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Zhen-Nian Zhang,1,* Zhen Hui,1,* Chang Chen,1 Yan Liang,1 Li-Li Tang,1 Su-Lei Wang,1 Cheng-Cheng Xu,1 Hui Yang,1 Yang Zhao,1 Jing-Si Zhang2 1Department of Neurology, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210022, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Neurology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Jing-Si ZhangDepartment of Neurology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 528 of Zhangheng Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 201203, People’s Republic of ChinaTel/Fax +86 13127823579Email zhangzn88_dr@163.comObjective: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of echinacoside on autophagy-related indicators through the mTOR signaling pathway, especially the effect on the clearance of autophagy substrate P62 and α-synuclein, the core pathological products of Parkinson’s disease (PD), to provide new strategies for the treatment of PD.Methods: A mouse model of subacute PD was established by the intraperitoneal injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). First, the neurobehavioral symptoms in mice of each group were evaluated, and the monoamine neurotransmitters in the striatum in each group were measured with a high-performance liquid phase. Immunofluorescence double staining was adopted to observe the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), α-synuclein, and LC3. The transmission electron microscope was used to observe the changes of ultrastructure in substantia nigra and the formation of autophagosomes. Then, the expressions of TH, α-synuclein, Beclin 1, LC3, P62, mTOR, and the up-stream protein AKT were detected by Western blot.Results: When compared with the model group, the neurobehavioral function significantly improved in the echinacoside group (P < 0.01), together with increased expression of TH, DA, and DOPAC in the brain (P < 0.01). In the echinacoside group, while the expressions of Beclin 1 and LC3-II increased (P < 0.01), the expression levels of P62 and α-synuclein decreased significantly (P < 0.01). Echinacoside could up-regulate the expression level of the survival signal p-AKT/AKT and decrease the expression of mTOR.Conclusion: Echinacoside could increase autophagy by inhibiting the expression of mTOR, thereby promoting the clearance of α-synuclein and the degradation of the autophagy substrate P62 and exerting the neuroprotective effect.Keywords: Parkinson’s disease, MPTP, echinacoside, α-synuclein, P62, autophagy, mTOR

To examine whether the combination of Naoxintong Capsule with standard care could further reduce the recurrence of ischemic stroke without increasing the risk of severe bleeding.A total of 23 Chinese medical centers participated in this trial. Adult patients with a history of ischemic stroke were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio using a block design to receive either Naoxintong Capsule (1.2 g orally, twice a day) or placebo in addition to standard care. The primary endpoint was recurrence of ischemic stroke within 2 years. Secondary outcomes included myocardial infarction, death due to recurrent ischemic stroke, and all-cause mortality. The safety of drugs was monitored. Results were analyzed using the intention-to-treat principle.A total of 2,200 patients were enrolled from March 2015 to March 2016, of whom 143 and 158 in the Naoxintong and placebo groups were lost to follow-up, respectively. Compared with the placebo group, the recurrence rate of ischemic stroke within 2 years was significantly lower in the Naoxintong group [6.5% vs. 9.5%, hazard ratio (HR): 0.665, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.492-0.899, P=0.008]. The two groups showed no significant differences in the secondary outcomes and safety, including rates of severe hemorrhage, cerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage (P0.05).The combination of Naoxintong Capsule with standard care reduced the 2-year stroke recurrence rate in patients with ischemic stroke without increasing the risk of severe hemorrhage in high-risk patients. (Trial registration No. NCT02334969).

Objective The research is to elucidate the mechanism of programmed neuronal necrosis induced by aluminum exposure. The mechanism of programmed neuronal cell necrosis caused by aluminum exposure is due to the key death proteins RIP1, RIP3, MLKL and CaMKⅡ in vivo and vitro experiments. Methods In vivo study, mice were intraperitoneally injected with freshly prepared maltol aluminum for two months to establish aluminum-induced cognitive impairment model. The key death related proteins were measured by Western blot and the relationships between those proteins were detected by IP. LDH release was used to show the cell death, and ROS indicated the damage of brain. In Al-exposed SH-SY5Y cells, GSK'872 was interfered to observe the expression of key death related proteins by WB and IP, as well as PI dyeing. Besides, NSA and KN-93 were administered to detect the LDH release and ROS change, including mitochondrial membrane potential variation in the Al-exposed cells. Results Expression of RIP1, RIP3, MLKL and CaMKⅡ proteins were increased in vivo and vitro study after aluminum exposure. Inhibition of RIP3, MLKL and CaMKⅡ protein expression could reduce PI stained cells and LDH release. ROS declined after administration of GSK'872 and NSA in Al-exposed cells, while mitochondrial membrane potential elevated after intervention of KN-93 in Al-exposed cells with decreased mitochondrial membrane potential. Conclusion Programmed neuronal necrosis was one of the main causes though that aluminum lead to neuron reduction. The signal pathways involved in programmed necrosis were RIP1-RIP3-MLKL and RIP1-RIP3-CaMKⅡ pathways, one same initiating molecule – RIP1, two downstream pathways: RIP3-MLKL pathway and RIP3-CaMKII pathway.

Background Inflammasome activation and followed by the release of proinflammatory cytokines play a pivotal role in the development and progression of depression. However, the involvement of gasdermin D (GSDMD)-mediated pyroptosis in inflammasome-associated depression has not been studied. The present study aimed to determine the involvement of pyroptosis in the development of depression. Methods The rat depressive model was established by the administration of monosodium glutamate (MSG) in postnatal rats. Minocycline (an anti-inflammatory agent) and VX-765 (a specific inhibitor of caspase-1) were given as intervention treatments when rats were two-month-old. Rat depressive behaviors were evaluated by behavioral tests, including open field test, sucrose preference test, and forced swim test. Rat hippocampi were collected for western blotting and immunofluorescence examination. Results MSG administration induced depressive-like behavior in rats. MSG upregulated protein presences of caspase-1, GSDMD, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-18 (IL-18), NLR pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC), high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), and the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in the hippocampus. Protein presences of HMGB1, NLRP3 and GSDMD were upregulated in Olig2+ oligodendrocytes in the hippocampus. The data suggest that both HMGB1/RAGE/NLRP3 signalings and GSDMD-dependent pyroptosis were activated. Both minocycline and VX-765 treatments improved depressive-like behaviors. Minocycline treatment significantly reduced both HMGB1/RAGE/NLRP3 inflammasome signalings and GSDMD-dependent pyroptosis. VX-765 downregulated GSDMD-dependent pyroptosis, but not HMGB1/RAGE signalings, indicating that GSDMD-dependent pyroptosis is a key player in the progress of depression. Conclusion In rats hippocampus, NLRP3 inflammasome activates GSDMD mediated-pyroptosis in the hippocampus of MSG-induced depressive rats.

The pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) involves multiple cell types including endothelial cells, glia, and neurons. It suggests that therapy against single target in single cell type may not be sufficient to treat AD and therapies with protective effects in multiple cell types may be more effective. Here, we comprehensively investigated the effects of bilobalide on neuroinflammation and Aβ degrading enzymes in AD cell model and mouse model. We find that bilobalide inhibits Aβ-induced and STAT3-dependent expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in primary astrocyte culture. Bilobalide also induces robust expression of Aβ degrading enzymes like NEP, IDE, and MMP2 to facilitate astrocyte-mediated Aβ clearance. Moreover, bilobalide treatment of astrocyte rescues neuronal deficiency in co-cultured APP/PS1 neurons. Most importantly, bilobalide reduces amyloid and inflammation in AD mouse brain. Taken together, the protective effects of bilobalide in in vitro cultures were fully recapitulated in in vivo AD mouse model. Our study supports that bilobalide has therapeutic potential for AD treatment.

Zhen-Nian Zhang,1,* Zhen Hui,1,* Chang Chen,1 Yan Liang,1 Li-Li Tang,1 Su-Lei Wang,1 Cheng-Cheng Xu,1 Hui Yang,1 Jing-Si Zhang,2 Yang Zhao1 1Department of Neurology, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210022, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Neurology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Yang ZhaoDepartment of Neurology, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 157 of Daming Road, Qinhuai District, Nanjing, 210022, People’s Republic of ChinaTel/Fax +86 13851498418Email zhao_dr66@163.comObjective: To explore the neuroprotective effect and the related mechanisms of echinacoside (ECH) in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced Parkinson’s disease (PD) mice.Methods: Parkinson’s disease is induced in mice by MPTP and the neurobehaviors of mice in different groups are observed. Then, immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis are adopted to measure the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and α-synuclein in the substantia nigra (SN). The content of dopamine (DA) and other neurotransmitters in the brain is detected by high-performance liquid chromatography. The expression of nerve growth factors and inflammatory factors in SN in mice in each group is measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Finally, the expression of oxidative stress-related parameters in each group is measured.Results: Compared with the model group, the pole-climbing time among mice in the moderate and high-dose ECH groups is significantly reduced (P < 0.01). The rotarod staying time, as well as fore and hind-limb strides, shows a significant increase (P < 0.01), as does spontaneous activity (P < 0.01). Moreover, the expression levels of TH, DA, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in SN in mice show significant increases in these two groups (P < 0.01). The content of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase indicates significant increases in the low, moderate, and high-dose ECH groups (P < 0.01), and the content of MDA was reduced (P < 0.01). In the high-dose ECH group, the expression of interleukin (IL) 6 and tumor necrosis factor-α is significantly reduced (P < 0.01), while the expression of IL-10 shows a marked increase (P < 0.01) alongside a decrease in the expression of α-synuclein (P < 0.01).Conclusion: Echinacoside improves neurobehavioral symptoms in PD mice and significantly increases the expression of TH and DA. The neuroprotective effect potentially correlates with anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation actions, promotes the expression of nerve growth factor, and reduces the accumulation of α-synuclein.Keywords: Parkinson’s disease, MPTP, echinacoside, α-synuclein, oxidative stress, neuroprotection, BDNF, GDNF, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10

Stroke is a leading reason of death and long-term disability, and most studies mainly focus on efforts to protect neurons. However, failed clinical trials suggest that therapies against single target in neurons may not be sufficient and the involvement of endothelial cells and glial cells have been underestimated. Astrocytes are the major source of ApoE in the brain and endothelial cells express high level of ApoE receptors. Thus, ApoE may mediate the interaction between astrocytes and endothelial cells. To address whether and how ApoE-mediated astrocytes–endothelial cells interaction contributes to the pathogenesis of stroke, we used oxygen and glucose deprivation-reoxygenation (OGD-R) as a stroke model and investigated the effects of OGD-R on astrocytes-endothelial cell co-cultures in the current study. We find that OGD-R leads to various damages to endothelial cells, including compromised cell viability, increased ROS level, enhanced caspase activity, and higher apoptotic rate. Meanwhile, mouse astrocytes could secrete ApoE to activate PI3K/eNOS signaling in endothelial cells to prevent OGD-R induced injuries. In addition, OGD-R induces down-regulation of ApoE in astrocyte–endothelial cell co-cultures while melatonin restores astrocytic ApoE expression via pCREB pathway and protects endothelial cell in OGD-R treated co-cultures. Our study provides evidence that astrocytes could protect endothelial cells via ApoE in OGD-R condition and Melatonin could induce ApoE expression to protect endothelial cells.

Objective To evaluate the effect of Xuefu Zhuyu Capsule (血府逐瘀胶囊)-containing serum (XFZY-CS) on EphB4/ephrinB2 and its reverse signal in human microvascular endothelial cell-1 (HMEC-1).

Objective To observe moderate angiogenic effect of Xuefu Zhuyu Capsule (XFZYC) on human microvascular endothelial cell line 1 ( HMEC-1) , and its regulation effect on expression of EphB4/EphrinB2. Methods The moderate angiogenic effect of XFZYC was clarified by detecting XFZYC containing serum on cell viability, cell cycle, migration, adhesion and in vitro angiogenesis. Its effects on expressions of EphB4/EphrinB2 were detected by Real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot. Results XFZYC containing serum (XFZYC-CS) had no effect on the cell viability or cell ratio in phase S endothelial cells. Cell migration was significantly improved by 1.25% XFZYC-CS after 24, 48, and 72 h of action 2. 50% XFZYC-CS inhibited cell migration at the primary 24 h, but it significantly promoted cell migration at 48 and 72 h afterwards. It showed just an opposite tendency to 5. 00% XFZYC-CS. Cellular adhesion number was significantly reduced by 1. 25% XFZYC-CS at 72 h. Cellular adhesion number was significant- ly increased by 2. 50% XFZYC-CS at 24 and 48 h, but inhibited at 72 h 5. 00% XFZYC-CS showed inhibition at 24 h, but turned to promotion, and disappeared afterwards. In vessel formation aspect, only 2.50% XFZYC-CS showed vessel formation promotion 5. 00% XFZYC-CS showed inhibition on vessel formation at 48 and 72 h. Results of Real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot in 2. 50% XFZYC-CS showed EphB4 expression was up-regulated at 12 h; EphB4 expression was down-regulated while EphrinB2 expression was up-regulated at 24 h. Conclusions Only 2. 50% XFZYC-CS at 48 h had promotion of migration, adhe- sion, and in vitro angiogenesis of HMEC-1 , which was the optimal condition for vessel growth. These re- sults suggested XFZYC promoted angiogenesis in certain conditional limitations. But it regulated the ex- pression of EphB4/EphrinB2, which might be one of important factors.

Microtubules in living cells are very important component for various cellular functions as well as to maintain the cell shape. Mechanical properties of microtubules play a vital role in their functions and structure. To understand the mechanical properties of microtubules in living cells, we developed an orthotropic-Pasternak model and investigated the vibrational behavior when microtubules are embedded in surrounding elastic medium. We considered microtubules as orthotropic elastic shell and its surrounding elastic matrix as Pasternak foundation. We found that due to mechanical coupling of microtubules with elastic medium, the flexural vibration is increased with the stiffening of elastic medium. We noticed that foundation modulus (H) and shear modulus (G) have more effect on radial vibrational mode as compared to longitudinal vibrational mode and torsional vibrational mode.

To evaluate the effect of Xuefu Zhuyu Capsule ()-containing serum (XFZY-CS) on EphB4/ephrinB2 and its reverse signal in human microvascular endothelial cell-1 (HMEC-1).XFZY-CS and the blank control serum were collected. HMEC-1 cells were randomly assigned to 6 groups including the concentration 1.25%, 2.5%, and 5% XFZY-CS groups and their blank serum control ones. The angiogenesis effect of XFZY-CS was tested with an in vitro tube formation assay and the best condition of pro-angiogenesis was determined. The effect of XFZY-CS on EphB4/ephrinB2 and the reverse signal were determined by Western blot and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, respectively; we also confifirmed the results through activating and inhibiting the reverse signal by EphB4/fc and pyrophosphatase/ phosphodiesterase2 (PP2).XFZY-CS promoted angiogenesis at the concentration of 2.5% corresponding serum after being cultured for 48 h, while inhibited angiogenesis at the concentration of 5% after culturing for 48 and 72 h. Under the 2.5% serum concentration, XFZY up-regulated the expression of EphB4-mRNA at 12 h (P0.05), and down-regulates its expression at 24 h (P0.01). Protein expression of EphB4 was apparently up-regulated at 12 h and down-regulated at 24 h. The phosphorylation of ephrinB2 increased at 9 h (P0.05). In addition, 2.5% XFZY-CS played a similar role as the reverse signaling activator EphB4/Fc ranging from 0.5 to 5 μg/mL (P0.05). XFZY-CS also reduced the inhibitive effect of PP2 in limited periods.EphB4/ephrinB2 was the upstream signal in the process of angiogenesis and its reverse signaling was responsible for XFZY's effect on promoting angiogenesis.

To explore the roles of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on tube formation induced by xuefu zhuyu decoction (XZD) under non-anoxia condition.Using serum pharmacology technique, endothelial cell line ECV304 cells were incubated in routine 95% O2. ECV304 cells were intervened by 1.25%, 2.50%, and 5.00% XZD containing serums and the vehicle serum for 48 h. The effects of XZD on tube formation, bFGF contents and its transcription levels were assessed by in vitro tube formation assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), respectively.Three concentrations of XZD containing serums could not only obviously promote the tube formation bFGF level, but also up-regulate bFGF contents in the supernate and its transcription levels. The shapes of lumens were more regular in those induced by 1.25% and 2.50% XZD containing serums.XZD induced angiogenesis via up-regulating the bFGF expression under non-anoxia condition.