Search

ZusammenfassungDer naheliegenden Annahme, dass die Rahmenbedingungen Leichter und Einfacher Sprache erhebliche Grenzen für eine literarästhetische Gestaltung von Texten setzen, steht eine inzwischen stark verbreitete Praxis der Produktion literarischer Texte in Leichter und Einfacher Sprache (und zwar sowohl als Übersetzungen vorliegender literarischer Werke als auch als Eigenproduktionen) gegenüber. Der Artikel nimmt das zum Anlass, die Frage, inwieweit Einfachheit und Literarästhetik aufeinander beziehbar sind, aus einer linguistisch-literaturwissenschaftlich interdisziplinären Perspektive zu diskutieren. Der Artikel stellt Überlegungen zu Einfachheit und Komplexität aus literaturwissenschaftlicher und linguistischer Perspektive gegenüber und setzt sie in Beziehung zu den vorliegenden Regelwerken zu Leichter Sprache sowie Empfehlungen zum Verfassen von Literatur in Einfacher Sprache. Ausgehend von einem einfachen Grundverständnis einer Komplexität-Simplizität-Skala, das von einem Mehr vs. Weniger von Komplexitätsmerkmalen ausgeht, diskutiert der Beitrag, welche literarästhetischen Merkmale für Analysen dieser Art in Frage kommen. Ein exemplarischer Blick auf den kreativen Umgang mit Einfachheit in drei Textbeispielen rundet die Überlegungen ab.

Günter Butzer und Joachim Jacob (Hrsg.): Lexikon literarischer Symbole. Verlag J. B. Metzler Stuttgart 2008. 443 Seiten. Gebunden 39,95. ISBN 978-3-47602-131-1

This thesis was scanned from the print manuscript for digital preservation and is copyright the author. Researchers can access this thesis by asking their local university, institution or public library to make a request on their behalf. Monash staff and postgraduate students can use the link in the References field.

Max Bense lasst in seinen Publikationen der 1950er und 1960er Jahre eine grose Faszination fur die Welt jenseits des Menschen erkennen: fur das Unbelebte und fur das Chaos, dem Ordnung und Rationalitat nur abgerungen sind, und fur eine Kunst, die sich, wie es scheint (und aktuell wieder heftig diskutiert), auch ohne wesentlichen menschlichen Beitrag mithilfe des Computers hervorbringen lasst. Andererseits sind Benses Auffassung und seine eigene Praxis der Kunst als hochster Vollzug menschlichen, intellektuellen Vergnugens wie auch Benses Bestreben, die Technik als Errungenschaft des menschlichen Geistes mit diesem zu versohnen, unubersehbare Hinweise darauf, dass Bense sich keineswegs einseitig der Idee eines naiven Auszugs des Menschen aus der Kunst und aus der Welt hingibt. Benses Aufmerksamkeit fur das menschliche Subjekt und das seiner Fassungskraft Gegenuberstehende spiegelt sich in seinem Anspruch, eine „neue Aesthetik“ (AESTHETICA 1965) zu entwerfen und zu praktizieren, die der Aufsatz in dieser Doppelperspektive nachzeichnet und im zeitgenossischen Kontext situiert.

Vor dem Hintergrund aktueller Bestimmungen des Verhaltnisses von Gesellschaft, Kunst und Religion (Hans Joas, Hartmut Rosa), ist vor allem die Annahme eines jeweils unter besonderen historischen Bedingungen situierten „Wechselspiels von Sakralisierung und Desakralisierung“ (Joas) hilfreicher als grosformatige Prozessbegriffe wie Sakularisierung, Emanzipation oder Modernisierung. So entfaltet sich bereits am Beginn der Neuzeit, in Martin Luthers Fabeln (1530) eine „sakulare Option“ (Charles Taylor/Hans Joas), die in ihrer radikal desakralisierten Welt- und vor allem auch Sprachwahrnehmung im direkten Gegensatz zu Luthers zeitgleich formuliertem, theologisch untermauertem Sprachvertrauen (Vorrede zum Buch der Psalmen, 1528). Bei Luther zeigt sich damit eine, fur den Zusammenhang von Literatur und Religion prinzipiell bedeutsame, synchron entwickelte Polaritat von Sprachvertrauen und Sprachkritik, die sich in der weiteren deutschen Literaturgeschichte immer wieder auch als ein Strukturmerkmal – haufig „modern“ genannter – Literatur ausbildet, so etwa bei Klopstock, Holderlin oder Hofmannsthal.

Inline-rotor–stator mixers are widely used in diverse industrial mixing and dispersing processes. Despite their expanded presence in industrial processes, no general accepted method for the scale-up of this machine type has been established so far. This paper reports of a new developed approach to predict flow rate and power consumption within the scale-up of these machines. Based on an earlier published idea, the operating behavior of these machines is characterized by power curves. The approach is further developed, considering an often used procedure for the scale up of stirring processes with non-Newtonian fluids. Additionally, characteristic flow curves are used within the new approach, which allow the prediction of flow rate and power consumption in the scale-up of these machines. The experimental work was done with inline-rotor–stator mixers whose construction design is close to centrifugal pumps. Thus, very high throughputs are generated. Power curves and characteristic flow curves were recorded with polyglycerol–water mixtures. For the validation of the method, a shear thinning model dispersion with pyrogenic nanoparticles was processed in 4 machines of different sizes. The throughput of the machines ranged from 10 to 90 m 3 /h. These experiments showed that the proposed model enables to predict flow rates and net power consumptions with good accuracy.

Der Aufsatz untersucht die Meditation als eine literarische Praxis am Beispiel der Tradition der christlichen ‚Occasional meditations‘, des ‚Meditierens bei Gelegenheit‘ (J. Hall), die von zufällig begegnenden Gegenständen ihren Ausgang nimmt. Die Betrachtung der Wolken als Inbegriff eines zufällig begegnenden Phänomens wird in ihrer meditativen Bearbeitung bei Joseph Hall (Occasionall Meditations, 1630) und in deren deutschen Adaption bei Christian Scriver (Gottholds zufällige Andachten, 1663) und Barthold Hinrich Brockes (Irdisches Vergnügen in Gott, 1721-1748) vorgestellt. Hans Magnus Enzensbergers Die Geschichte der Wolken (1999) steht am vorläufigen Ende eines nun ins Innerweltliche gewendeten ‚Meditierens bei Gelegenheit‘, das sich der haltlosen Vergänglichkeit ausgesetzt weiß.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.-- et al., The mountains of data thrusting from the new landscape of modern high-throughput biology are irrevocably changing biomedical research and creating a near-insatiable demand for training in data management and manipulation and data mining and analysis. Among life scientists, from clinicians to environmental researchers, a common theme is the need not just to use, and gain familiarity with, bioinformatics tools and resources but also to understand their underlying fundamental theoretical and practical concepts. Providing bioinformatics training to empower life scientists to handle and analyse their data efficiently, and progress their research, is a challenge across the globe. Delivering good training goes beyond traditional lectures and resource-centric demos, using interactivity, problem- solving exercises and cooperative learning to substantially enhance training quality and learning outcomes. In this context, this article discusses various pragmatic criteria for identifying training needs and learning objectives, for selecting suitable trainees and trainers, for developing and maintaining training skills and evaluating training quality. Adherence to these criteria may help not only to guide course organizers and trainers on the path towards bioinformatics training excellence but, importantly, also to improve the training experience for life scientists., The article Open Access charge was jointly funded by The Genome Analysis Centre (TGAC, Norwich, UK), the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC, UK), the SLU-Global Bioinformatics Centre (SGBC, Uppsala, Sweden), the SeqAhead (COST Action, BM1006) and EMBnet. Meetings of the Bioinformatics Training Network were hosted at the EBI from 2009-2011, supported by the SLING project, funded by the European Commission within Research Infrastructures of the FP7 Capacities Specific Programme, grant agreement number 226073. The B3CB meeting was hosted by EMBnet in Uppsala, Sweden, and the BTN2012 and the GOBLET kickoff meeting were hosted by the Netherlands Bioinformatics Centre (NBIC). AV is supported by King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), award number KUK-I1- 012-43.

In this study, 4847 expressed sequenced tags (ESTs) from mixed stages of the migratory plant-parasitic nematode Ditylenchus africanus (peanut pod nematode) were investigated. It is the first molecular survey of a nematode which belongs to the family of the Anguinidae (order Rhabditida, superfamily Sphaerularioidea). The sequences were clustered into 2596 unigenes, of which 43% did not show any homology to known protein, nucleotide, nematode EST or plant-parasitic nematode genome sequences. Gene ontology mapping revealed that most putative proteins are involved in developmental and reproductive processes. In addition unigenes involved in oxidative stress as well as in anhydrobiosis, such as LEA (late embryogenesis abundant protein) and trehalose-6-phosphate synthase were identified. Other tags showed homology to genes previously described as being involved in parasitism (expansin, SEC-2, calreticulin, 14-3-3b and various allergen proteins). In situ hybridization revealed that the expression of a putative expansin and a venom allergen protein was restricted to the gland cell area of the nematode, being in agreement with their presumed role in parasitism. Furthermore, seven putative novel candidate parasitism genes were identified based on the prediction of a signal peptide in the corresponding protein sequence and homologous ESTs exclusively in parasitic nematodes. These genes are interesting for further research and functional characterization. Finally, 34 unigenes were retained as good target candidates for future RNAi experiments, because of their nematode specific nature and observed lethal phenotypes of Caenorhabditis elegans homologs.

Wolbachia is an endosymbiotic bacterium widely present in arthropods and animal-parasitic nematodes. Despite previous efforts, it has never been identified in plant-parasitic nematodes. Random sequencing of genes expressed by the burrowing nematode Radopholus similis resulted in several sequences with similarity to Wolbachia genes. The presence of a Wolbachia-like endosymbiont in this plant-parasitic nematode was investigated using both morphological and molecular approaches. Transmission electron microscopy, fluorescent immunolocalisation and staining with DAPI confirmed the presence of the endosymbiont within the reproductive tract of female adults. 16S rDNA, ftsZ and groEL gene sequences showed that the endosymbiont of R. similis is distantly related to the known Wolbachia supergroups. Finally, based on our initial success in finding sequences of this endosymbiont by screening an expressed sequence tag (EST) dataset, all nematode ESTs were mined for Wolbachia-like sequences. Although the retained sequences belonged to six different nematode species, R. similis was the only plant-parasitic nematode with traces of Wolbachia. Based on our phylogenetic study and the current literature we designate the endosymbiont of R. similis to a new supergroup (supergroup I) rather than considering it as a new species. Although its role remains unknown, the endosymbiont was found in all individuals tested, pointing towards an essential function of the bacteria.

In this article, we present the cloning of Hscm1, a gene for chorismate mutase (CM) from the beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii. CM is a key branch-point enzyme of the shikimate pathway, and secondary metabolites that arise from this pathway control developmental programmes and defence responses of the plant. By manipulating the plant's endogenous shikimate pathway, the nematode can influence the plant physiology for its own benefit. Hscm1 is a member of the CM gene family and is expressed during the pre-parasitic and parasitic stages of the nematode's life cycle. In situ mRNA hybridization reveals an expression pattern specific to the subventral and dorsal pharyngeal glands. The predicted protein has a signal peptide for secretion in addition to two domains. The N-terminal domain of the mature protein, which is only found in cyst nematodes, contains six conserved cysteine residues, which may reflect the importance of disulphide bond formation for protein stabilization. The C-terminal domain holds a single catalytic site and has similarity to secreted CMs of pathogenic bacteria, classifying HsCM1 as an AroQ(gamma) enzyme. The presumed catalytic residues are discussed in detail, and genetic complementation experiments indicate that the C-terminal domain is essential for enzyme activity. Finally, we show how the modular design of the protein is mirrored in the genomic sequence by the intron/exon organization, suggesting exon shuffling as a mechanism for the evolutionary assembly of this protein.

Abstract Plant-parasitic nematodes secrete a plethora of enzymes to degrade polysaccharides of the recalcitrant plant cell wall. Here we report on the presence of a putative endo-1,4-β-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.89) in cyst nematodes of the genus Heterodera. This enzyme hydrolyses β-1,4-galactan in the hairy regions of pectin and to our knowledge it is the first report of this class of enzymes in animals. The gene was cloned from H. schachtii and subjected to a detailed molecular characterisation. The deduced protein contains a putative signal peptide for secretion, being in agreement with the presumed extracellular function of the mature protein. It has a molecular mass of 33.78 kDa and folds into an (α/β)8 barrel structure typical for glycosyl hydrolases. The two glutamic acids that function as electron donor and acceptor in the active site are conserved. Whole mount in situ hybridisation revealed that the gene is expressed in the subventral pharyngeal glands and the expression was correlated with the onset of parasitism.