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To report the regional locations of metastases and to estimate the prognostic value of the pattern of regional metastases in men with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC), we retrospectively analyzed 870 mHSPC patients between November 28, 2009, and February 4, 2021, from West China Hospital in Chengdu, China. The patients were initially classified into 5 subgroups according to metastatic patterns as follows: simple bone metastases (G1), concomitant bone and regional lymph node (LN) metastases (G2), concomitant bone and nonregional LN (NRLN) metastases (G3), lung metastases (G4), and liver metastases (G5). In addition, patients in the G3 group were subclassified as G3a and G3b based on the LN metastatic plane (below or above the diaphragm, respectively). The associations of different metastatic patterns with castration-resistant prostate cancer-free survival (CFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed by univariate and multivariate analyses. The results showed that patients in G1 and G2 had relatively favorable clinical outcomes, patients in G3a and G4 had intermediate prognoses, and patients in G3b and G5 had the worst survival outcomes. We observed that patients in G3b had outcomes comparable to those in G5 but had a significantly worse prognosis than patients in G3a (median CFS: 8.2 months vs 14.3 months, P = 0.015; median OS: 38.1 months vs 45.8 months, P = 0.038). In conclusion, metastatic site can predict the prognosis of patients with mHSPC, and the presence of concomitant bone and NRLN metastases is a valuable prognostic factor. Furthermore, our findings indicate that the farther the NRLNs are located, the more aggressive the disease is.

The green cocoon shell of a novel variety of silkworm, Bombyx mori, is rich in two types of quercetin and kaempferol flavonoids. The aim of this study was to identify these flavonoids in the ethanolic extract (EE) from green cocoons and develop EE applications in healthy foods. The experimental results indicated that the amount of total amino acids in EE was 27.06%. The flavonoids in EE are presented in quercetin and kaempferol glycosides. The total amount of the two aglycones was 33.42 ± 0.08 mg/g. The IC50 values of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 1,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonicacid) (ABTS), and hydroxyl radical scavenging abilities were 296.95 ± 13.24 μg/mL, 94.31 ± 9.13 μg/mL, and 9.21 ± 0.15 mg/mL, respectively. The IC50 values of the inhibitory activities of α-amylase and α-glucosidase were 37.57 ± 6.45 μg/mL and 212.69 ± 22.94 μg/mL, respectively. EE also reduced the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress in L02 cells induced by high glucose levels. It also effectively decreased the content of 8-hydroxyl deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in cells with a good dose effect. These results clearly indicated that the flavonoid-rich EE with excellent antioxidant and glucosidase inhibition abilities significantly reduced the damage to cells caused by oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions. It is suggested that EE might serve as useful functional foods for the treatment of related diseases induced by oxidative stress such as diabetes mellitus.

Exposure of the skin to ultraviolet B radiation causes oxidative stress that results in sunburn, photoaging, and skin cancer. We aimed to investigate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects of a flavonoid extract (FE) from the sericin layer of Daizo silkworm cocoons. The analytical HPLC results showed that the FE of the Daizo cocoon shell contains the flavonoid aglycones quercetin (21.76 ± 0.66 g kg−1 FE) and kaempferol (4.62 ± 0.11 g kg−1 FE). In a skin tumour mouse model, the topical application of FE reduced the number of tumours per mouse from 5.1 in the model group to 3.2 and 2.6 in two sample groups (3 mg and 5 mg FE) prior to induction with UVB/DMBA. Our in vivo experimental results also showed that the FE could reduce the phototoxicity of UVB at different cellular and molecular levels by decreasing the severity of dermal inflammation and keratinocyte proliferation through the modulation of oxidative stress and NF-κB. FE could increase antioxidase activity and decrease the levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL6 and TNF-α. These results suggest that the flavonoid extract mainly consisting of flavonoid aglycones might be a potential candidate for anti-cancer drugs in the prevention and treatment of skin cancer. This study has profound significance for the comprehensive utilization of silkworm cocoon.

¢ 摘要: 选择N-正丁基咔唑作为电子给体, 芴酮作为桥键, 苯甲酸作为受体, 通过桥键芴酮与给体和受体连接位 置的改变, 设计合成了两个咔唑染料4-(6-(N-正丁基咔唑-3-基)-9-氧-9H-芴-3-基)苯甲酸(HXL-3W)和4-(7-(N正丁基咔唑-3-基)-9-氧-9H-芴-2-基)苯甲酸(HXL-4Z). 对咔唑染料的光谱性能、电化学性能和光电转换性能进 行了研究, 并运用密度泛函理论(DFT)方法对其几何结构和紫外-可见光谱进行了优化计算. 结果表明, HXL4Z的吸收光谱呈现两个明显的π→π*跃迁吸收峰和一个较小的对应于分子内电荷转移的吸收峰, 而HXL-3W的 吸收光谱则仅呈现一个π→π*跃迁吸收峰, 且摩尔吸光系数远小于HXL-4Z. 可能是HXL-3W分子结构中给体和 受体距离较近, 张力较大, 导致较差的分子平面性和分子内电荷转移. 因而HXL-4Z的光吸收能力和电子注入效 率较优, 从而具有较好的光电转换效率(2.03%) (短路电流(JSC) = 3.88 mA cm , 开路电压(VOC) = 700 mV, 填 充因子(FF) = 0.75).

More than 10 red anthocyanins and related glucosides have been isolated and identified from purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas, Ayamurasaki) in the recent decades. This paper reports the isolation of colourless caffeoyl compounds from purple sweet potato using AB-8 macroresin absorption and semi-preparative HPLC-DAD. The structures of the five isolated monomers were identified as: 5-caffeoylquinic acid (1), 6-O-caffeoyl-β-d-fructofuranosyl-(2-1)-α-d-glucopyranoside (2) and trans-4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3), 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (4), 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (5), and by ESI/MS and NMR. Compounds 1, 4 and 5 were reported previously in combination with anthocyanins in purple sweet potato, whereas 2 and 3 were found for the first time. In vitro antioxidant assay showed trans-4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid has significant antioxidant activities. These results should lay the groundwork for further work identifying purple sweet potato as a healthy food.

Anthocyanin from purple sweet potato (PSP) extracted by microwave baking (MB) and acidified electrolyzed water (AEW) exhibited antioxidant activity. After further purification by macroporous AB-8 resin, the color value of PSP anthocyanin (PSPA) reached 30.15 with a total flavonoid concentration of 932.5 mg/g. The purified extracts had more potent antioxidant activities than the crude extracts. After continuously administering the PSP extracts to 12-mo-old mice for 1 mo, the anti-aging index of the experimental group was not significantly different from that of 5-mo-old mice. To a certain degree, PSPA was also effective for controlling plasma glucose levels in male Streptozocin (STZ)-treated diabetic mice. In addition, the extracts inhibited Sarcoma S180 cell growth in ICR mice. Mice consuming the PSP extracts formed significantly fewer and smaller sarcomas than mice consuming the control diets. The highest inhibition rate was 69.03%. These results suggest that anthocyanin extracts from PSP not only exert strong antioxidant effects in vitro, but also had anti-aging, anti-hyperglycemic, and anti-tumor activities.