differentiation suggests that gene flow occurred primarily between adjacent calving grounds within an ocean basin, with mixing of lineages from different calving grounds occurring on feeding grounds.

Objectives: The aims of this study were to compare the rates of inpatient admission between a mobile community-based psychiatric emergency service and a hospital-based psychiatric emergency service, and to identify the clinical characteristics of consumers more likely to be admitted to hospital. Methods: A retrospective, quasi-experimental design was used with a 3-month cohort of all face-to-face emergency service contacts presenting at the mobile and hospital-based sites. The Health of the Nation Outcome Scales and details of the outcome following initial assessment were completed for all contacts, and each group was compared for differences in clinical characteristics and outcome. Results: Hospital-based emergency service contacts were found to be more than three times as likely to be admitted to a psychiatric inpatient unit when compared with those using a mobile community-based emergency service, regardless of their clinical characteristics. Those with severe mental health disorders such as schizophrenia and major affective disorder, and experiencing problems with aggression, non-accidental self-injury, hallucinations and delusions, problems with occupation, activities of daily living, and living conditions were more likely to be admitted to hospital. Nevertheless, after controlling for clinical characteristics, site of initial assessment accounted for a substantial proportion of the variance in decisions to admit to hospital. Conclusions: Emergency psychiatric services which include a mobile component and provide a specialized multidisciplinary team approach appear to be most effective in providing services in the least restrictive environment and avoiding hospitalization.

The phase diagram of La2-xSrxCuO4 is interpreted. From the virial theorem, it is argued that the cross-over from localized to itinerant electronic behavior in the range 0 < x < 0.3 is characterized by fluctuations between two equilibrium Cu-O bond lengths. Cooperative local fluctuations give rise to one-hole correlation bags of 5 to 6 copper centers on the underdoped side, to strong-correlation fluctuations in an itinerant-electron matrix on the overdoped side. Spinodal phase segregation between an antiferromagnetic, insulating parent phase and the superconductive phase occurs in the underdoped compositions, between the superconductive phase and the metallic overdoped phase on the other side of the phase diagram. Ordering of the fluctuations into a travelling bipolaronic charge-density/spin-density wave of composition x ≈?1/6 yields heavy fermions of symmetry (x2− y2) coexisting with light electrons; the high-temperature superconductive pairs are condensed out from the heavy fermions.

The genetic structure of humpback whale populations and subpopulation divisions is described by restriction fragment length analysis of the mitochondrial (mt) DNA from samples of 230 whales collected by biopsy darting in 11 seasonal habitats representing six subpopulations, or 'stocks', world-wide. The hierarchical structure of mtDNA haplotype diversity among population subdivisions is described using the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) procedure, the analysis of gene identity, and the genealogical relationship of haplotypes as constructed by parsimony analysis and distance clustering. These analyses revealed: (i) significant partitioning of world-wide genetic variation among oceanic populations, among subpopulations or 'stocks' within oceanic populations and among seasonal habitats within stocks; (ii) fixed categorical segregation of haplotypes on the south-eastern Alaska and central California feeding grounds of the North Pacific; (iii) support for the division of the North Pacific population into a central stock which feeds in Alaska and winters in Hawaii, and an eastern or 'American' stock which feeds along the coast of California and winters near Mexico; (iv) evidence of genetic heterogeneity within the Gulf of Maine feeding grounds and among the sampled feeding and breeding grounds of the western North Atlantic; and (v) support for the historical division between the Group IV (Western Australia) and Group V (eastern Australia, New Zealand and Tonga) stocks in the Southern Oceans. Overall, our results demonstrate a striking degree of genetic structure both within and between oceanic populations of humpback whales, despite the nearly unlimited migratory potential of this species. We suggest that the humpback whale is a suitable demographic and genetic model for the management of less tractable species of baleen whales and for the general study of gene flow among long-lived, mobile vertebrates in the marine ecosystem.

Proposes that the improvement of educational management practices at the operational level requires the adoption of an approach based on needs analysis, evaluation, and training. Assumes that educational managers are accountable to the public for their actions and performance and that they seek improvements in the quality of the educational services they provide and stresses the importance of understanding and attempting to measure the results of such services. This in turn requires an analysis of educational programme dynamics and the limitations upon managers in working to achieve increases in service quality. In constructing a training scheme aimed at management improvement, this aspect is referred to as a “needs analysis based on programme dynamics”. Identifies factors involved in the design of a training scheme for educational administrators, namely: needs analysis based on programme dynamics: key competences for administrators: training design: a HRD agenda: and an implementation plan. Discusses only the first of these, given the current constraints of time and space, with the other factors being the subject of a subsequent article.

Throughout 2000, aerial surveys, boat‐based studies and acoustical censusing was carried out to search for blue whales in the Rottnest trench, west of Perth. Historical records indicated a Western Australian population of blue whales, while a preliminary boat survey in 1994 suggested a Rottnest trench aggregation. This was confirmed in 2000, with 17 blue whales sighted. Of 5000 acoustic records almost all contained blue whale calling, some having up to nine distinct callers. Although of a different format, the calls had a similar character to those described from other populations. A call was composed of three signals, each respectively 44–45 s, 20–23 s and 20–25 s in length, separated by 5–10 s and 23 s with the sequence repeated every 78 s. Each component was dominated by constant or slowly up‐sweeping amplitude‐modulated tones over 18–26 Hz, with harmonics evident up to 100 Hz and a secondary pulsed source of frequency 65–66 Hz present. Components had different source levels. Several other baleen whale calls were also common. The low frequency (

From symmetry arguments, the occupied d bands of superconducting NbSe2 and semiconducting WSe2 are identified as | ± 2, ∓ 1 2 〉 , which is split from the next higher d band | ± 2, ± 1 2 〉 by the energy gap Eg = 2kcλ − Wb. Wb is the mean bandwidth and kcλ the effective spinorbit coupling parameter.

The Jahn-Teller effect for tetrahedral-site Fe 2+ ions is expressed to second-order in the interaction energy and to lowest-order anharmonic vibrational energies. The formal results are identical to those for Mn 3+ or Cu 2+ ions in octahedral sites. However, interpretation of the parameters that enter the formal expressions shows that the mode and transition temperature of any static, crystalline distortion is much more strongly influenced by long-range elastic coupling in the case of tetrahedral-site Fe 2+ ions. This result is used to interpret the absence of a static distortion from cubic symmetry in the spinel Fe[Al 2 ]O 4 , for the occurrence of tetragonal ( c a and c a > 1 ) in chromium and vanadium spinels containing tetrahedral-site Fe 2+ ions, and for the complex crystallographic properties of the system Fe 3− x Cr x O 4 .

In this paper, we define what exception conditions are, discuss the requirements exception handling language features must satisfy, survey and analyze existing approaches to exception handling, and propose some new language features for dealing with exceptions in an orderly and reliable way. Our objective is not solely to put forward a language proposal. It is also to analyze exception handling issues and principles in detail. The proposed language features serve to highlight exception handling issues by showing how deficiencies in current approaches could be remedied in a coherent and orderly way.

An electrode for reducing oxygen has a substrate of low-ash carbon, such as coconut shells converted to charcoal. The substrate is loaded with a catalyst such as (i) Platinum phtalocyanine or (ii) lead-ruthenium oxide. In case (ii), to make the electrode, lead ions are adsorbed onto the substrate, which is then treated with a solution of ruthenium (VI) oxide, to precipitate the catalyst on the substrate.

The purpose of this paper is to assess critically the results of treatment of slipped femoral capital epiphyses in patients seen over the past ten years at the Prince of Wales Hospital. The problems examined in this study include: (a) the indications for prophylactic pinning; (b) the number of Knowles pins necessary for fixation; and (c) the questions whether and when these should be removed.